tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-331829252024-03-13T05:06:38.091-05:00BSE ATYPICAL USAAtypical BSE strains are invariably fatal neurologic disease of cattle caused by misfolded prion proteins with different conformations than those in the U.K., typical c-BSE early days origin.Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.comBlogger154125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33182925.post-48688093036228924052024-01-20T12:36:00.005-06:002024-01-20T13:52:31.050-06:00Ten years of BSE surveillance in Italy: Neuropathological findings in clinically suspected cases<div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Please Note, this post is an old post that I had in a draft that I never posted. So I reposted today for archive…Terry</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.10.008 | How to Cite or Link Using DOI</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Permissions & Reprints</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Ten years of BSE surveillance in Italy: Neuropathological findings in clinically suspected cases</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">B. Iulinia, C. Maurellaa, M.D. Pintorea, E. Vallino Costassaa, D. Corbellinia, C. Porcarioa, A. Pautassoa, C. Salatab, D. Gelmettic, T. Avanzatoa, G. Palùb, A. D’Angelod, M. Caramellia, C. Casalonea, ,</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Purchase</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">aReference Center for Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy (CEA), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Piemonte, Liguria and Valle D’Aosta, Italy</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">bDepartment of Histology, Microbiology and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Padova, Italy</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">cIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Lombardia and Emilia Romagna, Italy</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">dDepartment of Animal Pathology, University of Turin, Italy</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Received 20 June 2011; Accepted 16 October 2011. Available online 13 November 2011.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Abstract</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Between 2001 and 2010, 244 clinically suspected cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) were reported in Italy. This report summarizes the neuropathological findings in cattle displaying clinical signs consistent with a diagnosis of BSE. All animal specimens were submitted for confirmatory testing; samples testing negative underwent neuropathological examination to establish the differential diagnosis. Immunohistochemistry for scrapie prion protein (PrPSc) at the level of frontal cortex was carried out to exclude atypical BSE.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Neuropathological changes were detected in 34.9% of cases; no histological lesions were found in 52.3% of subjects; 12.8% of samples were found unsuitable for analysis. BSE was detected in one case, but no cases of atypical BSE were observed.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">This study identified the diseases most commonly encountered in the differential diagnosis of BSE; furthermore, it demonstrated that the surveillance system is necessary for monitoring neuropathological disease in cattle and for the detection of BSE cases.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Keywords: Bovine; Brain; BSE; Neuropathology; Immunohistochemistry; Surveillance</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034528811004322" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034528811004322</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">"BSE was detected in one case, but no cases of atypical BSE were observed."</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">i don't understand this statement ???</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">atypical BSE has been detected and confirmed in Italy.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">please see ;</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">We recently reported two Italian atypical cases with a PrPTSE type identical to BSE-L, pathologically characterized by PrP amyloid plaques and known as bovine amyloidotic spongiform encephalopathy (BASE).</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000075" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000075</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The L-type has been found in cattle in Italy (10), Japan (11), Germany (12) and Belgium (13). So far, the H-type has been described in cattle from France (14), Germany (12) and the United States (15). The U.S. cases were animals born and raised in the U.S. (Texas, Alabama).</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=208195" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=208195</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Identification of a second bovine amyloidotic spongiform encephalopathy: Molecular similarities with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Cristina Casalone*,†, Gianluigi Zanusso†,‡, Pierluigi Acutis*, Sergio Ferrari‡, Lorenzo Capucci§, Fabrizio Tagliavini¶, Salvatore Monaco‡,?, and Maria Caramelli*</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">+ Author Affiliations</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">*Centro di Referenza Nazionale per le Encefalopatie Animali, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna, 148, 10195 Turin, Italy; ‡Department of Neurological and Visual Science, Section of Clinical Neurology, Policlinico G.B. Rossi, Piazzale L.A. Scuro, 10, 37134 Verona, Italy; §Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; and ¶Istituto Nazionale Neurologico ”Carlo Besta,” Via Celoria 11, 20133 Milan, Italy</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Edited by Stanley B. Prusiner, University of California, San Francisco, CA, and approved December 23, 2003 (received for review September 9, 2003)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Next Section Abstract</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), or prion diseases, are mammalian neurodegenerative disorders characterized by a posttranslational conversion and brain accumulation of an insoluble, protease-resistant isoform (PrPSc) of the host-encoded cellular prion protein (PrPC). Human and animal TSE agents exist as different phenotypes that can be biochemically differentiated on the basis of the molecular mass of the protease-resistant PrPSc fragments and the degree of glycosylation. Epidemiological, molecular, and transmission studies strongly suggest that the single strain of agent responsible for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) has infected humans, causing variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. The unprecedented biological properties of the BSE agent, which circumvents the so-called ”species barrier” between cattle and humans and adapts to different mammalian species, has raised considerable concern for human health. To date, it is unknown whether more than one strain might be responsible for cattle TSE or whether the BSE agent undergoes phenotypic variation after natural transmission. Here we provide evidence of a second cattle TSE. The disorder was pathologically characterized by the presence of PrP-immunopositive amyloid plaques, as opposed to the lack of amyloid deposition in typical BSE cases, and by a different pattern of regional distribution and topology of brain PrPSc accumulation. In addition, Western blot analysis showed a PrPSc type with predominance of the low molecular mass glycoform and a protease-resistant fragment of lower molecular mass than BSE-PrPSc. Strikingly, the molecular signature of this previously undescribed bovine PrPSc was similar to that encountered in a distinct subtype of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), or prion diseases (1), encompass a group of progressive neurodegenerative disorders, including Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans, scrapie in sheep, and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) (1-4). These disorders are characterized by brain deposition of an insoluble, protease-resistant isoform of the host-encoded cellular prion protein (PrPC), named PrPSc (1, 4, 5) In different TSE phenotypes, PrPSc exhibits disease-specific properties, including distinctive cleavage sites after proteolytic treatment, ratio of glycoforms, and deposition patterns, all features useful in providing a means of strain identification (6-10).</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Although not contagious, TSEs are potentially infective, and in humans may present as sporadic, inherited, and acquired diseases. Human-to-human transmission of TSE is well documented and has occurred either through oral or mucocutaneous route of infection, as in kuru (11), or after medical and surgical procedures, as in iatrogenic CJD (12). Recently, animal-to-human transmission has also occurred. Epidemiological (13), experimental transmission (14), and biochemical PrPSc typing (8) have provided strong evidence that the single prion strain responsible for BSE has infected humans, causing variant CJD (vCJD), in addition to several animal species. In BSE and BSE-related disorders, including vCJD, the molecular typing of disease-associated PrPSc shows identical PrP fragment sizes and predominance of the high molecular mass glycoform both in natural hosts and in experimentally inoculated animals. To date, at variance with CJD in humans and scrapie in sheep, only a single strain and a single PrPSc type have been detected in BSE.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The spreading of the BSE agent across mammalian species barriers has aroused considerable concern for the following reasons: (i) the possible existence of new or previously unrecognized cattle TSE strains, potentially pathogenic for humans; and (ii) the occurrence of phenotypic variation of the BSE strain, with propagation of a new agent encoding distinctive molecular and biological properties.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">In Italy, an active surveillance system on BSE in cattle was started in January 2001, and by August 2003 a total of 103 BSE cases had been diagnosed of 1,638,275 statutory tested brainstem samples. Confirmatory positive results have been obtained in all cases by immunohistochemical and Western immunoblot demonstration of disease-specific protease-resistant PrPSc.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">To assess molecular and neuropathological characteristics in Italian BSE cases, we have over the last few months collected whole brains of eight Italian cattle that were PrPSc-positive in Western immunoblots. In two cattle, older than other affected bovines, the PrPSc glycotype was clearly different from the BSE-associated PrPSc molecule, and widespread PrP-amyloid plaques were seen in supratentorial brain regions. Unlike typical BSE, the brainstem was less involved and no PrP deposition was detected in the dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve. Given the biochemical and pathological similarities with sporadic CJD (sCJD) cases linked to type-2 PrPSc (9) and methionine/valine (M/V) polymorphism at codon 129 in the prion protein gene (PRNP), these findings have prompted ongoing strain typing in inbred mice. Although the present findings dictate caution, here we show that a PrPSc type associated with sCJD and the previously undescribed bovine PrPSc show convergent molecular signatures.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Phenotypic Similarities Between BASE and sCJD. The transmissibility of CJD brains was initially demonstrated in primates (27), and classification of atypical cases as CJD was based on this property (28). To date, no systematic studies of strain typing in sCJD have been provided, and classification of different subtypes is based on clinical, neuropathological, and molecular features (the polymorphic PRNP codon 129 and the PrPSc glycotype) (8, 9, 15, 19). The importance of molecular PrPSc characterization in assessing the identity of TSE strains is underscored by several studies, showing that the stability of given disease-specific PrPSc types is maintained upon experimental propagation of sCJD, familial CJD, and vCJD isolates in transgenic PrP-humanized mice (8, 29). Similarly, biochemical properties of BSE- and vCJD-associated PrPSc molecules remain stable after passage to mice expressing bovine PrP (30). Recently, however, it has been reported that PrP-humanized mice inoculated with BSE tissues may also propagate a distinctive PrPSc type, with a ”monoglycosylated-dominant” pattern and electrophoretic mobility of the unglycosylated fragment slower than that of vCJD and BSE (31). Strikingly, this PrPSc type shares its molecular properties with the a PrPSc molecule found in classical sCJD. This observation is at variance with the PrPSc type found in M/V2 sCJD cases and in cattle BASE, showing a monoglycosylated-dominant pattern but faster electrophoretic mobility of the protease-resistant fragment as compared with BSE. In addition to molecular properties of PrPSc, BASE and M/V2 sCJD share a distinctive pattern of intracerebral PrP deposition, which occurs as plaque-like and amyloid-kuru plaques. Differences were, however, observed in the regional distribution of PrPSc. While in M/V2 sCJD cases the largest amounts of PrPSc were detected in the cerebellum, brainstem, and striatum, in cattle BASE these areas were less involved and the highest levels of PrPSc were recovered from the thalamus and olfactory regions.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">In conclusion, decoding the biochemical PrPSc signature of individual human and animal TSE strains may allow the identification of potential risk factors for human disorders with unknown etiology, such as sCJD. However, although BASE and sCJD share several characteristics, caution is dictated in assessing a link between conditions affecting two different mammalian species, based on convergent biochemical properties of disease-associated PrPSc types. Strains of TSE agents may be better characterized upon passage to transgenic mice. In the interim until this is accomplished, our present findings suggest a strict epidemiological surveillance of cattle TSE and sCJD based on molecular criteria.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/101/9/3065.long" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.pnas.org/content/101/9/3065.long</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Sunday, May 01, 2011</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">STUDY OF ATYPICAL BSE 2010 Annual Report May 2011</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2011/05/study-of-atypical-bse-2010-annual.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2011/05/study-of-atypical-bse-2010-annual.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Saturday, June 25, 2011</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Transmissibility of BSE-L and Cattle-Adapted TME Prion Strain to Cynomolgus Macaque</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">"BSE-L in North America may have existed for decades"</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/06/transmissibility-of-bse-l-and-cattle.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/06/transmissibility-of-bse-l-and-cattle.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Over the next 8-10 weeks, approximately 40% of all the adult mink on the farm died from TME.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The rancher was a ''dead stock'' feeder using mostly (>95%) downer or dead dairy cattle...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030516051623/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030516051623/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">BSE - ATYPICAL LESION DISTRIBUTION (RBSE 92-21367) statutory (obex only) diagnostic criteria CVL 1992</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">IN CONFIDENCE</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The information contained herein should not be disseminated further except on the basis of "NEED TO KNOW".</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/11/bse-atypical-lesion-distribution-rbse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/11/bse-atypical-lesion-distribution-rbse.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">14th ICID International Scientific Exchange Brochure -</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Final Abstract Number: ISE.114</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Session: International Scientific Exchange</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Transmissible Spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) animal and human TSE in North America update October 2009</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">T. Singeltary</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Bacliff, TX, USA</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Background:</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">An update on atypical BSE and other TSE in North America. Please remember, the typical U.K. c-BSE, the atypical l-BSE (BASE), and h-BSE have all been documented in North America, along with the typical scrapie's, and atypical Nor-98 Scrapie, and to date, 2 different strains of CWD, and also TME. All these TSE in different species have been rendered and fed to food producing animals for humans and animals in North America (TSE in cats and dogs ?), and that the trading of these TSEs via animals and products via the USA and Canada has been immense over the years, decades.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Methods:</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">12 years independent research of available data</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Results:</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">I propose that the current diagnostic criteria for human TSEs only enhances and helps the spreading of human TSE from the continued belief of the UKBSEnvCJD only theory in 2009. With all the science to date refuting it, to continue to validate this old myth, will only spread this TSE agent through a multitude of potential routes and sources i.e. consumption, medical i.e., surgical, blood, dental, endoscopy, optical, nutritional supplements, cosmetics etc.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Conclusion:</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">I would like to submit a review of past CJD surveillance in the USA, and the urgent need to make all human TSE in the USA a reportable disease, in every state, of every age group, and to make this mandatory immediately without further delay. The ramifications of not doing so will only allow this agent to spread further in the medical, dental, surgical arena's. Restricting the reporting of CJD and or any human TSE is NOT scientific. Iatrogenic CJD knows NO age group, TSE knows no boundaries. I propose as with Aguzzi, Asante, Collinge, Caughey, Deslys, Dormont, Gibbs, Gajdusek, Ironside, Manuelidis, Marsh, et al and many more, that the world of TSE Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy is far from an exact science, but there is enough proven science to date that this myth should be put to rest once and for all, and that we move forward with a new classification for human and animal TSE that would properly identify the infected species, the source species, and then the route.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://ww2.isid.org/Downloads/14th_ICID_ISE_Abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://ww2.isid.org/Downloads/14th_ICID_ISE_Abstracts.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Monday, May 23, 2011</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Atypical Prion Diseases in Humans and Animals 2011</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Top Curr Chem (2011)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">DOI: 10.1007/128_2011_161</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"># Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Michael A. Tranulis, Sylvie L. Benestad, Thierry Baron, and Hans Kretzschmar</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Abstract</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Although prion diseases, such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans and scrapie in sheep, have long been recognized, our understanding of their epidemiology and pathogenesis is still in its early stages. Progress is hampered by the lengthy incubation periods and the lack of effective ways of monitoring and characterizing these agents. Protease-resistant conformers of the prion protein (PrP), known as the "scrapie form" (PrPSc), are used as disease markers, and for taxonomic purposes, in correlation with clinical, pathological, and genetic data. In humans, prion diseases can arise sporadically (sCJD) or genetically (gCJD and others), caused by mutations in the PrP-gene (PRNP), or as a foodborne infection, with the agent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) causing variant CJD (vCJD). Person-to-person spread of human prion disease has only been known to occur following cannibalism (kuru disease in Papua New Guinea) or through medical or surgical treatment (iatrogenic CJD, iCJD). In contrast, scrapie in small ruminants and chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervids behave as infectious diseases within these species. Recently, however, so-called atypical forms of prion diseases have been discovered in sheep (atypical/Nor98 scrapie) and in cattle, BSE-H and BSE-L. These maladies resemble sporadic or genetic human prion diseases and might be their animal equivalents. This hypothesis also raises the significant public health question of possible epidemiological links between these diseases and their counterparts in humans.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">M.A. Tranulis (*)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">e-mail: :Michael.Tranulis@nvh.no</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">S.L. Benestad</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">T. Baron</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Agence Nationale de Se´curite´ Sanitaire, ANSES, Lyon, France</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">H. Kretzschmar</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Keywords Animal Atypical Atypical/Nor98 scrapie BSE-H BSE-L Human Prion disease Prion strain Prion type</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://resources.metapress.com/pdf-preview.axd?code=f433r34h34ugg617&size=largest" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://resources.metapress.com/pdf-preview.axd?code=f433r34h34ugg617&size=largest</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">snip...SEE MORE HERE ;</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2011/05/atypical-prion-diseases-in-humans-and.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2011/05/atypical-prion-diseases-in-humans-and.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Sunday, June 07, 2009</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">L-TYPE-BSE, H-TYPE-BSE, C-TYPE-BSE, IBNC-TYPE-BSE, TME, CWD, SCRAPIE, CJD, NORTH AMERICA</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2009/06/l-type-bse-h-type-bse-c-type-bse-ibnc.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2009/06/l-type-bse-h-type-bse-c-type-bse-ibnc.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Sunday, May 10, 2009</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Identification and characterization of bovine spongiform encephalopathy cases diagnosed and NOT diagnosed in the United States</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2009/05/identification-and-characterization-of.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2009/05/identification-and-characterization-of.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Sunday, December 28, 2008</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">MAD COW DISEASE USA DECEMBER 28, 2008 an 8 year review of a failed and flawed policy</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2008/12/mad-cow-disease-usa-december-28-2008-8.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2008/12/mad-cow-disease-usa-december-28-2008-8.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Wednesday, August 20, 2008</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Mad Cow Disease typical and atypical strains, was there a cover-up ?</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2008/08/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-mad.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2008/08/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-mad.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Saturday, February 28, 2009</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">NEW RESULTS ON IDIOPATHIC BRAINSTEM NEURONAL CHROMATOLYSIS</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">"All of the 15 cattle tested showed that the brains had abnormally accumulated PrP"</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">2009 SEAC 102/2</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2009/02/new-results-on-idiopathic-brainstem.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2009/02/new-results-on-idiopathic-brainstem.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Wednesday, July 28, 2010</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Atypical prion proteins and IBNC in cattle DEFRA project code SE1796 FOIA Final report</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/07/atypical-prion-proteins-and-ibnc-in.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/07/atypical-prion-proteins-and-ibnc-in.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Sunday, September 6, 2009</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">MAD COW USA 1997 (SEE SECRET VIDEO)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2009/09/mad-cow-usa-1997-video.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2009/09/mad-cow-usa-1997-video.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Tuesday, November 08, 2011</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Can Mortality Data Provide Reliable Indicators for Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Surveillance? A Study in France from 2000 to 2008 Vol. 37, No. 3-4, 2011</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Original Paper</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Conclusions: These findings raise doubt about the possibility of a reliable CJD surveillance only based on mortality data.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2011/11/can-mortality-data-provide-reliable.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2011/11/can-mortality-data-provide-reliable.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">EFSA Journal 2011 The European Response to BSE: A Success Story</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">This is an interesting editorial about the Mad Cow Disease debacle, and it's ramifications that will continue to play out for decades to come ;</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Monday, October 10, 2011</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">EFSA Journal 2011 The European Response to BSE: A Success Story</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">EFSA and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) recently delivered a scientific opinion on any possible epidemiological or molecular association between TSEs in animals and humans (EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) and ECDC, 2011). This opinion confirmed Classical BSE prions as the only TSE agents demonstrated to be zoonotic so far but the possibility that a small proportion of human cases so far classified as "sporadic" CJD are of zoonotic origin could not be excluded. Moreover, transmission experiments to non-human primates suggest that some TSE agents in addition to Classical BSE prions in cattle (namely L-type Atypical BSE, Classical BSE in sheep, transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) and chronic wasting disease (CWD) agents) might have zoonotic potential.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/e991.htm?emt=1" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/e991.htm?emt=1</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/doc/e991.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/doc/e991.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">see follow-up here about North America BSE Mad Cow TSE prion risk factors, and the ever emerging strains of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy in many species here in the USA, including humans ;</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/10/efsa-journal-2011-european-response-to.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/10/efsa-journal-2011-european-response-to.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Wednesday, August 20, 2008</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Mad Cow Disease typical and atypical strains, was there a cover-up ?</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SNIP...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">IN CONFIDENCE</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">This is a highly competitive field and it really will be a pity if we allow many of the key findings to be published by overseas groups while we are unable to pursue our research findings because of this disagreement, which I hope we can make every effort to solve.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/10/26002001.pdf</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SEE ;</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20040315054541/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/10/26002001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20040315054541/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/10/26002001.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">COLLINGE THREATENS TO GO TO MEDIA</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/12/16005001.pdf</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SEE ;</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20040315075058/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/12/16005001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20040315075058/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/12/16005001.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">2. The discovery might indicate the existence of a different strain of BSE from that present in the general epidemic or an unusual response by an individual host.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">3. If further atypical lesion distribution cases are revealed in this herd then implications of misdiagnosis of 'negative' cases in other herds may not be insignificant.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">snip...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">This minute is re-issued with a wider distribution. The information contained herein should NOT be disseminated further except on the basis of ''NEED TO KNOW''.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">R Bradley</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1993/02/17001001.pdf</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SEE ;</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20041226015613/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1993/02/17001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20041226015613/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1993/02/17001001.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">IN CONFIDENCE</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">BSE ATYPICAL LESION DISTRIBUTION</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1993/03/14001001.pdf</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SEE ;</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20041226015813/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1993/03/14001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20041226015813/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1993/03/14001001.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">1983</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">BSE CONSULTANT</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">APPROVAL OF MATERIAL FOR PUBLICATIONS</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">All material for publication including written works to be published in scientific journals, books, proceedings of scientific meetings, abstracts of verbally delivered papers and the like should be scrutinized for risk to the Ministry before dispatch to the publishers.............</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">full text;</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1983/10/12001001.pdf</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SEE ;</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20041031210056/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1983/10/12001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20041031210056/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1983/10/12001001.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">- 10 -</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">19. On 18th February, 1987 (YB87/2.18/1.1) I reported to Dr Watson and Dr Shreeve on a further case which we had received from Truro VIC. The brain had shown neuronal vacuolation and in brain extracts there were fibrils that were similar in size and appearance to SAFs from sheep with scrapie. The Virology Department was studying the brain further and considering a transmission study. A few weeks before this, I had discussed the possibility of a transmission study with Michael Dawson, a research officer in the Virology Department and an expert in viral diseases in sheep, and we were considering carefully the safety aspects. In my note I raised the question of whether we should disclose the information we had more widely to the VIS because this may assist in getting any other cases referred to CVL but there was the difficulty that we knew very little about the disorder and would be unable to deal with queries that might be raised.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">20. On 23rd February, 1987 (YB87/2.23/1.1) I sent Mr Wells a note asking him to prepare a statement for publication in Vision, the in-house newsheet prepared by the VIS for the SVS, setting out details of what we had discovered. On 24th February, 1987 (YB87/2.25/2.1) Gerald Wells indicated in a note to me that he had discussed the proposed article with Mr Dawson and they both believed that it could be damaging to publish anything at that stage. They believed cases would be referred to CVL in any event because they were unusual and they did not feel "Vision" was an appropriate publication because its confidentiality was questionable and might lead to referrals to veterinary schools rather than CVL. Gerald Wells was also concerned about the resources available in his section to deal with referred cases. I replied (YB87/2.25/2.1) indicating a draft statement was needed by the Director before a decision on publication could be made. Gerald Wells prepared a draft statement (YB87/3.2/2.1) and sent it to me on 2nd March, 1987. In his cover note (YB87/3.2/1.1) he commented that he believed the distribution of any statement about the new disease outside of CVL to be premature because there was so little information available about the new disease. I passed on a copy of Gerald Wells' note to Dr Watson (YB87/3.2/3.1). I discussed the matter of publication with Dr Watson. No decision had been taken to publish any material at that stage and I sent a note to Gerald Wells letting him know the position and confirming that his views and those of Michael Dawson would be taken into account when a decision was taken.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">- 11 -</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">21. In March, 1987 serious consideration was given to possible transmission (e.g. to hamsters) and other experiments (other than the collection of epidemiological data by the VIS and clinicopathology which had been in progress since the first cases were recognised in November, 1986).</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">22. On 23rd April, 1987 I sent a report (YB87/4.23/1.1) to Dr Watson and Dr Shreeve informing them that nine control brains were being examined for SAFs and a cow which appeared to be affected with BSE had been purchased for observation. The cow had come from the farm where the original cases had developed and had arrived at CVL on 22nd April, 1987.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">23. On 15th May, 1987 Dr Watson informed me that the proposed "Vision" draft would be circulated to VICs in England and Wales if it was approved by management. On 22nd May, 1987 I was copied in on a note (YB87/5.22/2.1) from B.M Williams, (who I believe was Head of the VIS at this time but retired shortly after this), to Dr Watson. This confirmed that the draft prepared for publication in Vision was approved but that the final paragraph should be amended to make it clear that knowledge of the new disease should not be communicated to other research institutes or university departments. At a meeting with Dr Watson on 2nd June, 1987 he informed me that no communication should be made with NPU until after the meeting with the CVO on 5th June, 1987 (see my note of 3rd June, 1987 – YB87/6.3/1.1). We needed much more data and information to answer inevitable queries. ...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s071.pdf</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SEE ;</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20071013202003/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s071.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20071013202003/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s071.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199900/cmselect/cmsctech/465/465m48.htm</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">*This case study accompanies the IRGC report “Risk Governance Deficits: An analysis and illustration of the most common deficits in risk governance”.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Epidemic in the United Kingdom</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">By Belinda Cleeland1</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SNIP...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">A6 Misrepresenting information about risk</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">From the very beginning of the BSE outbreak, not only was knowledge misrepresented by the British government, but in some cases it was even withheld. For example, after the initial diagnosis of BSE by the SVS in late 1986, there was an embargo placed on the sharing, or making public, of any BSE-related information that ran until mid-1987. Also, up until at least 1990, outside scientists that requested access to BSE data to conduct further studies were denied, despite the fact the improved scientific understanding of the disease had the greatest potential to minimise the impact of the epidemic. Even government scientists within the CVL have acknowledged that there was a culture of suppressing information, to the point that studies revealing damaging evidence (e.g. that there was a causal link between BSE and the new encephalopathy found in cats) were denied publication permission [Ashraf, 2000].</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The withholding of such information allowed the government to publicly assert that BSE was just like another version of scrapie – not transmissible to humans – and that there was “clear scientific evidence that British beef is perfectly safe” [UK House of Commons, 1990].2 This was certainly a misrepresentation of the knowledge held at the time, and one that was only possible due to the suppression of some scientific findings and recommendations. Of course, the main reason for this misrepresentation of knowledge was the protection of agricultural and industrial interests – the specific stakeholder favoured in this case was the British beef industry, which stood to lose billions of pounds if a large number of its animals had to be slaughtered, if export bans were put in place, or if costly regulations were implemented.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">To protect the interests of the beef industry, the government would assert on many occasions that British beef was safe to eat and that regulatory controls already implemented would prevent any 2 This comment was made by the Agriculture Minister to the House of Commons.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">contaminated material from entering the food chain. This was also a misrepresentation of knowledge, as the government was fully aware that their measures were not designed to eliminate exposure, but only to diminish the risk [van Zwanenberg & Millstone, 2002:161].</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">What’s more, many uncertainties relating to the transmissibility of the disease were either down-played or ignored, resulting in an overstatement of certainty that British beef was completely safe to eat and that BSE was not transmissible to humans. The way uncertainty was dealt with in this case was the result of a number of factors, including the desire to protect specific stakeholder interests.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">One crucial factor was the underlying element of risk political culture in the UK that linked the identity of the actor to the consistency of his policy positions. This led to consistency of position being prioritised over accuracy [Dressel, 2000], and resulted in the government insisting on the absence of risk to the population, maintaining this public position despite mounting evidence to the contrary. Although aware of them, policy-makers chose not to overtly acknowledge the levels of uncertainty and the complexity of the risks involved with BSE and its spread because the ramifications of these were too great for the interests they were trying to safeguard.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">B1 Responding to early warnings</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The incorporation of rendered meat and bone meal into animal feed creates a number of risks related to the transmission, recycling and amplification of pathogens. Such risks were recognised well before the emergence of BSE. In the US in the mid-1970s, concerns that scrapie may be linked to CJD (although there is no evidence that scrapie is transmissible to humans) led to some regulations being placed on the incorporation of sheep or goat carcasses into human and animal foods [van Zwanenberg & Millstone, 2002:158]. In the UK, too, the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution recommended in 1979 that minimum processing standards be implemented by the rendering industries in order to minimise the potential for disease spread [RCEP, 1979]. The incoming Thatcher government withdrew these proposed regulations, preferring to let industry decide for itself what standards to use. In retrospect, the failure to act at this point to mitigate the general risk of disease transmission may have had a crucial impact on the later outbreak of BSE, given that the disease “probably originated from a novel source in the early 1970s” [BSE Inquiry, 2000b].</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Early warnings that BSE might be transmissible to humans were, in fact, observed by scientists and government officials throughout the period from 1986 (the time of first diagnosis in cattle) to 1995 (when vCJD was first observed in humans). Such observations are noted in, for example, the minutes of a meeting of the National Institute for Biological Standards and Control in May 1988, where the probability of transmission of BSE to humans is assessed as more than remote. The diagnosis in 1990 of a domestic cat with a previously unknown spongiform encephalopathy resembling BSE indicated that the disease could infect a wider range of hosts. Responses to such early warnings of potential dangers to human health were either too weak or came too late. This may have been partly a result of an ‘unwillingness to know’ due to the economic harm this knowledge would cause the UK beef industry (related to deficit A6); and partly due to institutional capacities and procedures (related to deficits B5, 9 and 10).</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.irgc.org/IMG/pdf/BSE_full_case_study_web.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.irgc.org/IMG/pdf/BSE_full_case_study_web.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Tuesday, July 28, 2009</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">MAD COW COVER-UP USA MASKED AS SPORADIC CJD</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2009/07/mad-cow-cover-up-usa-masked-as-sporadic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2009/07/mad-cow-cover-up-usa-masked-as-sporadic.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">SEE THE VIDEO NOW AT THE BOTTOM OF THE BLOG BELOW ;</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2009/07/usa-hiding-mad-cow-disease-victims-as.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2009/07/usa-hiding-mad-cow-disease-victims-as.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Tuesday, July 14, 2009</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">U.S. Emergency Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Response Plan Summary and BSE Red Book Date: February 14, 2000 at 8:56 am PST</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">WHERE did we go wrong $$$</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2009/07/us-emergency-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://madcowtesting.blogspot.com/2009/07/us-emergency-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">MY GOD, HOW MANY CASES GOT INTO THE FOOD CHAIN ??? IATROGENIC THERE FROM ??? ATYPICAL BSE MORE VIRULENT, HOW MANY MORE WILL DIE NEEDLESSLY IN THE YEARS AND DECADES TO COME. ...TSS</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Wednesday, January 4, 2012</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">A Bovine Prion Acquires an Epidemic Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Strain-Like Phenotype on Interspecies Transmission</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/01/bovine-prion-acquires-epidemic-bovine.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/01/bovine-prion-acquires-epidemic-bovine.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Monday, January 2, 2012 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">EFSA Minutes of the 6th Meeting of the EFSA Scientific Network on BSE-TSE Brussels, 29-30 November 2011</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/01/efsa-minutes-of-6th-meeting-of-efsa.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/01/efsa-minutes-of-6th-meeting-of-efsa.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Saturday, June 25, 2011 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Transmissibility of BSE-L and Cattle-Adapted TME Prion Strain to Cynomolgus Macaque "BSE-L in North America may have existed for decades" </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/06/transmissibility-of-bse-l-and-cattle.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/06/transmissibility-of-bse-l-and-cattle.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Over the next 8-10 weeks, approximately 40% of all the adult mink on the farm died from TME. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">snip... </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The rancher was a ''dead stock'' feeder using mostly (>95%) downer or dead dairy cattle... </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030516051623/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030516051623/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf</a> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">2011 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Monday, September 26, 2011</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2011/09/l-bse-base-prion-and-atypical-sporadic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2011/09/l-bse-base-prion-and-atypical-sporadic.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Harvard Risk Assessment of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Update, October 31, 2005 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">INTRODUCTION </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">The United States Department of Agriculture’s Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) held a public meeting on July 25, 2006 in Washington, D.C. to present findings from the Harvard Risk Assessment of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Update, October 31, 2005 (report and model located on the FSIS website: </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/Science/Risk_Assessments/index.asp. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Comments on technical aspects of the risk assessment were then submitted to FSIS. Comments were received from Food and Water Watch, Food Animal Concerns Trust (FACT), Farm Sanctuary, R-CALF USA, Linda A Detwiler, and Terry S. Singeltary. This document provides itemized replies to the public comments received on the 2005 updated Harvard BSE risk assessment. Please bear the following points in mind: </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/PDF/BSE_Risk_Assess_Response_Public_Comments.pdf </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Saturday, June 19, 2010 U.S. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">DENIED UPGRADED BSE STATUS FROM OIE </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2010/06/us-denied-upgraded-bse-status-from-oie.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2010/06/us-denied-upgraded-bse-status-from-oie.html</a> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Friday, August 20, 2010 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">USDA: Animal Disease Traceability August 2010 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://naiscoolyes.blogspot.com/2010/08/usda-animal-disease-traceability-august.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://naiscoolyes.blogspot.com/2010/08/usda-animal-disease-traceability-august.html</a> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Friday, November 18, 2011 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">country-of-origin labeling law (COOL) violates U.S. obligations under WTO rules WT/DS384/R WT/DS386/R </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://naiscoolyes.blogspot.com/2011/11/country-of-origin-labeling-law-cool.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://naiscoolyes.blogspot.com/2011/11/country-of-origin-labeling-law-cool.html</a> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://naiscoolyes.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://naiscoolyes.blogspot.com/</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Owens, Julie From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. [flounder9@verizon.net] </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Sent: Monday, July 24, 2006 1:09 PM </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">To: FSIS RegulationsComments </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Subject: [Docket No. FSIS-2006-0011] FSIS Harvard Risk Assessment of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Page 1 of 98</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/2006-0011/2006-0011-1.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">FSIS RFEPLY TO TSS ;</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">L-BSE BASE prion and atypical sporadic CJD</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Thursday, August 4, 2011</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">Terry Singeltary Sr. on the Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Public Health Crisis, Date aired: 27 Jun 2011 (SEE VIDEO)</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/08/terry-singeltary-sr-on-creutzfeldt.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/08/terry-singeltary-sr-on-creutzfeldt.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">2011 Monday, September 26, 2011</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><span style="outline: currentcolor;">L-BSE BASE prion and atypical sporadic CJD </span><div style="outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2011/09/l-bse-base-prion-and-atypical-sporadic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: currentcolor;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2011/09/l-bse-base-prion-and-atypical-sporadic.html</a><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;">tss</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="outline: currentcolor;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: currentcolor;"><br style="background-color: white; outline: currentcolor;" /></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33182925.post-22232521265324968742024-01-11T14:54:00.000-06:002024-01-11T14:54:06.498-06:00China, Ireland, Mad Cow, atypical BSE TSE Prion, you can expect every two, three, four years we’ll have a sporadic case like this? <p><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">China, Ireland, Mad Cow, atypical BSE TSE Prion, you can expect every two, three, four years we’ll have a sporadic case like this? </span></p><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Beef: Bord Bia ‘wouldn’t envisage’ long-term lock out from China<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Charles O Charles O'Donnell January 10, 2024 5:30 pm Beef: Bord Bia ‘wouldn’t envisage’ long-term lock out from China L-R: Minister Charlie McConalogue and Bord Bia CEO Jim O'Toole. Source: Fennell Photography<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">The CEO of Bord Bia has said that the food board “wouldn’t envisage” a repeat of the last time Ireland lost access to the Chinese market for beef, when exports were stopped for almost three years.<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">In November, beef exports to China from Ireland were suspended after the discovery of an atypical case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in a 10-year-old cow.<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Atypical BSE is a rare spontaneous event that may occur in any bovine population. It is not related to feed contamination.<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Notwithstanding that, beef exports to China were stopped as a result, and Minister for Agriculture, Food and the Marine Charlie McConalogue has repeatedly said that his department is working on regaining access.<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">The suspension of exports sparked fears that exporters would see a repeat of the period from May 2020 to January 2023, when Irish beef was locked out of China due, again, to the discovery of a case of atypical BSE, on that occasion in a 14-year-old cow.<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">However, Bord Bia CEO Jim O’Toole has said that there are indications that market access to China can be regained sooner than the 33 months it took the last time this happened.<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Speaking to Agriland at the launch of the Bord Bia Exports Performance and Prospects Report 2023/24 today (Wednesday, January 10), O’Toole said: “What I understand is that all the indications we can get from this process are positive.<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">“Obviously it is within the gift of the Chinese government, but there is, my sense is, some optimism that it will be resolved early.<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">“How many days, weeks, or months is ‘early’ is probably hard to say, we just don’t know that. But I suppose we wouldn’t envisage the length of time it tool to resolve previously repeating itself,” O’Toole added.<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Minister McConalogue, who also attended the launch of the report today, stressed the importance of a quick resolution to getting the most out of the Chinese beef market in the long term.<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">He said: “For the long-term health of building an export beef sector to China, it’s important that it be a short [time].<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">“It was a sporadic case [of BSE]. These do happen and will happen into the future in every country but we have very thorough systems here to make sure we catch them and that they’re identified.”<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">“You can expect every two, three, four years we’ll have a sporadic case like this, and therefore a situation where it led to long disruption in the market would mean that the long term success of the market would be very much affected,” the minister added.<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Minister McConalogue said that his department is continuing to engage with the Chinese authorities on the matter.<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">“We have been through this process before once, since we got access to China originally. That was a long process, but that process involved going through the same process that’s there now, providing the epidemiological reports, going through those steps, and getting to the stage where [the Chinese authorities] are absolutely reassured of the systems in place,” he said.<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">“I’m hopeful, and we have been hopeful from the outset, that given that we’ve been through the process before, that we could repeat it in a much more concise manner,” the minister added.<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><a href="mailto:Charles@agriland.ie" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">Charles@agriland.ie</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.agriland.ie/farming-news/beef-bord-bia-wouldnt-envisage-long-term-lock-out-from-china/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.agriland.ie/farming-news/beef-bord-bia-wouldnt-envisage-long-term-lock-out-from-china/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">***> China, Ireland, Mad Cow BSE TSE Prion, you can expect every two, three, four years we’ll have a sporadic case like this? </span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Project: Elucidating the Pathobiology and Transmission of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: Cattle with the EK211 PRNP polymorphism are susceptible to the H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent from either E211K or wild type donors after oronasal inoculation</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author item Greenlee, Justin item Cassmann, Eric item MOORE, SARA JO - Oak Ridge Institute For Science And Education (ORISE) item WEST GREENLEE, HEATHER - Iowa State University</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Submitted to: Meeting Abstract Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 6/24/2022 Publication Date: 9/16/2022 Citation: Greenlee, J.J., Cassmann, E.D., Moore, S., West Greenlee, H.M. 2022. Cattle with the EK211 PRNP polymorphism are susceptible to the H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent from either E211K or wild type donors after oronasal inoculation. Prion 2022 Conference abstracts: pushing the boundaries. 16(1):150. https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286 Interpretive Summary:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Technical Abstract: In 2006, a case of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (H-BSE) was reported in a cow with a previously unreported prion protein polymorphism (E211K). The E211K polymorphism is heritable and homologous to the E200K mutation in humans that is the most frequent PRNP mutation associated with familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Although the prevalence of the E211K polymorphism is low, cattle carrying the K211 allele develop H-type BSE with a rapid onset after experimental inoculation by the intracranial route. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the agents of H-type BSE or H-type BSE associated with the E211K polymorphism transmit to wild type cattle or cattle with the K211 allele after oronasal exposure. Wild type (EE211) or heterozygous (EK211) cattle were oronasally inoculated with the H-BSE agent from either the US 2004 case (wild type donor; n=3) or from the US 2006 case with the E211K polymorphism (n=4). Cattle were observed daily throughout the course of the experiment for the development of clinical signs. When signs were noted, animals were euthanized and necropsied. Cattle were confirmed positive for abnormal BSE prions by enzyme immunoassay (EIA; Idexx HerdChek BSE Ag Test), anti-PrP immunohistochemistry (IHC) on brainstem, and microscopic examination for vacuolation. Three-out-of-four (75%) calves with the EK211 genotype developed clinical signs of H-BSE including inattentiveness, loss of body condition, weakness, ataxia, and muscle fasciculations and were euthanized. Two of the positive EK211 steers received H-BSE US 2004 inoculum (Incubation Period (IP): 59.3 and 72.3 months) while the other positive steer received the E211K H-BSE inoculum (IP: 49.7 months). EIA confirmed that abundant misfolded protein (O.D. 2.57-4.0) in the brainstem, and IHC demonstrated PrPSc throughout the brain. All cattle in the EE211 recipient group remain asymptomatic for the duration of the experiment (approximately 7 years post-inoculation). This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. Cattle with the EK211 genotype are oronasally susceptible to small doses of the H-BSE agent from either EK211 or EE211 (wild type) donors. Wild-type EE211 cattle remained asymptomatic for the duration of the experiment with this small dose (0.1g) of inoculum. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=395351" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=395351</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Highlights</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Cattle with the EK211 genotype are oronasally susceptible to small doses of the H-BSE agent from either EK211 or EE211 (wild type) donors. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Wild-type EE211 cattle remained asymptomatic for the duration of the experiment with this small dose (0.1g) of inoculum. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=395351" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=395351</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Location: Virus and Prion Research<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Title: The agent of transmissible mink encephalopathy passaged in sheep is similar to BSE-L<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Author CASSMANN, E - Oak Ridge Institute For Science And Education (ORISE) Greenlee, Justin BALKEMA-BUSCHMANN, A - Friedrich-Loeffler-institut GROSCHUP, M - Friedrich-Loeffler-institut MOORE, S - Oak Ridge Institute For Science And Education (ORISE) Kokemuller, Robyn Submitted to: Meeting Abstract Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 3/29/2019 Publication Date: 5/18/2019 Citation: Cassmann, E.D., Greenlee, J.J., Balkema-Buschmann, A., Groschup, M.H., Moore, S.J., Kokemuller, R. 2019. The agent of transmissible mink encephalopathy passaged in sheep is similar to BSE-L. Prion. 13. Article 49.<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197.<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Interpretive Summary: Technical Abstract: Transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) is a fatal neurologic prion disease of farmed mink. Epidemiologic and experimental evidence following a Wisconsin outbreak in 1985 has linked TME to low-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE-L). Evidence suggests that farmed mink were likely exposed to BSE-L infected downer cattle that were fed to the mink. The interspecies transmission of TME to cattle has been documented. Recently, we demonstrated the susceptibility of sheep to cattle passaged TME by intracranial inoculation.<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">The aim of the present study was to compare ovine passaged cattle TME to other prion diseases of food-producing animals. Using a transgenic mouse model, we characterized the disease phenotype of sheep TME to BSE-C and BSE-L. Separate inoculants of sheep passaged TME were derived from animals with the VRQ/VRQ (VV136) and ARQ/VRQ (AV136) prion protein genotype. Transgenic bovinized mice (TgBovXV) were intracranially inoculated with 20 µl of 1% w/v brain homogenate. The disease phenotypes were characterized by comparing the attack rates, incubation periods, and vacuolation profiles in TgBovXV mice.<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">The attack rate for BSE-C (13/13), BSE-L (18/18), and TMEVV (21/21) was 100%; whereas, the TMEAV group (15/19) had an incomplete attack rate. The average incubation periods were 299, 280, 310, and 535 days, respectively. The vacuolation profiles of BSE-L and TMEVV were most similar with mild differences observed in the thalamus and medulla. Vacuolation profiles from the BSE-C and TMEAV experimental groups were different than TMEVV and BSE-L. Overall the phenotype of disease in TME inoculated transgenic mice was dependent on the sheep donor genotype (VV vs AV). The results of the present study indicate that TME isolated from VRQ/VRQ sheep is similar to BSE-L by incubation period, attack rate, and vacuolation profile.<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Our findings are in agreement with previous research that found similarities between BSE-L and TME. In this study, the similarities between TME and BSE-L are maintained after multiple interspecies passages.<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=360665" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=360665</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">update<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2021" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2021</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Location: Virus and Prion Research<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">2021 Annual Report<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">snip...<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">4. Passing Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy (TME) prions from cattle to sheep changed the ability of the prions to infect mice. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), or prion diseases, are fatal brain diseases that affect livestock species. Prion diseases have been shown to jump species as exhibited when classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) infected cattle products were consumed by humans resulting in variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Another example of cross-species transmission results in a disease of farmed mink known as transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME), the origins of which were not previously understood; however, one possible source is L- BSE from cattle. The present study was designed to determine the effect of cross-species transmission of TSEs in livestock on the ability to infect mice expressing the cattle prion protein. We found that passing cattle adapted TME (TME that was previously passaged in cattle) to sheep changed the ability of the prions to infect bovinized mice in a laboratory inoculation. These results were compared to atypical BSE (L-BSE type) and Classical BSE in bovinized mice. Depending on the genotype of sheep used, the disease in mice appeared similar by histologic and western blot analysis to either L-BSE or C-BSE. These results indicate a shift in the disease presentation based on transmission through sheep with different genotypes. This information gives insight into origins and development of new prion strains. Because disease in one of the groups of mice resembled the L-BSE phenotype, it supports the hypothesis that TME can originate from feeding mink protein from cattle afflicted with L-BSE.<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2021" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2021</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Evidence That Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy Results from Feeding Infected Cattle Over the next 8-10 weeks, approximately 40% of all the adult mink on the farm died from TME.<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">snip...<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">The rancher was a ''dead stock'' feeder using mostly (>95%) downer or dead dairy cattle...<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002258/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002258/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506001031/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09a/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506001031/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09a/tab01.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506024922/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1987/06/10004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506024922/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1987/06/10004001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">NOW, back to those mad mink i.e. TME. let me throw a curve ball here ;<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Phenotypic Similarity of Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy in Cattle and L-type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in a Mouse Model<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Thierry Baron,* Anna Bencsik,* Anne-Gaëlle Biacabe,* Eric Morignat,* and Richard A. Bessen† Emerging Infectious<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Transmissible mink encepholapathy (TME) is a foodborne transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) of ranch-raised mink; infection with a ruminant TSE has been proposed as the cause, but the precise origin of TME is unknown. To compare the phenotypes of each TSE, bovine- passaged TME isolate and 3 distinct natural bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) agents (typical BSE, Htype BSE, and L-type BSE) were inoculated into an ovine transgenic mouse line (TgOvPrP4). Transgenic mice were susceptible to infection with bovine-passaged TME, typical BSE, and L-type BSE but not to H-type BSE. Based on survival periods, brain lesions profi les, disease-associated prion protein brain distribution, and biochemical properties of protease-resistant prion protein, typical BSE had a distint phenotype in ovine transgenic mice compared to L-type BSE and bovine TME. The similar phenotypic properties of L-type BSE and bovine TME in TgOvPrP4 mice suggest that L-type BSE is a much more likely candidate for the origin of TME than is typical BSE. Transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) is a rare prion disease in ranch-raised mink (Mustela vison) in North America and Europe (1–4). Six outbreaks have been reported from 1947 through 1985 in North America, and several have been linked to contaminated commercial feed (1). Although contamination of feed with scrapie-infected sheep parts has been proposed as the cause of TME, the origin of the disease remains elusive. The idea that scrapie in sheep may be a source of TME infection is supported by fi ndings that scrapie-infected mink have a similar distribution of vacuolar pathologic features in the brain and the same clinical signs as mink with natural and experimental TME (5). However, mink are not susceptible to scrapie infection following oral exposure for up to 4 years postinoculation, which suggests that either the scrapie agent may not be the source of natural TME infection or that only specifi c strains of the scrapie agent are able to induce TME (6,7). Epidemiologic investigations in the Stetsonville, Wisconsin, outbreak of TME in 1985 suggested a possible cattle origin, since mink were primarily fed downer or dead dairy cattle but not sheep products (8). Experimental transmission of Stetsonville TME into cattle resulted in transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) disease with an incubation period of 18.5 months. Back passage of bovine TME into mink resulted in incubation periods of 4 and 7 months after oral or intracerebral inoculation, respectively, which was similar to that found following inoculation of Stetsonville TME into mink by these same routes (8). These findings indicated that cattle are susceptible to TME, and that bovine-passaged TME did not result in a reduced pathogenicity for mink. These studies raised the question as to whether an unknown TSE in cattle was the source of TME infection in the Stetsonville outbreak. Several additional TME outbreaks in the United States have been associated with mink diet that contained downer or dead cattle (9). ...<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">snip...full text ;<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.cdc.gov/EID/content/13/12/pdfs/1887.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.cdc.gov/EID/content/13/12/pdfs/1887.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><a href="http://transmissible-mink-encephalopathy.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://transmissible-mink-encephalopathy.blogspot.com/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">What about that TME TSE Prion surveillance and testing program, I’m still waiting?<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 12, 2022<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin USA, what if?<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 03, 2022<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy TME, Atypical L-Type BSE PrP, and typical C-Type BSE, which came first, the cart or the horse?<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://transmissible-mink-encephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/02/transmissible-mink-encephalopathy-tme.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://transmissible-mink-encephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/02/transmissible-mink-encephalopathy-tme.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin USA?<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/10/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/10/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">USA 50 State Emergency BSE Conference Call 2001<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, DECEMBER 22, 2023<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">The Mad Cow That Stole Christmas, 20 Years Later<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2023/12/the-mad-cow-that-stole-christmas-23.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2023/12/the-mad-cow-that-stole-christmas-23.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">2023-2023 TSE PRION UPDATE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PLEASE NOTE, USDA ET AL ONLY TESTING <25k CATTLE FOR MAD COW DISEASE, woefully inadequate, yet USDA just documented a case Atypical L-Type BSE, the most virulent strain to date...<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Monday, May 22, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">***> BSE TSE Prion MAD COW TESTING IN THE USA COMPARED TO OTHER COUNTRIES? </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2023/05/bse-tse-prion-mad-cow-testing-in-usa.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2023/05/bse-tse-prion-mad-cow-testing-in-usa.html</a> </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Wednesday, May 24, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">***> WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, United States of America Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Immediate notification<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/5067" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/5067</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html</a></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/125/wahis-woah-oie-immediate-notification" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/125/wahis-woah-oie-immediate-notification</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">SATURDAY, MAY 20, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">***> Tennessee State Veterinarian Alerts Cattle Owners to Disease Detection Mad Cow atypical L-Type BSE<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/05/tennessee-state-veterinarian-alerts.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/05/tennessee-state-veterinarian-alerts.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/123/tennessee-veterinarian-alerts-cattle-confirmed" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/123/tennessee-veterinarian-alerts-cattle-confirmed</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div>MAY 19, 2023</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/newsroom/stakeholder-info/sa_by_date/sa-2023/bse" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/newsroom/stakeholder-info/sa_by_date/sa-2023/bse</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">2 weeks before the announcement of this recent mad cow case in the USA, i submitted this to the APHIS et al;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">***> APPRX. 2 weeks before the recent mad cow case was confirmed in the USA, in Tennessee, atypical L-Type BSE, I submitted this to the APHIS et al;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Document APHIS-2023-0027-0001 BSE Singeltary Comment Submission May 2, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''said 'burden' cost, will be a heavy burden to bear, if we fail with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion disease, that is why this information collection is so critical''...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 08, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ireland Atypical BSE confirmed November 3 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/11/ireland-atypical-bse-confirmed-november.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/11/ireland-atypical-bse-confirmed-november.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 14, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ireland Atypical BSE case, 3 progeny of case cow to be culled </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/11/ireland-atypical-bse-case-3-progeny-of.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/11/ireland-atypical-bse-case-3-progeny-of.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SUNDAY, JULY 16, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Switzerland Atypical BSE detected in a cow in the canton of St. Gallen </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/07/switzerland-atypical-bse-detected-in.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/07/switzerland-atypical-bse-detected-in.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, REPORT Switzerland Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical L-Type</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Switzerland Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical L-Type</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Switzerland - Bovine spongiform encephalopathy - Immediate notification</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4962" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4962</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2020/02/switzerland-oie-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2020/02/switzerland-oie-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Monday, March 20, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, REPORT United Kingdom Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical H-Type </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4977" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4977</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/single-case-of-atypical-bse-confirmed-on-a-farm-in-cornwall" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.gov.uk/government/news/single-case-of-atypical-bse-confirmed-on-a-farm-in-cornwall</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BRAZIL BSE START DATE 2023/01/18</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BRAZIL BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/22</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BRAZIL BSE END DATE 2023/03/03</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4918" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4918</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/06/brazil-reports-another-cases-of-mad-cow.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/06/brazil-reports-another-cases-of-mad-cow.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SPAIN BSE START DATE 2023/01/21</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SPAIN BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/03</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SPAIN BSE END DATE 2023/02/06</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4888</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/02/spain-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/02/spain-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">NETHERLANDS BSE START DATE 2023/02/01</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">NETHERLANDS BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/01</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">NETHERLANDS BSE END DATE 2023/03/13</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4876" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4876</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/02/netherlands-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/02/netherlands-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PLEASE NOTE, USDA ET AL ONLY TESTING <25k CATTLE FOR MAD COW DISEASE, woefully inadequate, yet USDA just documented a case Atypical L-Type BSE, the most virulent strain to date...</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Monday, May 22, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">***> BSE TSE Prion MAD COW TESTING IN THE USA COMPARED TO OTHER COUNTRIES? </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2023/05/bse-tse-prion-mad-cow-testing-in-usa.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2023/05/bse-tse-prion-mad-cow-testing-in-usa.html</a> </div></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Wednesday, May 24, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">***> WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, United States of America Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Immediate notification<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/5067" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/5067</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html</a></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/125/wahis-woah-oie-immediate-notification" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/125/wahis-woah-oie-immediate-notification</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 9, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">EFSA Annual Report of the Scientific Network on BSE-TSE 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2023/11/efsa-annual-report-of-scientific.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2023/11/efsa-annual-report-of-scientific.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Annual Report of the Scientific Network on BSE-TSE 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">European Food Safety Authority (EFSA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">APPROVED: 25 October 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2023.EN-8386" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2023.EN-8386</a></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, JANUARY 20, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">***> EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SCRAPIE IN THE UNITED STATES </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2023/01/epidemiology-of-scrapie-in-united-states.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2023/01/epidemiology-of-scrapie-in-united-states.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 25, 2022 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">***> USA National Scrapie Eradication Program (NSEP) 2021 to 2003 A Year by Year Review<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2022/11/usa-national-scrapie-eradication.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2022/11/usa-national-scrapie-eradication.html</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 03, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Scrapie TSE Prion United States of America a Review February 2021 Singeltary et al</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/02/scrapie-tse-prion-united-states-of.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/02/scrapie-tse-prion-united-states-of.html</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease Carcass Disposal Dumpster Management and Biosecurity</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">BACKGROUND INFORMATION:</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">State and tribal wildlife agencies may identify collection points (dumpsters) within an identified chronic wasting disease (CWD) management zone for the disposal of hunter-harvested cervid carcasses to remove potentially infected carcasses off the landscape for disposal by an approved method (Gillin & Mawdsley, 2018, chap.14). However, depending on their placement and maintenance these dumpsters could potentially increase the risk of CWD transmission.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">In several different states, photographic evidence has shown dumpsters in state identified CWD management zones overflowing with deer carcasses and limbs scattered on the land nearby. This could provide an opportunity for scavengers to potentially move infected carcass material to non-infected zones or increase contamination of the ground material around the dumpster’s location.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Federal guidance does not explicitly address uniform standards for collection locations for carcasses of free-ranging cervids; however, the United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services Program Standards on CWD outlines procedures for carcass disposal, equipment sanitation, and decontamination of premises for captive cervid facilities.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">RESOLUTION:</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The United States Animal Health Association urges the Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (AFWA), Wildlife Health Committee to further refine the AFWA Technical Report on Best Management Practices for Prevention, Surveillance, and Management of Chronic Wasting Disease; Chapter 14, Carcass Disposal to address the placement and management of chronic wasting disease carcass disposal dumpsters or other carcass collection containers.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Reference:</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">1. Gillin, Colin M., and Mawdsley, Jonathan R. (eds.). 2018. AFWA Technical Report on Best Management Practices for Surveillance, Management and Control of Chronic Wasting Disease. Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Washington, D. C. 111 pp. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.usaha.org/upload/Resolution/2022/2022_Resolution_30_CWD_Dumpste.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.usaha.org/upload/Resolution/2022/2022_Resolution_30_CWD_Dumpste.pdf</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">2023 UPDATED SCIENCE ON TSE PRION TO DATE</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of the chronic wasting disease agent from elk to cattle after oronasal exposure</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Justin Greenlee, Jifeng Bian, Zoe Lambert, Alexis Frese, and Eric Cassmann Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the susceptibility of cattle to chronic wasting disease agent from elk. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: Initial studies were conducted in bovinized mice using inoculum derived from elk with various genotypes at codon 132 (MM, LM, LL). Based upon attack rates, inoculum (10% w/v brain homogenate) from an LM132 elk was selected for transmission studies in cattle. At approximately 2 weeks of age, one wild type steer (EE211) and one steer with the E211K polymorphism (EK211) were fed 1 mL of brain homogenate in a quart of milk replacer while another 1 mL was instilled intranasally. The cattle were examined daily for clinical signs for the duration of the experiment. One steer is still under observation at 71 months post-inoculation (mpi). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Inoculum derived from MM132 elk resulted in similar attack rates and incubation periods in mice expressing wild type or K211 bovine PRNP, 35% at 531 days post inoculation (dpi) and 27% at 448 dpi, respectively. Inoculum from LM132 elk had a slightly higher attack rates in mice: 45% (693 dpi) in wild type cattle PRNP and 33% (468) in K211 mice. Inoculum from LL132 elk resulted in the highest attack rate in wild type bovinized mice (53% at 625 dpi), but no K211 mice were affected at >700 days. At approximately 70 mpi, the EK211 genotype steer developed clinical signs suggestive of prion disease, depression, low head carriage, hypersalivation, and ataxia, and was necropsied. Enzyme immunoassay (IDEXX) was positive in brainstem (OD=4.00, but non-detect in retropharyngeal lymph nodes and palatine tonsil. Immunoreactivity was largely limited to the brainstem, midbrain, and cervical spinal cord with a pattern that was primarily glia-associated. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Cattle with the E211K polymorphism are susceptible to the CWD agent after oronasal exposure of 0.2 g of infectious material. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Cattle with the E211K polymorphism are susceptible to the CWD agent after oronasal exposure of 0.2 g of infectious material."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Strain characterization of chronic wasting disease in bovine-PrP transgenic mice </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Nuria Jerez-Garrido1, Sara Canoyra1, Natalia Fernández-Borges1, Alba Marín Moreno1, Sylvie L. Benestad2, Olivier Andreoletti3, Gordon Mitchell4, Aru Balachandran4, Juan María Torres1 and Juan Carlos Espinosa1. 1 Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, CISA-INIA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain. 2 Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway. 3 UMR Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)/École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Toulouse, France. 4 Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Canada. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is an infectious prion disease that affects cervids. Various CWD prion strains have been identified in different cervid species from North America and Europe. The properties of the infectious prion strains are influenced by amino acid changes and polymorphisms in the PrP sequences of different cervid species. This study, aimed to assess the ability of a panel of CWD prion isolates from diverse cervid species from North America and Europe to infect bovine species, as well as to investigate the properties of the prion strains following the adaptation to the bovine-PrP context. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: BoPrP-Tg110 mice overexpressing the bovine-PrP sequence were inoculated by intracranial route with a panel of CWD prion isolates from both North America (two white-tailed deer and two elk) and Europe (one reindeer, one moose and one red deer). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Our results show distinct behaviours in the transmission of the CWD isolates to the BoPrP-Tg110 mouse model. Some of these isolates did not transmit even after the second passage. Those able to transmit displayed differences in terms of attack rate, survival times, biochemical properties of brain PrPres, and histopathology. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Altogether, these results exhibit the diversity of CWD strains present in the panel of CWD isolates and the ability of at least some CWD isolates to infect bovine species. Cattle being one of the most important farming species, this ability represents a potential threat to both animal and human health, and consequently deserves further study. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: MCIN/AEI /10.13039/501100011033 and by European Union NextGeneration EU/PRTR </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grant number: PCI2020-120680-2 ICRAD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Altogether, these results exhibit the diversity of CWD strains present in the panel of CWD isolates and the ability of at least some CWD isolates to infect bovine species. Cattle being one of the most important farming species, this ability represents a potential threat to both animal and human health, and consequently deserves further study."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Detection of classical BSE prions in asymptomatic cows after inoculation with atypical/Nor98 scrapie</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Marina Betancor1, Belén Marín1, Alicia Otero1#, Carlos Hedman1, Antonio Romero2, Tomás Barrio3, Eloisa Sevilla1, Jean Yves Douet3, Alvina Huor3, Juan José Badiola1, Olivier Andréoletti3, Rosa Bolea1.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1Centro de Encefalopatías y Enfermedades Transmisibles Emergentes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón - IA2, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain. 2 Servicio de Cirugía y Medicina Equina, Hospital Veterinario, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain 3 UMR École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT) - Institut National pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE) - 1225 Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes (IHAP), 31300 Toulouse, France.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: The emergence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) prions from atypical scrapie has been recently proved in rodent and swine models. This study aimed to assess whether the inoculation of atypical scrapie could induce BSE-like disease in cattle.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: Four calves were intracerebrally challenged with atypical scrapie. Animals were euthanized without clinical signs of prion disease between 7.2 and 11.3 years post-inoculation and tested for the accumulation of prions by conventional techniques and protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: None of the bovines showed signs compatible with prion disease. In addition, all tested negative for PrPSc accumulation by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. However, an emergence of BSE-like prions was detected during in vitro propagation of brain samples from the inoculated animals.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: These findings suggest that atypical scrapie may represent a potential source of BSE infection in cattle.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: This work was supported financially by the following Spanish and European Interreg grants: Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (Spanish Government), cofunded by Agencia Estatal de Investigación and the European Union and POCTEFA, which was 65% co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the Interreg V-A Spain-France-Andorra program (POCTEFA 2014– 2020).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grant number: n° PID2021-125398OB-I00, EFA148/16 REDPRION</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: The authors would like to thank Sandra Felices and Daniel Romanos for their excellent technical assistance. Authors would also like to acknowledge the use of Servicio General de Apoyo a la Investigación-SAI, Universidad de Zaragoza</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Evolution of Nor98/ Atypical scrapie by iterative propagation in a homologous ovine PrPC context</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sara Canoyra1, Alba Marín-Moreno1, Juan Carlos Espinosa1, Natalia Fernández-Borges1, Nuria Jerez-Garrido1, Sylvie L. Benestad2, Enric Vidal3, Leonor Orge4, Olivier Andreoletti5 and Juan María Torres1.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, CISA-INIA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain. 2Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway. 3Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB)–Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, Barcelona, Spain. 4Laboratory of Pathology, National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, Oeiras, Portugal 5UMR Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)/École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Toulouse, France</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Nor98/ Atypical scrapie (AS) is a prion disease that causes sporadic casesin sheep and goats. Previous studies have shown that the transmission of AS to otherspecies led to the emergence of new prion strains. In the bovine and porcine PrP, there has been reported the emergence of classical BSE prions (Huor et al., 2019, Espinosa et al., 2009, Marin et. al., 2021) and in the bank vole M109I-PrP context, a classical scrapie-like prion strain emerges(Pirisinu et al., 2022). In this study, we analysed the possible evolution of the AS prion within the same specie by modelling the transmission in a homologous ovine PrP context.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: A panel of AS isolates with different genotypes and geographical origins both from sheep and goats were inoculated in the wild-type transgenic mice model (ARQ-PrP, Aguilar-Calvo et al., 2014).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: The isolates infect the ovine ARQ-PrP mice with homogeneous survival time and a complete attack rate. For several AS isolatesthe transmission led to the emergence of 19kDa (with BSE-like characteristics), 21kDa or atypical prions and mixtures of these agents.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Iterative subpassages of AS isolates into transgenic mice carrying ovine PrP showed an emergence of classical prions during in vivo propagation. This could be caused by the coexistence of strains in the isolate or the evolution of the AS through propagation in the ovine PrP.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">These results allow us to hypothesize whether atypical prions might be the origin of prion diversity, where atypical prions tend to acquire classical forms. These results are relevant to control the exposure of farmed animals and humans to AS.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 Grant number: PID2019-105837RB-I00</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Monday, November 13, 2023<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) Singeltary Another Request for Update 2023<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://fdabse589.blogspot.com/2023/11/food-and-drug-administrations-bse-feed.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://fdabse589.blogspot.com/2023/11/food-and-drug-administrations-bse-feed.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, JULY 07, 2023<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">***> TME, 589.2000 (21 C.F.R. 589.2000), atypical L-BSE, who’s testing MINK for TSE?<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/07/tme-5892000-21-cfr-5892000-atypical-l.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/07/tme-5892000-21-cfr-5892000-atypical-l.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Project: Elucidating the Pathobiology and Transmission of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: Disease phenotype of classical sheep scrapie is changed upon experimental passage through white-tailed deer</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author item Kokemuller, Robyn item MOORE, S.JO - Oak Ridge Institute For Science And Education (ORISE) item Bian, Jifeng item WEST GREENLEE, HEATHER - Iowa State University item Greenlee, Justin</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Submitted to: PLoS Pathogens Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 11/9/2023 Publication Date: 12/4/2023 Citation: Kokemuller, R., Moore, S., Bian, J., West Greenlee, H.M., Greenlee, J.J. 2023. Disease phenotype of classical sheep scrapie is changed upon experimental passage through white-tailed deer. PLoS Pathogens. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1011815. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1011815 Interpretive Summary: Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are a group of fatal diseases caused by the accumulation of misfolded prion protein in the brain. Ruminant species such as sheep, deer, and elk can get prion diseases. In sheep the disease is called scrapie. In deer and elk, the disease is called chronic wasting disease (CWD). The source of CWD is unknown, but one possibility is that scrapie jumped from sheep to deer. When we experimentally exposed white-tailed deer to the sheep scrapie agent, all deer developed scrapie. The purpose of the current experiment was to determine if sheep can get scrapie derived from white-tailed deer. Some sheep developed scrapie after oronasal exposure to the scrapie agent from white-tailed deer. Passage through white-tailed deer results in a scrapie isolate with different strain properties than the original inoculum. The detection of new strain properties was an unexpected result that will be the subject of further studies. These results indicate that sheep could be susceptible to the scrapie agent after passage through deer if exposed to the agent in natural or agricultural settings, which could be a confounding factor to the scrapie eradication program. National and state regulatory and wildlife officials should consider this information when developing plans to reduce or eliminate TSEs.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Technical Abstract: Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) agents have strain variations that influence disease phenotype and may affect the potential for interspecies transmission. Since deer and sheep may use the same grazing land, it is important to understand the potential transmission of TSEs between these species. The US scrapie isolate (No.13-7) had a 100% attack rate in white-tailed deer after oronasal challenge. The purpose of this study was to determine if sheep are susceptible to oronasal challenge with the scrapie agent from white-tailed deer. Suffolk lambs of various prion protein genotypes were challenged by the oronasal route with a 10% brain homogenate from scrapie-affected white-tailed deer. Sheep were euthanized and necropsied upon development of clinical signs or at the end of the experiment (72 months post-inoculation). Tissues were tested for PrPSc by enzyme immunoassay, western blot, and immunohistochemistry. The first sheep (2/2) to develop clinical signs at approximately 29 months post-inoculation (MPI) had the VRQ/VRQ genotype. One of the two sheep with the ARQ/ARQ genotype also developed clinical signs at 48 MPI. This is in contrast to the original No.13-7 inoculum that has a faster incubation period in sheep with the ARQ/ARQ genotype compared to sheep of the VRQ/VRQ genotype. The shorter incubation period in VRQ/VRQ sheep than ARQ/ARQ sheep after passage through deer indicates a phenotype change. This is important because scrapie infected deer could transmit disease to sheep resulting in new scrapie strain properties. This work raises the concern that scrapie infected deer could serve as a confounding factor to scrapie eradication programs as the scrapie agent from deer is transmissible to sheep by the oronasal route.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=405929" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=405929</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Project: Elucidating the Pathobiology and Transmission of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: The chronic wasting disease agent from white-tailed deer is highly infectious to humanized mice after passage through raccoons</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author item Cassmann, Eric item QI, XU - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item KONG, QINGZHONG - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) item Greenlee, Justin</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Submitted to: Meeting Abstract Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 3/15/2023 Publication Date: 5/30/2023 Citation: Cassmann, E.D., Qi, X., Kong, Q., Greenlee, J.J. 2023. The chronic wasting disease agent from white-tailed deer is highly infectious to humanized mice after passage through raccoons (abstract). Meeting Abstract. 4th International Chronic Wasting Disease Symposium, May 30-June 3, 2023, Denver, Colorado. Interpretive Summary:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Technical Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the zoonotic potential of the raccoon passaged chronic wasting disease (CWD) agent in humanized transgenic mice in comparison with the North American CWD agent from the original white-tailed deer (WTD) host. Pooled brain (GG96) from CWD positive deer was used to intracranially inoculate two WTD and one raccoon. Brain homogenates (10% w/v) from the raccoon and the WTD were used to intracranially inoculate transgenic mice (Tg40h) expressing the methionine 109 human prion protein. Brains and spleens were collected from mice at experimental endpoints of clinical disease or approximately 700 days post-inoculation. Tissues were divided and homogenized or fixed in 10% buffered neutral formalin. Immunohistochemistry, enzyme immunoassay, and western blot were used to detect misfolded prion protein (PrPSc) in tissue. Tg40h mice inoculated with the raccoon passaged CWD agent from WTD exhibited a 100% (12/12) attack rate with an average incubation period of 605 days. PrPSc was detected in brain tissue by enzyme immunoassay with an average optical density of 3.6/4.0 for positive brains. PrPSc also was detected in brain tissue by western blot and immunohistochemistry. No PrPSc was detected in the spleens of mice inoculated with the raccoon passaged CWD agent. Humanized mice inoculated with the CWD agent from WTD did not have detectable PrPSc using conventional immunoassay techniques. These results demonstrated that the host range of the CWD agent from WTD was expanded in our experimental model after one passage through raccoons.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=400777" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=400777</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">2023</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">OIE Conclusions on transmissibility of atypical BSE among cattle</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Given that cattle have been successfully infected by the oral route, at least for L-BSE, it is reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle are exposed to contaminated feed. In addition, based on reports of atypical BSE from several countries that have not had C-BSE, it appears likely that atypical BSE would arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence in old cattle. In the presence of livestock industry practices that would allow it to be recycled in the cattle feed chain, it is likely that some level of exposure and transmission may occur. As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Annex 7 (contd) AHG on BSE risk assessment and surveillance/March 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">34 Scientific Commission/September 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3. Atypical BSE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Group discussed and endorsed with minor revisions an overview of relevant literature on the risk of atypical BSE being recycled in a cattle population and its zoonotic potential that had been prepared ahead of the meeting by one expert from the Group. This overview is provided as Appendix IV and its main conclusions are outlined below. With regard to the risk of recycling of atypical BSE, recently published research confirmed that the L-type BSE prion (a type of atypical BSE prion) may be orally transmitted to calves1 . In light of this evidence, and the likelihood that atypical BSE could arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence, the Group was of the opinion that it would be reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle were to be exposed to contaminated feed. Therefore, the recycling of atypical strains in cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">4. Definitions of meat-and-bone meal (MBM) and greaves</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: Transmission of atypical BSE: a possible origin of Classical BSE in cattle</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Authors: Sandor Dudas1, Samuel James Sharpe1, Kristina Santiago-Mateo1, Stefanie Czub1, Waqas Tahir1,2, *</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Affiliation: 1National and WOAH reference Laboratory for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, Canadian Food inspection Agency, Lethbridge Laboratory, Lethbridge, Canada. 2Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*Corresponding and Presenting Author: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">waqas.tahir@inspection.gc.ca</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background: Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease of cattle and is categorized into classical and atypical forms. Classical BSE (CBSE) is linked to the consumption of BSE contaminated feed whereas atypical BSE is considered to be spontaneous in origin. The potential for oral transmission of atypical BSE is yet to be clearly defined.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: To assess the oral transmissibility of atypical BSE (H and L type) in cattle. Should transmission be successful, determine the biochemical characteristics and distribution of PrPSc in the challenge cattle.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Material and Methods: For oral transmission, calves were fed with 100 g of either H (n=3) or L BSE (n=3) positive brain material. Two years post challenge, 1 calf from each of the H and L BSE challenge groups exhibited behavioural signs and were euthanized. Various brain regions of both animals were tested by traditional and novel prion detection methods with inconclusive results. To detect infectivity, brain homogenates from these oral challenge animals (P1) were injected intra-cranially (IC) into steer calves. Upon clinical signs of BSE, 3/4 of IC challenged steer calves were euthanized and tested for PrPSc with ELISA, immunohistochemistry and immunoblot.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: After 6 years of incubation, 3/4 animals (2/2 steers IC challenged with brain from P1 L-BSE oral challenge and 1/2 steer IC challenged with brain from P1 H-BSE oral challenge) developed clinical disease. Analysis of these animals revealed high levels of PrPSc in their brains, having biochemical properties similar to that of PrPSc in C-BSE.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusion: These results demonstrate the oral transmission potential of atypical BSE in cattle. Surprisingly, regardless of which atypical type of BSE was used for P1 oral challenge, PrPSc in the P2 animals acquired biochemical characteristics similar to that of PrPSc in C-BSE, suggesting atypical BSE as a possible origin of C-BSE in UK.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Presentation Type: Oral Presentation</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: CFIA, Health Canada, Alberta Livestock and Meat Agency, Alberta Prion Research Institute</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grant Number: ALMA/APRI: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">201400006</span>, HC 414250</div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Molecular phenotype shift after passage of low-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (L-BSE). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Zoe J. Lambert, M. Heather West Greenlee, Jifeng Bian, Justin J. Greenlee Ames, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: The purpose of this study is to compare the molecular phenotypes of L-BSE in wild type cattle and cattle with the E211K polymorphism to samples of other cattle TSEs, such as classical BSE (C-BSE), hightype BSE (H-BSE), and transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: Two wild type cattle (EE211 PRNP) and one steer with the E211K polymorphism (EK211) were intracranially inoculated with 1 mL of brain homogenate that originated from a 2005 French L-BSE case. Multiple assays were used to compare and differentiate tissues, including enzyme immunoassay, western blot (Sha31, 12B2, SAF84), stability (Sha31), and immunohistochemistry (F99/97). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Approximately 16.6 months post-inoculation, Steer 6 (<span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">EK211</span> L-BSE) developed neurologic signs, including agitation, difficulty eating accompanied by weight loss, head tremor, ataxia, and fasciculations in the forelimbs, and was necropsied. Enzyme immunoassays demonstrated misfolded prion protein in the brainstem (4.0 O.D) but not in peripheral tissues, such as the retropharyngeal lymph node and palatine tonsil. When compared by western blot, the molecular phenotype of the brainstem of Steer 6 (<span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">EK211</span> L-BSE) is higher than that of wildtype cattle inoculated with L-BSE, requiring careful differentiation from C-BSE. Ongoing mouse studies in bovinized mice (K211 and TgBov) will provide data to compare to all other BSE strains available, including L-BSE, C-BSE, H-BSE, E211K H-BSE, and TME. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Further study of L-BSE in <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">EK211</span> cattle with a higher molecular phenotype in the brainstem may give more insight into the origin of C-BSE. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. This research was supported in part by an appointment to the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Research Participation Program administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) through an interagency agreement between the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). ORISE is managed by ORAU under DOE contract number DE-SC0014664. All opinions expressed in this paper are the author’s and do not necessarily reflect the policies and views of USDA, ARS, DOE, or ORAU/ORISE. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grant number: DOE contract number DE-SC0014664 Acknowledgements: NA Theme: Animal prion diseases</div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The L-type BSE prion is much more virulent in primates and in humanized mice than is the classical BSE prion, which suggests the possibility of zoonotic risk associated with the L-type BSE prion</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/16/7/09-1882_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/16/7/09-1882_article</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Thus, it is imperative to maintain measures that prevent the entry of tissues from cattle possibly infected with the agent of L-BSE into the food chain.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Atypical L-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (L-BSE) transmission to cynomolgus macaques, a non-human primate</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Fumiko Ono 1, Naomi Tase, Asuka Kurosawa, Akio Hiyaoka, Atsushi Ohyama, Yukio Tezuka, Naomi Wada, Yuko Sato, Minoru Tobiume, Ken'ichi Hagiwara, Yoshio Yamakawa, Keiji Terao, Tetsutaro Sata</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Affiliations expand</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PMID: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">21266763</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A low molecular weight type of atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (L-BSE) was transmitted to two cynomolgus macaques by intracerebral inoculation of a brain homogenate of cattle with atypical BSE detected in Japan. They developed neurological signs and symptoms at 19 or 20 months post-inoculation and were euthanized 6 months after the onset of total paralysis. Both the incubation period and duration of the disease were shorter than those for experimental transmission of classical BSE (C-BSE) into macaques. Although the clinical manifestations, such as tremor, myoclonic jerking, and paralysis, were similar to those induced upon C-BSE transmission, no premonitory symptoms, such as hyperekplexia and depression, were evident. Most of the abnormal prion protein (PrP(Sc)) was confined to the tissues of the central nervous system, as determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. The PrP(Sc) glycoform that accumulated in the monkey brain showed a similar profile to that of L-BSE and consistent with that in the cattle brain used as the inoculant. PrP(Sc) staining in the cerebral cortex showed a diffuse synaptic pattern by immunohistochemistry, whereas it accumulated as fine and coarse granules and/or small plaques in the cerebellar cortex and brain stem. Severe spongiosis spread widely in the cerebral cortex, whereas florid plaques, a hallmark of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans, were observed in macaques inoculated with C-BSE but not in those inoculated with L-BSE.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21266763/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21266763/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see full text;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.niid.go.jp/niid/images/JJID/64/81.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.niid.go.jp/niid/images/JJID/64/81.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''H-TYPE BSE AGENT IS TRANSMISSIBLE BY THE ORONASAL ROUTE''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">2023 PRION CONFERENCE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Comparing the Distribution of Ovine Classical Scrapie and Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in Italy: Spatial and Temporal Associations (2002-2014) </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim: This study aims to investigate potential spatial and temporal associations between Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans (2010-2014) and ovine classical scrapie (CS) (2002- 2006) in Italy, serving as a proxy for exposure. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: The analysis of data at the district level revealed no significant association. However, when considering aggregated regional data, all four models consistently indicated a statistically significant positive association, suggesting a higher incidence of the disease in humans as the regional incidence of sheep scrapie increased. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: While the results are intriguing, it is important to acknowledge the inherent limitations of ecological studies. Nevertheless, these findings provide valuable evidence to formulate a hypothesis regarding the zoonotic potential of classical scrapie. Further investigations are necessary, employing specific designs such as analytical epidemiology studies, to test this hypothesis effectively. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Experimental transmission of the chronic wasting disease agent to swine after oral or intracranial inoculation</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Running Title: The chronic wasting disease agent transmits to swine</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">S. Jo Moore1,2 , M. Heather West Greenlee3 , Naveen Kondru3 , Sireesha Manne3 , Jodi D. Smith1,# , Robert A. Kunkle1 , Anumantha Kanthasamy3 , Justin J. Greenlee1*</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa, United States of America</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa, United States of America</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Current Address: Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa, United States of America * Corresponding author Email: justin.greenlee@ars.usda.gov</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">JVI Accepted Manuscript Posted Online 12 July 2017 J. Virol. doi:10.1128/JVI.00926-17</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This is a work of the U.S. Government and is not subject to copyright protection in the United States. Foreign copyrights may apply.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> on July 27, 2017 by guest http://jvi.asm.org/ Downloaded from</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a naturally occurring, fatal neurodegenerative disease of cervids. The potential for swine to serve as a host for the agent of chronic wasting disease is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the susceptibility of swine to the CWD agent following experimental oral or intracranial inoculation . Crossbred piglets were assigned to one of three groups: intracranially inoculated (n=20), orally inoculated (n=19), or non -inoculated (n=9). At approximately the age at which commercial pigs reach market weight, half of the pigs in each group were culled (‘market weight’ groups). The remaining pigs (‘aged’ groups) were allowed to incubate for up to 73 months post inoculation (MPI ). Tissues collected at necropsy were examined for disease -associated prion protein (PrPSc) by western blotting (WB), antigen -capture immunoassay (EIA), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in vitro real -time quaking induced conversion (RT -QuIC). Brain samples from selected pigs were also bioassayed in mice expressing porcine prion protein. Four intracranially inoculated aged pigs and one orally inoculated aged pig were positive by EIA, IHC and/or WB. Using RT -QuIC, PrPSc was detected in lymphoid and/or brain tissue from one or more pigs in each inoculated group. Bioassay was positive in 4 out of 5 pigs assayed.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This study demonstrates that pigs can support low-level amplification of CWD prions, although the species barrier to CWD infection is relatively high. However, detection of infectivity in orally inoculated pigs using mouse bioassay raises the possibility that naturally exposed pigs could act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Discussion</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the case of feral pigs, exposure to the agent of CWD through scavenging of CWD-affected cervid carcasses or through consumption of prion contaminated plants or soil could allow feral pigs to serve as reservoirs of CWD infectivity. The range and numbers of feral pigs is predicted to continue to increase due to the ability of pigs to adapt to many climates, reproduce year-round, and survive on a varied diet (55 ). The range of CWD-affected cervids also continues to spread, increasing the likelihood of overlap of ranges of feral pigs and CWD -affected environments.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We demonstrate here that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs inoculated intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 6 months after inoculation. Clinical disease suggestive of prion disease developed only in a single pig after a long (64 months) incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. However, the low amounts of PrPSc detected in the study pigs combined with the low attack rates in Tg002 mice suggest that there is a relatively strong species barrier to CWD prions in pigs.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/jvi.00926-17" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/jvi.00926-17</a></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">cwd scrapie pigs oral routes </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. <*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">>*** Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health. <*** </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CONFIDENTIAL</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">LINE TO TAKE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3. If questions on pharmaceuticals are raised at the Press conference, the suggested line to take is as follows:- </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> "There are no medicinal products licensed for use on the market which make use of UK-derived porcine tissues with which any hypothetical “high risk" ‘might be associated. The results of the recent experimental work at the CSM will be carefully examined by the CSM‘s Working Group on spongiform encephalopathy at its next meeting.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DO Hagger RM 1533 MT Ext 3201</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">May I, at the outset, reiterate that we should avoid dissemination of papers relating to this experimental finding to prevent premature release of the information. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3. It is particularly important that this information is not passed outside the Department, until Ministers have decided how they wish it to be handled. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">But it would be easier for us if pharmaceuticals/devices are not directly mentioned at all. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a> </div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE--U.S. 50 STATE CONFERENCE CALL Jan. 9, 2001</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: Tue, 9 Jan 2001 16:49:00 -0800</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html</a></div></div></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of Idiopathic human prion disease CJD MM1 to small ruminant mouse models (<span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Tg338</span> and <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Tg501</span>). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: No evidence of transmission was found on a first passage in <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Tg338</span> nor Tg501ovinized mice, but on second passage, <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">4/10</span> <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Tg338</span> mice succumbed to CJDMM1 (40% attack rate after 645 dpi) and <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">1/12</span> <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Tg501</span> mice (519dpi, 10 still alive). The remaining 2nd passages are still ongoing. Conclusions: In this poster, the neuropathological features of the resulting strain are discussed. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=361032" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=361032</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">============== </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2015 CONFERENCE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRION <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">2016 TOKYO</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SCRAPIE <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">WS-01</span>: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">1933-6896</span> 1933-690X </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">WS-01</span>: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Tuesday, December 16, 2014 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Evidence for zoonotic potential of ovine scrapie prions </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Hervé Cassard,1, n1 Juan-Maria Torres,2, n1 Caroline Lacroux,1, Jean-Yves Douet,1, Sylvie L. Benestad,3, Frédéric Lantier,4, Séverine Lugan,1, Isabelle Lantier,4, Pierrette Costes,<span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">1, Naima Aron</span>,1, Fabienne Reine,5, Laetitia Herzog,5, Juan-Carlos Espinosa,2, Vincent Beringue5, & Olivier Andréoletti1, Affiliations Contributions Corresponding author Journal name: Nature Communications </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Volume: 5, Article number: 5821 DOI: doi:10.1038/ncomms6821 Received 07 August 2014 Accepted 10 November 2014 Published 16 December 2014 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Although Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) is the cause of variant Creutzfeldt Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans, the zoonotic potential of scrapie prions remains unknown. Mice genetically engineered to overexpress the humanprion protein (tgHu) have emerged as highly relevant models for gauging the capacity of prions to transmit to humans. These models can propagate human prions without any apparent transmission barrier and have been used used to confirm the zoonotic ability of BSE. Here we show that a panel of sheep scrapie prions transmit to several tgHu mice models with an efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***The serial transmission of different scrapie isolates in these mice led to the propagation of prions that are phenotypically identical to those causing sporadic CJD (sCJD) in humans. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject terms: Biological sciences• Medical research At a glance</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/141216/ncomms6821/full/ncomms6821.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/141216/ncomms6821/full/ncomms6821.html</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">why do we not want to do TSE transmission studies on chimpanzees $ 5. A positive result from a chimpanzee challenged severly would likely create alarm in some circles even if the result could not be interpreted for man. I have a view that all these agents could be transmitted provided a large enough dose by appropriate routes was given and the animals kept long enough. Until the mechanisms of the species barrier are more clearly understood it might be best to retain that hypothesis. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... R. BRADLEY </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102222950/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102222950/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1: J Infect Dis 1980 Aug;142(2):205-8 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Oral transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie to nonhuman primates</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Amyx HL, Bacote A, Masters CL, Gajdusek DC. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease of humans and scrapie disease of sheep and goats were transmitted to squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) that were exposed to the infectious agents only by their nonforced consumption of known infectious tissues. The asymptomatic incubation period in the one monkey exposed to the virus of kuru was 36 months; that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was 23 and 27 months, respectively; and that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of scrapie was 25 and 32 months, respectively. Careful physical examination of the buccal cavities of all of the monkeys failed to reveal signs or oral lesions. One additional monkey similarly exposed to kuru has remained asymptomatic during the 39 months that it has been under observation. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The successful transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie by natural feeding to squirrel monkeys that we have reported provides further grounds for concern that scrapie-infected meat may occasionally give rise in humans to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. PMID: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">6997404</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Recently the question has again been brought up as to whether scrapie is transmissible to man. This has followed reports that the disease has been transmitted to primates. One particularly lurid speculation (Gajdusek 1977) conjectures that the agents of scrapie, kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and transmissible encephalopathy of mink are varieties of a single "virus". The U.S. Department of Agriculture concluded that it could "no longer justify or permit scrapie-blood line and scrapie-exposed sheep and goats to be processed for human or animal food at slaughter or rendering plants" (ARC 84/77)" The problem is emphasised by the finding that some strains of scrapie produce lesions identical to the once which characterise the human dementias" Whether true or not. the hypothesis that these agents might be transmissible to man raises two considerations. First, the safety of laboratory personnel requires prompt attention. Second, action such as the "scorched meat" policy of USDA makes the solution of the acrapie problem urgent if the sheep industry is not to suffer grievously. snip... 76/10.12/4.6 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Nature. 1972 Mar 10;236(5341):73-4. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of scrapie to the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Gajdusek DC. Nature 236, 73 - 74 (10 March 1972); doi:10.1038/236073a0 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of Scrapie to the Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis) </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">C. J. GIBBS jun. & D. C. GAJDUSEK National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SCRAPIE has been transmitted to the cynomolgus, or crab-eating, monkey (Macaca fascicularis) with an incubation period of more than 5 yr from the time of intracerebral inoculation of scrapie-infected mouse brain. The animal developed a chronic central nervous system degeneration, with ataxia, tremor and myoclonus with associated severe scrapie-like pathology of intensive astroglial hypertrophy and proliferation, neuronal vacuolation and status spongiosus of grey matter. The strain of scrapie virus used was the eighth passage in Swiss mice (NIH) of a Compton strain of scrapie obtained as ninth intracerebral passage of the agent in goat brain, from Dr R. L. Chandler (ARC, Compton, Berkshire).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/04/scrapie-and-atypical-scrapie.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/04/scrapie-and-atypical-scrapie.html</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://nor-98.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://nor-98.blogspot.com/</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">spontaneous/sporadic CJD in 85%+ of all human TSE, or spontaneous BSE in cattle, is a pipe dream, dreamed up by USDA/OIE et al, that has never been proven. let me repeat, NEVER BEEN PROVEN FOR ALL HUMAN OR ANIMAL TSE I.E. ATYPICAL BSE OR SPORADIC CJD! please see;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/04/scrapie-and-atypical-scrapie.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/04/scrapie-and-atypical-scrapie.html</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://nor-98.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://nor-98.blogspot.com/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Detection of chronic wasting disease prions in processed meats</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rebeca Benavente1 , Francisca Bravo1,2, J. Hunter Reed3 , Mitch Lockwood3 , Glenn Telling4 , Rodrigo Morales1,2 1 Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA; 2 Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins. Santiago, Chile; 3 Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Texas, USA. 4 Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: identify the presence of CWD prions in processed meats derived from elk. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: In this study, we analyzed different processed meats derived from a CWD-positive (pre-clinical) free-ranging elk. Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats. The presence of CWD-prions in these samples were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates. The same analyses were performed in grilled and boiled meats to evaluate the resistance of the infectious agent to these procedures. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Our results show positive prion detection in all the samples analyzed using deer and elk substrates. Surprisingly, cooked meats displayed increased seeding activities. This data suggests that CWD-prions are available to people even after meats are processed and cooked. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: These results suggest CWD prions are accessible to humans through meats, even after processing and cooking. Considering the fact that these samples were collected from already processed specimens, the availability of CWD prions to humans is probably underestimated. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH and USDA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grant number: 1R01AI132695 and APP-20115 to RM </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We would like to thank TPWD personnel for providing us with valuable samples</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">"Our results show positive prion detection in all the samples analyzed using deer and elk substrates. Surprisingly, cooked meats displayed increased seeding activities."</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">end... <br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Fortuitous generation of a zoonotic cervid prion strain </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Manuel Camacho, Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Sydney Smith, Jieji Hu, Wanyun Tao, Ignazio Cali, Qingzhong Kong. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Whether CWD prions can infect humans remains unclear despite the very substantial scale and long history of human exposure of CWD in many states or provinces of USA and Canada. Multiple in vitro conversion experiments and in vivo animal studies indicate that the CWD-to-human transmission barrier is not unbreakable. A major long-term public health concern on CWD zoonosis is the emergence of highly zoonotic CWD strains. We aim to address the question of whether highly zoonotic CWD strains are possible. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: We inoculated several sCJD brain samples into cervidized transgenic mice (<span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Tg12</span>), which were intended as negative controls for bioassays of brain tissues from sCJD cases who had potentially been exposed to CWD. Some of the <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Tg12</span> mice became infected and their brain tissues were further examined by Western blot as well as serial passages in humanized or cervidized mice. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Passage of sCJDMM1 in transgenic mice expressing elk PrP (<span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Tg12</span>) resulted in a “cervidized” CJD strain that we termed CJDElkPrP. We observed 100% transmission of the original CJDElkPrP in transgenic mice expressing human PrP. We passaged CJDElkPrP two more times in the <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Tg12</span> mice. We found that such second and third passage CJDElkPrP prions retained 100% transmission rate in the humanized mice, despite that the natural elk CWD isolates and CJDElkPrP share the same elk PrP sequence. In contrast, we and others found zero or poor transmission of natural elk CWD isolates in humanized mice. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O'Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples used in this study, respectively</div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">"Our data indicate that highly zoonotic cervid prion strains are not only possible but also can retain zoonotic potential after serial passages in cervids, suggesting a very significant and serious long-term risk of CWD zoonosis given that the broad and continuing spread of CWD prions will provide fertile grounds for the emergence of zoonotic CWD strains over time."<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A probable diagnostic marker for CWD infection in humans </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Xu Qi, Liuting Qing, Manuel Camacho, Ignazio Cali, Qingzhong Kong. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Multiple in vitro CWD-seeded human PrP conversion experiments and some animal model studies indicate that the species barrier for CWD to human transmission can be overcome, but whether CWD prion can infect humans in real life remains controversial. The very limited understanding on the likely features of CWD infection in humans and the lack of a reliable diagnostic marker for identification of acquired human CWD cases contribute to this uncertainty. We aim to stablish such a reliable diagnostic marker for CWD infections in humans should they occur. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: A couple of PrPSc-positive spleens were identified from humanized transgenic mice inoculated with either CWD or sCJDMM1. Prions in these spleens were compared by bioassays in cervidized or humanized transgenic mice. A couple of PrPSc-positive spleens from UK sCJDMM1 patients were also examined similarly as controls with no exposure to CWD. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: We have detected two prion-positive spleens in humanized transgenic mice inoculated with some CWD isolates. Such experimentally generated splenic “humanized” CWD prions (termed eHuCWDsp) appear indistinguishable from prions in the brain of sCJDMM1 patients on Western blot. We compared eHuCWDsp with prions in the spleen from humanized mice infected with sCJDMM1 (termed sCJDMM1sp) by bioassays in cervidized or humanized transgenic mice. Significantly, we found that eHuCWDsp can efficiently infect not only the humanized mice but also cervidized transgenic mice, and cervidized mice infected by eHuCWDsp produced PrPSc and brain pathology that are practically identical to those of CWD-infected cervidized mice. In contrast, sCJDMM1sp, similar to prions from sCJDMM1 patient brains, is poorly transmissible in the cervidized mice. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that high transmissibility with CWD features of splenic prions in cervidized transgenic mice is unique to acquired human CWD prions, and it may serve as a reliable marker to identify the first acquired human CWD cases. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH Grant number: R01NS052319, R01NS088604, R01NS109532 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We want to thank the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center and Drs. Allen Jenny and Katherine O'Rourke for providing the sCJD samples and the CWD samples used in this study, respectively.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">The detection and decontamination of chronic wasting disease prions during venison processing </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Marissa S. Milstein1,2, Marc D. Schwabenlander1,2, Sarah C. Gresch1,2, Manci Li1,2, Stuart Lichtenberg1,2, Rachel Shoemaker1,2, Gage R. Rowden1,2, Jason C. Bartz2,3 , Tiffany M. Wolf2,4, Peter A. Larsen1,2 Presenting author: Tiffany M. Wolf 1 Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 2 Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA 3 Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA 4 Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: There is a growing concern that chronic wasting disease (CWD) prions in venison pose a risk to human health. CWD prions accumulate in infected deer tissues that commonly enter the human food chain through meat processing and consumption. The United States (US) Food and Drug Administration and US Department of Agriculture now formally consider CWD-positive venison unfit for human and animal consumption. Yet, the degree to which prion contamination occurs during routine venison processing is unknown. Here, we use environmental surface swab methods to: a) experimentally test meat processing equipment (i.e., stainless steel knives and polyethylene cutting boards) before and after processing CWD-positive venison and b) test the efficacy of five different disinfectant types (i.e., Dawn dish soap, Virkon-S, Briotech, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach) to determine prion decontamination efficacy. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: We used a real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay to determine CWD infection status of venison and to detect CWD prions in the swabs. We collected three swabs per surface and ran eight technical replicates on RT-QuIC. <br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: CWD prions were detected on all cutting boards (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8 and knives (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) used in processing CWD-positive venison, but not on those used for CWD-negative venison. After processing CWD-positive venison, allowing the surfaces to dry, and washing the cutting board with Dawn dish soap, we detected CWD prions on the cutting board surface (n= 3; replicates= 8/8, 8/8, 8/8) but not on the knife (n= 3, replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). Similar patterns were observed with Briotech (cutting board: n= 3; replicates= 7/8, 1/8, 0/8; knife: n= 3; replicates = 0/8, 0/8, 0/8). We did not detect CWD prions on the knives or cutting boards after disinfecting with Virkon-S, 10% bleach, and 40% bleach. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: These preliminary results suggest that Dawn dish soap and Briotech do not reliably decontaminate CWD prions from these surfaces. Our data suggest that Virkon-S and various bleach concentrations are more effective in reducing prion contamination of meat processing surfaces; however, surface type may also influence the ability of prions to adsorb to surfaces, preventing complete decontamination. Our results will directly inform best practices to prevent the introduction of CWD prions into the human food chain during venison processing. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: Funding was provided by the Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund as recommended by the Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources (LCCMR), the Rapid Agriculture Response Fund (#95385/RR257), and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Theme: Animal prion diseases</div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion 2023 Detection of CWD prions in plants collected from white-tailed deer farms </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Francisca Bravo Risi1,3, Paulina Soto1,3, Yumeng Huang1 , Tracy A. Nichols4 & Rodrigo Morales1,2* Affiliations: 1 Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">6431 Fannin St.,Houston, TX 77030, USA</span>. 2 Centro Integrativo de Biologia y Quimica Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile. 3 Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Doctorado en Ciencias con Mención en Materiales Funcionales, <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">General Gana 1702, Santiago, Chile</span>. 4 Veterinary Services Cervid Health Program, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, </div><div style="outline: none !important;">USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) affects both farmed and free-ranging cervids. Transmission of CWD is thought to occur by direct animal-to-animal contact and by exposure to contaminated environmental fomites. CWD-prion seeding activity has been detected in natural and experimentally-contaminated environmental samples including mineral licks, water sources, dust, manmade surfaces, soils, and plants. Importantly, prion infectivity in some of these samples has been proven. However, whether CWD exposed plants carry prion levels relevant to sustain infectivity has not been tested. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The aim of this study is to explore if plants collected in a CWD contaminated facility are able to spread prion. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: In this study, we optimized the detection of CWD-prions in plants using the protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA). We compared NaPTA pretreatment and direct spiking of the sample into the PMCA reactions. After achieving technical optimizations, we screened multiple plant specimens collected from white-tailed deer breeding facilities displaying variable CWD prevalence. Plants from a site displaying the highest CWD prevalence were tested for infectivity in meadow voles, a co-existing animal species that feed from grass plants. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Our results demonstrated that CWD-prion detection in plants was optimal when samples were pre-treated with a NaPTA-based protocol. Our screening results showed positive PMCA activity for specimens collected from the farm with the highest CWD prevalence. Although meadow voles were highly susceptible to CWD-prions by intra-cranial administration, consumption of contaminated grass did not induce prion infection in these rodents. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Pre-PMCA treatment with NaPTA increase the detection of CWD-prionsin vitro in plant specimens. Although the detection of CWD in naturally contaminated vegetation was possible, the amount of prion was apparently low. This was demonstrated by the lack of transmission to meadow voles exposed to these plants. These findings further contribute to understand how CWD prions interact with multiple environmental elements. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH and USDA Grant number: 1R01AI132695 and AP20VSSPRS00C143<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Unforeseen decrease of full-length prion protein in macaques exposed to prion contaminated blood products </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Emmanuel COMOY, Nina JAFFRE, Jérôme DELMOTTE, Jacqueline MIKOL, and Jean Philippe DESLYS Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, DRF/IBFJ/SEPIA, <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">18 Route du Panorama, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France</span>.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: The presence of prion infectivity in blood from patients affected by variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (v-CJD) questions the risk of its inter-human transmission through transfusion. We have previously described that several cynomolgus macaques experimentally exposed to prion-contaminated blood products developed c-BSE/v-CJD; however, after an exposure to low infectious doses, the vast majority of them developed an unexpected, fatal disease phenotype focused on spinal cord involvement which does not fulfill the classical diagnostic criteria of v-CJD, notably concerning the pathognomonic accumulation of abnormal prion protein. Here we aim to investigate the etiology and physiopathology of this original myelopathy.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: CNS (brain and spinal cord) samples from myelopathic macaques were tested with different biochemical approaches in comparison to samples derived from either healthy animals or their counterparts exposed to different strains of prion diseases.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Current conventional techniques failed to detect any accumulation of abnormal prion protein (PrPv-CJD) in the CNS of these myelopathic animals. Conversely, in their spinal cord we observed an alteration of their physiological cellular PrP pattern: PrP was not detectable under its full-length classical expression but mainly under its physiological terminal-truncated C1 fragment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: We here confirm the prion origin of this original syndrome, with a very specific biochemical signature linked to changes in PrP at the level of spinal cord lesions: contrary to what is classically described in prion diseases, host PrP is here altered in a form that is abnormally sensitive to degradation by cellular catabolism. This could provide the first experimental evidence of a link between loss of function of the cellular prion protein and the onset of disease. These observations open up new horizons in the field of prion diseases, which has hitherto been limited to pathologies associated with abnormal changes in cellular PrP towards highly structured conformations, with the possibility of unsuspected prion mechanisms/origins in certain neurodegenerative disorders.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: Financial support for the study was provided by the French National Research Agency (ANR).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grant number: ANR-10-BLAN-133001 and BIOTECS2010-BloodSecur</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We specially thank N. Lescoutra, A. Culeux, V. Durand, E. Correia, C. Durand and S. Jacquin for precious technical assistance</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of prion infectivity from CWD-infected macaque tissues to rodent models demonstrates the zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaoui1,2, Ginny Cheng1,2, Wiebke Wemheuer3, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer3, Sabine Gilch1,2, Hermann Schatzl1,2 1University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. 2Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada. 3Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Further passage to cervidized mice revealed transmission with a 100% attack rate.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our findings demonstrate that macaques, considered the best model for the zoonotic potential of prions, were infected upon CWD challenge, including the oral one.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">****> The disease manifested as atypical in macaques and initial transgenic mouse transmissions, but with infectivity present at all times, as unveiled in the bank vole model with an unusual tissue tropism.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Epidemiologic surveillance of prion disease among cervid hunters and people likely to have consumed venison contaminated with chronic wasting disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of Cervid Prions to Humanized Mice Demonstrates the Zoonotic Potential of CWD </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaouia, Irina Zemlyankinaa, Sheng Chun Changa, Maria Immaculata Arifina, Vincent Béringueb, Debbie McKenziec, Hermann M. Schatzla, and Sabine Gilcha </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Results: Here, we provide the strongest evidence supporting the zoonotic potential of CWD prions, and their possible phenotype in humans. Inoculation of mice expressing human PrPCwith deer CWD isolates (strains Wisc-1 and 116AG) resulted in atypical clinical manifestations in > 75% of the mice, with myoclonus as leading clinical sign. Most of tg650brain homogenates were positive for seeding activity in RT-QuIC. Clinical disease and presentation was transmissible to <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice and bank voles. Intriguingly, protease-resistant PrP in the brain of <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice resembled that found in a familial human prion disease and was transmissible upon passage. Abnormal PrP aggregates upon infection with Wisc-1 were detectable in thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain/pons regions. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Unprecedented in human prion disease, feces of CWD-inoculated <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> mice harbored prion seeding activity and infectious prions, as shown by inoculation of bank voles and <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">tg650</span> with fecal homogenates. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Conclusions: This is the first evidence that CWD can infect humans and cause disease with a distinctive clinical presentation, signature, and tropism, which might be transmissible between humans while current diagnostic assays might fail to detect it. These findings have major implications for public health and CWD-management.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2022.2091286</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The finding that infectious PrPSc was shed in fecal material of CWD-infected humanized mice and induced clinical disease, different tropism, and typical three banding pattern-PrPres in bank voles that is transmissible upon second passage is highly concerning for public health. The fact that this biochemical signature in bank voles resembles that of the Wisc-1 original deer isolate and is different from that of bvWisc-1, in the migration profile and the glyco-form-ratio, is valid evidence that these results are not a product of contamination in our study. If CWD in humans is found to be contagious and transmissible among humans, as it is in cervids [57], the spread of the disease within humans might become endemic.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acta Neuropathol 144, 767–784 (2022). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">22 August 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of cervid prions to humanized mice demonstrates the zoonotic potential of CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaoui1 · Irina Zemlyankina1 · Sheng Chun Chang1 · Maria Immaculata Arifn1 · Vincent Béringue2 · Debbie McKenzie3 · Hermann M. Schatzl1 · Sabine Gilch1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Accepted: 7 August 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">HIGHLIGHTS OF THIS STUDY</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our results suggest that CWD might infect humans, although the transmission barrier is likely higher compared to zoonotic transmission of cattle prions. Notably, our data suggest a different clinical presentation, prion signature, and tissue tropism, which causes challenges for detection by current diagnostic assays. Furthermore, the presence of infectious prions in feces is concerning because if this occurs in humans, it is a source for human-to-human transmission. These findings have strong implications for public health and CWD management.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our results are the first evidence of a zoonotic risk of CWD when using one of the most common CWD strains, Wisc-1/CWD1 for infection. We demonstrated in a human transgenic mouse model that the species barrier for transmission of CWD to humans is not absolute.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our findings strongly suggest that CWD should be regarded as an actual public health risk. Here, we use humanized mice to show that CWD prions can cross the species barrier to humans, and remarkably, infectious prions can be excreted in feces.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">suggesting a potential for human-to-human transmission and a real iatrogenic risk that might be unrecognizable.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">If CWD in humans is found to be contagious and transmissible among humans, as it is in cervids [57], the spread of the disease within humans might become endemic.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-022-02482-9.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Detection of chronic wasting disease prions in processed meats</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rebeca Benavente1 , Francisca Bravo1,2, J. Hunter Reed3 , Mitch Lockwood3 , Glenn Telling4 , Rodrigo Morales1,2 1 Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA; 2 Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins. Santiago, Chile; 3 Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Texas, USA. 4 Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: identify the presence of CWD prions in processed meats derived from elk. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: In this study, we analyzed different processed meats derived from a CWD-positive (pre-clinical) free-ranging elk. Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats. The presence of CWD-prions in these samples were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates. The same analyses were performed in grilled and boiled meats to evaluate the resistance of the infectious agent to these procedures. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Our results show positive prion detection in all the samples analyzed using deer and elk substrates. Surprisingly, cooked meats displayed increased seeding activities. This data suggests that CWD-prions are available to people even after meats are processed and cooked. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: These results suggest CWD prions are accessible to humans through meats, even after processing and cooking. Considering the fact that these samples were collected from already processed specimens, the availability of CWD prions to humans is probably underestimated. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: NIH and USDA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grant number: 1R01AI132695 and APP-20115 to RM </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: We would like to thank TPWD personnel for providing us with valuable samples</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Our results show positive prion detection in all the samples analyzed using deer and elk substrates. Surprisingly, cooked meats displayed increased seeding activities."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">end... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">''Currently, there is scientific evidence to suggest that CWD has zoonotic potential; however, no confirmed cases of CWD have been found in humans.''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PART 2. TPWD CHAPTER 65. DIVISION 1. CWD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, 65.88</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission in a duly noticed meeting on May 25, 2023 adopted amendments to 31 TAC §§65.82, 65.85, and §65.88, concerning Disease Detection and Response, without changes to the proposed text as published in the April 21, 2023, issue of the Texas Register (48 TexReg 2048). The rules will not be republished.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Currently, there is scientific evidence to suggest that CWD has zoonotic potential; however, no confirmed cases of CWD have been found in humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.sos.texas.gov/texreg/archive/June302023/Adopted%20Rules/31.NATURAL%20RESOURCES%20AND%20CONSERVATION.html#57</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">17 DETECTION OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE PRIONS IN PROCESSED MEATS.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rebeca Benavente1, Francisca Bravo1,2, Paulina Soto1,2, J. Hunter Reed3, Mitch Lockwood3, Rodrigo Morales1,2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile. 3Texas Parks and Wildlife, Austin, USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease (CWD) remains unknown. Currently, there are no known natural cases of CWD transmission to humans but increasing evidence suggests that the host range of CWD is not confined only to cervid species. Alarmingly, recent experimental evidence suggests that certain CWD isolates can induce disease in non-human primates. While the CDC strongly recommends determining CWD status in animals prior to consumption, this practice is voluntary. Consequently, it is plausible that a proportion of the cervid meat entering the human food chain may be contaminated with CWD. Of additional concern is that traditional diagnostic techniques used to detect CWD have relatively low sensitivity and are only approved for use in tissues other than those typically ingested by humans. In this study, we analyzed different processed meats derived from a pre-clinical, CWD-positive free-ranging elk. Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats. CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates. Our results show positive prion detection in all products. To confirm the resilience of CWD-prions to traditional cooking methods, we grilled and boiled the meat products and evaluated them for any remnant PMCA seeding activity. Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Products tested included filets, sausages, boneless steaks, burgers, ham steaks, seasoned chili meats, and spiced meats.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> CWD-prion presence in these products were assessed by PMCA using deer and elk substrates.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our results show positive prion detection in all products.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Results confirmed the presence of CWD-prions in these meat products suggesting that infectious particles may still be available to people even after cooking.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our results strongly suggest ongoing human exposure to CWD-prions and raise significant concerns of zoonotic transmission through ingestion of CWD contaminated meat products.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">9 Carrot plants as potential vectors for CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Paulina Soto1,2, Francisca Bravo-Risi1,2, Claudio Soto1, Rodrigo Morales1,2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA. 2Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> We show that edible plant components can absorb prions from CWD-contaminated soils and transport them to their aerial parts.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our results indicate that edible plants could participate as vectors of CWD transmission.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of prion infectivity from CWD-infected macaque tissues to rodent models demonstrates the zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Samia Hannaoui1,2, Ginny Cheng1,2, Wiebke Wemheuer3, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer3, Sabine Gilch1,2, Hermann Schatzl1,2 1University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. 2Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada. 3Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Further passage to cervidized mice revealed transmission with a 100% attack rate.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Our findings demonstrate that macaques, considered the best model for the zoonotic potential of prions, were infected upon CWD challenge, including the oral one.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">****> The disease manifested as atypical in macaques and initial transgenic mouse transmissions, but with infectivity present at all times, as unveiled in the bank vole model with an unusual tissue tropism.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> Epidemiologic surveillance of prion disease among cervid hunters and people likely to have consumed venison contaminated with chronic wasting disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://intcwdsympo.files.wordpress.com/2023/06/final-agenda-with-abstracts.pdf?force_download=true</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, JANUARY 05, 2024 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Texas CWD Cases Mount, 624 documented cases statewide, with 181 cases reported in 2023 alone<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2024/01/texas-cwd-cases-mount-624-documented.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2024/01/texas-cwd-cases-mount-624-documented.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">THURSDAY, DECEMBER 7, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Cervid Update By State December 2023 (Long Version)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(Short Version)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion_7.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion_7.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">spontaneous TSE Prion in any species documented?<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">not a documented species to date, has had a naturally occurring spontaneous TSE Prion disease been documented. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">It is interesting to consider the potential virulence in common domestic species in which spontaneous prion diseases have never been reported. <br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3710336/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3710336/</a><span style="color: #212121; font-family: Cambria, stixgeneral, "New Times", serif; font-size: 20px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">However, the crucial prediction that a disease-associated PrP mutation can, in fact, spontaneously generate infectivity has never been experimentally demonstrated.<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2775465/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2775465/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">NOW, considering all the factors, IF there was ever a documented case of atypical TSE Prion in any species, especially cattle, cervid, sheep, and so on, that would be the industries worst nightmare i.e. BSE feed ban, surveillance, regulations, and SRM removals etc., would have to therefore be indefinite. </div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">all iatrogenic cjd is, is sporadic cjd, before the iatrogenic event is discovered, traced back, proven, documented, put into the academic domain, and then finally the public domain, this very seldom happens, thus problem solved, it's all sporadic cjd, PLUS, SPORADIC CJD HAS NOW BEEN LINKED TO ATYPICAL AND TYPICAL BSE, SCRAPIE, AND NOW CWD. ...terry</span><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">NOW, again, think cwd, zoonosis to humans as some strain of sporadic cjd exposure, or what about hunters field dressing their deer, cervid, knives, utensils, cutting boards, etc., iatrogenic spread, what if?</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">An investigation has been opened into the death of a scientist who was studying a transmissible and deadly disease CJD in Spain DEGENERATIVE DISEASES</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">An investigation has been opened into the death of a scientist who was studying a transmissible and deadly disease in Spain </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Three institutions are trying to ascertain the origin of the infectious Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease samples discovered in the biochemist’s laboratory. The 45-year-old investigator died in 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The University of Barcelona’s School of Medicine, in L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, where laboratory 4141 is located.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MASSILIANO MINOCRI</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Manuel Ansede</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MANUEL ANSEDE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Madrid - OCT 19, 2023 - 16:15 EDT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A prestigious Spanish researcher of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease died last year after experiencing symptoms consistent with this deadly ailment, as EL PAÍS has learned from multiple sources at the three institutions involved. Three months ago, the University of Barcelona opened an internal investigation to ascertain the origin of thousands of unauthorized samples, some of them infectious, discovered in a freezer in its laboratory 4141, where the deceased biochemist worked. He was a member of the Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) and the CIBER public consortium. These two institutions have joined the internal investigation, after noting concern among colleagues at the facility, who did not know the level of risk to which they were exposed without their knowledge. This neurodegenerative disease incubates silently for years, but when symptoms appear — rapid dementia and muscle stiffness — it is fatal. Life expectancy after diagnosis is barely six months. Its best-known animal equivalent is mad cow disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The biochemist joined the 4141 lab at the University of Barcelona in January 2018 as a principal investigator with a group of his own; his wife joined shortly after. Together, they identified characteristic substances in human cerebrospinal fluid, useful for the diagnosis of rapid dementia. In November 2020, the now deceased scientist began to feel unwell and asked to leave. After his colleagues found out that his symptoms were consistent with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, he demanded absolute privacy and decided to hide his diagnosis, according to the sources consulted for this article. He died at the age of 45.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">On December 18, 2020, the head of the 4141 laboratory, Isidre Ferrer, a professor of Pathology at the University of Barcelona and a member of IDIBELL, informed the directors of both institutions that suspicious samples of cerebrospinal fluid from people with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and other neurodegenerative types of dementia had been discovered by chance in a freezer at 80 degrees below zero, according to internal documentation to which EL PAÍS had access. The thousands of unauthorized samples from patients and animals were in a drawer reserved for the sick researcher’s group and lacked records indicating their presence. The University of Barcelona then ordered the immediate closure and decontamination of laboratory 4141, located in the School of Medicine at L’Hospitalet de Llobregat.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Doctor Gabriel Capellá, the director of IDIBELL, explains that they have identified “a maximum of eight people” who worked in the laboratory at that time, in addition to the deceased scientist and Isidre Ferrer. Some of these coworkers have required months of psychological care. The university’s safety office and IDIBELL’s prevention service determined that there was “an unacceptable risk,” although Capellá emphasizes that “there is no record of any occupational accident” in which a researcher could have been infected with contaminated material. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and other human transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are caused by abnormal proteins called prions, which accumulate in the brain and cause a microscopic sponge-like appearance. There are only one or two cases per million inhabitants, the vast majority of which are of unknown cause, but cases of the disease have also been reported after contact with surgical instruments contaminated by these prions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The three institutions involved took more than two years to send the suspect samples for analysis to a specialized center, the CIC bioGUNE, in Derio, Spain. A spokeswoman for the University of Barcelona says that they sent them in December 2022 and the three organizations received the results in March 2023. Four months later, in July, the legal departments at the three institutions finally informed the 4141 laboratory workers that the Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease samples were potentially infectious, as feared. “You can debate whether we have been quick [in our response] or not, but we have been transparent. We are [part of] three institutions that had to agree, and we have acted as guarantors,” says Capellá. A similar situation also occurred in France; following the death of a researcher from Creutzfeldt-Jakob in 2019 and the discovery of another suspected case, all public laboratories investigating prion diseases decided to temporarily close in July 2021 to review their protocols.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Laboratory 4141 was not equipped to handle high biohazard samples. It did not even have a biosafety hood. At the end of 2018, the CIBER public consortium signed an agreement so that the group could work with these dangerous samples at the high-security laboratory of the Animal Health Research Center (CReSA) in Bellaterra, Spain, near Barcelona. According to the sources we consulted, there was no reason to have the contaminated material in laboratory 4141, beyond saving time during experiments, since the CReSA bunker is 30 kilometers (about 19 miles) away and required waiting one’s turn to use. Isidre Ferrer, the head of the facility at the time, who has since retired, prefers not to comment on the case until the internal investigation is completed, but he emphasizes that he was unaware of the existence of these dangerous samples.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The IDIBELL director recalls that the deceased scientist was “a promising and brilliant researcher.” From 2013 to 2017, he worked at the University Medical Center of Göttingen (Germany) under neurologist Inga Zerr, a leading international expert in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Physician Margarita Blázquez, who manages the CIBER public consortium, notes that the disease’s incubation period can last several years, so, if the deceased researcher really had it, he also could have become infected with it in Germany or at another of his previous laboratories. This newspaper has tried to contact the scientist’s widow via email but has not received a response. She asked to be discharged shortly after her husband did. The three institutions are now investigating whether the couple handled the dangerous samples without authorization in lab 4141. A third person affiliated with CIBER, a member of the now-deceased biochemist’s research group, worked with potentially infectious Creutzfeldt-Jakob samples without being informed that they were infectious.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The security office of the University of Barcelona believes that the samples would only have been a problem in the case of accidental inoculation or ingestion while handling them. But internal documents confirm the alarm the situation has caused on campus. “The laboratory technicians and investigators express their enormous concern about the fact that, so far, it has not been possible to determine the origin of the doctor’s illness. They are left to worry about whether they may suffer the same fate in a few years’ time as a result of uncontrolled contamination that may have been created in the laboratory,” according to the minutes of a December 22, 2020, meeting between workers and Carles Solsona, the director of the Department of Pathology at the University of Barcelona. “This fear causes them to suffer a state of permanent anguish, causing insomnia and irritability.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The IDIBELL director sent a message to the center’s entire staff on the 11th, five days after EL PAÍS informed him that it was investigating the case. Gabriel Capellá then told his workers of “a very serious incident that became known on campus for the first time at the end of 2020.″ With “deep dismay,” Capellá announced the researcher’s death “due to a possible prion condition,” with “a possible iatrogenic [a disease acquired by contact with contaminated materials during a medical procedure].” The director also reported finding “potentially dangerous samples” in a freezer. “Our priority is to ensure that this situation is handled rigorously and transparently to limit the damage to the reputation of our institutions,” he said.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Do you have more information about this case or other similar ones? You can write to us at mansede@elpais.es.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sign up for our weekly newsletter to get more English-language news coverage from EL PAÍS USA Edition</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://english.elpais.com/science-tech/2023-10-20/an-investigation-has-been-opened-into-the-death-of-a-scientist-who-was-studying-a-transmissible-and-deadly-disease-in-spain.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://english.elpais.com/science-tech/2023-10-20/an-investigation-has-been-opened-into-the-death-of-a-scientist-who-was-studying-a-transmissible-and-deadly-disease-in-spain.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Friendly fire, pass it forward, they call it iatrogenic cjd, or what i call 'tse prion poker', are you all in $$$</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">all iatrogenic cjd is, is sporadic cjd, before the iatrogenic event is discovered, traced back, proven, documented, put into the academic domain, and then finally the public domain, this very seldom happens, thus problem solved, it's all sporadic cjd...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Direct neural transmission of vCJD/BSE in macaque after finger incision CORRESPONDENCE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Direct neural transmission of vCJD/BSE in macaque after finger incision</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Jacqueline Mikol1 · Jérôme Delmotte1 · Dolorès Jouy1 · Elodie Vaysset1 · Charmaine Bastian1 · Jean‑Philippe Deslys1 ·</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Emmanuel Comoy1 Received: 10 July 2020 / Revised: 8 September 2020 / Accepted: 25 September 2020 / Published online: 6 October 2020 © The Author(s) 2020</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Non-human primates appeared as the closest model to study human iatrogenic prion diseases [14]: we report here the consequences of variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease/bovine spongiform encephalopathy (vCJD/BSE) inoculation in a cynomolgus macaque finger, with the demonstration of an original mode of propagation and the practical risk for professional exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The distal right middle finger handpad of a 4-year-old macaque was incised on both lateral sides to induce local inflammation, and then injected with the equivalent of 10 mg of a BSE, orally challenged macaque brain [18]. After an 18 months period of finger clumsiness, the clinical disease (behaviour abnormalities, fear, hyperesthesia, gait disturbances, shaking) began 7.5 years after inoculation and euthanasia took place 2 months later for welfare reasons. Motor conduction velocity of the right median nerve was reduced to one-third of the left counterpart and sensory potential was not detected.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Histological and biochemical studies were performed as previously described. All the elements of the triad were present [7–9]: spongiform change was moderate in neocortex, striatum, brain stem, mild in spinal cord but severe in thalamus and cerebellum; neuronal loss was globally moderate, but severe in cerebellum and sacral spinal cord (vacuolated neurons); gliosis was severe in thalamus, cerebellum and brain stem and moderate elsewhere (Supplementary Fig. 1). ELISA and western blot (WB) showed the expected accumulation of PrPres with BSE glycophoretic pattern at all levels of brain and spinal cord (Supplementary Fig. 2).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the brain, PrPd deposits were laminar into the cortical deep layers, massive into thalamus, basal ganglia, cerebellum, and brain stem. In spinal cord, PrPd was symmetrically distributed, intense in the Substantia gelatinosa and nucleus dorsal of Clarke while decreased at sacral level. Deposits were diverse into the whole CNS: synaptic, perineuronal, reticular aggregates, mini-plaques, plaques, and incomplete florid plaques. The retinal plexiform layers were labelled (Supplementary Fig. 1i). There were no amyloid or tau deposits.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Unusual PrPd deposits were observed along dendrites, short and long axons, neuritic threads tracing fne networks of straight lines or like strings of pearls (Supplementary Fig. 3). They were present into deep neocortex, basal ganglia, and motoneurons. Such long processes are not frequent but have been reported in human [13] and experimental studies [10, 22]. PrPd deposits were also noted as very mild into striato-pallidal projections, both limbs of internal capsule and fornix (Supplementary Fig. 3). The presence of PrPd in white matter has been reported (Supplementary text 4).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Peripherally, the expected PrPd was undetectable in lymphoid organs, including spleen, through biochemical or immunohistochemical analyses, while prion replication was detected in the peripheral nervous system (PNS): PrPd staining was visualized in many dorsal root ganglia (DRG) but only in nerves innervating the forelimb site of injection (median and ulnar nerves). At the cellular level, PrPd was limited to ganglia and satellite cells in DRG and Schwann cells (Scs) all along nerves whereas axons were never labelled (Fig. 1). Previously, using postmortem immunohistochemical studies (listed in Supplementary text 5), PrPd has been shown in peripheral nervous system in all forms of human neuropathies, albeit more frequently in vCJD, mostly in posterior root nerve fbres at adaxonal location and/or in ganglion and satellite cells. The restricted amount of PrPd was repeatedly underlined but, recently, prion RTQuiC was positive in all nerves examined [2]. PrPd has also been described, frst in scrapie [17] then in BSE, as limited “adaxonal deposits” or/and Sc deposits, with or without DRG cell involvement (review in [4] and Supplementary text 6). Previous studies of the mode of propagation of PrPd have reported variable observations and analyses depending on strains, host species and genotype (Supplementary text 6); the authors discussed the role of the sensory route of trafficking of prions, the modifications of axonal transport, the centrifugal versus centripetal spread of PrPd .</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">After peripheral infection, accumulation of infectious agent is reputed to occur in lymphoid tissues before direct neuroinvasion [18, 19], even with very little apparent peripheral lymphoreticular deposition [6, 20]. Here, there is no apparent replication/amplification of vCJD/BSE agent in the lymphoid tissues of the exposed macaque. In this model, the neural contamination occurred directly in the highly innervated finger while neuroinvasion appears to occur in Scs along the median nerve to the DRG, with the appearance of the classical labelling of ganglion cells which indicates the onset of the first level of neuronal infection. This model provides direct evidence of the hypothesis of a sequential infection of Scs from the periphery to the CNS, followed by a secondary diffusion into the spinal cord, as already considered by our group [15] and others [1, 3, 11, 12, 21]. It is to note that studies based on intra-sciatic nerve injections in hamsters [16] and transgenic mice [12] had established a rate of transport of infectivity of, respectively, 0.5–2 mm and 0.7 mm per day. This key role of Scs could explain both the low speed of propagation and the discrepancy between the paucity of PrPd into the distal part of the sensory nerves followed by the positivity of DRG, satellite cells and proximal roots.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In conclusion, we have observed that the exposure of a primate to vCJD/BSE through a distal finger lesion induces, after more than 7.5 years of silent incubation, a massive deposit of PrPd , strictly restricted to the nervous system and the eye.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our data suggest a new type of pure unique peripheral nervous contamination in which the Scs would have a major role in the mode of centripetal progression of PrPd in the peripheral nervous system. Moreover, considering the fact that, recently, “a variant CJD diagnosed 7.5 years after occupational exposure” (cryomicrotomy) in a technician was observed [5], this experimental case report supports the risk linked to professional exposure and reinforces the necessity of adequate measures of prevention. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-020-02231-w.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00401-020-02231-w.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Second death in France in a laboratory working on prions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease has killed a person who handled this infectious agent at Inrae in Toulouse. After a first death in 2019, a moratorium on work on this pathogen has been extended.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">By Hervé Morin</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease killed a few days ago a retired research technician from the National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment (Inrae), who had worked in Toulouse in contact of biological tissue infected with prions. This death sows consternation and concern in the scientific community working with these infectious agents. It follows the death, on June 17, 2019, of Emilie Jaumain, a 33-year-old laboratory technician, suffering from the same incurable neurodegenerative disease. The young woman is said to have contracted it in 2010, cutting herself while handling fragments of the brains of mice infected with prions, in another unit of INRAE, in Jouy-en-Josas.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Computer representation of part of a prion protein on a light micrograph of pyramidal nerve cells (neurons, in black) in the cerebellum of the brain. ALFRED PASIEKA / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Regarding the retiree from Toulouse, it will be necessary to determine whether she was the victim of a genetic or sporadic form of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, if the disease may have been caused by the ingestion of meat contaminated by the agent of encephalopathy. bovine spongiform (BSE, also called mad cow disease) or, as in the case of Emilie Jaumain, if accidental occupational exposure can be claimed. Prion diseases are caused by proteins taking an aberrant conformation, which gives them the property of replicating to form aggregates that are deleterious for neurons. There are around 150 cases per year in France, resulting in fatal degeneration of the central nervous system.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/sciences/article/2021/11/30/second-deces-en-france-dans-un-laboratoire-travaillant-sur-les-prions_6104124_1650684.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.lemonde.fr/sciences/article/2021/11/30/second-deces-en-france-dans-un-laboratoire-travaillant-sur-les-prions_6104124_1650684.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Temporary suspension of work on prions in French public research laboratories</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRESS RELEASE - The general directorates of ANSES, CEA, CNRS, INRAE and Inserm, have decided jointly and in agreement with the Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation to suspend as a precaution all their research and experimentation work relating to prion diseases, for a period of three months.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This precautionary measure is motivated by the knowledge of a possible new case of a person suffering from Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and who worked in a laboratory for research on prions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Posted on July 27, 2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The suspension period put in place as of this day will make it possible to study the possibility of a link between the observed case and the person's former professional activity and to adapt, if necessary, the preventive measures in force in the research laboratories. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The person with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)1, whose form is not yet known, is a retired INRAE agent. This could be the second case of infectious CJD affecting a scientist who worked on prions, after that of an assistant engineer who died of the disease in 2019, and who was injured in 2010 during of an experiment.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Following this death, a general inspection mission was launched in July 2019 by the ministries of research and agriculture with French laboratories handling prions. Submitted in October 2020, the report concluded on the regulatory compliance of the laboratories visited as well as the presence of a risk control culture within the research teams.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research around prion proteins, with high public health issues, allows major advances in the understanding of the functioning of these infectious pathogens, and contributes to results that are transferable to other related degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Alzheimer's diseases. Parkinson's.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">At the level of each establishment, regular and transparent information will be provided to all the working communities concerned by this measure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1 The disease Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is one of prion diseases - still called encephalopathies subacute spongiform transmitted(TSE) - of diseases rare, characterized by a degeneration rapid and fatal the system nervous central. They are caused by the accumulation in the brain of a normally expressed protein but poorly conformed - the prion protein - which leads to the formation of deleterious aggregates for neurons. For now , no treatment will allow to change the course of these diseases. It can be of origin sporadic , form the most frequent , original genetic or finally to form infectious following a contamination. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.inserm.fr/information-en-sante/dossiers-information/maladies-prions-maladie-creutzfeldt-jakob" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.inserm.fr/information-en-sante/dossiers-information/maladies-prions-maladie-creutzfeldt-jakob</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.inrae.fr/actualites/suspension-provisoire-travaux-prions-laboratoires-recherche-publics-francais" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.inrae.fr/actualites/suspension-provisoire-travaux-prions-laboratoires-recherche-publics-francais</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">France issues moratorium on prion research after fatal brain disease strikes two lab workers</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">By Barbara CasassusJul. 28, 2021 , 4:35 AM</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PARIS—Five public research institutions in France have imposed a 3-month moratorium on the study of prions—a class of misfolding, infectious proteins that cause fatal brain diseases—after a retired lab worker who handled prions in the past was diagnosed with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), the most common prion disease in humans. An investigation is underway to find out whether the patient, who worked at a lab run by the National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), contracted the disease on the job.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">If so, it would be the second such case in France in the past few years. In June 2019, an INRAE lab worker named Émilie Jaumain died at age 33, 10 years after pricking her thumb during an experiment with prion-infected mice. Her family is now suing INRAE for manslaughter and endangering life; her illness had already led to tightened safety measures at French prion labs.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The aim of the moratorium, which affects nine labs, is to “study the possibility of a link with the [new patient’s] former professional activity and if necessary to adapt the preventative measures in force in research laboratories,” according to a joint press release issued by the five institutions yesterday.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“This is the right way to go in the circumstances,” says Ronald Melki, a structural biologist at a prion lab jointly operated by the French national research agency CNRS and the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA). “It is always wise to ask questions about the whole working process when something goes wrong.” "The occurrence of these harsh diseases in two of our scientific colleagues clearly affects the whole prion community, which is a small 'familial' community of less than 1000 people worldwide," Emmanuel Comoy, deputy director of CEA's Unit of Prion Disorders and Related Infectious Agents, writes in an email to Science. Although prion research already has strict safety protocols, "it necessarily reinforces the awareness of the risk linked to these infectious agents," he says.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In Jaumain’s case, there is little doubt she was infected on the job, according to a paper published in The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) in 2020. She had variant CJD (vCJD), a form typically caused by eating beef contaminated with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), or mad cow disease. But Europe’s BSE outbreak ended after 2000 and vCJD virtually disappeared; the chance that someone of Jaumain’s age in France would contract food-borne vCJD is “negligible or non-existent,” according to the paper.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A scientist with inside knowledge says the new patient, a woman who worked at INRAE’s Host-Pathogen Interactions and Immunity group in Toulouse, is still alive. French authorities were apparently alerted to her diagnosis late last week. The press release suggests it’s not yet clear whether the new case is vCJD or “classic” CJD, which is not known to be caused by prions from animals. Classic CJD strikes an estimated one person per million. Some 80% of cases are sporadic, meaning they have no known cause, but others are genetic or contracted from infected human tissues during transplantations. The two types of CJD can only be distinguished through a postmortem examination of brain tissue.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Lab infections are known to occur with many pathogens, but exposure to CJD-causing prions is unusually risky because there are no vaccines or treatments and the condition is universally fatal. And whereas most infections reveal themselves within days or weeks, CJD’s average incubation period is about 10 years.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">For Jaumain, who worked at INRAE’s Molecular Virology and Immunology Unit in Jouy-en-Josas, outside Paris, that long period of uncertainty began on 31 May 2010, when she stabbed her left thumb with a curved forceps while cleaning a cryostat—a machine that can cut tissues at very low temperatures—that she used to slice brain sections from transgenic mice infected with a sheep-adapted form of BSE. She pierced two layers of latex gloves and drew blood. “Émilie started worrying about the accident as soon as it had happened, and mentioned it to every doctor she saw,” says her widower, Armel Houel.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In November 2017, Jaumain developed a burning pain in her right shoulder and neck that worsened and spread to the right half of her body over the following 6 months, according to the NEJM paper. In January 2019, she became depressed and anxious, suffering memory impairment and hallucinations. “It was a descent into hell,” Houel says. She was diagnosed with “probable vCJD” in mid-March of that year and died 3 months later. A postmortem confirmed the diagnosis.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“The occurrence of these harsh diseases in two of our scientific colleagues clearly affects the whole prion community.” Emmanuel Comoy, French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">INRAE only recently admitted the likely link between Jaumain’s illness and the accident. “We recognize, without ambiguity, the hypothesis of a correlation between Emilie Jaumain-Houel’s accident … and her infection with vCJD,” INRAE chair and CEO Philippe Mauguin wrote in a 24 June letter to an association created by friends and colleagues to publicize Jaumain’s case and lobby for improvements in lab safety. (Science has obtained a copy of the letter, which has not been made public.)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Jaumain’s family has filed both criminal charges and an administrative suit against INRAE, alleging a range of problems at Jaumain’s lab. She had not been trained in handling dangerous prions or responding to accidents and did not wear both metal mesh and surgical gloves, as she was supposed to, says Julien Bensimhon, the family’s lawyer. The thumb should have been soaked in a bleach solution immediately, which did not happen, Bensimhon adds.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Independent reports by a company specializing in occupational safety and by government inspectors have found no safety violations at the lab; one of them said there was a “strong culture” of risk management. (Bensimhon calls the reports “biased.”)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The government inspectors’ report concluded that Jaumain’s accident was not unique, however. There had been at least 17 accidents among the 100 or so scientists and technicians in France working with prions in the previous decade, five of whom stabbed or cut themselves with contaminated syringes or blades. Another technician at the same lab had a fingerprick accident with prions in 2005, but has not developed vCJD symptoms so far, Bensimhon says. “It is shocking that no precautionary measures were taken then to ensure such an accident never happened again,” he says.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In Italy, too, the last person to die of vCJD, in 2016, was a lab worker with exposure to prion-infected brain tissue, according to last year’s NEJM paper, although an investigation did not find evidence of a lab accident. That patient and the lab they worked at have not been identified.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">After Jaumain’s diagnosis, “We contacted all the research prion labs in France to suggest they check their safety procedures and remind staff about the importance of respecting them,” says Stéphane Haïk, a neuroscientist at the Paris Brain Institute at Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital who helped diagnose Jaumain and is the corresponding author on the paper. Many labs tightened procedures, according to the government inspectors' report, for instance by introducing plastic scissors and scalpels, which are disposable and less sharp, and bite and cut-resistant gloves. A team of experts from the five research agencies is due to submit proposals for a guide to good practice in prion research to the French government at the end of this year.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The scientific community has long recognized that handling prions is dangerous and an occupational risk for neuropathologists, says neuropathologist Adriano Aguzzi of the University of Zurich. Aguzzi declined to comment on the French CJD cases, but told Science his lab never handles human or bovine prions for research purposes, only for diagnostics. “We conduct research only on mouse-adapted sheep prions, which have never been shown to be infectious to humans,” Aguzzi says. In a 2011 paper, his team reported that prions can spread through aerosols, at least in mice, which “may warrant re-thinking on prion biosafety guidelines in research and diagnostic laboratories,” they wrote. Aguzzi says he was “totally shocked” by the finding and introduced safety measures to prevent aerosol spread at his own lab, but the paper drew little attention elsewhere.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The moratorium will "obviously" cause delays in research, but given the very long incubation periods in prion diseases, the impact of a 3-month hiatus will be limited, Comoy says. His research team at CEA also works on other neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, and will shift some of its efforts to those.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Although Jaumain’s diagnosis upset many in the field, it hasn't led to an exodus among researchers in France, Haïk says: “I know of only one person who resigned because they were so worried.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">With reporting by Martin Enserink.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Posted in: EuropeHealthScientific Community</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">doi:10.1126/science.abl6587</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2021/07/france-issues-moratorium-prion-research-after-fatal-brain-disease-strikes-two-lab" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2021/07/france-issues-moratorium-prion-research-after-fatal-brain-disease-strikes-two-lab</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease Diagnosed 7.5 Years after Occupational Exposure</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease was identified in a technician who had cut her thumb while handling brain sections of mice infected with adapted BSE 7.5 years earlier. The long incubation period was similar to that of the transfusion-transmitted form of the disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease Diagnosed 7.5 Years after Occupational Exposure</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TO THE EDITOR:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We report a case of variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) that was plausibly related to accidental occupational exposure in a technician who had handled murine samples contaminated with the agent that causes bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) 7.5 years earlier.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In May 2010, when the patient was 24 years of age, she worked in a prion research laboratory, where she handled frozen sections of brain of transgenic mice that overexpressed the human prion protein with methionine at codon 129. The mice had been infected with a sheep-adapted form of BSE. During this process, she stabbed her thumb through a double pair of latex gloves with the sharp ends of a curved forceps used to handle the samples. Bleeding was noted at the puncture site.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In November 2017, she began having burning pain in the right shoulder and neck. The pain worsened and spread to the right half of her body during the following 6 months. In November 2018, an examination of a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obtained from the patient was normal. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain showed a slight increase in the fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) signal in the caudates and thalami (Fig. S1A and S1B in the Supplementary Appendix, available with the full text of this letter at NEJM.org). In January 2019, she became depressed and anxious and had memory impairment and visual hallucinations. There was hypertonia on the right side of her body. At that time, an analysis of CSF for 14-3-3 protein was negative. In March 2019, MRI showed an increased FLAIR signal in pulvinar and dorsomedial nuclei of thalami (Fig. S1C through S1E).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Figure 1.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Detection of Abnormal Prion Protein in Biologic Fluid Samples and Postmortem Findings.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The patient was found to be homozygous for methionine at codon 129 of the prion protein gene without mutation. An analysis of a sample of CSF on real-time quaking-induced conversion analysis was negative for a diagnosis of sporadic CJD. However, an analysis of plasma and CSF by means of protein misfolding cyclic amplification was positive for the diagnosis of variant CJD (Figure 1A and 1B). The patient died 19 months after the onset of symptoms. Neuropathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of variant CJD (Figure 1C and 1D). Western blot analysis showed the presence of type 2B protease-resistant prion protein in all sampled brain areas. The clinical characteristics of the patient and the postmortem neuropathological features were similar to those observed in 27 patients with variant CJD who had previously been reported in France.1 (Additional details are provided in the Supplementary Appendix.)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There are two potential explanations for this patient’s condition. Oral transmission from contaminated cattle products cannot be ruled out because the patient was born at the beginning of the French BSE outbreak in cattle. However, the last two patients who had confirmed variant CJD with methionine homozygosity at codon 129 in France and the United Kingdom died in 2014 and 2013, respectively, which makes oral transmission unlikely. In France, the risk of variant CJD in 2019 was negligible or nonexistent in the post-1969 birth cohort.2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Percutaneous exposure to prion-contaminated material is plausible in this patient, since the prion strain that she had handled was consistent with the development of variant CJD.3 The 7.5-year delay between the laboratory accident and her clinical symptoms is congruent with the incubation period in the transfusion-transmitted form of the disease. The ability of this strain to propagate through the peripheral route has been documented, and experimental studies with scrapie strains have shown that scarification and subcutaneous inoculation are effective routes.4,5 The last known Italian patient with variant CJD, who died in 2016, had had occupational contact with BSE-infected brain tissues, although subsequent investigation did not disclose a laboratory accident (Pocchiari M, Italian Registry of CJD: personal communication). Thus, the last two cases of variant CJD outside the United Kingdom have been associated with potential occupational exposure. Such cases highlight the need for improvements in the prevention of transmission of variant CJD and other prions that can affect humans in the laboratory and neurosurgery settings, as outlined in the Supplementary Appendix.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Jean-Philippe Brandel, M.D. Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">M. Bustuchina Vlaicu, M.D. Groupe Hospitalier Nord-Essonne, Orsay, France</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Audrey Culeux, B.Sc. INSERM Unité 1127, Paris, France</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Maxime Belondrade, M.Sc. Daisy Bougard, Ph.D. Etablissement Français du Sang, Montpellier, France</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Katarina Grznarova, Ph.D. Angeline Denouel, M.Sc. INSERM Unité 1127, Paris, France</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Isabelle Plu, M.D. Elodie Bouaziz-Amar, Pharm.D., Ph.D. Danielle Seilhean, M.D., Ph.D. Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Michèle Levasseur, M.D. Groupe Hospitalier Nord-Essonne, Orsay, France</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Stéphane Haïk, M.D., Ph.D. INSERM Unité 1127, Paris, France stephane.haik@upmc.fr</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Supported by a grant (ANR-10-IAIHU-06) from Programme d’Investissements d’Avenir and Santé Publique France.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Disclosure forms provided by the authors are available with the full text of this letter at NEJM.org.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">5 References</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">July 2, 2020</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">N Engl J Med 2020; 383:83-85</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc2000687</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Metrics</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2000687" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2000687</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Friday, October 20, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">An investigation has been opened into the death of a scientist who was studying a transmissible and deadly disease CJD in Spain</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2023/10/an-investigation-has-been-opened-into.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2023/10/an-investigation-has-been-opened-into.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: whitesmoke; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;">February 14, 2001<br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: whitesmoke; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary, Sr</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author Affiliations</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">JAMA. 2001;285(6):733-734. doi:10-1001/pubs.JAMA-ISSN-0098-7484-285-6-jlt0214 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To the Editor: In their Research Letter, Dr Gibbons and colleagues1 reported that the annual US death rate due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has been stable since 1985. These estimates, however, are based only on reported cases, and do not include misdiagnosed or preclinical cases. It seems to me that misdiagnosis alone would drastically change these figures. An unknown number of persons with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in fact may have CJD, although only a small number of these patients receive the postmortem examination necessary to make this diagnosis. Furthermore, only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies should be reportable nationwide and internationally.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br clear="none" style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1031186" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1031186</a></div></div></div><div style="color: #26282a; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PLEASE NOTE, CJD IS NOW 1 IN 5,000 GLOBALLY, COLLINGE ET AL 2023!</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Professor John Collinge on tackling prion diseases, sCJD accounts for around 1 in 5000 deaths worldwide</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 11, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Professor John Collinge on tackling prion diseases “The best-known human prion disease is sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), a rapidly progressive dementia which accounts for around 1 in 5000 deaths worldwide.” There is accumulating evidence also for iatrogenic AD. Understanding prion biology, and in particular how propagation of prions leads to neurodegeneration, is therefore of central research importance in medicine.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/brain-sciences/dementia-ucl-priority/professor-john-collinge-tackling-prion-diseases" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ucl.ac.uk/brain-sciences/dementia-ucl-priority/professor-john-collinge-tackling-prion-diseases</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html</a></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">MONDAY, DECEMBER 18, 2023</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Change in Epidemiology of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in the US, 2007-2020</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/change-in-epidemiology-of-creutzfeldt.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/change-in-epidemiology-of-creutzfeldt.html</a></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, DECEMBER 12, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE TSE PRION DISEASE UPDATE USA DECEMBER 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #338fe9; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-tse-prion.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">GOOD LUCK!</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">wasted days and wasted nights...FREDDY FENDER</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr. flounder9@verizon.net</div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;" /></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33182925.post-54376453852350486992024-01-04T15:07:00.000-06:002024-01-04T15:07:16.379-06:00Short incubation periods of atypical H-type BSE in cattle with EK211 and KK211 prion protein genotypes after intracranial inoculation<p>Short incubation periods of atypical H-type BSE in cattle with EK211 and KK211 prion protein genotypes after intracranial inoculation</p><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Eric D. Cassmann1*, Alexis J. Frese1,2,3, Kelsey A. Becker1,2 and Justin J. Greenlee1*</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States, 2Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States, 3Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">In 2006, a case of atypical H-type BSE (H-BSE) was found to be associated with a germline mutation in the PRNP gene that resulted in a lysine substitution for glutamic acid at codon 211 (E211K). The E211K amino acid substitution in cattle is analogous to E200K in humans, which is associated with the development of genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). In the present study, we aimed to determine the eect of the EK211 prion protein genotype on incubation time in cattle inoculated with the agent of H-BSE; to characterize the molecular profile of H-BSE in KK211 and EK211 genotype cattle; and to assess the influence of serial passage on BSE strain. Eight cattle, representing three PRNP genotype groups (EE211, EK211, and KK211), were intracranially inoculated with the agent of H-BSE originating from either a case in a cow with the EE211 prion protein genotype or a case in a cow with E211K amino acid substitution. All inoculated animals developed clinical disease; post-mortem samples were collected, and prion disease was confirmed through enzyme immunoassay, antiPrPSc immunohistochemistry, and western blot. Western blot molecular analysis revealed distinct patterns in a steer with KK211 H-BSE compared to EK211 and EE211 cattle. Incubation periods were significantly shorter in cattle with the EK211 and KK211 genotypes compared to the EE211 genotype. Inoculum type did not significantly influence the incubation period. This study demonstrates a shorter incubation period for H-BSE in cattle with the K211 genotype in both the homozygous and heterozygous forms.</span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The cause of sporadic H-BSE is still unknown; however, in humans, somatic mutations in the prion protein gene have been implicated as the cause of some cases of spontaneous CJD (17).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transgenic mice overexpressing bovine PrP have demonstrated the emergence of C-BSE-like phenotypes from some H-BSE isolates in a subset of inoculated mice (9). Although we did not observe a phenotypic shift in the natural host, numerous factors may explain the difference in results. First, only a small subset (20–25%) of mice exhibited emergence of the C-BSE-like phenotype. The small sample size of cattle used in the present study may have been below the statistical threshold to detect such a lowprevalence event. Second, a C-BSE minor strain component may not have been present in our H-BSE inoculum. Third, C-BSE strain emergence may require specific physiochemical modulation of the inoculum that did not occur during our inoculum preparation. The absence of a C-BSE-like phenotype in our results does not preclude the possibility of such an event occurring, nor does it enable us to dismiss the hypothesis of C-BSE arising from H-BSE due to rendering of carcasses (a process that alters physiochemical properties) that were subsequently fed back to ruminants. In summary, the molecular phenotype of H-BSE in cattle with the KK211 genotype was distinguishable from that of EK211 and EE211 PRNP genotype animals, although all H-BSE samples retained molecular phenotypes characteristic of H-BSE. The incubation periods of KK and EK cattle were similar, and both were significantly faster than wild-type cattle with H-BSE. Future studies will investigate the effect of inoculation route and serial passage on the BSE strain phenotype in cattle.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">KEYWORDS prion diseases, prion protein, PRNP, E211K, H-BSE, atypical BSE, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, transmissible spongiform encephalopathy</div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC10655004&blobtype=pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC10655004&blobtype=pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Incidences Trends of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in Israel</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Yacov Balasha, Meir Walkerb, Esther Kahanac,d, Hadeel Nabale, Emilia Anise, Hanna Rosenmannf, Ron Miloc,d, and Amos D. Korczynb aDepartment of Neurology, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel; bSackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; cDepartment of Neurology, Barzilai University Medical Center, Ashkelon, Israel; dFaculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel; eDivision of Epidemiology, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel; fDepartment of Neurology, the Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (s-CJD) is a rare, fatal neurodegenerative disorder. Familial cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (f-CJD) due to mutations in the PRNP gene are even rarer around the world; however, in Israel there is an unusual focus of f-CJD patients carrying the E200K mutation. The number of E200K mutation carriers in Israel is increasing, which raised the suspicion of CJD transmission from person to person. If such transmission does occur, the incidence of s-CJD is expected to increase.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: Using data from the national CJD registry and official statistics on the Israeli population, we studied incidence rates of f-CJD and s-CJD for the period from 1985 to 2018 applying the SEER (Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results) statistical packet elaborated in the US National Cancer Institute</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: In total, we identified 621 CJD patients (405 f-CJD and 216 s-CJD) cases. In the cohort of f-CJD patients the mean age-adjusted annual incidence rate over the above-mentioned period was 1.88 ± 0.09 (95% CI: 1.7–2.08) per 1,000,000. In the cohort of s-CJD patents the mean age-adjusted incidence rate over the same period was 0.93 ± 0.06 (95% CI: 0.81–1.06) per 1,000,000 people. No significant time trends were found according to the permutation test of joinpoint regression in either of them.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">When both cohorts were combined, the mean annual age-adjusted incidence of CJD in Israel was 2.81 ± 0.11 (95% CI: 2.58–3.04) per 1,000,000. From 1985 to 2018, there was a borderline increase in incidence of 0.8% per year, (95% CI: 0–1.6, p = 0.37), which is non significant.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Israel has a great predominance of f-CJD compared to s-CJD. The mean incidence of s-CJD in Israel is similar to most countries. Between 1985 and 2018, the annual age adjusted incidence rates for both forms of CJD have remained stable. There is no evidence for transmission of the disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9467582/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9467582/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Incidences Trends of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in Israel</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In total, we identified 621 CJD patients (405 f-CJD and 216 s-CJD) cases Israel has a great predominance of f-CJD compared to s-CJD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9467582/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9467582/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WOW!</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">I remember reading way back…WHAT IF?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The occurrence of the disease in a patient who had contact with cases of familial C.J.D., but was not genetically related, has been described in Chile (Galvez et al., 1980) and in France (Brown et al., 1979b). In Chile the patient was related by marriage, but with no consanguinity, and had social contact with subsequently affected family members for 13 years before developing the disease. The contact case in France also married into a family in which C.J.D. was prevalent and had close contact with an affected member. In neither instance did the spouse of the non-familial case have the disease. The case described in this report was similarly related to affected family members and social contact had occurred for 20 years prior to developing C.J.D. If contact transmission had occurred, the minimum transmission period would be 11 years. Contact between sporadic cases has not been described and it is remarkable that possible contact transmissions have all been with familial cases. No method of transmission by casual social contact has been suggested.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***The occurrence of contact cases raises the possibility that transmission in families may be effected by an unusually virulent strain of the agent.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...see full text here;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050425210551/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m26/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20050425210551/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m26/tab01.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/01/vpspr-sgss-sffi-tse-iatrogenic-by.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/01/vpspr-sgss-sffi-tse-iatrogenic-by.html</a></div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">UPDATED SCIENCE ON ATYPICAL BSE TSE PRION TO DATE<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">''H-TYPE BSE AGENT IS TRANSMISSIBLE BY THE ORONASAL ROUTE''</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094</a></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of the chronic wasting disease agent from elk to cattle after oronasal exposure</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Justin Greenlee, Jifeng Bian, Zoe Lambert, Alexis Frese, and Eric Cassmann Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the susceptibility of cattle to chronic wasting disease agent from elk. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: Initial studies were conducted in bovinized mice using inoculum derived from elk with various genotypes at codon 132 (MM, LM, LL). Based upon attack rates, inoculum (10% w/v brain homogenate) from an LM132 elk was selected for transmission studies in cattle. At approximately 2 weeks of age, one wild type steer (EE211) and one steer with the E211K polymorphism (EK211) were fed 1 mL of brain homogenate in a quart of milk replacer while another 1 mL was instilled intranasally. The cattle were examined daily for clinical signs for the duration of the experiment. One steer is still under observation at 71 months post-inoculation (mpi). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Inoculum derived from MM132 elk resulted in similar attack rates and incubation periods in mice expressing wild type or K211 bovine PRNP, 35% at 531 days post inoculation (dpi) and 27% at 448 dpi, respectively. Inoculum from LM132 elk had a slightly higher attack rates in mice: 45% (693 dpi) in wild type cattle PRNP and 33% (468) in K211 mice. Inoculum from LL132 elk resulted in the highest attack rate in wild type bovinized mice (53% at 625 dpi), but no K211 mice were affected at >700 days. At approximately 70 mpi, the EK211 genotype steer developed clinical signs suggestive of prion disease, depression, low head carriage, hypersalivation, and ataxia, and was necropsied. Enzyme immunoassay (IDEXX) was positive in brainstem (OD=4.00, but non-detect in retropharyngeal lymph nodes and palatine tonsil. Immunoreactivity was largely limited to the brainstem, midbrain, and cervical spinal cord with a pattern that was primarily glia-associated. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Cattle with the E211K polymorphism are susceptible to the CWD agent after oronasal exposure of 0.2 g of infectious material. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Cattle with the E211K polymorphism are susceptible to the CWD agent after oronasal exposure of 0.2 g of infectious material."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Strain characterization of chronic wasting disease in bovine-PrP transgenic mice </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Nuria Jerez-Garrido1, Sara Canoyra1, Natalia Fernández-Borges1, Alba Marín Moreno1, Sylvie L. Benestad2, Olivier Andreoletti3, Gordon Mitchell4, Aru Balachandran4, Juan María Torres1 and Juan Carlos Espinosa1. 1 Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, CISA-INIA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain. 2 Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway. 3 UMR Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)/École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Toulouse, France. 4 Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Canada. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is an infectious prion disease that affects cervids. Various CWD prion strains have been identified in different cervid species from North America and Europe. The properties of the infectious prion strains are influenced by amino acid changes and polymorphisms in the PrP sequences of different cervid species. This study, aimed to assess the ability of a panel of CWD prion isolates from diverse cervid species from North America and Europe to infect bovine species, as well as to investigate the properties of the prion strains following the adaptation to the bovine-PrP context. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: BoPrP-Tg110 mice overexpressing the bovine-PrP sequence were inoculated by intracranial route with a panel of CWD prion isolates from both North America (two white-tailed deer and two elk) and Europe (one reindeer, one moose and one red deer). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Our results show distinct behaviours in the transmission of the CWD isolates to the BoPrP-Tg110 mouse model. Some of these isolates did not transmit even after the second passage. Those able to transmit displayed differences in terms of attack rate, survival times, biochemical properties of brain PrPres, and histopathology. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Altogether, these results exhibit the diversity of CWD strains present in the panel of CWD isolates and the ability of at least some CWD isolates to infect bovine species. Cattle being one of the most important farming species, this ability represents a potential threat to both animal and human health, and consequently deserves further study. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: MCIN/AEI /10.13039/501100011033 and by European Union NextGeneration EU/PRTR </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grant number: PCI2020-120680-2 ICRAD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Altogether, these results exhibit the diversity of CWD strains present in the panel of CWD isolates and the ability of at least some CWD isolates to infect bovine species. Cattle being one of the most important farming species, this ability represents a potential threat to both animal and human health, and consequently deserves further study."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">2023</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">OIE Conclusions on transmissibility of atypical BSE among cattle</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Given that cattle have been successfully infected by the oral route, at least for L-BSE, it is reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle are exposed to contaminated feed. In addition, based on reports of atypical BSE from several countries that have not had C-BSE, it appears likely that atypical BSE would arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence in old cattle. In the presence of livestock industry practices that would allow it to be recycled in the cattle feed chain, it is likely that some level of exposure and transmission may occur. As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Annex 7 (contd) AHG on BSE risk assessment and surveillance/March 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">34 Scientific Commission/September 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3. Atypical BSE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Group discussed and endorsed with minor revisions an overview of relevant literature on the risk of atypical BSE being recycled in a cattle population and its zoonotic potential that had been prepared ahead of the meeting by one expert from the Group. This overview is provided as Appendix IV and its main conclusions are outlined below. With regard to the risk of recycling of atypical BSE, recently published research confirmed that the L-type BSE prion (a type of atypical BSE prion) may be orally transmitted to calves1 . In light of this evidence, and the likelihood that atypical BSE could arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence, the Group was of the opinion that it would be reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle were to be exposed to contaminated feed. Therefore, the recycling of atypical strains in cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">4. Definitions of meat-and-bone meal (MBM) and greaves</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: Transmission of atypical BSE: a possible origin of Classical BSE in cattle</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Authors: Sandor Dudas1, Samuel James Sharpe1, Kristina Santiago-Mateo1, Stefanie Czub1, Waqas Tahir1,2, *</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Affiliation: 1National and WOAH reference Laboratory for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, Canadian Food inspection Agency, Lethbridge Laboratory, Lethbridge, Canada. 2Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*Corresponding and Presenting Author: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">waqas.tahir@inspection.gc.ca</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background: Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease of cattle and is categorized into classical and atypical forms. Classical BSE (CBSE) is linked to the consumption of BSE contaminated feed whereas atypical BSE is considered to be spontaneous in origin. The potential for oral transmission of atypical BSE is yet to be clearly defined.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: To assess the oral transmissibility of atypical BSE (H and L type) in cattle. Should transmission be successful, determine the biochemical characteristics and distribution of PrPSc in the challenge cattle.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Material and Methods: For oral transmission, calves were fed with 100 g of either H (n=3) or L BSE (n=3) positive brain material. Two years post challenge, 1 calf from each of the H and L BSE challenge groups exhibited behavioural signs and were euthanized. Various brain regions of both animals were tested by traditional and novel prion detection methods with inconclusive results. To detect infectivity, brain homogenates from these oral challenge animals (P1) were injected intra-cranially (IC) into steer calves. Upon clinical signs of BSE, 3/4 of IC challenged steer calves were euthanized and tested for PrPSc with ELISA, immunohistochemistry and immunoblot.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: After 6 years of incubation, 3/4 animals (2/2 steers IC challenged with brain from P1 L-BSE oral challenge and 1/2 steer IC challenged with brain from P1 H-BSE oral challenge) developed clinical disease. Analysis of these animals revealed high levels of PrPSc in their brains, having biochemical properties similar to that of PrPSc in C-BSE.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusion: These results demonstrate the oral transmission potential of atypical BSE in cattle. Surprisingly, regardless of which atypical type of BSE was used for P1 oral challenge, PrPSc in the P2 animals acquired biochemical characteristics similar to that of PrPSc in C-BSE, suggesting atypical BSE as a possible origin of C-BSE in UK.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Presentation Type: Oral Presentation</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: CFIA, Health Canada, Alberta Livestock and Meat Agency, Alberta Prion Research Institute</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grant Number: ALMA/APRI: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">201400006</span>, HC 414250</div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: Transmission of atypical BSE: a possible origin of Classical BSE in cattle </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Authors: Sandor Dudas1, Samuel James Sharpe1, Kristina Santiago-Mateo1, Stefanie Czub1, Waqas Tahir1,2, * Affiliation: 1National and WOAH reference Laboratory for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, Canadian Food inspection Agency, Lethbridge Laboratory, Lethbridge, Canada. 2Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada. *Corresponding and Presenting Author: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">waqas.tahir@inspection.gc.ca</span> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background: Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease of cattle and is categorized into classical and atypical forms. Classical BSE (CBSE) is linked to the consumption of BSE contaminated feed whereas atypical BSE is considered to be spontaneous in origin. The potential for oral transmission of atypical BSE is yet to be clearly defined. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: To assess the oral transmissibility of atypical BSE (H and L type) in cattle. Should transmission be successful, determine the biochemical characteristics and distribution of PrPSc in the challenge cattle. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Material and Methods: For oral transmission, calves were fed with 100 g of either H (n=3) or L BSE (n=3) positive brain material. Two years post challenge, 1 calf from each of the H and L BSE challenge groups exhibited behavioural signs and were euthanized. Various brain regions of both animals were tested by traditional and novel prion detection methods with inconclusive results. To detect infectivity, brain homogenates from these oral challenge animals (P1) were injected intra-cranially (IC) into steer calves. Upon clinical signs of BSE, 3/4 of IC challenged steer calves were euthanized and tested for PrPSc with ELISA, immunohistochemistry and immunoblot. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: After 6 years of incubation, 3/4 animals (2/2 steers IC challenged with brain from P1 L-BSE oral challenge and 1/2 steer IC challenged with brain from P1 H-BSE oral challenge) developed clinical disease. Analysis of these animals revealed high levels of PrPSc in their brains, having biochemical properties similar to that of PrPSc in C-BSE. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusion: These results demonstrate the oral transmission potential of atypical BSE in cattle. Surprisingly, regardless of which atypical type of BSE was used for P1 oral challenge, PrPSc in the P2 animals acquired biochemical characteristics similar to that of PrPSc in C-BSE, suggesting atypical BSE as a possible origin of C-BSE in UK. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Presentation Type: Oral Presentation Funded by: CFIA, Health Canada, Alberta Livestock and Meat Agency, Alberta Prion Research Institute </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grant Number: ALMA/APRI: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">201400006</span>, HC 414250</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: TSE unit NCAD, Lethbridge (Jianmin Yang, Sarah Bogart, Rachana Muley, Yuanmu Fang, Keri Colwell, Renee Anderson, John Gray, Rakhi Katoch) (CFIA, Canada), Dr. Catherine Graham (NSDA, Canada), Dr. Michel Levy (UCVM, Canada), Dr. Martin Groschup (FLI, Germany), Dr. Christine Fast (FLI, Germany), Dr. Bob Hills (Health Canada, Canada) Theme: Animal prion diseases</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">"After 6 years of incubation, 3/4 animals (2/2 steers IC challenged with brain from P1 L-BSE oral challenge and 1/2 steer IC challenged with brain from P1 H-BSE oral challenge) developed clinical disease. Analysis of these animals revealed high levels of PrPSc in their brains, having biochemical properties similar to that of PrPSc in C-BSE. "</div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Molecular phenotype shift after passage of low-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (L-BSE). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Zoe J. Lambert, M. Heather West Greenlee, Jifeng Bian, Justin J. Greenlee Ames, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: The purpose of this study is to compare the molecular phenotypes of L-BSE in wild type cattle and cattle with the E211K polymorphism to samples of other cattle TSEs, such as classical BSE (C-BSE), hightype BSE (H-BSE), and transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: Two wild type cattle (EE211 PRNP) and one steer with the E211K polymorphism (EK211) were intracranially inoculated with 1 mL of brain homogenate that originated from a 2005 French L-BSE case. Multiple assays were used to compare and differentiate tissues, including enzyme immunoassay, western blot (Sha31, 12B2, SAF84), stability (Sha31), and immunohistochemistry (F99/97). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Approximately 16.6 months post-inoculation, Steer 6 (<span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">EK211</span> L-BSE) developed neurologic signs, including agitation, difficulty eating accompanied by weight loss, head tremor, ataxia, and fasciculations in the forelimbs, and was necropsied. Enzyme immunoassays demonstrated misfolded prion protein in the brainstem (4.0 O.D) but not in peripheral tissues, such as the retropharyngeal lymph node and palatine tonsil. When compared by western blot, the molecular phenotype of the brainstem of Steer 6 (<span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">EK211</span> L-BSE) is higher than that of wildtype cattle inoculated with L-BSE, requiring careful differentiation from C-BSE. Ongoing mouse studies in bovinized mice (K211 and TgBov) will provide data to compare to all other BSE strains available, including L-BSE, C-BSE, H-BSE, E211K H-BSE, and TME. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Further study of L-BSE in <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">EK211</span> cattle with a higher molecular phenotype in the brainstem may give more insight into the origin of C-BSE. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. This research was supported in part by an appointment to the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Research Participation Program administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) through an interagency agreement between the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). ORISE is managed by ORAU under DOE contract number DE-SC0014664. All opinions expressed in this paper are the author’s and do not necessarily reflect the policies and views of USDA, ARS, DOE, or ORAU/ORISE. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grant number: DOE contract number DE-SC0014664 Acknowledgements: NA Theme: Animal prion diseases</div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The L-type BSE prion is much more virulent in primates and in humanized mice than is the classical BSE prion, which suggests the possibility of zoonotic risk associated with the L-type BSE prion</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/16/7/09-1882_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/16/7/09-1882_article</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Thus, it is imperative to maintain measures that prevent the entry of tissues from cattle possibly infected with the agent of L-BSE into the food chain.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Atypical L-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (L-BSE) transmission to cynomolgus macaques, a non-human primate</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Fumiko Ono 1, Naomi Tase, Asuka Kurosawa, Akio Hiyaoka, Atsushi Ohyama, Yukio Tezuka, Naomi Wada, Yuko Sato, Minoru Tobiume, Ken'ichi Hagiwara, Yoshio Yamakawa, Keiji Terao, Tetsutaro Sata</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Affiliations expand</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PMID: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">21266763</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A low molecular weight type of atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (L-BSE) was transmitted to two cynomolgus macaques by intracerebral inoculation of a brain homogenate of cattle with atypical BSE detected in Japan. They developed neurological signs and symptoms at 19 or 20 months post-inoculation and were euthanized 6 months after the onset of total paralysis. Both the incubation period and duration of the disease were shorter than those for experimental transmission of classical BSE (C-BSE) into macaques. Although the clinical manifestations, such as tremor, myoclonic jerking, and paralysis, were similar to those induced upon C-BSE transmission, no premonitory symptoms, such as hyperekplexia and depression, were evident. Most of the abnormal prion protein (PrP(Sc)) was confined to the tissues of the central nervous system, as determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. The PrP(Sc) glycoform that accumulated in the monkey brain showed a similar profile to that of L-BSE and consistent with that in the cattle brain used as the inoculant. PrP(Sc) staining in the cerebral cortex showed a diffuse synaptic pattern by immunohistochemistry, whereas it accumulated as fine and coarse granules and/or small plaques in the cerebellar cortex and brain stem. Severe spongiosis spread widely in the cerebral cortex, whereas florid plaques, a hallmark of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans, were observed in macaques inoculated with C-BSE but not in those inoculated with L-BSE.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21266763/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21266763/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">see full text;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.niid.go.jp/niid/images/JJID/64/81.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.niid.go.jp/niid/images/JJID/64/81.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''H-TYPE BSE AGENT IS TRANSMISSIBLE BY THE ORONASAL ROUTE''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">2023 PRION CONFERENCE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Comparing the Distribution of Ovine Classical Scrapie and Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in Italy: Spatial and Temporal Associations (2002-2014) </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aim: This study aims to investigate potential spatial and temporal associations between Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans (2010-2014) and ovine classical scrapie (CS) (2002- 2006) in Italy, serving as a proxy for exposure. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: The analysis of data at the district level revealed no significant association. However, when considering aggregated regional data, all four models consistently indicated a statistically significant positive association, suggesting a higher incidence of the disease in humans as the regional incidence of sheep scrapie increased. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: While the results are intriguing, it is important to acknowledge the inherent limitations of ecological studies. Nevertheless, these findings provide valuable evidence to formulate a hypothesis regarding the zoonotic potential of classical scrapie. Further investigations are necessary, employing specific designs such as analytical epidemiology studies, to test this hypothesis effectively. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">''Atypical BSE is different, and it generally occurs in older cattle, usually 8 years of age or greater. It seems to arise rarely and spontaneously in all cattle populations.'' FALSE! ''The primary source of infection for classical BSE is feed contaminated with the infectious prion agent, such as meat-and-bone meal containing protein derived from rendered infected cattle. Regulations from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have prohibited the inclusion of mammalian protein in feed for cattle and other ruminants since 1997 and have also prohibited high risk tissue materials in all animal feed since 2009.'' FALSE!</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">LET'S REVIEW RECENT AND PAST SCIENCE THAT SHOWS THE ABOVE TWO STATEMENTS ARE FAR FROM TRUE;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P98 The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Greenlee JJ (1), Moore SJ (1), and West Greenlee MH (2)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Virus and Prion Research Unit, Ames, IA, United States (2) Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In 2006, a case of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) was reported in a cow with a previously unreported prion protein polymorphism (E211K).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The E211K polymorphism is heritable and homologous to the E200K mutation in humans that is the most frequent PRNP mutation associated with familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Although the prevalence of the E211K polymorphism is low, cattle carrying the K211 allele develop H-type BSE with a rapid onset after experimental inoculation by the intracranial route.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the agents of H-type BSE or H-type BSE associated with the E211K polymorphism transmit to wild type cattle or cattle with the K211 allele after oronasal exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Wild type (EE211) or heterozygous (EK211) cattle were oronasally inoculated with either H-type BSE from the 2004 US Htype BSE case (n=3) or from the 2006 US H-type case associated with the E211K polymorphism (n=4) using 10% w/v brain homogenates.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Cattle were observed daily throughout the course of the experiment for the development of clinical signs.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">At approximately 50 months post-inoculation, one steer (EK211 inoculated with E211K associated H-BSE) developed clinical signs including inattentiveness, loss of body condition, weakness, ataxia, and muscle fasciculations and was euthanized.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Enzyme immunoassay confirmed that abundant misfolded protein was present in the brainstem, and immunohistochemistry demonstrated PrPSc throughout the brain.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Western blot analysis of brain tissue from the clinically affected steer was consistent with the E211K H-type BSE inoculum.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">With the experiment currently at 55 months post-inoculation, no other cattle in this study have developed clinical signs suggestive of prion disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 29, 2018</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">USDA Announces Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Detection USDA 08/29/2018 10:00 AM EDT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2018/08/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2018/08/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">O10 Zoonotic potential of atypical BSE prions: a systematic evaluation </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Marín-Moreno A (1), Espinosa JC (1), Douet JY (2), Aguilar-Calvo P (1), Píquer J (1), Lorenzo P (1), Lacroux C (2), Huor A (2), Lugan S (2), Tillier C (2), Andreoletti O (2) and Juan María Torres (1) </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, CISA-INIA, Carretera Algete-El Casar s/n, Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain.(2) UMR INRA ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, France. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) is the only zoonotic prion recognized to date. The transmission of BSE to humans caused the emergence of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD). In 2004 two new atypical prion agents were identified in cattle: H- and L- BSE prion strains. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The zoonotic potential of atypical BSE prions was assessed by inoculating three different isolates of cattle H- and L-BSE in transgenic mouse lines that overexpress the human PrP covering the three different genotypes of the aminoacid 129 (TgMet129, TgMet/Val129 and TgVal129). This polymorphism is known to be a key element involved in human resistance/susceptibility to BSE. In addition, TgMet129 and TgVal129 were challenged with one H- and L-BSE isolates adapted to sheep PrP expressing hosts to assess if intermediate passage in sheep could modify the capacity of these prions to cross the human species barrier. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our results confirm that L-BSE transmits to TgMet129 even better than epidemic BSE. However, atypical L-BSE agent was unable to infect TgVal129 or TgMet/Val129 mice, even after passage in TgMet129. No transmission was observed with H-BSE in any mice model inoculated, irrespectively of the 129 polymorphism. After passage in sheep PrP expressing host, the properties of both H and LBSE including their capacity to cross the human species barrier were dramatically affected, emerging prion strains features that resemble those of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To date, this is the more extensive and complete analysis of the zoonotic potential of atypical BSE prions. These results advise not to ignore the zoonotic potential of these agents.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P77 In vitro approach to estimate the human transmission risk of prions </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Iwamaru Y (1) Imamura M (2) Matsuura Y (1) Kohtaro Miyazawa (1) Takashi Yokoyama (3) </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1 ) National Institute of Animal Health, Prion Disease Unit, Ibaraki, Japan (2) University of Miyazaki, Division of Microbiology, Miyazaki, Japan (3) National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Planning and General Administration, Ibaraki, Japan. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorders in humans and animals. The key event in the pathogenesis of these disease is the conversion of host-encoded normal cellular prion protein (PrPC) into its pathogenic isoform (PrPSc) and its accumulation in the central nervous system. One of the characteristics of prion is the species barrier that limits the transmission between different species. Currently, bioassays using transgenic mice (Tg) overexpressing PrP of different species have become valuable tools for assessing cross species transmissibility of prions. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The recent reports describing the emergence of novel bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) from H-BSE and the transmission of chronic wasting disease to swine have generated concerns of human infections of newly identified prions. Although Tg expressing human PrP have been used to model human susceptibility to animal prions, these experiments are costly and time-consuming. In addition, the results of bioassays are influenced by the lines of transgenic mice used and the lifespan of the challenged animals. These factors are needed to be taken into account when assessing the human risk of prions. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In attempt to develop the more time- and cost-saving method for assessment of the human transmission risk of prions, we performed experiments using protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) technique to investigate whether PMCA can be compatible with bioassay. Using brain homogenates of Tg expressing bovine PrP as the PrP substrate, we optimized the versatile PMCA condition that could amplify PrPSc from cattle affected with C-, H- or L-BSE. We measured the 50% PMCA seeding activity dose and the 50% lethal dose in 1 g equivalent of C-, H- or L-BSE cattle brain tissue by using PMCA or bioassay, respectively, and assessed the correlations between these doses. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">===== </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P98 The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Greenlee JJ (1), Moore SJ (1), and West Greenlee MH (2) (1) United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Virus and Prion Research Unit, Ames, IA, United States (2) Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">reading up on this study from Prion 2018 Conference, very important findings ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***> These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2018 CONFERENCE ABSTRACT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191031195926/https://prion2018.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/program.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20191031195926/https://prion2018.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/program.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sunday, February 25, 2018</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRION ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE 2018 MAY, 22-25 A REVIEW</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">P.86: Estimating the risk of transmission of BSE and scrapie to ruminants and humans by protein misfolding cyclic amplification</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Morikazu Imamura, Naoko Tabeta, Yoshifumi Iwamaru, and Yuichi Murayama National Institute of Animal Health; Tsukuba, Japan</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To assess the risk of the transmission of ruminant prions to ruminants and humans at the molecular level, we investigated the ability of abnormal prion protein (PrPSc) of typical and atypical BSEs (L-type and H-type) and typical scrapie to convert normal prion protein (PrPC) from bovine, ovine, and human to proteinase K-resistant PrPSc-like form (PrPres) using serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA). Six rounds of serial PMCA was performed using 10% brain homogenates from transgenic mice expressing bovine, ovine or human PrPC in combination with PrPSc seed from typical and atypical BSE- or typical scrapie-infected brain homogenates from native host species. In the conventional PMCA, the conversion of PrPC to PrPres was observed only when the species of PrPC source and PrPSc seed matched. However, in the PMCA with supplements (digitonin, synthetic polyA and heparin), both bovine and ovine PrPC were converted by PrPSc from all tested prion strains. On the other hand, human PrPC was converted by PrPSc from typical and H-type BSE in this PMCA condition. Although these results were not compatible with the previous reports describing the lack of transmissibility of H-type BSE to ovine and human transgenic mice, our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">O.08: H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism: Clinical and pathologic features in wild-type and E211K cattle following intracranial inoculation</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">S Jo Moore, M Heather West Greenlee, Jodi Smith, Eric Nicholson, Cathy Vrentas, and Justin Greenlee United States Department of Agriculture; Ames, IA USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In 2006 an H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) case was reported in an animal with an unusual polymorphism (E211K) in the prion protein gene. Although the prevalence of this polymorphism is low, cattle carrying the K211 allele are predisposed to rapid onset of H-type BSE when exposed. The purpose of this study was to investigate the phenotype of this BSE strain in wild-type (E211E) and E211K heterozygous cattle. One calf carrying the wild-type allele and one E211K calf were inoculated intracranially with H-type BSE brain homogenate from the US 2006 case that also carried one K211 allelle. In addition, one wild-type calf and one E211K calf were inoculated intracranially with brain homogenate from a US 2003 classical BSE case. All animals succumbed to clinical disease. Survival times for E211K H-type BSE inoculated catttle (10 and 18 months) were shorter than the classical BSE inoculated cattle (both 26 months). Significant changes in retinal function were observed in H-type BSE challenged cattle only. Animals challenged with the same inoculum showed similar severity and neuroanatomical distribution of vacuolation and disease-associated prion protein deposition in the brain, though differences in neuropathology were observed between E211K H-type BSE and classical BSE inoculated animals. Western blot results for brain tissue from challenged animals were consistent with the inoculum strains. This study demonstrates that the phenotype of E211K H-type BSE remains stable when transmitted to cattle without the E211K polymorphism, and exhibits a number of features that differ from classical BSE in both wild-type and E211K cattle.</div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods. We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold longe incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health.</div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">''We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold longe incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases.''</span></span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human.'' </div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">THURSDAY, JULY 20, 2017 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">USDA OIE Alabama Atypical L-type BASE Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE animal feeds for ruminants rule, 21 CFR 589.200</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2017/07/usda-oie-alabama-atypical-l-type-base.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2017/07/usda-oie-alabama-atypical-l-type-base.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">2009 UPDATE ON ALABAMA AND TEXAS MAD COWS 2005 and 2006 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2006/08/bse-atypical-texas-and-alabama-update.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2006/08/bse-atypical-texas-and-alabama-update.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;">LET'S take a closer look at this new prionpathy or prionopathy, and then let's look at the g-h-BSEalabama mad cow. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This new prionopathy in humans? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">the genetic makeup is IDENTICAL to the g-h-BSE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Alabama mad cow, the only _documented_ mad cow in the world to date like this.<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">wait, it get's better. this new prionpathy is killing young and old humans, with LONG DURATION from onset of symptoms to death, and the symptoms are very similar to nvCJD victims, OH, and the plaques are very similar in some cases too, bbbut, it's not related to the g-h-BSEalabama cow, </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WAIT NOW, it gets even better, the new human prionpathy that they claim is a genetic TSE, has no relation to any gene mutation in that family. daaa, ya think it could be related to that mad cow with the same genetic make-up ??? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">there were literally tons and tons of banned mad cow protein in Alabama in commerce, and none of it transmitted to cows, and the cows to humans there from ??? r i g h t $$$ </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ALABAMA MAD COW g-h-BSEalabama </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In this study, we identified a novel mutation in the bovine prion protein gene (Prnp), called E211K, of a confirmed BSE positive cow from Alabama, United States of America. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This mutation is identical to the E200K pathogenic mutation found in humans with a genetic form of CJD. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This finding represents the first report of a confirmed case of BSE with a potential pathogenic mutation within the bovine Prnp gene. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We hypothesize that the bovine Prnp E211K mutation most likely has caused BSE in "the approximately 10-year-old cow" carrying the E221K mutation. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000156" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000156</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000156&representation=PDF" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.plospathogens.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000156&representation=PDF</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Saturday, August 14, 2010 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE Case Associated with Prion Protein Gene Mutation (g-h-BSEalabama) and VPSPr PRIONPATHY (see mad cow feed in COMMERCE IN ALABAMA...TSS) </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/2010/08/bse-case-associated-with-prion-protein.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/2010/08/bse-case-associated-with-prion-protein.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">her healthy calf also carried the mutation (J. A. Richt and S. M. Hall PLoS Pathog. 4, e1000156; 2008). This raises the possibility that the disease could occasionally be genetic in origin. Indeed, the report of the UK BSE Inquiry in 2000 suggested that the UK epidemic had most likely originated from such a mutation and argued against the scrapierelated assumption. Such rare potential pathogenic PRNP mutations could occur in countries at present considered to be free of BSE, such as Australia and New Zealand. So it is important to maintain strict surveillance for BSE in cattle, with rigorous enforcement of the ruminant feed ban (many countries still feed ruminant proteins to pigs). Removal of specified risk material, such as brain and spinal cord, from cattle at slaughter prevents infected material from entering the human food chain. Routine genetic screening of cattle for PRNP mutations, which is now available, could provide additional data on the risk to the public. Because the point mutation identified in the Alabama animals is identical to that responsible for the commonest type of familial (genetic) CJD in humans, it is possible that the resulting infective prion protein might cross the bovine-human species barrier more easily. Patients with vCJD continue to be identified. The fact that this is happening less often should not lead to relaxation of the controls necessary to prevent future outbreaks. Malcolm A. Ferguson-Smith Cambridge University Department of Veterinary Medicine, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK e-mail:maf12@cam.ac.uk Jürgen A. Richt College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, K224B Mosier Hall, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-5601, USA NATURE|Vol 457|26 February 2009</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v457/n7233/full/4571079b.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v457/n7233/full/4571079b.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Thursday, July 24, 2014 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** Protocol for further laboratory investigations into the distribution of infectivity of Atypical BSE SCIENTIFIC REPORT OF EFSA New protocol for Atypical BSE investigations </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2014/07/protocol-for-further-laboratory.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2014/07/protocol-for-further-laboratory.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 14, 2013 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Unique Properties of the Classical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Strain and Its Emergence From H-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Substantiated by VM Transmission Studies</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2013/02/unique-properties-of-classical-bovine.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2013/02/unique-properties-of-classical-bovine.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">WHAT ABOUT THAT MAD COW FEED IN ALABAMA? </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"> ----- Original Message -----</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."flounder9@VERIZON.NET</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">T o: BSE-L@aegee.org </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sent: Tuesday, June 20, 2006 9:30 AM </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALL USA Albertville, AL -- June 16, 2006 -- H.J. Baker & Bro.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">##################### Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy #####################</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALL USA Albertville, AL -- June 16, 2006 -- H.J. Baker & Bro. Date: June 20, 2006 at 6:55 am PST MAD COW FEED RECALL USA Albertville, AL -- June 16, 2006 -- H.J. Baker & Bro. Recall -- Firm Press Release</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FDA posts press releases and other notices of recalls and market withdrawals from the firms involved as a service to consumers, the media, and other interested parties. FDA does not endorse either the product or the company. This listserv covers mainly Class I (life-threatening) recalls. A complete listing of recalls can be found in the FDA Enforcement Report at:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://www.fda.gov/opacom/Enforce.html</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">HJ Baker and Bro., Inc. Announces National Recall of Three Animal Feed Products Containing Prohibited Ingredients Contact: Mark Hohnbaum 501-664-4870</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE -- Albertville, AL -- June 16, 2006 -- H.J. Baker & Bro. has announced today that in cooperation with the US Food & Drug Administration (FDA) it has begun efforts to retrieve PRO-PAK WITH PORCINE MEAT AND BONE, PRO-LAK, AND PRO-AMINO II produced at its Albertville, AL facility. These products are used as an ingredient in the manufacturing of livestock feed, including feed for dairy animals. This action is being taken to address potential risk of unintentional contamination with ruminant derived protein that may have occurred at this facility from August 2005 to June 2006.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Certain mammalian protein is prohibited for use in ruminant feed. These products were distributed in bulk or bags to feed manufacturers and dairy farms in Georgia, Kentucky, Michigan, Florida, Alabama, Tennessee, Mississippi, California, and Louisiana.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">If you have received any of these products, discontinue their use immediately. Quarantine the product so that it cannot be inadvertently used in the manufacture of feeds and contact the manufacturer at 501-664-4870 for further instructions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"All production and shipment of these products from the Albertville mill have ceased and all of our customers are being notified of the potential contamination. With the advice and support of the FDA, we were able to respond rapidly to address this matter," said Christopher Smith, President & CEO.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">H.J. Baker & Bro., Inc., headquartered in Westport, CT, has served the fertilizer and animal feed industries since the Company was founded in 1850.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">####</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FDA's Recalls, Market Withdrawals and Safety Alerts Page:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://www.fda.gov/opacom/7alerts.html</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">lets see here now, we have mad cows in Alabama, we have mad cow feed in Alabama, however JUST another spontaneous event of more BSe. ...TSS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">#################### https://lists.aegee.org/bse-l.html ####################</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: MAD COW PROTEIN IN COMMERCE USA 2006 RECALL UPDATE </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr." </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Reply-To: SAFETY </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: Mon, 9 Oct 2006 14:10:37 -050</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALL USA SEPT 6, 2006 1961.72 TONS IN COMMERCE AL, TN, AND WV </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: September 6, 2006 at 7:58 am PST</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRODUCT a) EVSRC Custom dairy feed, Recall # V-130-6; b) Performance Chick Starter, Recall # V-131-6; c) Performance Quail Grower, Recall # V-132-6; d) Performance Pheasant Finisher, Recall # V-133-6. CODE None RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Donaldson & Hasenbein/dba J&R Feed Service, Inc., Cullman, AL, by telephone on June 23, 2006 and by letter dated July 19, 2006. Firm initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">REASON Dairy and poultry feeds were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 477.72 tons DISTRIBUTION AL</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">______________________________</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRODUCT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">a) Dairy feed, custom, Recall # V-134-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">b) Custom Dairy Feed with Monensin, Recall # V-135-6.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CODE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">None. Bulk product</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Recalling Firm: Burkmann Feed, Greeneville, TN, by Telephone beginning on June 28, 2006. Manufacturer: H. J. Baker & Bro., Inc., Albertville, AL. Firm initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">REASON</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Possible contamination of dairy feeds with ruminant derived meat and bone meal.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1,484 tons</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DISTRIBUTION</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TN and WV</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061008072115/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20061008072115/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALLS ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 9, 2006 KY, LA, MS, AL, GA, AND TN 11,000+ TONS </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: August 16, 2006 at 9:19 am PST RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE - CLASS II</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRODUCT Bulk custom made dairy feed, Recall # V-115-6<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CODE None</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Hiseville Feed & Seed Co., Hiseville, KY, by telephone and letter on or about July 14, 2006. FDA initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">REASON Custom made feeds contain ingredient called Pro-Lak which may contain ruminant derived meat and bone meal.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Approximately 2,223 tons</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DISTRIBUTION</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">KY</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">______________________________</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRODUCT Bulk custom made dairy feed, Recall # V-116-6</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CODE None</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Rips Farm Center, Tollesboro, KY, by telephone and letter on July 14, 2006. FDA initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">REASON Custom made feeds contain ingredient called Pro-Lak which may contain ruminant derived meat and bone meal.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 1,220 tons</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DISTRIBUTION KY</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">______________________________</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRODUCT Bulk custom made dairy feed, Recall # V-117-6</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CODE None</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Kentwood Co-op, Kentwood, LA, by telephone on June 27, 2006. FDA initiated recall is completed.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">REASON Possible contamination of animal feed ingredients, including ingredients that are used in feed for dairy animals, with ruminant derived meat and bone meal.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 40 tons</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DISTRIBUTION LA and MS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">______________________________</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRODUCT Bulk Dairy Feed, Recall V-118-6</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CODE None</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Cal Maine Foods, Inc., Edwards, MS, by telephone on June 26, 2006. FDA initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">REASON Possible contamination of animal feed ingredients, including ingredients that are used in feed for dairy animals, with ruminant derived meat and bone meal.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 7,150 tons</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DISTRIBUTION MS </div><div style="outline: none !important;">______________________________</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRODUCT Bulk custom dairy pre-mixes, Recall # V-119-6</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CODE None</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Walthall County Co-op, Tylertown, MS, by telephone on June 26, 2006. Firm initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">REASON Possible contamination of dairy animal feeds with ruminant derived meat and bone meal.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 87 tons</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DISTRIBUTION MS </div><div style="outline: none !important;">______________________________</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRODUCT Bulk custom dairy pre-mixes, Recall # V-120-6</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CODE None</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Ware Milling Inc., Houston, MS, by telephone on June 23, 2006. Firm initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">REASON Possible contamination of dairy animal feeds with ruminant derived meat and bone meal.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 350 tons</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DISTRIBUTION AL and MS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">______________________________</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRODUCT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">a) Tucker Milling, LLC Tm 32% Sinking Fish Grower, #2680-Pellet, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-121-6; b) Tucker Milling, LLC #31120, Game Bird Breeder Pellet, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-122-6; c) Tucker Milling, LLC #31232 Game Bird Grower, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-123-6; d) Tucker Milling, LLC 31227-Crumble, Game Bird Starter, BMD Medicated, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-124-6; e) Tucker Milling, LLC #31120, Game Bird Breeder, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-125-6; f) Tucker Milling, LLC #30230, 30 % Turkey Starter, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-126-6; g) Tucker Milling, LLC #30116, TM Broiler Finisher, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-127-6</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CODE All products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/20/2006</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Recalling Firm: Tucker Milling LLC, Guntersville, AL, by telephone and visit on June 20, 2006, and by letter on June 23, 2006. Manufacturer: H. J. Baker and Brothers Inc., Stamford, CT. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">REASON Poultry and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein were not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 7,541-50 lb bags</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DISTRIBUTION AL, GA, MS, and TN</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 9, 2006</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">###</div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070223174152/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20070223174152/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MAD COW FEED RECALL USA EQUALS 10,878.06 TONS NATIONWIDE Sun Jul 16, 2006 09:22 71.248.128.67</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">______________________________</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRODUCT </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">a) PRO-LAK, bulk weight, Protein Concentrate for Lactating Dairy Animals, Recall # V-079-6; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">b) ProAmino II, FOR PREFRESH AND LACTATING COWS, net weight 50lb (22.6 kg), Recall # V-080-6; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">c) PRO-PAK, MARINE & ANIMAL PROTEIN CONCENTRATE FOR USE IN ANIMAL FEED, Recall # V-081-6; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">d) Feather Meal, Recall # V-082-6 CODE </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">a) Bulk </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">b) None </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">c) Bulk </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">d) Bulk </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER H. J. Baker & Bro., Inc., Albertville, AL, by telephone on June 15, 2006 and by press release on June 16, 2006. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">REASON Possible contamination of animal feeds with ruminant derived meat and bone meal.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 10,878.06 tons</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DISTRIBUTION Nationwide</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR July 12, 2006</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">###</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html <br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060821195901/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20060821195901/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Saturday, August 14, 2010 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE Case Associated with Prion Protein Gene Mutation (g-h-BSEalabama) and VPSPr PRIONPATHY </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(see mad cow feed in COMMERCE IN ALABAMA...TSS) </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/2010/08/bse-case-associated-with-prion-protein.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/2010/08/bse-case-associated-with-prion-protein.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2009 UPDATE ON ALABAMA AND TEXAS MAD COWS 2005 and 2006 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2006/08/bse-atypical-texas-and-alabama-update.html</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://prionopathy.blogspot.com/2012/03/variably-protease-sensitve-prionopathy.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://prionopathy.blogspot.com/2012/03/variably-protease-sensitve-prionopathy.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">look at the table and you'll see that as little as 1 mg (or 0.001 gm) caused 7% (1 of 14) of the cows to come down with BSE;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Risk of oral infection with bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent in primates </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Corinne Ida Lasmézas, Emmanuel Comoy, Stephen Hawkins, Christian Herzog, Franck Mouthon, Timm Konold, Frédéric Auvré, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra-Etchegaray, Nicole Salès, Gerald Wells, Paul Brown, Jean-Philippe Deslys </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Summary The uncertain extent of human exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)--which can lead to variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)--is compounded by incomplete knowledge about the efficiency of oral infection and the magnitude of any bovine-to-human biological barrier to transmission. We therefore investigated oral transmission of BSE to non-human primates. We gave two macaques a 5 g oral dose of brain homogenate from a BSE-infected cow. One macaque developed vCJD-like neurological disease 60 months after exposure, whereas the other remained free of disease at 76 months. On the basis of these findings and data from other studies, we made a preliminary estimate of the food exposure risk for man, which provides additional assurance that existing public health measures can prevent transmission of BSE to man.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE bovine brain inoculum 100 g 10 g 5 g 1 g 100 mg 10 mg 1 mg 0·1 mg 0·01 mg Primate (oral route)* 1/2 (50%) Cattle (oral route)* 10/10 (100%) 7/9 (78%) 7/10 (70%) 3/15 (20%) 1/15 (7%) 1/15 (7%) RIII mice (ic ip route)* 17/18 (94%) 15/17 (88%) 1/14 (7%) PrPres biochemical detection The comparison is made on the basis of calibration of the bovine inoculum used in our study with primates against a bovine brain inoculum with a similar PrPres concentration that was inoculated into mice and cattle.8 *Data are number of animals positive/number of animals surviving at the time of clinical onset of disease in the first positive animal (%). The accuracy of bioassays is generally judged to be about plus or minus 1 log. ic ip=intracerebral and intraperitoneal. Table 1: Comparison of transmission rates in primates and cattle infected orally with similar BSE brain inocula</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published online January 27, 2005</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15733719/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15733719/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Summary</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The uncertain extent of human exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)—which can lead to variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)—is compounded by incomplete knowledge about the efficiency of oral infection and the magnitude of any bovine-to-human biological barrier to transmission. We therefore investigated oral transmission of BSE to non-human primates. We gave two macaques a 5 g oral dose of brain homogenate from a BSE-infected cow. One macaque developed vCJD-like neurological disease 60 months after exposure, whereas the other remained free of disease at 76 months. On the basis of these findings and data from other studies, we made a preliminary estimate of the food exposure risk for man, which provides additional assurance that existing public health measures can prevent transmission of BSE to man.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published online January 27, 2005 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">http://image.thelancet.com/extras/05let1056web.pdf </div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231205053917/https://www.thelancet.com/pb-assets/Lancet/extras/05let1056web.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20231205053917/https://www.thelancet.com/pb-assets/Lancet/extras/05let1056web.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It is clear that the designing scientists must also have shared Mr Bradley's surprise at the results because all the dose levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002904/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002904/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2) Infectious dose:<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To cattle: less than or equal to 1 gram of infected brain material (by oral ingestion)</div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/sci/bio/bseesbe.shtml" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/sci/bio/bseesbe.shtml</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051127055414/http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/sci/bio/bseesbe.shtml" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20051127055414/http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/sci/bio/bseesbe.shtml</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P02.35</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Molecular Features of the Protease-resistant Prion Protein (PrPres) in H-type BSE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Biacabe, A-G1; Jacobs, JG2; Gavier-Widén, D3; Vulin, J1; Langeveld, JPM2; Baron, TGM1 1AFSSA, France; 2CIDC-Lelystad, Netherlands; 3SVA, Sweden</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Western blot analyses of PrPres accumulating in the brain of BSE-infected cattle have demonstrated 3 different molecular phenotypes regarding to the apparent molecular masses and glycoform ratios of PrPres bands. We initially described isolates (H-type BSE) essentially characterized by higher PrPres molecular mass and decreased levels of the diglycosylated PrPres band, in contrast to the classical type of BSE. This type is also distinct from another BSE phenotype named L-type BSE, or also BASE (for Bovine Amyloid Spongiform Encephalopathy), mainly characterized by a low representation of the diglycosylated PrPres band as well as a lower PrPres molecular mass. Retrospective molecular studies in France of all available BSE cases older than 8 years old and of part of the other cases identified since the beginning of the exhaustive surveillance of the disease in 20001 allowed to identify 7 H-type BSE cases, among 594 BSE cases that could be classified as classical, L- or H-type BSE. By Western blot analysis of H-type PrPres, we described a remarkable specific feature with antibodies raised against the C-terminal region of PrP that demonstrated the existence of a more C-terminal cleaved form of PrPres (named PrPres#2 ), in addition to the usual PrPres form (PrPres #1). In the unglycosylated form, PrPres #2 migrates at about 14 kDa, compared to 20 kDa for PrPres #1. The proportion of the PrPres#2 in cattle seems to by higher compared to the PrPres#1. Furthermore another PK-resistant fragment at about 7 kDa was detected by some more N-terminal antibodies and presumed to be the result of cleavages of both N- and C-terminal parts of PrP. These singular features were maintained after transmission of the disease to C57Bl/6 mice. The identification of these two additional PrPres fragments (PrPres #2 and 7kDa band) reminds features reported respectively in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker (GSS) syndrome in humans. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2007/abstract_book.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2007/abstract_book.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">https://web.archive.org/web/20140722084143/http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2007/abstract_book.pdf</span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Monday, November 13, 2023</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) Singeltary Another Request for Update 2023</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://fdabse589.blogspot.com/2023/11/food-and-drug-administrations-bse-feed.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://fdabse589.blogspot.com/2023/11/food-and-drug-administrations-bse-feed.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PLEASE NOTE, USDA ET AL ONLY TESTING <25k CATTLE FOR MAD COW DISEASE, woefully inadequate, yet USDA just documented a case Atypical L-Type BSE, the most virulent strain to date...</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Monday, May 22, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">***> BSE TSE Prion MAD COW TESTING IN THE USA COMPARED TO OTHER COUNTRIES? </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2023/05/bse-tse-prion-mad-cow-testing-in-usa.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2023/05/bse-tse-prion-mad-cow-testing-in-usa.html</a> </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Wednesday, May 24, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">***> WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, United States of America Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Immediate notification<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/5067" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/5067</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html</a></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/125/wahis-woah-oie-immediate-notification" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/125/wahis-woah-oie-immediate-notification</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">SATURDAY, MAY 20, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">***> Tennessee State Veterinarian Alerts Cattle Owners to Disease Detection Mad Cow atypical L-Type BSE<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/05/tennessee-state-veterinarian-alerts.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/05/tennessee-state-veterinarian-alerts.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/123/tennessee-veterinarian-alerts-cattle-confirmed" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/123/tennessee-veterinarian-alerts-cattle-confirmed</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div>MAY 19, 2023</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/newsroom/stakeholder-info/sa_by_date/sa-2023/bse" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/newsroom/stakeholder-info/sa_by_date/sa-2023/bse</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">2 weeks before the announcement of this recent mad cow case in the USA, i submitted this to the APHIS et al;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">***> APPRX. 2 weeks before the recent mad cow case was confirmed in the USA, in Tennessee, atypical L-Type BSE, I submitted this to the APHIS et al;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Document APHIS-2023-0027-0001 BSE Singeltary Comment Submission May 2, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''said 'burden' cost, will be a heavy burden to bear, if we fail with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion disease, that is why this information collection is so critical''...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 08, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ireland Atypical BSE confirmed November 3 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/11/ireland-atypical-bse-confirmed-november.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/11/ireland-atypical-bse-confirmed-november.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 14, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ireland Atypical BSE case, 3 progeny of case cow to be culled </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/11/ireland-atypical-bse-case-3-progeny-of.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/11/ireland-atypical-bse-case-3-progeny-of.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SUNDAY, JULY 16, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Switzerland Atypical BSE detected in a cow in the canton of St. Gallen </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/07/switzerland-atypical-bse-detected-in.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/07/switzerland-atypical-bse-detected-in.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, REPORT Switzerland Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical L-Type</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Switzerland Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical L-Type</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Switzerland - Bovine spongiform encephalopathy - Immediate notification</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4962" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4962</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2020/02/switzerland-oie-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2020/02/switzerland-oie-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Monday, March 20, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, REPORT United Kingdom Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical H-Type </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4977" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4977</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/single-case-of-atypical-bse-confirmed-on-a-farm-in-cornwall" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.gov.uk/government/news/single-case-of-atypical-bse-confirmed-on-a-farm-in-cornwall</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BRAZIL BSE START DATE 2023/01/18</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BRAZIL BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/22</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BRAZIL BSE END DATE 2023/03/03</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4918" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4918</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/06/brazil-reports-another-cases-of-mad-cow.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/06/brazil-reports-another-cases-of-mad-cow.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SPAIN BSE START DATE 2023/01/21</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SPAIN BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/03</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SPAIN BSE END DATE 2023/02/06</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4888</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/02/spain-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/02/spain-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">NETHERLANDS BSE START DATE 2023/02/01</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">NETHERLANDS BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/01</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">NETHERLANDS BSE END DATE 2023/03/13</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4876" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4876</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/02/netherlands-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/02/netherlands-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PLEASE NOTE, USDA ET AL ONLY TESTING <25k CATTLE FOR MAD COW DISEASE, woefully inadequate, yet USDA just documented a case Atypical L-Type BSE, the most virulent strain to date...</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Monday, May 22, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">***> BSE TSE Prion MAD COW TESTING IN THE USA COMPARED TO OTHER COUNTRIES? </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2023/05/bse-tse-prion-mad-cow-testing-in-usa.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2023/05/bse-tse-prion-mad-cow-testing-in-usa.html</a> </div></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Wednesday, May 24, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">***> WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, United States of America Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Immediate notification<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/5067" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/5067</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html</a></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/125/wahis-woah-oie-immediate-notification" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/125/wahis-woah-oie-immediate-notification</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 9, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">EFSA Annual Report of the Scientific Network on BSE-TSE 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2023/11/efsa-annual-report-of-scientific.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2023/11/efsa-annual-report-of-scientific.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Annual Report of the Scientific Network on BSE-TSE 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">European Food Safety Authority (EFSA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">APPROVED: 25 October 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2023.EN-8386" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2023.EN-8386</a></div></div></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, DECEMBER 22, 2023</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The Mad Cow That Stole Christmas, 20 Years Later</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2023/12/the-mad-cow-that-stole-christmas-23.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2023/12/the-mad-cow-that-stole-christmas-23.html</a></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33182925.post-35727347512202201812023-11-14T11:33:00.004-06:002023-11-14T11:33:53.727-06:00Ireland Atypical BSE case, 3 progeny of case cow to be culled<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Ireland Atypical BSE case, 3 progeny of case cow to be culled</span></p><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Atypical BSE case: 3 progeny of case cow to be culled</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">November 14, 2023 9:21 am</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Atypical BSE case: 3 progeny of case cow to be culled</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Three progeny animals of the 10-year-old cow in which a case of atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) was confirmed have been identified and will be culled, the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine confirmed.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The department said that EU regulations require the identification and culling of these progeny.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The EU regulation in question – which lays down rules for the prevention, control, and eradication of certain transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) – does not distinguish between atypical BSE and classic BSE where the requirement to identify progeny is concerned.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The regulation requires all progeny born to a cow with BSE in the two years prior to, or two years after, clinical onset of the disease to be identified.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The department confirmed last week that beef exports to China were suspended after tests confirmed a case of atypical BSE.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The department said that the animal in question was a 10-and-a-half-year-old cow and was identified during the department’s on-going systematic surveillance of fallen animals at knackeries.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The animal did not enter the food or feed chain and there are no public health risks associated with this occurrence.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The department subsequently confirmed that, following the identification of this atypical BSE case, three progeny animals of the case animal were identified and restricted immediately on the department’s Animal Identification and Movement (AIM) and animal health systems.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">“In accordance with EU regulations, these animals will be culled and disposed of outside the food and feed chains and arrangements are being made in that regard currently,” the department said in a statement.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">“These animals pose no public or animal health risk,” the statement added.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">The department went on to reiterate: “Atypical BSE is recognised as being a sporadic spontaneous disease at a very low level in the bovine population.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">“All atypical BSE cases identified in Ireland have been single sporadic cases. It is testament to the effectiveness of the routine surveillance system in place in Ireland that his case was identified,” the department said.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.agriland.ie/farming-news/atypical-bse-case-3-progeny-of-case-cow-identified-and-culled/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.agriland.ie/farming-news/atypical-bse-case-3-progeny-of-case-cow-identified-and-culled/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Ireland Atypical BSE confirmed November 3 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Beef exports to China suspended after case of Atypical BSE discovered in Irish cow</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE, commonly called Mad Cow Disease, comes in two forms, Classical BSE and Atypical BSE.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BEEF EXPORTS TO China have been suspended after a case of Atypical BSE was detected during the testing of a cow in Ireland last Friday, the Department of Agriculture has said. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Department said that the decision was made by China and that the lifting of the suspension was at the discretion of the Chinese authorities. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy), commonly called Mad Cow Disease, comes in two forms, Classical BSE and Atypical BSE.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Classical BSE occurs when cows eat contaminated feed while the Atypical form is thought to occur spontaneously in bovine herds, according to the World Organisation for Animal Health This was the first Atypical BSE case detected in Ireland since 2020, the Department told The Journal. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In statement the Department said the animal did not enter the food or feed chain and that no health risks were associated with the detected case. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“Tests carried out at the Department’s Central Veterinary Research Laboratory confirmed a case of “atypical BSE” on 3 November. The animal in question was a 10 and a half year old cow and was identified during the Department’s on-going systematic surveillance of ‘fallen’ animals at ‘knackeries’. “The animal did not enter the food or feed chain and there are no public health risks associated with this occurrence. Atypical BSE is a rare spontaneous event that may occur in any bovine population. It is not related to feed contamination.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Department also said that the detection of such a case “does not impact on trade generally” but that Chinese protocols mean exports have been paused. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“The protocol with China requires exports to be suspended pending submission and assessment of the epidemiological report,” the Department said.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“Therefore exports of beef to China are now temporarily suspended. The timeframe for resumption is a matter for the Chinese authorities.” </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Department also said that the detection of this case is an example of the testing system working.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“Ireland’s BSE controls are robust and effective and consistent with legal requirements and best international practice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“The discovery of this case exemplifies the strength of Ireland’s controls and surveillance system; demonstrable proof that our food and feed safety controls are effective,” the statement read. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Beef is a major Irish export. Over 90% of Irish beef is sold abroad and the Government has just conducted a visit to South Korea, during which beef trade was a key topic on the agenda.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Reacting to the announcement this evening, the Irish Farmers’ Association’s Livestock Chair Brendan Golden said suspension of access to the Chinese market was disappointing but it must be resolved quickly.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Golden said: “Given that we had only recently regained access, it’s a setback that we could do without.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Golden added that he hopes, once the case is reviewed by Chinese Authorities, there will be no delay in getting exports to the region restored. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Beef exports to China suspended after case of Atypical BSE discovered in Irish cow</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE, commonly called Mad Cow Disease, comes in two forms, Classical BSE and Atypical BSE.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BEEF EXPORTS TO China have been suspended after a case of Atypical BSE was detected during the testing of a cow in Ireland last Friday, the Department of Agriculture has said. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Department said that the decision was made by China and that the lifting of the suspension was at the discretion of the Chinese authorities. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy), commonly called Mad Cow Disease, comes in two forms, Classical BSE and Atypical BSE.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Classical BSE occurs when cows eat contaminated feed while the Atypical form is thought to occur spontaneously in bovine herds, according to the World Organisation for Animal Health This was the first Atypical BSE case detected in Ireland since 2020, the Department told The Journal. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In statement the Department said the animal did not enter the food or feed chain and that no health risks were associated with the detected case. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“Tests carried out at the Department’s Central Veterinary Research Laboratory confirmed a case of “atypical BSE” on 3 November. The animal in question was a 10 and a half year old cow and was identified during the Department’s on-going systematic surveillance of ‘fallen’ animals at ‘knackeries’. “The animal did not enter the food or feed chain and there are no public health risks associated with this occurrence. Atypical BSE is a rare spontaneous event that may occur in any bovine population. It is not related to feed contamination.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Department also said that the detection of such a case “does not impact on trade generally” but that Chinese protocols mean exports have been paused. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“The protocol with China requires exports to be suspended pending submission and assessment of the epidemiological report,” the Department said.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“Therefore exports of beef to China are now temporarily suspended. The timeframe for resumption is a matter for the Chinese authorities.” </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Department also said that the detection of this case is an example of the testing system working.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“Ireland’s BSE controls are robust and effective and consistent with legal requirements and best international practice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“The discovery of this case exemplifies the strength of Ireland’s controls and surveillance system; demonstrable proof that our food and feed safety controls are effective,” the statement read. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Beef is a major Irish export. Over 90% of Irish beef is sold abroad and the Government has just conducted a visit to South Korea, during which beef trade was a key topic on the agenda.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Reacting to the announcement this evening, the Irish Farmers’ Association’s Livestock Chair Brendan Golden said suspension of access to the Chinese market was disappointing but it must be resolved quickly.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Golden said: “Given that we had only recently regained access, it’s a setback that we could do without.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Golden added that he hopes, once the case is reviewed by Chinese Authorities, there will be no delay in getting exports to the region restored. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.thejournal.ie/beef-exports-to-china-suspended-bse-case-irish-cow-6217270-Nov2023/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.thejournal.ie/beef-exports-to-china-suspended-bse-case-irish-cow-6217270-Nov2023/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 08, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Ireland Atypical BSE confirmed November 3 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/11/ireland-atypical-bse-confirmed-november.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/11/ireland-atypical-bse-confirmed-november.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''The department went on to reiterate: “Atypical BSE is recognised as being a sporadic spontaneous disease at a very low level in the bovine population.''<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">THERE IS NOT A SHRED OF EVIDENCE THAT THE ATYPICAL BSE CASES ARE A SPONTANEOUS EVENT, AND IF THERE WERE, THAT WOULD BE THE WORST NIGHTMARE.</span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">ON THE CONTRARY, ATYPICAL BSE TRANSMIT BY ORAL ROUTES TO CATTLE. THIS SPONTANEOUS ATYPICAL BSE EVENTS HAVE SURE BEEN HAPPENING A LOT LATELY...terry</span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">TUESDAY, MAY 26, 2020 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Ireland OIE Atypical BSE H-type </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2020/05/ireland-oie-atypical-bse-h-type.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2020/05/ireland-oie-atypical-bse-h-type.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Atypical BSE cases in Ireland: neurological signs, brain histopathology and Tissue distribution of PrPres</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sebas6an Alessandro Mignacca, Ann Sharpe, Emma Curley, Semsa Omerovic, Cisca Kimbembe, Máire McElroy Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine - Pathology Division, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In Ireland, six atypical BSE cases, five H-type (H-1 to -5) and one L-type, have been confirmed up to May 2023. Herein, the neurological characteris6cs, brain histopathology, topographical distribu6on, and signal intensity of PrPres are described.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Material and Methods:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">All cases were iden6fied through ac6ve surveillance. Clinical history was retrieved from the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine archives. Whole brains/brainstems of H-type animals, and the L-type, and selected peripheral 6ssues of L-type were further studied by histopathology, immunohistochemistry (IHC - MAb F89) and immunoblotting (APHA BioRad TeSeE Hybrid). Investigations on PrPres distribution on the H-5 are in progress.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">All animals were beef-breed females, aged between 11 – 18 years-old. They had vague clinical histories of depression, inappetence, incoordination, and recumbency, lasting 2-4 days. In the L-type and in H-5 intermittent signs lasted 2 and 6 weeks, respectively. H-2 was a healthy slaughtered animal. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Among the suitable obices for histopathology (H-1, -2 and -5), and the whole brain of H-5, vacuolation was only detected in H-5. Positive immunostaining was detected at the obex for H-1, in medulla, thalamus, cerebellum for H-2, and at all levels of the brain for H-3 and H-5. In the fallen H-type cases, immunoblot and Idexx EIA were consistently strong in all brain levels. In the healthy slaughter animal, PrPres levels were lower in cerebellum and cerebral cortex. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">L-type showed inconclusive histopathological changes at obex, whilst neuropil vacuolation was most marked in thalamus and midbrain. PrPres was detected by IHC, immunoblotting and Idexx EIA at all levels of the brain and spinal cord, and immunoblotting only in the op6c nerve and re6na.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Clinical courses were short and non-specific. PrPres intensity in all cases were generally high at all levels of the brain tested including the obex, the official target area for BSE surveillance. A</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgements: Colleagues in Regional Veterinary Laboratories for collec6ng the brain material. Colleagues in TSE Division and DVOs for clinical information on cases</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: Transmission of atypical BSE: a possible origin of Classical BSE in cattle</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Authors: Sandor Dudas1, Samuel James Sharpe1, Kristina Santiago-Mateo1, Stefanie Czub1, Waqas Tahir1,2, *</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Affiliation: 1National and WOAH reference Laboratory for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, Canadian Food inspection Agency, Lethbridge Laboratory, Lethbridge, Canada. 2Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*Corresponding and Presenting Author: waqas.tahir@inspection.gc.ca</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background: Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease of cattle and is categorized into classical and atypical forms. Classical BSE (CBSE) is linked to the consumption of BSE contaminated feed whereas atypical BSE is considered to be spontaneous in origin. The potential for oral transmission of atypical BSE is yet to be clearly defined.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: To assess the oral transmissibility of atypical BSE (H and L type) in cattle. Should transmission be successful, determine the biochemical characteristics and distribution of PrPSc in the challenge cattle.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Material and Methods: For oral transmission, calves were fed with 100 g of either H (n=3) or L BSE (n=3) positive brain material. Two years post challenge, 1 calf from each of the H and L BSE challenge groups exhibited behavioural signs and were euthanized. Various brain regions of both animals were tested by traditional and novel prion detection methods with inconclusive results. To detect infectivity, brain homogenates from these oral challenge animals (P1) were injected intra-cranially (IC) into steer calves. Upon clinical signs of BSE, 3/4 of IC challenged steer calves were euthanized and tested for PrPSc with ELISA, immunohistochemistry and immunoblot.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: After 6 years of incubation, 3/4 animals (2/2 steers IC challenged with brain from P1 L-BSE oral challenge and 1/2 steer IC challenged with brain from P1 H-BSE oral challenge) developed clinical disease. Analysis of these animals revealed high levels of PrPSc in their brains, having biochemical properties similar to that of PrPSc in C-BSE.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusion: These results demonstrate the oral transmission potential of atypical BSE in cattle. Surprisingly, regardless of which atypical type of BSE was used for P1 oral challenge, PrPSc in the P2 animals acquired biochemical characteristics similar to that of PrPSc in C-BSE, suggesting atypical BSE as a possible origin of C-BSE in UK.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Presentation Type: Oral Presentation</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: CFIA, Health Canada, Alberta Livestock and Meat Agency, Alberta Prion Research Institute</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grant Number: ALMA/APRI: 201400006, HC 414250</div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">'Spontaneous mutation'<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">***> PLEASE NOTE!</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">spontaneous/sporadic CJD in 85%+ of all human TSE, or spontaneous BSE in cattle, is a pipe dream, dreamed up by USDA/OIE et al, that has never been proven. let me repeat, NEVER BEEN PROVEN FOR ALL HUMAN OR ANIMAL TSE I.E. ATYPICAL BSE OR SPORADIC CJD! please see;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">OIE Conclusions on transmissibility of atypical BSE among cattle</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Given that cattle have been successfully infected by the oral route, at least for L-BSE, it is reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle are exposed to contaminated feed. In addition, based on reports of atypical BSE from several countries that have not had C-BSE, it appears likely that atypical BSE would arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence in old cattle. In the presence of livestock industry practices that would allow it to be recycled in the cattle feed chain, it is likely that some level of exposure and transmission may occur. As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Annex 7 (contd) AHG on BSE risk assessment and surveillance/March 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">34 Scientific Commission/September 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3. Atypical BSE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Group discussed and endorsed with minor revisions an overview of relevant literature on the risk of atypical BSE being recycled in a cattle population and its zoonotic potential that had been prepared ahead of the meeting by one expert from the Group. This overview is provided as Appendix IV and its main conclusions are outlined below. With regard to the risk of recycling of atypical BSE, recently published research confirmed that the L-type BSE prion (a type of atypical BSE prion) may be orally transmitted to calves1 . In light of this evidence, and the likelihood that atypical BSE could arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence, the Group was of the opinion that it would be reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle were to be exposed to contaminated feed. Therefore, the recycling of atypical strains in cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">4. Definitions of meat-and-bone meal (MBM) and greaves</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">The L-type BSE prion is much more virulent in primates and in humanized mice than is the classical BSE prion, which suggests the possibility of zoonotic risk associated with the L-type BSE prion<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/16/7/09-1882_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/16/7/09-1882_article</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Thus, it is imperative to maintain measures that prevent the entry of tissues from cattle possibly infected with the agent of L-BSE into the food chain.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Atypical L-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (L-BSE) transmission to cynomolgus macaques, a non-human primate</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Fumiko Ono 1, Naomi Tase, Asuka Kurosawa, Akio Hiyaoka, Atsushi Ohyama, Yukio Tezuka, Naomi Wada, Yuko Sato, Minoru Tobiume, Ken'ichi Hagiwara, Yoshio Yamakawa, Keiji Terao, Tetsutaro Sata</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Affiliations expand</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PMID: 21266763</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A low molecular weight type of atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (L-BSE) was transmitted to two cynomolgus macaques by intracerebral inoculation of a brain homogenate of cattle with atypical BSE detected in Japan. They developed neurological signs and symptoms at 19 or 20 months post-inoculation and were euthanized 6 months after the onset of total paralysis. Both the incubation period and duration of the disease were shorter than those for experimental transmission of classical BSE (C-BSE) into macaques. Although the clinical manifestations, such as tremor, myoclonic jerking, and paralysis, were similar to those induced upon C-BSE transmission, no premonitory symptoms, such as hyperekplexia and depression, were evident. Most of the abnormal prion protein (PrP(Sc)) was confined to the tissues of the central nervous system, as determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. The PrP(Sc) glycoform that accumulated in the monkey brain showed a similar profile to that of L-BSE and consistent with that in the cattle brain used as the inoculant. PrP(Sc) staining in the cerebral cortex showed a diffuse synaptic pattern by immunohistochemistry, whereas it accumulated as fine and coarse granules and/or small plaques in the cerebellar cortex and brain stem. Severe spongiosis spread widely in the cerebral cortex, whereas florid plaques, a hallmark of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans, were observed in macaques inoculated with C-BSE but not in those inoculated with L-BSE.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21266763/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21266763/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">see full text;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.niid.go.jp/niid/images/JJID/64/81.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.niid.go.jp/niid/images/JJID/64/81.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''H-TYPE BSE AGENT IS TRANSMISSIBLE BY THE ORONASAL ROUTE''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Wednesday, May 24, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, United States of America Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Immediate notification<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, MAY 19, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">USDA Announces Atypical L-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE Detection<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2023/05/usda-announces-atypical-l-type-bovine.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2023/05/usda-announces-atypical-l-type-bovine.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div></div><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/122/announces-atypical-bovine-spongiform-encephalopa" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/122/announces-atypical-bovine-spongiform-encephalopa</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">SATURDAY, MAY 20, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Tennessee State Veterinarian Alerts Cattle Owners to Disease Detection Mad Cow atypical L-Type BSE<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/05/tennessee-state-veterinarian-alerts.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/05/tennessee-state-veterinarian-alerts.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/123/tennessee-veterinarian-alerts-cattle-confirmed" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/123/tennessee-veterinarian-alerts-cattle-confirmed</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">RECENT MAD COW CASES</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Monday, March 20, 2023 <br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, REPORT United Kingdom Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical H-Type </div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4977" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4977</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/single-case-of-atypical-bse-confirmed-on-a-farm-in-cornwall" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.gov.uk/government/news/single-case-of-atypical-bse-confirmed-on-a-farm-in-cornwall</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html</a></div></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, REPORT Switzerland Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical L-Type</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Switzerland Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical L-Type</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Switzerland - Bovine spongiform encephalopathy - Immediate notification</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4962" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4962</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BRAZIL BSE START DATE 2023/01/18</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BRAZIL BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/22</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BRAZIL BSE END DATE 2023/03/03</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4918" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4918</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SPAIN BSE START DATE 2023/01/21</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SPAIN BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/03</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SPAIN BSE END DATE 2023/02/06</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4888</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">NETHERLANDS BSE START DATE 2023/02/01</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">NETHERLANDS BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/01</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">NETHERLANDS BSE END DATE 2023/03/13</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4876" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4876</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">The European Union summary report on surveillance for the presence of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) in 2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">30 November 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Approved: 3 November 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Metadata</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">EFSA Journal 2022;20(11):7655</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7655" rel="nofollow" style="color: #473624; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7655</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Keywords: TSE, BSE, CWD, scrapie, classical, atypical, surveillance</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">On request from: European Commission Question Number: EFSA‐Q‐2021‐00765</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Contact: zoonoses@efsa.europa.eu</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This report presents the results of surveillance on transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) in cattle, sheep, goats, cervids and other species, and genotyping in sheep and goats, carried out in 2021 by 27 Member States (MS, EU27), the United Kingdom (in respect of Northern Ireland) (XI), and eight other non‐EU reporting countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Iceland, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Norway, Serbia, Switzerland and Turkey. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In total, 1,021,252 cattle were tested by EU27 and XI (−9%, compared with 2020 when data from the United Kingdom were not restricted to Northern Ireland), and 66,121 cattle by eight non‐EU reporting countries, </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">with two cases of H‐BSE in France and Spain, and four L‐BSE in France (2), Germany and Spain. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In total, 311,174 sheep and 118,457 goats were tested in the EU27 and XI (−6.4% and −1.8%, respectively, compared to 2020 when data from the whole United Kingdom were considered). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In sheep, 551 cases of scrapie were reported by 17 MS and XI: 448 classical scrapie (CS) by six MS [80 index cases (IC) with genotypes of susceptible groups in 97% of the cases], 103 atypical scrapie (AS) (96 IC) by 13 MS and XI. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the other non‐EU reporting countries, 27,594 sheep were tested with 55 CS and 1 AS in Iceland and 8 AS in Norway. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ovine random genotyping was reported by nine MS and genotypes of susceptible groups accounted for 7.9%. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In goats, 224 cases of scrapie were reported by six EU MS: 219 CS (30 IC) by six MS, and five AS (5 IC) by three MS. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In total, 5,854 cervids were tested for chronic wasting disease by eight MS; all resulted negative. Norway tested 21,670 cervids with two moose and one red deer positive. In total, 149 animals from four other species tested negative in Finland and Turkey.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">© European Food Safety Authority</div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/7655" rel="nofollow" style="color: #473624; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/7655</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">see full text;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7655" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7655</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: Transmission of atypical BSE: a possible origin of Classical BSE in cattle </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Authors: Sandor Dudas1, Samuel James Sharpe1, Kristina Santiago-Mateo1, Stefanie Czub1, Waqas Tahir1,2, * Affiliation: 1National and WOAH reference Laboratory for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, Canadian Food inspection Agency, Lethbridge Laboratory, Lethbridge, Canada. 2Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada. *Corresponding and Presenting Author: waqas.tahir@inspection.gc.ca </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background: Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease of cattle and is categorized into classical and atypical forms. Classical BSE (CBSE) is linked to the consumption of BSE contaminated feed whereas atypical BSE is considered to be spontaneous in origin. The potential for oral transmission of atypical BSE is yet to be clearly defined. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: To assess the oral transmissibility of atypical BSE (H and L type) in cattle. Should transmission be successful, determine the biochemical characteristics and distribution of PrPSc in the challenge cattle. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Material and Methods: For oral transmission, calves were fed with 100 g of either H (n=3) or L BSE (n=3) positive brain material. Two years post challenge, 1 calf from each of the H and L BSE challenge groups exhibited behavioural signs and were euthanized. Various brain regions of both animals were tested by traditional and novel prion detection methods with inconclusive results. To detect infectivity, brain homogenates from these oral challenge animals (P1) were injected intra-cranially (IC) into steer calves. Upon clinical signs of BSE, 3/4 of IC challenged steer calves were euthanized and tested for PrPSc with ELISA, immunohistochemistry and immunoblot. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: After 6 years of incubation, 3/4 animals (2/2 steers IC challenged with brain from P1 L-BSE oral challenge and 1/2 steer IC challenged with brain from P1 H-BSE oral challenge) developed clinical disease. Analysis of these animals revealed high levels of PrPSc in their brains, having biochemical properties similar to that of PrPSc in C-BSE. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusion: These results demonstrate the oral transmission potential of atypical BSE in cattle. Surprisingly, regardless of which atypical type of BSE was used for P1 oral challenge, PrPSc in the P2 animals acquired biochemical characteristics similar to that of PrPSc in C-BSE, suggesting atypical BSE as a possible origin of C-BSE in UK. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Presentation Type: Oral Presentation Funded by: CFIA, Health Canada, Alberta Livestock and Meat Agency, Alberta Prion Research Institute </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grant Number: ALMA/APRI: 201400006, HC 414250</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Acknowledgement: TSE unit NCAD, Lethbridge (Jianmin Yang, Sarah Bogart, Rachana Muley, Yuanmu Fang, Keri Colwell, Renee Anderson, John Gray, Rakhi Katoch) (CFIA, Canada), Dr. Catherine Graham (NSDA, Canada), Dr. Michel Levy (UCVM, Canada), Dr. Martin Groschup (FLI, Germany), Dr. Christine Fast (FLI, Germany), Dr. Bob Hills (Health Canada, Canada) Theme: Animal prion diseases</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">"<span style="outline: none !important;">After 6 years of incubation, 3/4 animals (2/2 steers IC challenged with brain from P1 L-BSE oral challenge and 1/2 steer IC challenged with brain from P1 H-BSE oral challenge) developed clinical disease. Analysis of these animals revealed high levels of PrPSc in their brains, having biochemical properties similar to that of PrPSc in C-BSE. "</span></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Molecular phenotype shift after passage of low-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (L-BSE). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Zoe J. Lambert, M. Heather West Greenlee, Jifeng Bian, Justin J. Greenlee Ames, USA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims: The purpose of this study is to compare the molecular phenotypes of L-BSE in wild type cattle and cattle with the E211K polymorphism to samples of other cattle TSEs, such as classical BSE (C-BSE), hightype BSE (H-BSE), and transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Materials and Methods: Two wild type cattle (EE211 PRNP) and one steer with the E211K polymorphism (EK211) were intracranially inoculated with 1 mL of brain homogenate that originated from a 2005 French L-BSE case. Multiple assays were used to compare and differentiate tissues, including enzyme immunoassay, western blot (Sha31, 12B2, SAF84), stability (Sha31), and immunohistochemistry (F99/97). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Approximately 16.6 months post-inoculation, Steer 6 (EK211 L-BSE) developed neurologic signs, including agitation, difficulty eating accompanied by weight loss, head tremor, ataxia, and fasciculations in the forelimbs, and was necropsied. Enzyme immunoassays demonstrated misfolded prion protein in the brainstem (4.0 O.D) but not in peripheral tissues, such as the retropharyngeal lymph node and palatine tonsil. When compared by western blot, the molecular phenotype of the brainstem of Steer 6 (EK211 L-BSE) is higher than that of wildtype cattle inoculated with L-BSE, requiring careful differentiation from C-BSE. Ongoing mouse studies in bovinized mice (K211 and TgBov) will provide data to compare to all other BSE strains available, including L-BSE, C-BSE, H-BSE, E211K H-BSE, and TME. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions: Further study of L-BSE in EK211 cattle with a higher molecular phenotype in the brainstem may give more insight into the origin of C-BSE. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Funded by: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. This research was supported in part by an appointment to the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Research Participation Program administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) through an interagency agreement between the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). ORISE is managed by ORAU under DOE contract number DE-SC0014664. All opinions expressed in this paper are the author’s and do not necessarily reflect the policies and views of USDA, ARS, DOE, or ORAU/ORISE. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Grant number: DOE contract number DE-SC0014664 Acknowledgements: NA Theme: Animal prion diseases</div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">=====end</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Monday, November 13, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) Singeltary Another Request for Update 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://fdabse589.blogspot.com/2023/11/food-and-drug-administrations-bse-feed.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://fdabse589.blogspot.com/2023/11/food-and-drug-administrations-bse-feed.html</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Professor John Collinge on tackling prion diseases, sCJD accounts for around 1 in 5000 deaths worldwide</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 11, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Professor John Collinge on tackling prion diseases “The best-known human prion disease is sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), a rapidly progressive dementia which accounts for around 1 in 5000 deaths worldwide.” There is accumulating evidence also for iatrogenic AD. Understanding prion biology, and in particular how propagation of prions leads to neurodegeneration, is therefore of central research importance in medicine.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/brain-sciences/dementia-ucl-priority/professor-john-collinge-tackling-prion-diseases" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ucl.ac.uk/brain-sciences/dementia-ucl-priority/professor-john-collinge-tackling-prion-diseases</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html</a></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></span></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33182925.post-91274641544795704962023-11-08T10:21:00.002-06:002023-11-08T10:29:07.244-06:00Ireland Atypical BSE confirmed November 3 2023<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Ireland Atypical BSE confirmed November 3 2023</span></p><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Beef exports to China suspended after case of Atypical BSE discovered in Irish cow</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">BSE, commonly called Mad Cow Disease, comes in two forms, Classical BSE and Atypical BSE.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">BEEF EXPORTS TO China have been suspended after a case of Atypical BSE was detected during the testing of a cow in Ireland last Friday, the Department of Agriculture has said. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">The Department said that the decision was made by China and that the lifting of the suspension was at the discretion of the Chinese authorities. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">BSE (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy), commonly called Mad Cow Disease, comes in two forms, Classical BSE and Atypical BSE.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Classical BSE occurs when cows eat contaminated feed while the Atypical form is thought to occur spontaneously in bovine herds, according to the World Organisation for Animal Health This was the first Atypical BSE case detected in Ireland since 2020, the Department told The Journal. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">In statement the Department said the animal did not enter the food or feed chain and that no health risks were associated with the detected case. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">“Tests carried out at the Department’s Central Veterinary Research Laboratory confirmed a case of “atypical BSE” on 3 November. The animal in question was a 10 and a half year old cow and was identified during the Department’s on-going systematic surveillance of ‘fallen’ animals at ‘knackeries’. “The animal did not enter the food or feed chain and there are no public health risks associated with this occurrence. Atypical BSE is a rare spontaneous event that may occur in any bovine population. It is not related to feed contamination.”</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">The Department also said that the detection of such a case “does not impact on trade generally” but that Chinese protocols mean exports have been paused. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">“The protocol with China requires exports to be suspended pending submission and assessment of the epidemiological report,” the Department said.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">“Therefore exports of beef to China are now temporarily suspended. The timeframe for resumption is a matter for the Chinese authorities.” </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">The Department also said that the detection of this case is an example of the testing system working.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">“Ireland’s BSE controls are robust and effective and consistent with legal requirements and best international practice.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">“The discovery of this case exemplifies the strength of Ireland’s controls and surveillance system; demonstrable proof that our food and feed safety controls are effective,” the statement read. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Beef is a major Irish export. Over 90% of Irish beef is sold abroad and the Government has just conducted a visit to South Korea, during which beef trade was a key topic on the agenda.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Reacting to the announcement this evening, the Irish Farmers’ Association’s Livestock Chair Brendan Golden said suspension of access to the Chinese market was disappointing but it must be resolved quickly.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Golden said: “Given that we had only recently regained access, it’s a setback that we could do without.”</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">Golden added that he hopes, once the case is reviewed by Chinese Authorities, there will be no delay in getting exports to the region restored. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Beef exports to China suspended after case of Atypical BSE discovered in Irish cow</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">BSE, commonly called Mad Cow Disease, comes in two forms, Classical BSE and Atypical BSE.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">BEEF EXPORTS TO China have been suspended after a case of Atypical BSE was detected during the testing of a cow in Ireland last Friday, the Department of Agriculture has said. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The Department said that the decision was made by China and that the lifting of the suspension was at the discretion of the Chinese authorities. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">BSE (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy), commonly called Mad Cow Disease, comes in two forms, Classical BSE and Atypical BSE.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Classical BSE occurs when cows eat contaminated feed while the Atypical form is thought to occur spontaneously in bovine herds, according to the World Organisation for Animal Health This was the first Atypical BSE case detected in Ireland since 2020, the Department told The Journal. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In statement the Department said the animal did not enter the food or feed chain and that no health risks were associated with the detected case. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">“Tests carried out at the Department’s Central Veterinary Research Laboratory confirmed a case of “atypical BSE” on 3 November. The animal in question was a 10 and a half year old cow and was identified during the Department’s on-going systematic surveillance of ‘fallen’ animals at ‘knackeries’. “The animal did not enter the food or feed chain and there are no public health risks associated with this occurrence. Atypical BSE is a rare spontaneous event that may occur in any bovine population. It is not related to feed contamination.”</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The Department also said that the detection of such a case “does not impact on trade generally” but that Chinese protocols mean exports have been paused. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">“The protocol with China requires exports to be suspended pending submission and assessment of the epidemiological report,” the Department said.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">“Therefore exports of beef to China are now temporarily suspended. The timeframe for resumption is a matter for the Chinese authorities.” </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The Department also said that the detection of this case is an example of the testing system working.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">“Ireland’s BSE controls are robust and effective and consistent with legal requirements and best international practice.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">“The discovery of this case exemplifies the strength of Ireland’s controls and surveillance system; demonstrable proof that our food and feed safety controls are effective,” the statement read. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Beef is a major Irish export. Over 90% of Irish beef is sold abroad and the Government has just conducted a visit to South Korea, during which beef trade was a key topic on the agenda.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Reacting to the announcement this evening, the Irish Farmers’ Association’s Livestock Chair Brendan Golden said suspension of access to the Chinese market was disappointing but it must be resolved quickly.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Golden said: “Given that we had only recently regained access, it’s a setback that we could do without.”</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Golden added that he hopes, once the case is reviewed by Chinese Authorities, there will be no delay in getting exports to the region restored. </div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://www.thejournal.ie/beef-exports-to-china-suspended-bse-case-irish-cow-6217270-Nov2023/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.thejournal.ie/beef-exports-to-china-suspended-bse-case-irish-cow-6217270-Nov2023/</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;">“Classical BSE occurs when cows eat contaminated feed while the Atypical form is thought to occur spontaneously in bovine herds, according to the World Organisation for Animal Health”</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.gov.ie/en/search/?type=press_releases&organisation=department-of-agriculture-food-and-the-marine">https://www.gov.ie/en/search/?type=press_releases&organisation=department-of-agriculture-food-and-the-marine</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br /></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Ministers McConalogue and Heydon announce the resumption of beef exports to China From Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Published on 5 January 2023</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Last updated on 10 January 2023</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> Minister for Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Charlie McConalogue, and Minister of State Martin Heydon today announced the resumption of Irish beef exports to China.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Beef shipments to China were suspended following the confirmation in May 2020 by the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine of an isolated case of atypical BSE. This isolated case was detected by the department’s surveillance programme, did not enter the food chain and posed no risk to human health. Atypical BSE occurs naturally and sporadically in all cattle populations at a very low rate and is not considered a public health risk.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Nevertheless, beef exports were immediately suspended as a precautionary measure in line with the bilateral protocol on the trade agreed with the General Administration of Customs of China (GACC).</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Minister McConalogue stated:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">“Negotiating the resumption of beef access has been a top priority for my department over the last two and a half years. Together with colleagues in the Embassy of Ireland in Beijing, my officials have been in ongoing contact with the Chinese authorities since the start of the suspension. They provided the necessary technical information for evaluation by Chinese experts. Earlier this year, as a result of my communication with my counterpart in charge of GACC, our officials engaged in further bilateral talks to finalise the restoration of beef access based on scientific principles.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">“Ireland’s reputation as an exporter of high-quality beef worldwide hinges on its compliance with stringent animal health and food safety standards. As a major food exporter, we are always very conscious of the concerns of our customers. China’s decision to resume Irish beef imports on the same conditions as before represents a clear vote of confidence in the output of our beef sector.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">“This decision is a great vote of confidence in our beef sector and our committed suckler and beef farmers who produce a world class product. I look forward to seeing the value of the Chinese market grow in the time ahead to reward the efforts of everyone involved.”</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Minister of State Martin Heydon, whose responsibilities include market development, hailed today’s news as a positive development for the Irish beef sector.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Minister Heydon said:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">“We will continue to work with the Chinese authorities to maintain and enhance our access to the Chinese market for Irish food and drink. I know that Bord Bia will soon set in motion a programme of promotions to allow exporters capitalise on the opportunities offered by this announcement. Prior to the suspension, overall Irish beef exports to China were on an upward trajectory and I am confident that we can quickly regain momentum and market share there.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">“I want to recognise the role of Ireland’s Ambassador to China, Dr Ann Derwin, the current and previous agricultural attachés, and all the team at the Embassy of Ireland in Beijing for their efforts in presenting at every opportunity a reasoned case on the safety of Irish beef exports. I also want to acknowledge the work of Bord Bia Shanghai in communicating the quality and sustainability of Irish beef to key trade customers in China.”</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Notes There are two types of BSE: classical BSE which occurs through the consumption of contaminated feed, and atypical BSE which is believed to occur in all cattle populations at a very low rate and which have only been identified in older cattle. Ireland is internationally recognised as having the lowest possible risk status for BSE. The negligible risk designation in May 2021 by the World Organisation of Animal Health (WOAH), which sets trading standards for animals and animal products, provided independent verification of the effectiveness of Ireland’s control system for BSE.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">After several years of negotiations, Ireland secured access for the export of frozen boneless beef to China in April 2018. Exports grew steadily until May 2020 when shipments were suspended in line with the sanitary agreement governing the beef trade with China. Irish beef exports to China, including Hong Kong which operates as a special administrative region with different market access rules, were worth €45 million in 2021, down from exports of €96 million in 2019.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.gov.ie/en/press-release/ddcb7-ministers-mcconalogue-and-heydon-announce-the-resumption-of-beef-exports-to-china/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.gov.ie/en/press-release/ddcb7-ministers-mcconalogue-and-heydon-announce-the-resumption-of-beef-exports-to-china/</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">TUESDAY, MAY 26, 2020 </span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><span style="outline: none;">Ireland OIE Atypical BSE H-type </span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2020/05/ireland-oie-atypical-bse-h-type.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2020/05/ireland-oie-atypical-bse-h-type.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Atypical BSE cases in Ireland: neurological signs, brain histopathology and Tissue distribution of PrPres</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Sebas6an Alessandro Mignacca, Ann Sharpe, Emma Curley, Semsa Omerovic, Cisca Kimbembe, Máire McElroy Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine - Pathology Division, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aims:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In Ireland, six atypical BSE cases, five H-type (H-1 to -5) and one L-type, have been confirmed up to May 2023. Herein, the neurological characteristics, brain histopathology, topographical distribution, and signal intensity of PrPres are described.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Material and Methods:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">All cases were identified through active surveillance. Clinical history was retrieved from the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine archives. Whole brains/brainstems of H-type animals, and the L-type, and selected peripheral tissues of L-type were further studied by histopathology, immunohistochemistry (IHC - MAb F89) and immunoblotting (APHA BioRad TeSeE Hybrid). Investigations on PrPres distribution on the H-5 are in progress.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">All animals were beef-breed females, aged between 11 – 18 years-old. They had vague clinical histories of depression, inappetence, incoordination, and recumbency, lasting 2-4 days. In the L-type and in H-5 intermittent signs lasted 2 and 6 weeks, respectively. H-2 was a healthy slaughtered animal. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Among the suitable obices for histopathology (H-1, -2 and -5), and the whole brain of H-5, vacuolation was only detected in H-5. Positive immunostaining was detected at the obex for H-1, in medulla, thalamus, cerebellum for H-2, and at all levels of the brain for H-3 and H-5. In the fallen H-type cases, immunoblot and Idexx EIA were consistently strong in all brain levels. In the healthy slaughter animal, PrPres levels were lower in cerebellum and cerebral cortex. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">L-type showed inconclusive histopathological changes at obex, whilst neuropil vacuolation was most marked in thalamus and midbrain. PrPres was detected by IHC, immunoblotting and Idexx EIA at all levels of the brain and spinal cord, and immunoblotting only in the optic nerve and retina.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Clinical courses were short and non-specific. PrPres intensity in all cases were generally high at all levels of the brain tested including the obex, the official target area for BSE surveillance. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Acknowledgements: Colleagues in Regional Veterinary Laboratories for collec6ng the brain material. Colleagues in TSE Division and DVOs for clinical information on cases</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Title: Transmission of atypical BSE: a possible origin of Classical BSE in cattle</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Authors: Sandor Dudas1, Samuel James Sharpe1, Kristina Santiago-Mateo1, Stefanie Czub1, Waqas Tahir1,2, *</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Affiliation: 1National and WOAH reference Laboratory for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, Canadian Food inspection Agency, Lethbridge Laboratory, Lethbridge, Canada. 2Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">*Corresponding and Presenting Author: waqas.tahir@inspection.gc.ca</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Background: Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease of cattle and is categorized into classical and atypical forms. Classical BSE (CBSE) is linked to the consumption of BSE contaminated feed whereas atypical BSE is considered to be spontaneous in origin. The potential for oral transmission of atypical BSE is yet to be clearly defined.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aims: To assess the oral transmissibility of atypical BSE (H and L type) in cattle. Should transmission be successful, determine the biochemical characteristics and distribution of PrPSc in the challenge cattle.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Material and Methods: For oral transmission, calves were fed with 100 g of either H (n=3) or L BSE (n=3) positive brain material. Two years post challenge, 1 calf from each of the H and L BSE challenge groups exhibited behavioural signs and were euthanized. Various brain regions of both animals were tested by traditional and novel prion detection methods with inconclusive results. To detect infectivity, brain homogenates from these oral challenge animals (P1) were injected intra-cranially (IC) into steer calves. Upon clinical signs of BSE, 3/4 of IC challenged steer calves were euthanized and tested for PrPSc with ELISA, immunohistochemistry and immunoblot.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results: After 6 years of incubation, 3/4 animals (2/2 steers IC challenged with brain from P1 L-BSE oral challenge and 1/2 steer IC challenged with brain from P1 H-BSE oral challenge) developed clinical disease. Analysis of these animals revealed high levels of PrPSc in their brains, having biochemical properties similar to that of PrPSc in C-BSE.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusion: These results demonstrate the oral transmission potential of atypical BSE in cattle. Surprisingly, regardless of which atypical type of BSE was used for P1 oral challenge, PrPSc in the P2 animals acquired biochemical characteristics similar to that of PrPSc in C-BSE, suggesting atypical BSE as a possible origin of C-BSE in UK.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Presentation Type: Oral Presentation</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Funded by: CFIA, Health Canada, Alberta Livestock and Meat Agency, Alberta Prion Research Institute</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Grant Number: ALMA/APRI: 201400006, HC 414250</div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">'Spontaneous mutation'<br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">***> PLEASE NOTE!</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">spontaneous/sporadic CJD in 85%+ of all human TSE, or spontaneous BSE in cattle, is a pipe dream, dreamed up by USDA/OIE et al, that has never been proven. let me repeat, NEVER BEEN PROVEN FOR ALL HUMAN OR ANIMAL TSE I.E. ATYPICAL BSE OR SPORADIC CJD! please see;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">OIE Conclusions on transmissibility of atypical BSE among cattle</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Given that cattle have been successfully infected by the oral route, at least for L-BSE, it is reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle are exposed to contaminated feed. In addition, based on reports of atypical BSE from several countries that have not had C-BSE, it appears likely that atypical BSE would arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence in old cattle. In the presence of livestock industry practices that would allow it to be recycled in the cattle feed chain, it is likely that some level of exposure and transmission may occur. As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Annex 7 (contd) AHG on BSE risk assessment and surveillance/March 2019</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">34 Scientific Commission/September 2019</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">3. Atypical BSE</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">The Group discussed and endorsed with minor revisions an overview of relevant literature on the risk of atypical BSE being recycled in a cattle population and its zoonotic potential that had been prepared ahead of the meeting by one expert from the Group. This overview is provided as Appendix IV and its main conclusions are outlined below. With regard to the risk of recycling of atypical BSE, recently published research confirmed that the L-type BSE prion (a type of atypical BSE prion) may be orally transmitted to calves1 . In light of this evidence, and the likelihood that atypical BSE could arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence, the Group was of the opinion that it would be reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle were to be exposed to contaminated feed. Therefore, the recycling of atypical strains in cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">4. Definitions of meat-and-bone meal (MBM) and greaves</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">The L-type BSE prion is much more virulent in primates and in humanized mice than is the classical BSE prion, which suggests the possibility of zoonotic risk associated with the L-type BSE prion<br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/16/7/09-1882_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/16/7/09-1882_article</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Thus, it is imperative to maintain measures that prevent the entry of tissues from cattle possibly infected with the agent of L-BSE into the food chain.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Atypical L-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (L-BSE) transmission to cynomolgus macaques, a non-human primate</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Fumiko Ono 1, Naomi Tase, Asuka Kurosawa, Akio Hiyaoka, Atsushi Ohyama, Yukio Tezuka, Naomi Wada, Yuko Sato, Minoru Tobiume, Ken'ichi Hagiwara, Yoshio Yamakawa, Keiji Terao, Tetsutaro Sata</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Affiliations expand</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">PMID: 21266763</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">A low molecular weight type of atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (L-BSE) was transmitted to two cynomolgus macaques by intracerebral inoculation of a brain homogenate of cattle with atypical BSE detected in Japan. They developed neurological signs and symptoms at 19 or 20 months post-inoculation and were euthanized 6 months after the onset of total paralysis. Both the incubation period and duration of the disease were shorter than those for experimental transmission of classical BSE (C-BSE) into macaques. Although the clinical manifestations, such as tremor, myoclonic jerking, and paralysis, were similar to those induced upon C-BSE transmission, no premonitory symptoms, such as hyperekplexia and depression, were evident. Most of the abnormal prion protein (PrP(Sc)) was confined to the tissues of the central nervous system, as determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. The PrP(Sc) glycoform that accumulated in the monkey brain showed a similar profile to that of L-BSE and consistent with that in the cattle brain used as the inoculant. PrP(Sc) staining in the cerebral cortex showed a diffuse synaptic pattern by immunohistochemistry, whereas it accumulated as fine and coarse granules and/or small plaques in the cerebellar cortex and brain stem. Severe spongiosis spread widely in the cerebral cortex, whereas florid plaques, a hallmark of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans, were observed in macaques inoculated with C-BSE but not in those inoculated with L-BSE.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21266763/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21266763/</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">see full text;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.niid.go.jp/niid/images/JJID/64/81.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.niid.go.jp/niid/images/JJID/64/81.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">''H-TYPE BSE AGENT IS TRANSMISSIBLE BY THE ORONASAL ROUTE''</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin USA?, what if?</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Title: Sheep are susceptible to the agent of TME by intracranial inoculation and have evidence of infectivity in lymphoid tissues</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Author item CASSMANN, ERIC - Oak Ridge Institute For Science And Education (ORISE) item MOORE, SARA - Oak Ridge Institute For Science And Education (ORISE) item SMITH, JODI - Iowa State University item Greenlee, Justin </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Submitted to: Frontiers in Veterinary Science Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 11/14/2019 Publication Date: 11/29/2019 Citation: Cassmann, E.D., Moore, S.J., Smith, J.D., Greenlee, J.J. 2019. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Sheep are susceptible to the agent of TME by intracranial inoculation and have evidence of infectivity in lymphoid tissues. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 6:430. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00430. DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00430" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00430</a> </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Interpretive Summary: Prion diseases are protein misfolding diseases that are transmissible between animals. The outcome of prion infection is irreversible brain damage and death. Transmission can occur between animals of the same or different species, however, transmission between different species is usually less efficient due to the species barrier, which results from differences in the amino acid sequence of the prion protein between the donor and recipient species. The present work evaluated whether transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) can infect sheep. Our results demonstrate that sheep are susceptible to the TME agent and that the TME agent has similar properties to the agent of L-type atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (L-BSE). This work supports the ideas that L-BSE is a possible source for TME in mink and that the practice of feeding cattle with neurologic disease to mink should be avoided. This information is important to farmers who raise cattle, sheep, or mink.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Technical Abstract: Transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) is a food borne prion disease. Epidemiological and experimental evidence suggests similarities between the agent of TME and L-BSE. This experiment demonstrates the susceptibility of four different genotypes of sheep to the agent of TME by intracranial inoculation. The four genotypes of sheep used in this experiment had polymorphisms corresponding to codons 136 and 171 of the prion gene: VV136QQ171, AV136QQ171, AA136QQ171, and AA136QR171. All intracranially inoculated sheep without comorbidities (15/15) developed clinical scrapie and had detectable PrPSc by immunohistochemistry, western blot, and enzyme immunoassay (EIA). The mean incubation periods in TME infected sheep correlated with their relative genotypic susceptibility. There was peripheral distribution of PrPSc in the trigeminal ganglion and neuromuscular spindles; however, unlike classical scrapie and C-BSE in sheep, ovine TME did not accumulate in the lymphoid tissue. To rule out the presence of infectious, but proteinase K susceptible PrPSc, the lymph nodes of two sheep genotypes, VV136QQ171 and AA136QQ171, were bioassayed in transgenic ovinized mice. None of the mice (0/32) inoculated by the intraperitoneal route had detectable PrPSc by EIA. Interestingly, mice intracranially inoculated with RPLN tissue from a VV136QQ171 sheep were EIA positive (3/17) indicating that sheep inoculated with TME harbor infectivity in their lymph nodes. Western blot analysis demonstrated similarities in the migration patterns between ovine TME and the bovine TME inoculum. Overall, these results demonstrate that sheep are susceptible to the agent of TME, and that the tissue distribution of PrPSc in TME infected sheep is distinct from classical scrapie.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=363305" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=363305</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=360665" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=360665</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=373668" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=373668</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Previous work has shown that the Stetsonville, WI outbreak of TME could have been precipitated by feeding mink a downer cow with atypical BSE; therefore, it very well may have originated from a cow with L-BSE. The agent of TME appears to remain stable, and it has a high transmission efficiency after a sequence of interspecies transmission events. Although C-BSE is the archetypal foodborne TSE, our findings indicate that L-BSE and bTME have greater transmission efficiencies in bovinized mice. Previous work has demonstrated that L-BSE also is more virulent than C-BSE in mice expressing the human prion protein [46, 55]. Although the documented incidence of L-BSE is low, the propensity of L-BSE and the TME agent to cross species barriers support the continued monitoring for atypical BSE.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-020-02611-0" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-020-02611-0</a></div></div></div></div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Wednesday, May 24, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, United States of America Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Immediate notification<br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">FRIDAY, MAY 19, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">USDA Announces Atypical L-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE Detection<br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2023/05/usda-announces-atypical-l-type-bovine.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2023/05/usda-announces-atypical-l-type-bovine.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"> </div></div><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/122/announces-atypical-bovine-spongiform-encephalopa" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/122/announces-atypical-bovine-spongiform-encephalopa</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">SATURDAY, MAY 20, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Tennessee State Veterinarian Alerts Cattle Owners to Disease Detection Mad Cow atypical L-Type BSE<br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/05/tennessee-state-veterinarian-alerts.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/05/tennessee-state-veterinarian-alerts.html</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/123/tennessee-veterinarian-alerts-cattle-confirmed" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/123/tennessee-veterinarian-alerts-cattle-confirmed</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">RECENT MAD COW CASES</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;">Monday, March 20, 2023 <br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, REPORT United Kingdom Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical H-Type </div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4977" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4977</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/single-case-of-atypical-bse-confirmed-on-a-farm-in-cornwall" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.gov.uk/government/news/single-case-of-atypical-bse-confirmed-on-a-farm-in-cornwall</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html</a></div></div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, REPORT Switzerland Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical L-Type</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Switzerland Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical L-Type</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Switzerland - Bovine spongiform encephalopathy - Immediate notification</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4962" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4962</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">BRAZIL BSE START DATE 2023/01/18</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">BRAZIL BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/22</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">BRAZIL BSE END DATE 2023/03/03</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4918" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4918</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SPAIN BSE START DATE 2023/01/21</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SPAIN BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/03</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">SPAIN BSE END DATE 2023/02/06</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4888</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">NETHERLANDS BSE START DATE 2023/02/01</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">NETHERLANDS BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/01</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">NETHERLANDS BSE END DATE 2023/03/13</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4876" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4876</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">The European Union summary report on surveillance for the presence of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) in 2021</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Published:</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">30 November 2022</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Approved: 3 November 2022</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Metadata</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">EFSA Journal 2022;20(11):7655</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7655" rel="nofollow" style="color: #473624; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7655</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Keywords: TSE, BSE, CWD, scrapie, classical, atypical, surveillance</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">On request from: European Commission Question Number: EFSA‐Q‐2021‐00765</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Contact: zoonoses@efsa.europa.eu</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">This report presents the results of surveillance on transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) in cattle, sheep, goats, cervids and other species, and genotyping in sheep and goats, carried out in 2021 by 27 Member States (MS, EU27), the United Kingdom (in respect of Northern Ireland) (XI), and eight other non‐EU reporting countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Iceland, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Norway, Serbia, Switzerland and Turkey. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In total, 1,021,252 cattle were tested by EU27 and XI (−9%, compared with 2020 when data from the United Kingdom were not restricted to Northern Ireland), and 66,121 cattle by eight non‐EU reporting countries, </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">with two cases of H‐BSE in France and Spain, and four L‐BSE in France (2), Germany and Spain. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In total, 311,174 sheep and 118,457 goats were tested in the EU27 and XI (−6.4% and −1.8%, respectively, compared to 2020 when data from the whole United Kingdom were considered). </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In sheep, 551 cases of scrapie were reported by 17 MS and XI: 448 classical scrapie (CS) by six MS [80 index cases (IC) with genotypes of susceptible groups in 97% of the cases], 103 atypical scrapie (AS) (96 IC) by 13 MS and XI. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In the other non‐EU reporting countries, 27,594 sheep were tested with 55 CS and 1 AS in Iceland and 8 AS in Norway. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Ovine random genotyping was reported by nine MS and genotypes of susceptible groups accounted for 7.9%. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In goats, 224 cases of scrapie were reported by six EU MS: 219 CS (30 IC) by six MS, and five AS (5 IC) by three MS. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">In total, 5,854 cervids were tested for chronic wasting disease by eight MS; all resulted negative. Norway tested 21,670 cervids with two moose and one red deer positive. In total, 149 animals from four other species tested negative in Finland and Turkey.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">© European Food Safety Authority</div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/7655" rel="nofollow" style="color: #473624; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/7655</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">see full text;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7655" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7655</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Title: Transmission of atypical BSE: a possible origin of Classical BSE in cattle </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Authors: Sandor Dudas1, Samuel James Sharpe1, Kristina Santiago-Mateo1, Stefanie Czub1, Waqas Tahir1,2, * Affiliation: 1National and WOAH reference Laboratory for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, Canadian Food inspection Agency, Lethbridge Laboratory, Lethbridge, Canada. 2Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada. *Corresponding and Presenting Author: waqas.tahir@inspection.gc.ca </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Background: Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease of cattle and is categorized into classical and atypical forms. Classical BSE (CBSE) is linked to the consumption of BSE contaminated feed whereas atypical BSE is considered to be spontaneous in origin. The potential for oral transmission of atypical BSE is yet to be clearly defined. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aims: To assess the oral transmissibility of atypical BSE (H and L type) in cattle. Should transmission be successful, determine the biochemical characteristics and distribution of PrPSc in the challenge cattle. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Material and Methods: For oral transmission, calves were fed with 100 g of either H (n=3) or L BSE (n=3) positive brain material. Two years post challenge, 1 calf from each of the H and L BSE challenge groups exhibited behavioural signs and were euthanized. Various brain regions of both animals were tested by traditional and novel prion detection methods with inconclusive results. To detect infectivity, brain homogenates from these oral challenge animals (P1) were injected intra-cranially (IC) into steer calves. Upon clinical signs of BSE, 3/4 of IC challenged steer calves were euthanized and tested for PrPSc with ELISA, immunohistochemistry and immunoblot. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results: After 6 years of incubation, 3/4 animals (2/2 steers IC challenged with brain from P1 L-BSE oral challenge and 1/2 steer IC challenged with brain from P1 H-BSE oral challenge) developed clinical disease. Analysis of these animals revealed high levels of PrPSc in their brains, having biochemical properties similar to that of PrPSc in C-BSE. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusion: These results demonstrate the oral transmission potential of atypical BSE in cattle. Surprisingly, regardless of which atypical type of BSE was used for P1 oral challenge, PrPSc in the P2 animals acquired biochemical characteristics similar to that of PrPSc in C-BSE, suggesting atypical BSE as a possible origin of C-BSE in UK. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Presentation Type: Oral Presentation Funded by: CFIA, Health Canada, Alberta Livestock and Meat Agency, Alberta Prion Research Institute </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Grant Number: ALMA/APRI: 201400006, HC 414250</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Acknowledgement: TSE unit NCAD, Lethbridge (Jianmin Yang, Sarah Bogart, Rachana Muley, Yuanmu Fang, Keri Colwell, Renee Anderson, John Gray, Rakhi Katoch) (CFIA, Canada), Dr. Catherine Graham (NSDA, Canada), Dr. Michel Levy (UCVM, Canada), Dr. Martin Groschup (FLI, Germany), Dr. Christine Fast (FLI, Germany), Dr. Bob Hills (Health Canada, Canada) Theme: Animal prion diseases</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">"<span style="outline: none;">After 6 years of incubation, 3/4 animals (2/2 steers IC challenged with brain from P1 L-BSE oral challenge and 1/2 steer IC challenged with brain from P1 H-BSE oral challenge) developed clinical disease. Analysis of these animals revealed high levels of PrPSc in their brains, having biochemical properties similar to that of PrPSc in C-BSE. "</span></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">=====end</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="http://https//prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Molecular phenotype shift after passage of low-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (L-BSE). </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Zoe J. Lambert, M. Heather West Greenlee, Jifeng Bian, Justin J. Greenlee Ames, USA </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Aims: The purpose of this study is to compare the molecular phenotypes of L-BSE in wild type cattle and cattle with the E211K polymorphism to samples of other cattle TSEs, such as classical BSE (C-BSE), hightype BSE (H-BSE), and transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME). </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Materials and Methods: Two wild type cattle (EE211 PRNP) and one steer with the E211K polymorphism (EK211) were intracranially inoculated with 1 mL of brain homogenate that originated from a 2005 French L-BSE case. Multiple assays were used to compare and differentiate tissues, including enzyme immunoassay, western blot (Sha31, 12B2, SAF84), stability (Sha31), and immunohistochemistry (F99/97). </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Results: Approximately 16.6 months post-inoculation, Steer 6 (EK211 L-BSE) developed neurologic signs, including agitation, difficulty eating accompanied by weight loss, head tremor, ataxia, and fasciculations in the forelimbs, and was necropsied. Enzyme immunoassays demonstrated misfolded prion protein in the brainstem (4.0 O.D) but not in peripheral tissues, such as the retropharyngeal lymph node and palatine tonsil. When compared by western blot, the molecular phenotype of the brainstem of Steer 6 (EK211 L-BSE) is higher than that of wildtype cattle inoculated with L-BSE, requiring careful differentiation from C-BSE. Ongoing mouse studies in bovinized mice (K211 and TgBov) will provide data to compare to all other BSE strains available, including L-BSE, C-BSE, H-BSE, E211K H-BSE, and TME. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Conclusions: Further study of L-BSE in EK211 cattle with a higher molecular phenotype in the brainstem may give more insight into the origin of C-BSE. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Funded by: This research was funded in its entirety by congressionally appropriated funds to the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. The funders of the work did not influence study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. This research was supported in part by an appointment to the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Research Participation Program administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) through an interagency agreement between the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). ORISE is managed by ORAU under DOE contract number DE-SC0014664. All opinions expressed in this paper are the author’s and do not necessarily reflect the policies and views of USDA, ARS, DOE, or ORAU/ORISE. </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Grant number: DOE contract number DE-SC0014664 Acknowledgements: NA Theme: Animal prion diseases</div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">=====end</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">PRION 2023 CONTINUED;</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><a href="https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://prion2023.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Meeting-book-final-version2.pdf</a><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;"><div style="outline: none;">Professor John Collinge on tackling prion diseases, sCJD accounts for around 1 in 5000 deaths worldwide</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 11, 2023 </div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;">Professor John Collinge on tackling prion diseases “The best-known human prion disease is sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), a rapidly progressive dementia which accounts for around 1 in 5000 deaths worldwide.” There is accumulating evidence also for iatrogenic AD. Understanding prion biology, and in particular how propagation of prions leads to neurodegeneration, is therefore of central research importance in medicine.</div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/brain-sciences/dementia-ucl-priority/professor-john-collinge-tackling-prion-diseases" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ucl.ac.uk/brain-sciences/dementia-ucl-priority/professor-john-collinge-tackling-prion-diseases</a></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div style="outline: none;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/09/professor-john-collinge-on-tackling.html</a></div></div><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div></div><div style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div><br style="outline: none;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none;"><br style="outline: none;" /></div></div></div></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33182925.post-48738651544755094632023-07-16T12:04:00.004-05:002023-07-16T12:04:47.538-05:00Switzerland Atypical BSE detected in a cow in the canton of St. Gallen<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Switzerland Atypical BSE detected in a cow in the canton of St. Gallen</span></p><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Atypical BSE detected in a cow in the canton of St. Gallen</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Bern, 13.07.2023 - The veterinary authorities in the canton of St. Gallen have discovered the atypical form of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) – also known as mad cow disease – in a cow. In contrast to the classic form, atypical BSE can occur spontaneously and without any connection with the feeding of animal meal. The animal body was burned and therefore poses no danger to humans or other animals. The case is unrelated to that in the canton of Graubünden in March 2023.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">As part of routine BSE monitoring, the examining laboratory detected the atypical form of BSE in a 13-year-old cow that had been euthanized because of its age in the canton of St. Gallen. The carcass was professionally disposed of and burned. As a result, no meat entered the food chain. There is no danger to humans or animals. In contrast to classic BSE, atypical BSE can occur spontaneously and without any connection with animal meal in animal feed. Feeding animal meal to ruminants has been banned in Switzerland since December 1, 1990.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In March 2023, BSE was detected in a twelve-year-old cow in the canton of Graubünden as part of routine surveillance. It was also the atypical shape. However, the two cases are unrelated.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Classic BSE has been successfully combated in this country. Switzerland has been internationally recognized as a country with a negligible BSE risk since 2015. Atypical cases like the current one do not change this disease status.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Address for queries</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO) Media Office Tel. 058 463 78 98 media@blv.admin.ch</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">editor</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office http://www.blv.admin.ch </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.blv.admin.ch/blv/de/home/dokumentation/nsb-news-list.msg-id-96688.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.blv.admin.ch/blv/de/home/dokumentation/nsb-news-list.msg-id-96688.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, REPORT Switzerland Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical L-Type 2023/03/08</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Switzerland Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical L-Type</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Switzerland - Bovine spongiform encephalopathy - Immediate notification</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Switzerland - Bovine spongiform encephalopathy - Follow up report 4 [FINAL]</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DISEASE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Bovine spongiform encephalopathy</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CAUSAL AGENT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion, atypical strain, L-type</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4962" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4962</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">CJD RISING SWITZERLAND</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CJD is a predominantly sporadic disorder but can also occur as a dominantly inherited or infective condition. Only one of the 26 most recent confirmed cases was identified as carrying a disease related mutation of the PRNP gene, none had identifiable iatrogenic exposure, and none resembled variant CJD. Thus 25 of the 26 cases appear to be sporadic cases. Sporadic CJD is distributed worldwide with a reported incidence of about one in a million per year. Raised awareness of the disease in recent years could account for an increase in reported cases of CJD, although neither an increase in the average age of patients nor more frequent recognition of CJD amongst residents of nursing homes (where dementing illness is prevalent and misdiagnosis might be expected) were seen in the Swiss cases. Moreover, improved ascertainment as an explanation for the observed increase would imply levels of under-reporting in countries other than Switzerland, which appear implausible. The authors of the Lancet report suggest that the rise in cases might be due to some form of unidentified iatrogenic transmission or to exposure to a zoonotic source of infection, though cases do not resemble variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD). The ongoing surveillance of CJD in Switzerland and the rest of Europe is essential to monitor the situation to see if this rise is sustained in Switzerland, and if a similar rise occurs in other countries (see http://www.eurocjd.ed.ac.uk).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=1921" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=1921</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion data suggest BSE link to sporadic CJD Declan Butler</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Predicting the number of cases of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) in people as a result of transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) has just got more difficult.Whereas it was thought that BSE only caused a new form of the disease called variant CJD (vCJD), a study in mice from a team led by John Collinge at University College London suggests that it may also cause a disease indistinguishable from the commonest form of classical, or 'sporadic', CJD (E.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v420/n6915/full/420450a.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v420/n6915/full/420450a.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">IF we look at sporadic incidence of CJD in UK from 1993 to 2003, the incidence rose from 37 in 1993 to 77 in 2003.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">IF we go further and look at some of the other documented BSE countries, you will the increase of sporadic CJD there as well ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Canada from 2 to 25</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">France from 35 to 108</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Germany 21+ to 96</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Italy 27 to 76</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.eurocjd.ed.ac.uk/sporadic.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.eurocjd.ed.ac.uk/sporadic.htm</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Switzerland sporadic CJD ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Swiss rise in CJD raises concerns over possible BSE link [LONDON] THE LANCET</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Plaque attack: Swiss patients have spongiform patterns in the brain typical of sporadic CJD. The number of people dying from Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has risen sharply in Switzerland -- sparking fears of a possible link with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE is thought to be the cause of a distinctive form of the brain-wasting disease known as variant CJD. The Swiss cases, in contrast, are standard 'sporadic' CJD. Each year between 1997 and 2000, no more than 11 Swiss people developed CJD. But 19 cases were reported in 2001, and seven were recorded in the first quarter of this year. This is some four times higher than the incidence elsewhere, reports a team led by Adriano Aguzzi of the University Hospital Zurich (M. Glatzel et al. Lancet 360, 139-141; 2002).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The increase could be a mere statistical blip, or it may be due to increased awareness of the disease leading to more diagnoses. More disturbing is the possibility that the cases are linked to the consumption of BSE-infected meat products -- which would mean that the BSE agent can cause two distinct forms of CJD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Possible links between the Swiss CJD cases and BSE will now be explored by strain-typing experiments in which the disease is transmitted to mice. These tests will take at least a year to complete. "It's the best way to establish or exclude any suspected link," says Moira Bruce of the UK Institute for Animal Health's Neuropathogenesis Unit in Edinburgh.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">======================================</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Experiences in England and Switzerland -- two countries that discovered mad cow disease in their cattle -- have heightened concerns about the possibility some cases of sporadic CJD are due to consuming mad-cow-tainted beef. Both countries have reported increases in sporadic CJD since mad cow was first detected in British herds in 1986.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Switzerland discovered last year its CJD rate was twice that of any other country in the world. Switzerland had been seeing about eight to 11 cases per year from 1997 to 2000. Then the incidence more than doubled, to 19 cases in 2001 and 18 cases in 2002.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.upi.com/view.cfm?StoryID=20030721-102924-4786r" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.upi.com/view.cfm?StoryID=20030721-102924-4786r</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Mouse model sheds new light on human prion disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Professor John Collinge said We are not saying that all or even most cases of sporadic CJD are as a result of BSE exposure, but some more recent cases may be the incidence of sporadic CJD has shown an upward trend in the UK over the last decade. While most of this apparent increase may be because doctors are now more aware of CJD and better at diagnosing it, serious consideration should be given to a proportion of this rise being BSE-related. Switzerland, which has had a substantial BSE epidemic, has noted a sharp recent increase in sporadic CJD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.mrc.ac.uk/txt/index/public-interest/public-news-4/public-news_archive/public-news-archive_nov_dec_02/public-bse_and_sporadic_cjd.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.mrc.ac.uk/txt/index/public-interest/public-news-4/public-news_archive/public-news-archive_nov_dec_02/public-bse_and_sporadic_cjd.htm</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">The risk of CJD increases with age; the 2016–2020 average annual rate in the United States was about 5 cases per million in persons 55 years of age or older.</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em; outline: currentcolor !important;"><a href="https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cjd/occurrence-transmission.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cjd/occurrence-transmission.html</a></div></div></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">World Organisation for Animal Health 90th General Session of the World Assembly of Delegates (BSE TSE Prion) From 21/05/2023 to 25/05/2023 Singeltary Concerns...<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">***> THIS PRETTY MUCH SAYS IT ALL!</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Q9. What should my country do if an atypical BSE case is detected on the day after the new BSE standards are adopted?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A. The notification to WOAH of the occurrence of BSE cases would be limited to classical BSE. The information on atypical BSE cases should be provided as part of the annual reconfirmation (and when submitting a dossier for the official recognition of a BSE risk status) in substantiating the effectiveness of the BSE surveillance system. </div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2023/04/a-qanda-bse-2023.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2023/04/a-qanda-bse-2023.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">THIS IS ABSOLUTELY INCREDIBLY STUPID imo, as with atypical sheep Scrapie, the watering down of said BSE regulations continues, imo, with atypical BSE TSE Prion, which has been shown to be more virulent than the so called typical C-Type BSE, and both Atypical L-type and H-type transmitting orally. Industry wins again over sound science. Let me be perfectly clear here, nobody wants to eradicate BSE, or any other TSE Prion disease in livestock now. it's just a mathematical formula to test as least as possible, to keep said TSE prion infected herds down to said desirable numbers, they simply don't want to know just HOW BAD it is. this was proven way back during the infamous USA ENHANCED BSE SURVEILLACE was put forth, BUT HALTED ABRUBPLY, when all the atypical BSE showed up. Plus, Science has shown that atypical BSE looks like sporadic CJD, plus, BSE can propagate as nvCJD or sporadic CJD, take your pick. well, once again, the World Organization for Animal Health WHO, OIE, et al, choosing industry over human and animal health, imo, with regards, to the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion disease (especially with Chronic Wasting Disease and Camel Prion Disease now).</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Atypical BSE should be designated the same as typical BSE, period! your only fooling yourselves$$$</div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">YOU did the same with atypical Scrapie, when you all chose to make that a legal trading commodity with the same type junk science, imo! (see reference materials and history below)...</div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE TSE PRION CERVID apparently no problem in 2023...</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">5.2.1. Working Group on Wildlife</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Due to time constraints, the Commission was unable to discuss the report of the Working Group on Wildlife. Nonetheless, the Commission acknowledged the report of the Working Group on 90 SG/1 – PARIS, MAY 2023 13 Wildlife and agreed to look into the recommendations on the definition of ‘emerging disease’ in further detail at its next meeting. </div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2023/05/a-90gs-sc3.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2023/05/a-90gs-sc3.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">REPORT OF THE MEETING OF THE OIE SCIENTIFIC COMMISSION FOR ANIMAL DISEASES Virtual, 1–11 February 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">iv) Chronic wasting disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Commission considered the request by the Code Commission for clarification on the rationale for the Commission’s opinion that CWD did not fulfil the criteria for listing, specifically for point 2 of Article 1.2.26 of the Terrestrial Code. The Commission explained that the opinion was based on an extensive consultation process that took into account the opinions of the ad hoc Group on BSE, the Working Group on Wildlife and several subject-matter expert consultations. Based on this extensive consultation, the Commission indicated that the low disease prevalence, the impractical nature of currently available diagnostic tests, and the limited number of control measures make it difficult to eliminate the disease or scientifically provide evidence to demonstrate either freedom or impending freedom. The Commission considered also that despite the implementation of surveillance programmes by some Members, no country can currently demonstrate either freedom or impending freedom from disease. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2021/05/a-scad-feb2021.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2021/05/a-scad-feb2021.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Annex 19</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WORK PROGRAMME OF THE SCIENTIFIC COMMISSION FOR ANIMAL DISEASES (FEB 2021)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Define a procedure for the evaluation of diseases against the listing criteria of Chapter 1.2., and responding to requests for listing decisions</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Evaluated proposals for (de)listing of:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• M. tuberculosis • Infestation of honey bees with Acarapis woodi • Infestation of honey bees with Tropilaelaps spp. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• Chronic wasting disease </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• Atypical BSE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2021/05/a-scad-feb2021.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2021/05/a-scad-feb2021.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">6.8. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (Chapter 11.4.), Application for official recognition by the OIE of risk status for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (Chapter 1.8.) and Glossary definition for ‘protein meal’</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In February 2018, following preliminary work and scientific exchanges, the Code Commission and the Scientific Commission agreed to an in-depth review of Chapter 11.4. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). The OIE convened three different ad hoc Groups between July 2018 and March 2019: i) an ad hoc Group on BSE risk assessment, which met twice, ii) an ad hoc Group on BSE surveillance, which met once, and iii) a joint ad hoc Group on BSE risk assessment and surveillance, which met once. The Code Commission, at its September 2019 meeting, reviewed the four ad hoc Group reports and the opinion of the Scientific Commission regarding the draft revised chapter and circulated a revised draft Chapter 11.4. for comments. In February 2020, the Code Commission considered comments received on the revised draft Chapter 11.4. and requested that the joint ad hoc Group on BSE risk assessment and surveillance be reconvened to address comments of a technical nature. In June 2020, the joint ad hoc Group was convened to address relevant comments and was also requested to review Chapter 1.8. Application for official recognition by the OIE of risk status for bovine spongiform encephalopathy to ensure alignment with the proposed changes in Chapter 11.4.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In September 2020, the Code Commission reviewed the joint ad hoc Group report and the revised draft Chapters 11.4. and 1.8. and made some additional amendments and circulated the revised chapters for comments in its September 2020 report. In February 2021, the Commission considered comments received and amended the chapters, as appropriate, and circulated the revised chapters for a third round of comments. In preparation for the September 2021 meetings, some members of the Code Commission and the Scientific Commission met to discuss key aspects of the revision of Chapters 11.4. and 1.8. to ensure a common understanding of the main concerns raised by Members, the decisions made on the revised chapters and their impact on the official status recognition, as well as on the adapted procedures that will be required. During this meeting, it was agreed that each Commission would address the issues relevant to its meeting and document discussions in their respective reports. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Discussion </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SNIP...SEE FULL TEXT; </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.oie.int/app/uploads/2022/04/a-bsc-feb2022-part-b.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.oie.int/app/uploads/2022/04/a-bsc-feb2022-part-b.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">OIE Conclusions on transmissibility of atypical BSE among cattle</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Given that cattle have been successfully infected by the oral route, at least for L-BSE, it is reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle are exposed to contaminated feed. In addition, based on reports of atypical BSE from several countries that have not had C-BSE, it appears likely that atypical BSE would arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence in old cattle. In the presence of livestock industry practices that would allow it to be recycled in the cattle feed chain, it is likely that some level of exposure and transmission may occur. As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Annex 7 (contd) AHG on BSE risk assessment and surveillance/March 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">34 Scientific Commission/September 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3. Atypical BSE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Group discussed and endorsed with minor revisions an overview of relevant literature on the risk of atypical BSE being recycled in a cattle population and its zoonotic potential that had been prepared ahead of the meeting by one expert from the Group. This overview is provided as Appendix IV and its main conclusions are outlined below. With regard to the risk of recycling of atypical BSE, recently published research confirmed that the L-type BSE prion (a type of atypical BSE prion) may be orally transmitted to calves1 . In light of this evidence, and the likelihood that atypical BSE could arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence, the Group was of the opinion that it would be reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle were to be exposed to contaminated feed. Therefore, the recycling of atypical strains in cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Group acknowledged the challenges in demonstrating the zoonotic transmission of atypical strains of BSE in natural exposure scenarios. Overall, the Group was of the opinion that, at this stage, it would be premature to reach a conclusion other than that atypical BSE poses a potential zoonotic risk that may be different between atypical strains.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">4. Definitions of meat-and-bone meal (MBM) and greaves</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">REFERENCES</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SNIP...END SEE FULL TEXT;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">ATYPICAL BSE</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">The L-type BSE prion is much more virulent in primates and in humanized mice than is the classical BSE prion, which suggests the possibility of zoonotic risk associated with the L-type BSE prion<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/16/7/09-1882_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/16/7/09-1882_article</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Thus, it is imperative to maintain measures that prevent the entry of tissues from cattle possibly infected with the agent of L-BSE into the food chain.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Atypical L-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (L-BSE) transmission to cynomolgus macaques, a non-human primate</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Fumiko Ono 1, Naomi Tase, Asuka Kurosawa, Akio Hiyaoka, Atsushi Ohyama, Yukio Tezuka, Naomi Wada, Yuko Sato, Minoru Tobiume, Ken'ichi Hagiwara, Yoshio Yamakawa, Keiji Terao, Tetsutaro Sata</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Affiliations expand</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PMID: 21266763</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A low molecular weight type of atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (L-BSE) was transmitted to two cynomolgus macaques by intracerebral inoculation of a brain homogenate of cattle with atypical BSE detected in Japan. They developed neurological signs and symptoms at 19 or 20 months post-inoculation and were euthanized 6 months after the onset of total paralysis. Both the incubation period and duration of the disease were shorter than those for experimental transmission of classical BSE (C-BSE) into macaques. Although the clinical manifestations, such as tremor, myoclonic jerking, and paralysis, were similar to those induced upon C-BSE transmission, no premonitory symptoms, such as hyperekplexia and depression, were evident. Most of the abnormal prion protein (PrP(Sc)) was confined to the tissues of the central nervous system, as determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. The PrP(Sc) glycoform that accumulated in the monkey brain showed a similar profile to that of L-BSE and consistent with that in the cattle brain used as the inoculant. PrP(Sc) staining in the cerebral cortex showed a diffuse synaptic pattern by immunohistochemistry, whereas it accumulated as fine and coarse granules and/or small plaques in the cerebellar cortex and brain stem. Severe spongiosis spread widely in the cerebral cortex, whereas florid plaques, a hallmark of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans, were observed in macaques inoculated with C-BSE but not in those inoculated with L-BSE.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21266763/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21266763/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">see full text;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.niid.go.jp/niid/images/JJID/64/81.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.niid.go.jp/niid/images/JJID/64/81.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''H-TYPE BSE AGENT IS TRANSMISSIBLE BY THE ORONASAL ROUTE''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin USA?, what if?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: Sheep are susceptible to the agent of TME by intracranial inoculation and have evidence of infectivity in lymphoid tissues</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author item CASSMANN, ERIC - Oak Ridge Institute For Science And Education (ORISE) item MOORE, SARA - Oak Ridge Institute For Science And Education (ORISE) item SMITH, JODI - Iowa State University item Greenlee, Justin </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Submitted to: Frontiers in Veterinary Science Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 11/14/2019 Publication Date: 11/29/2019 Citation: Cassmann, E.D., Moore, S.J., Smith, J.D., Greenlee, J.J. 2019. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sheep are susceptible to the agent of TME by intracranial inoculation and have evidence of infectivity in lymphoid tissues. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 6:430. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00430. DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00430" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00430</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Interpretive Summary: Prion diseases are protein misfolding diseases that are transmissible between animals. The outcome of prion infection is irreversible brain damage and death. Transmission can occur between animals of the same or different species, however, transmission between different species is usually less efficient due to the species barrier, which results from differences in the amino acid sequence of the prion protein between the donor and recipient species. The present work evaluated whether transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) can infect sheep. Our results demonstrate that sheep are susceptible to the TME agent and that the TME agent has similar properties to the agent of L-type atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (L-BSE). This work supports the ideas that L-BSE is a possible source for TME in mink and that the practice of feeding cattle with neurologic disease to mink should be avoided. This information is important to farmers who raise cattle, sheep, or mink.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Technical Abstract: Transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) is a food borne prion disease. Epidemiological and experimental evidence suggests similarities between the agent of TME and L-BSE. This experiment demonstrates the susceptibility of four different genotypes of sheep to the agent of TME by intracranial inoculation. The four genotypes of sheep used in this experiment had polymorphisms corresponding to codons 136 and 171 of the prion gene: VV136QQ171, AV136QQ171, AA136QQ171, and AA136QR171. All intracranially inoculated sheep without comorbidities (15/15) developed clinical scrapie and had detectable PrPSc by immunohistochemistry, western blot, and enzyme immunoassay (EIA). The mean incubation periods in TME infected sheep correlated with their relative genotypic susceptibility. There was peripheral distribution of PrPSc in the trigeminal ganglion and neuromuscular spindles; however, unlike classical scrapie and C-BSE in sheep, ovine TME did not accumulate in the lymphoid tissue. To rule out the presence of infectious, but proteinase K susceptible PrPSc, the lymph nodes of two sheep genotypes, VV136QQ171 and AA136QQ171, were bioassayed in transgenic ovinized mice. None of the mice (0/32) inoculated by the intraperitoneal route had detectable PrPSc by EIA. Interestingly, mice intracranially inoculated with RPLN tissue from a VV136QQ171 sheep were EIA positive (3/17) indicating that sheep inoculated with TME harbor infectivity in their lymph nodes. Western blot analysis demonstrated similarities in the migration patterns between ovine TME and the bovine TME inoculum. Overall, these results demonstrate that sheep are susceptible to the agent of TME, and that the tissue distribution of PrPSc in TME infected sheep is distinct from classical scrapie.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=363305" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=363305</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=360665" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=360665</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=373668" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=373668</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Previous work has shown that the Stetsonville, WI outbreak of TME could have been precipitated by feeding mink a downer cow with atypical BSE; therefore, it very well may have originated from a cow with L-BSE. The agent of TME appears to remain stable, and it has a high transmission efficiency after a sequence of interspecies transmission events. Although C-BSE is the archetypal foodborne TSE, our findings indicate that L-BSE and bTME have greater transmission efficiencies in bovinized mice. Previous work has demonstrated that L-BSE also is more virulent than C-BSE in mice expressing the human prion protein [46, 55]. Although the documented incidence of L-BSE is low, the propensity of L-BSE and the TME agent to cross species barriers support the continued monitoring for atypical BSE.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-020-02611-0" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-020-02611-0</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***>This work supports the ideas that L-BSE is a possible source for TME in mink and that the practice of feeding cattle with neurologic disease to mink should be avoided. This information is important to farmers who raise cattle, sheep, or mink.<***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1985</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Evidence That Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy Results from Feeding Infected Cattle Over the next 8-10 weeks, approximately 40% of all the adult mink on the farm died from TME. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The rancher was a ''dead stock'' feeder using mostly (>95%) downer or dead dairy cattle... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002258/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002258/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506001031/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09a/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506001031/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09a/tab01.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506024922/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1987/06/10004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506024922/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1987/06/10004001.pdf</a></div></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">RECENT MAD COW CASES</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, United States of America Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Immediate notification</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">United States of America - Bovine spongiform encephalopathy - Immediate notification<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">GENERAL INFORMATION</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">COUNTRY/TERRITORY OR ZONE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">COUNTRY/TERRITORY</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ANIMAL TYPE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">TERRESTRIAL</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DISEASE CATEGORY</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Listed disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">EVENT ID 5067</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DISEASE Bovine spongiform encephalopathy</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CAUSAL AGENT Bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion, atypical strain, L-type</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">GENOTYPE / SEROTYPE / SUBTYPE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/5067" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/5067</a></div></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Wednesday, May 24, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, United States of America Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Immediate notification<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary full report and some history on mad cow in the usa.</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">May 2, 2023 Singeltary Submission to APHIS et al on BSE;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Docket No. APHIS–2023–0027 Notice of Request for Revision to and Extension of Approval of an Information Collection; National Veterinary Services Laboratories; Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Surveillance Program Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Document APHIS-2023-0027-0001 BSE Singeltary Comment Submission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Greetings again APHIS et al,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I would kindly like to again, post my concern or urgency, on why said information is so critical, and why the 3 year extension is so critical, especially today, with the recent mad cow cases in the UK, Switzerland, Brazil, Spain, and The Netherlands all atypical BSE cases, and the fact the OIE is so concerned with the recent science about atypical L-type BSE and atypical H-type BSE, both of which can transmit orally, (see OIE BSE atypical in my reference materials), new outbreak of a new Prion disease in a new livestock species, i.e. the camel. The fact Chronic Wasted Disease CWD TSE Prion of Cervid, is spreading across the USA, with no stopping it in the near future, now with 10 different strains, a spillover into cattle or sheep would be devastating, and the ramifications of human zoonosis there from, has great concern throughout the scientific community. The fact that the USA BSE feed ban was and is a joke today (see why, with the fact that CWD positive deer could enter the food/feed chain for other ruminants and what the DEFRA says), how the BSE surveillance and testing has failed us so terribly bad to date, by testing only 25k bovines a year for BSE, you will not find BSE until it's too late, again. THIS is all why INFORMATION COLLECTION is so vital for BSE and all human and animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''The purpose of this notice is to solicit comments from the public (as well as affected agencies) concerning our information collection. These comments will help us:''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Evaluate whether the collection of information is necessary for the proper performance of the functions of the Agency, including whether the information will have practical utility;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(2) Evaluate the accuracy of our estimate of the burden of the collection of information, including the validity of the methodology and assumptions used;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(3) Enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be collected; and</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(4) Minimize the burden of the collection of information on those who are to respond, through use, as appropriate, of automated, electronic, mechanical, and other collection technologies; ...end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The question should be, what will the burden be, if WE DON'T COLLECT SAID INFORMATIONS ON BSE, and we find ourselves again facing a BSE epidemic?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I want to bring your attention too, and emphasize;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(3) Enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be collected; and...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I remember that infamous TEXAS MAD COW that instead of a 48 turnaround at Weybridge, said suspect positive, was declared NEGATIVE, until an Act of Congress and the Honorable Phyllis Fong overrode Texas negative test, sent that BSE sample to Weybridge, and 6 MONTHS LATER ON A 48 HOUR TURNAROUND (BSE REDBOOKS), that BSE sample was CONFIRMED POSITIVE (see history in my references).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Let's not kid ourselves, the BSE ENHANCED BSE SURVEILLANE efforts way back was a total failure, that's why it was shut down, too many atypical BSE cases were showing up.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ONLY by the Grace of God, have we not had a documented BSE outbreak, that and the fact the USDA et al are only testing 25K cattle for BSE, a number too low to find mad cow disease from some 28.9 million beef cows in the United States as of Jan. 1, 2023, down 4% from last year. The number of milk cows in the United States increased to 9.40 million. U.S. calf crop was estimated at 34.5 million head, down 2% from 2021. Jan 31, 2023.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ALL it would take is one BSE positive, yet alone a handful of BSE cases, this is why the Enhanced BSE was shut down, and the BSE testing shut down to 25k, and the BSE GBRs were replaced with BSE MRRs, after the 2003 Christmas Mad cow, the cow that stole Christmas, making it legal to trade BSE, imo.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">THE world was set back to square one with the BSE Minimal Risk Regions, from the BSE GBRs.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WE must enhance our BSE Surveillance and BSE Testing, and the FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED BAN must be revised to include Cervid by-products and SRM, and it should be made MANDATORY, AND THIS SHOULD BE WELL DOCUMENTED with information collection.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">said 'burden' cost, will be a heavy burden to bear, if we fail with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion disease, that is why this information collection is so critical...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary References</div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">see full submission;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission June 17, 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Greetings APHIS et al, </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I would kindly like to comment on APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], and my comments are as follows, with the latest peer review and transmission studies as references of evidence.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">THE OIE/USDA BSE Minimal Risk Region MRR is nothing more than free pass to import and export the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion disease. December 2003, when the USDA et al lost it's supposedly 'GOLD CARD' ie BSE FREE STATUS (that was based on nothing more than not looking and not finding BSE), once the USA lost it's gold card BSE Free status, the USDA OIE et al worked hard and fast to change the BSE Geographical Risk Statuses i.e. the BSE GBR's, and replaced it with the BSE MRR policy, the legal tool to trade mad cow type disease TSE Prion Globally. The USA is doing just what the UK did, when they shipped mad cow disease around the world, except with the BSE MRR policy, it's now legal. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Also, the whole concept of the BSE MRR policy is based on a false pretense, that atypical BSE is not transmissible, and that only typical c-BSE is transmissible via feed. This notion that atypical BSE TSE Prion is an old age cow disease that is not infectious is absolutely false, there is NO science to show this, and on the contrary, we now know that atypical BSE will transmit by ORAL ROUTES, but even much more concerning now, recent science has shown that Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion in deer and elk which is rampant with no stopping is sight in the USA, and Scrapie TSE Prion in sheep and goat, will transmit to PIGS by oral routes, this is our worst nightmare, showing even more risk factors for the USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban has failed terribly bad, and is still failing, since August 1997. there is tonnage and tonnage of banned potential mad cow feed that went into commerce, and still is, with one decade, 10 YEARS, post August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban, 2007, with 10,000,000 POUNDS, with REASON, Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement. you can see all these feed ban warning letters and tonnage of mad cow feed in commerce, year after year, that is not accessible on the internet anymore like it use to be, you can see history of the FDA failure August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban here, but remember this, we have a new outbreak of TSE Prion disease in a new livestock species, the camel, and this too is very worrisome.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WITH the OIE and the USDA et al weakening the global TSE prion surveillance, by not classifying the atypical Scrapie as TSE Prion disease, and the notion that they want to do the same thing with typical scrapie and atypical BSE, it's just not scientific.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WE MUST abolish the BSE MRR policy, go back to the BSE GBR risk assessments by country, and enhance them to include all strains of TSE Prion disease in all species. With Chronic Wasting CWD TSE Prion disease spreading in Europe, now including, Norway, Finland, Sweden, also in Korea, Canada and the USA, and the TSE Prion in Camels, the fact the the USA is feeding potentially CWD, Scrapie, BSE, typical and atypical, to other animals, and shipping both this feed and or live animals or even grains around the globe, potentially exposed or infected with the TSE Prion. this APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], under it's present definition, does NOT show the true risk of the TSE Prion in any country. as i said, it's nothing more than a legal tool to trade the TSE Prion around the globe, nothing but ink on paper.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">AS long as the BSE MRR policy stays in effect, TSE Prion disease will continued to be bought and sold as food for both humans and animals around the globe, and the future ramifications from friendly fire there from, i.e. iatrogenic exposure and transmission there from from all of the above, should not be underestimated. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2018-0087-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2018-0087-0002</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div class="ydp65987a16I_ZkbNhI ydp65987a16D_FY ydp65987a16W_6D6F" data-test-id="message-view-body" style="outline: none !important; width: 857.401px;"><div class="ydp65987a16msg-body ydp65987a16P_wpofO ydp65987a16mq_AS" data-test-id="message-view-body-content" style="outline: none !important;"><div class="ydp65987a16jb_0 ydp65987a16X_6MGW ydp65987a16N_6Fd5" style="outline: none !important;"><div id="ydp65987a16yiv3075809345" style="outline: none !important;"><div class="ydp65987a16yiv3075809345yahoo-style-wrap" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">WOAH OIE REPORT BSE UNITED STATEDS</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/5067" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/5067</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Monday, March 20, 2023 <br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, REPORT United Kingdom Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical H-Type </div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4977" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4977</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/single-case-of-atypical-bse-confirmed-on-a-farm-in-cornwall" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.gov.uk/government/news/single-case-of-atypical-bse-confirmed-on-a-farm-in-cornwall</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/03/wahis-woah-oie-report-united-kingdom.html</a></div></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, REPORT Switzerland Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical L-Type</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Switzerland Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Atypical L-Type</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Switzerland - Bovine spongiform encephalopathy - Immediate notification</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4962" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4962</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BRAZIL BSE START DATE 2023/01/18</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BRAZIL BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/22</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BRAZIL BSE END DATE 2023/03/03</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4918" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4918</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SPAIN BSE START DATE 2023/01/21</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SPAIN BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/03</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SPAIN BSE END DATE 2023/02/06</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4888" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4888</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">NETHERLANDS BSE START DATE 2023/02/01</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">NETHERLANDS BSE CONFIRMATION DATE 2023/02/01</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">NETHERLANDS BSE END DATE 2023/03/13</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4876" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4876</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">The European Union summary report on surveillance for the presence of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) in 2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">30 November 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Approved: 3 November 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Metadata</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">EFSA Journal 2022;20(11):7655</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7655" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7655</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Keywords: TSE, BSE, CWD, scrapie, classical, atypical, surveillance</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">On request from: European Commission Question Number: EFSA‐Q‐2021‐00765</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Contact: zoonoses@efsa.europa.eu</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This report presents the results of surveillance on transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) in cattle, sheep, goats, cervids and other species, and genotyping in sheep and goats, carried out in 2021 by 27 Member States (MS, EU27), the United Kingdom (in respect of Northern Ireland) (XI), and eight other non‐EU reporting countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Iceland, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Norway, Serbia, Switzerland and Turkey. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In total, 1,021,252 cattle were tested by EU27 and XI (−9%, compared with 2020 when data from the United Kingdom were not restricted to Northern Ireland), and 66,121 cattle by eight non‐EU reporting countries, </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">with two cases of H‐BSE in France and Spain, and four L‐BSE in France (2), Germany and Spain. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In total, 311,174 sheep and 118,457 goats were tested in the EU27 and XI (−6.4% and −1.8%, respectively, compared to 2020 when data from the whole United Kingdom were considered). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In sheep, 551 cases of scrapie were reported by 17 MS and XI: 448 classical scrapie (CS) by six MS [80 index cases (IC) with genotypes of susceptible groups in 97% of the cases], 103 atypical scrapie (AS) (96 IC) by 13 MS and XI. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the other non‐EU reporting countries, 27,594 sheep were tested with 55 CS and 1 AS in Iceland and 8 AS in Norway. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ovine random genotyping was reported by nine MS and genotypes of susceptible groups accounted for 7.9%. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In goats, 224 cases of scrapie were reported by six EU MS: 219 CS (30 IC) by six MS, and five AS (5 IC) by three MS. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In total, 5,854 cervids were tested for chronic wasting disease by eight MS; all resulted negative. Norway tested 21,670 cervids with two moose and one red deer positive. In total, 149 animals from four other species tested negative in Finland and Turkey.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">© European Food Safety Authority</div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/7655" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/7655</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">see full text;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7655" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7655</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">I remember writing about all the spontaneous atypical BSE in France...</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">***atypical spontaneous BSE in France LOL***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FRANCE STOPS TESTING FOR MAD COW DISEASE BSE, and here’s why, to many spontaneous events of mad cow disease $$$</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***so 20 cases of atypical BSE in France, compared to the remaining 40 cases in the remaining 12 Countries, divided by the remaining 12 Countries, about 3+ cases per country, besides Frances 20 cases. you cannot explain this away with any spontaneous BSe. ...TSS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sunday, October 5, 2014</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">France stops BSE testing for Mad Cow Disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/10/france-stops-bse-testing-for-mad-cow.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/10/france-stops-bse-testing-for-mad-cow.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Thursday, March 24, 2016</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FRANCE CONFIRMS BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY BSE MAD COW (ESB) chez une vache dans les Ardennes</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/03/france-confirms-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/03/france-confirms-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***atypical spontaneous BSE in France LOL***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FRANCE STOPS TESTING FOR MAD COW DISEASE BSE, and here’s why, to many spontaneous events of mad cow disease $$$</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> If you Compare France to other Countries with atypical BSE, in my opinion, you cannot explain this with ‘spontaneous’.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Table 1: Number of Atypical BSE cases reported by EU Member States in the period 2001–2014 by country and by type (L- and H-BSE) (extracted from EU BSE databases on 1 July 2014). By 2015, these data might be more comprehensive following a request from the European Commission to Member States for re-testing and retrospective classification of all positive bovine isolates in the EU in the years 2003–2009</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE type</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Country 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013(a) 2014(a) Total</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">H-BSE Austria 1 1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">France(b) 1 2 3 1 2 2 2 2 15</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Germany 1 1 2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ireland 1 1 2 1 5</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Netherlands 1 1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Poland 1 1 2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Portugal 1 1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Spain 1 1 2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sweden 1 1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">United Kingdom 1 1 1 1 1 5</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Total 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 2 4 4 5 1 4 1 35</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">L-BSE Austria 1 1 2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Denmark 1 1</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">France(b) 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 2 1 1 14</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Germany 1 1 2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Italy 1 1 1 1 1 5</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Netherlands 1 1 1 3</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Poland 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 12</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Spain 2 2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">United Kingdom 1 1 1 1 4</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Total 0 5 3 4 3 3 6 3 3 4 3 6 1 1 45</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Total Atypical cases (H + L)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2 8 6 5 4 5 8 5 7 8 8 7 5 2 80</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(a): Data for 2013-2014 are incomplete and may not include all cases/countries reported.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(b): France has performed extensive retrospective testing to classify BSE cases, which is probably the explanation for the higher number of Atypical BSE cases reported in this country.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The number of Atypical BSE cases detected in countries that have already identified them seems to be similar from year to year. In France, a retrospective study of all TSE-positive cattle identified through the compulsory EU surveillance between 2001 and 2007 indicated that the prevalence of H-BSE and L-BSE was 0.35 and 0.41 cases per million adult cattle tested, respectively, which increased to 1.9 and 1.7 cases per million, respectively, in tested animals over eight years old (Biacabe et al., 2008). No comprehensive study on the prevalence of Atypical BSE cases has yet been carried out in other EU Member States. All cases of Atypical BSE reported in the EU BSE databases have been identified by active surveillance testing (59 % in fallen stock, 38 % in healthy slaughtered cattle and 4 % in emergency slaughtered cattle). Cases were reported in animals over eight years of age, with the exception of two cases (one H-BSE and one L-BSE) detected in Spain in 2011/2012. One additional case of H-BSE was detected in Switzerland in 2012 in a cow born in Germany in 2005 (Guldimann et al., 2012).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/scientific_output/files/main_documents/3798.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/scientific_output/files/main_documents/3798.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/10/france-stops-bse-testing-for-mad-cow.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/10/france-stops-bse-testing-for-mad-cow.html</a> </div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">see;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2018/08/usda-finds-bse-infection-in-florida-cow.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2018/08/usda-finds-bse-infection-in-florida-cow.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">CAMEL PRION DISEASE</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">no word of concerns about that either i could find either.</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2023/05/a-90gs-sc3.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2023/05/a-90gs-sc3.pdf</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">***> AS is considered more likely (subjective probability range 50–66%) that AS is a non-contagious, rather than a contagious, disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ATYPICAL SCRAPIE ROUGHLY HAS 50 50 CHANCE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE IS CONTAGIOUS, AS NON-CONTAGIOUS, TAKE YOUR PICK, BUT I SAID IT LONG AGO WHEN USDA OIE ET AL MADE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE A LEGAL TRADING COMODITY, I SAID YOUR PUTTING THE CART BEFORE THE HORSE, AND THAT'S EXACTLY WHAT THEY DID, and it's called in Texas, TEXAS TSE PRION HOLDEM POKER, WHO'S ALL IN $$$</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">THURSDAY, JULY 8, 2021</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">EFSA Scientific report on the analysis of the 2‐year compulsory intensified monitoring of atypical scrapie</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/07/efsa-scientific-report-on-analysis-of.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/07/efsa-scientific-report-on-analysis-of.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=361032" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=361032</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">1: J Infect Dis 1980 Aug;142(2):205-8</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Oral transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie to nonhuman primates.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Amyx HL, Bacote A, Masters CL, Gajdusek DC.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease of humans and scrapie disease of sheep and goats were transmitted to squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) that were exposed to the infectious agents only by their nonforced consumption of known infectious tissues. The asymptomatic incubation period in the one monkey exposed to the virus of kuru was 36 months; that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was 23 and 27 months, respectively; and that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of scrapie was 25 and 32 months, respectively. Careful physical examination of the buccal cavities of all of the monkeys failed to reveal signs or oral lesions. One additional monkey similarly exposed to kuru has remained asymptomatic during the 39 months that it has been under observation.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The successful transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie by natural feeding to squirrel monkeys that we have reported provides further grounds for concern that scrapie-infected meat may occasionally give rise in humans to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PMID: 6997404</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Recently the question has again been brought up as to whether scrapie is transmissible to man. This has followed reports that the disease has been transmitted to primates. One particularly lurid speculation (Gajdusek 1977) conjectures that the agents of scrapie, kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and transmissible encephalopathy of mink are varieties of a single "virus". The U.S. Department of Agriculture concluded that it could "no longer justify or permit scrapie-blood line and scrapie-exposed sheep and goats to be processed for human or animal food at slaughter or rendering plants" (ARC 84/77)" The problem is emphasised by the finding that some strains of scrapie produce lesions identical to the once which characterise the human dementias"</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Whether true or not. the hypothesis that these agents might be transmissible to man raises two considerations. First, the safety of laboratory personnel requires prompt attention. Second, action such as the "scorched meat" policy of USDA makes the solution of the acrapie problem urgent if the sheep industry is not to suffer grievously.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">76/10.12/4.6</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Nature. 1972 Mar 10;236(5341):73-4.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of scrapie to the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Gajdusek DC.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Nature 236, 73 - 74 (10 March 1972); doi:10.1038/236073a0</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Transmission of Scrapie to the Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">C. J. GIBBS jun. & D. C. GAJDUSEK</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SCRAPIE has been transmitted to the cynomolgus, or crab-eating, monkey (Macaca fascicularis) with an incubation period of more than 5 yr from the time of intracerebral inoculation of scrapie-infected mouse brain. The animal developed a chronic central nervous system degeneration, with ataxia, tremor and myoclonus with associated severe scrapie-like pathology of intensive astroglial hypertrophy and proliferation, neuronal vacuolation and status spongiosus of grey matter. The strain of scrapie virus used was the eighth passage in Swiss mice (NIH) of a Compton strain of scrapie obtained as ninth intracerebral passage of the agent in goat brain, from Dr R. L. Chandler (ARC, Compton, Berkshire).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html</a> </div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2. Determined that pigs naturally exposed to chronic wasting disease (CWD) may act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity. Chronic wasting disease is a naturally occurring, fatal, neurodegenerative disease of cervids. The potential for swine to serve as a host for the agent of CWD disease is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the susceptibility of swine to the CWD agent following experimental oral or intracranial inoculation. Pigs were assigned to 1 of 3 groups: intracranially inoculated; orally inoculated; or non-inoculated. At market weight age, half of the pigs in each group were tested ('market weight' groups). The remaining pigs ('aged' groups) were allowed to incubate for up to 73 months post inoculation (MPI). Tissues collected at necropsy were examined for disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) by multiple diagnostic methods. Brain samples from selected pigs were bioassayed in mice expressing porcine prion protein. Some pigs from each inoculated group were positive by one or more tests. Bioassay was positive in 4 out of 5 pigs assayed. Although only small amounts of PrPSc were detected using sensitive methods, this study demonstrates that pigs can serve as hosts for CWD. Detection of infectivity in orally inoculated pigs using mouse bioassay raises the possibility that naturally exposed pigs could act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity. Currently, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from deer or elk. In addition, feral swine could be exposed to infected carcasses in areas where CWD is present in wildlife populations. The current feed ban in the U.S. is based exclusively on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from entering animal feeds. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to CWD, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=326166" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=326166</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CONFIDENTIAL</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">LINE TO TAKE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3. If questions on pharmaceuticals are raised at the Press conference, the suggested line to take is as follows:- </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> "There are no medicinal products licensed for use on the market which make use of UK-derived porcine tissues with which any hypothetical “high risk" ‘might be associated. The results of the recent experimental work at the CSM will be carefully examined by the CSM‘s Working Group on spongiform encephalopathy at its next meeting.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DO Hagger RM 1533 MT Ext 3201</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">May I, at the outset, reiterate that we should avoid dissemination of papers relating to this experimental finding to prevent premature release of the information. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3. It is particularly important that this information is not passed outside the Department, until Ministers have decided how they wish it to be handled. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">But it would be easier for us if pharmaceuticals/devices are not directly mentioned at all. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">SO, what about that mad cow feed ban in the USA since 1997???</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">here's a few, i stopped tracking them after all the FOIA got just too burdensome...see;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">scroll to bottom and see USA repeating our same failures, over and over again...8. 21 CFR Part <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">589.2000</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">8. 21 CFR Part <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">589.2000</span> Failed Mad Cow Feed Ban in USA (these are just a few examples of 100s i have filed...terry)</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">BANNED MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE IN ALABAMA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> Date: September 6, 2006 at 7:58 am PST PRODUCT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">a) EVSRC Custom dairy feed, Recall # V-130-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">b) Performance Chick Starter, Recall # V-131-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">c) Performance Quail Grower, Recall # V-132-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">d) Performance Pheasant Finisher, Recall # V-133-6.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CODE None RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Donaldson & Hasenbein/dba J&R Feed Service, Inc., Cullman, AL, by telephone on June 23, 2006 and by letter dated July 19, 2006. Firm initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">REASON</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dairy and poultry feeds were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 477.72 tons</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DISTRIBUTION AL</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">______________________________</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080229052729/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20080229052729/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRODUCT Bulk custom dairy pre-mixes,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Recall # V-120-6 CODE None RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Ware Milling Inc., Houston, MS, by telephone on June 23, 2006. Firm initiated recall is complete. REASON Possible contamination of dairy animal feeds with ruminant derived meat and bone meal.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 350 tons</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DISTRIBUTION AL and MS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">______________________________</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRODUCT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">a) Tucker Milling, LLC Tm 32% Sinking Fish Grower, #2680-Pellet, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-121-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">b) Tucker Milling, LLC #31120, Game Bird Breeder Pellet, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-122-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">c) Tucker Milling, LLC #31232 Game Bird Grower, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-123-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">d) Tucker Milling, LLC 31227-Crumble, Game Bird Starter, BMD Medicated, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-124-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">e) Tucker Milling, LLC #31120, Game Bird Breeder, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-125-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">f) Tucker Milling, LLC #30230, 30 % Turkey Starter, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-126-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">g) Tucker Milling, LLC #30116, TM Broiler Finisher, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-127-6</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CODE All products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/20/2006 RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Recalling Firm: Tucker Milling LLC, Guntersville, AL, by telephone and visit on June 20, 2006, and by letter on June 23, 2006. Manufacturer: H. J. Baker and Brothers Inc., Stamford, CT. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">REASON Poultry and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein were not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 7,541-50 lb bags</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DISTRIBUTION AL, GA, MS, and TN</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 9, 2006</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">###</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070223174152/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20070223174152/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALL AL AND FL VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 TONS Products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: August 6, 2006 at 6:16 pm PST PRODUCT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">a) CO-<span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">OP 32</span>% Sinking Catfish, Recall # V-100-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">b) Performance Sheep Pell W/Decox/A/N, medicated, net wt. 50 lbs, Recall # V-101-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">c) Pro 40% Swine Conc Meal -- 50 lb, Recall # V-102-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">d) CO-<span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">OP 32</span>% Sinking Catfish Food Medicated, Recall # V-103-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">e) "Big Jim's" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">f) CO-<span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">OP 40</span>% Hog Supplement Medicated Pelleted, Tylosin 100 grams/ton, 50 lb. bag, Recall # V-105-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">g) Pig Starter Pell <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">II, 18</span>% W/MCDX Medicated 282020, Carbadox -- 0.0055%, Recall # V-106-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">h) CO-OP STARTER-GROWER CRUMBLES, Complete Feed for Chickens from Hatch to 20 Weeks, Medicated, Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate, 25 and 50 Lbs, Recall # V-107-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">i) CO-OP LAYING PELLETS, Complete Feed for Laying Chickens, Recall # 108-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">j) CO-OP LAYING CRUMBLES, Recall # V-109-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">k) CO-OP QUAIL FLIGHT CONDITIONER MEDICATED, net wt 50 Lbs, Recall # V-110-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">l) CO-OP QUAIL STARTER MEDICATED, Net Wt. 50 Lbs, Recall # V-111-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">m) CO-OP QUAIL GROWER MEDICATED, 50 Lbs, Recall # V-112-6 CODE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL, by telephone, fax, email and visit on June 9, 2006. FDA initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">REASON Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 tons</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DISTRIBUTION AL and FL</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">###</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060821195949/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20060821195949/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MAD COW FEED RECALL USA EQUALS 10,878.06 TONS NATIONWIDE Sun Jul 16, 2006 09:22 71.248.128.67</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">______________________________</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRODUCT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">a) PRO-LAK, bulk weight, Protein Concentrate for Lactating Dairy Animals, Recall # V-079-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">b) ProAmino II, FOR PREFRESH AND LACTATING COWS, net weight 50lb (22.6 kg), Recall # V-080-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">c) PRO-PAK, MARINE & ANIMAL PROTEIN CONCENTRATE FOR USE IN ANIMAL FEED, Recall # V-081-6;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">d) Feather Meal, Recall # V-082-6 CODE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">a) Bulk</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">b) None</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">c) Bulk</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">d) Bulk</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER H. J. Baker & Bro., Inc., Albertville, AL, by telephone on June 15, 2006 and by press release on June 16, 2006. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">REASON</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Possible contamination of animal feeds with ruminent derived meat and bone meal.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 10,878.06 tons</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DISTRIBUTION Nationwide</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR July 12, 2006</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">###</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070223180551/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20070223180551/http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">10,000,000+ LBS. of PROHIBITED BANNED MAD COW FEED I.E. BLOOD LACED MBM IN COMMERCE USA 2007</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: March 21, 2007 at 2:27 pm PST</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINES -- CLASS II</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">___________________________________</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRODUCT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Bulk cattle feed made with recalled Darling's 85% Blood Meal, Flash Dried, Recall # V-024-2007</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CODE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Cattle feed delivered between 01/12/2007 and 01/26/2007</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Pfeiffer, Arno, Inc, Greenbush, WI. by conversation on February 5, 2007.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">REASON</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Blood meal used to make cattle feed was recalled because it was cross- contaminated with prohibited bovine meat and bone meal that had been manufactured on common equipment and labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">42,090 lbs.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DISTRIBUTION</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WI</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">___________________________________</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PRODUCT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Custom dairy premix products: MNM ALL PURPOSE Pellet, HILLSIDE/CDL Prot- Buffer Meal, LEE, M.-CLOSE UP PX Pellet, HIGH DESERT/ GHC LACT Meal, TATARKA, M CUST PROT Meal, SUNRIDGE/CDL PROTEIN Blend, LOURENZO, K PVM DAIRY Meal, DOUBLE B DAIRY/GHC LAC Mineral, WEST PIONT/GHC CLOSEUP Mineral, WEST POINT/GHC LACT Meal, JENKS, J/COMPASS PROTEIN Meal, COPPINI - 8# SPECIAL DAIRY Mix, GULICK, L-LACT Meal (Bulk), TRIPLE J - PROTEIN/LACTATION, ROCK CREEK/GHC MILK Mineral, BETTENCOURT/GHC S.SIDE MK-MN, BETTENCOURT #1/GHC MILK MINR, V&C DAIRY/GHC LACT Meal, VEENSTRA, F/GHC LACT Meal, SMUTNY, A- BYPASS ML W/SMARTA, Recall # V-025-2007</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CODE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The firm does not utilize a code - only shipping documentation with commodity and weights identified.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rangen, Inc, Buhl, ID, by letters <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">on February 13</span> and 14, 2007. Firm initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">REASON</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">9,997,976 lbs.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DISTRIBUTION</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ID and NV</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR MARCH 21, 2007</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091104111717/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20091104111717/http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</a> </div></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><p class="ydpb15ee0d6yiv6895360171p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, JULY 07, 2023</p><p class="ydpb15ee0d6yiv6895360171p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></p><p class="ydpb15ee0d6yiv6895360171p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;">TME, 589.2000 (21 C.F.R. 589.2000), atypical L-BSE, who’s testing MINK for TSE? </p><p class="ydpb15ee0d6yiv6895360171p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></p><p class="ydpb15ee0d6yiv6895360171p1" style="font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/07/tme-5892000-21-cfr-5892000-atypical-l.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/07/tme-5892000-21-cfr-5892000-atypical-l.html</a></p></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr., 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMTPLOS ONE Journal</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr., 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid testsfor BSE.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Page 4</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc detectionby PMCA only.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">*** IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure ***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/5adef4ac-a7e4-46a4-8806-c8533d5c862c" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/5adef4ac-a7e4-46a4-8806-c8533d5c862c</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 23, 2020</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Idiopathic Brainstem Neuronal Chromatolysis IBNC BSE TSE Prion a Review 2020</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2020/12/idiopathic-brainstem-neuronal.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2020/12/idiopathic-brainstem-neuronal.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Our transmission study demonstrates that CH 1641-like scrapie is likely to be more virulent than classical scrapie in cattle.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the US, scrapie is reported primarily in sheep homozygous for 136A/171Q (AAQQ) and the disease phenotype is similar to that seen with experimental strain CH1641.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=182469" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=182469</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***Our transmission study demonstrates that CH 1641-like scrapie is likely to be more virulent than classical scrapiein cattle.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P-088 Transmission of experimental CH1641-like scrapie to bovine PrP overexpression mice</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Kohtaro Miyazawa1, Kentaro Masujin1, Hiroyuki Okada1, Yuichi Matsuura1, Takashi Yokoyama21Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Japan; 2Department of Planning and General Administration, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Introduction: Scrapie is a prion disease in sheep and goats. CH1641-lke scrapie is characterized by a lower molecular mass of the unglycosylated form of abnormal prion protein (PrpSc) compared to that of classical scrapie. It is worthy of attention because of the biochemical similarities of the Prpsc from CH1641-like and BSE affected sheep. We have reported that experimental CH1641-like scrapie is transmissible to bovine PrP overexpression (TgBoPrP) mice (Yokoyama et al. 2010). We report here the further details of this transmission study and compare the biological and biochemical properties to those of classical scrapie affected TgBoPrP mice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods: The details of sheep brain homogenates used in this study are described in our previous report(Yokoyama et al. 2010). TgBoPrP mice were intracerebrally inoculated with a 10% brain homogenate of each scrapie strain. The brains of mice were subjected to histopathological and biochemical analyses.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results: Prpsc banding pattern of CH1641-like scrapie affected TgBoPrP mice was similar to that of classical scrapie affected mice. Mean survival period of CH1641-like scrapie affected TgBoPrP mice was 170 days at the 3rd passage and it was significantly shorter than that of classical scrapie affected mice (439 days). Lesion profiles and Prpsc distributions in the brains also differed between CH1641-like and classical scrapie affected mice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusion: We succeeded in stable transmission of CH1641-like scrapie to TgBoPrP mice. Our transmission study demonstrates that CH 1641-like scrapie is likely to be more virulent than classical scrapie in cattle.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the US, scrapie is reported primarily in sheep homozygous for 136A/171Q (AAQQ) and the disease phenotype issimilar to that seen with experimental strain CH1641.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=182469" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=182469</a> </div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, MARCH 29, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">The use of animal by-products in a circular bioeconomy: Time for a TSE road map 3? </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/03/the-use-of-animal-by-products-in.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2023/03/the-use-of-animal-by-products-in.html</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE--U.S. 50 STATE CONFERENCE CALL Jan. 9, 2001</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: Tue, 9 Jan 2001 16:49:00 -0800</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: <span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de</span> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">August 5, 2001</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Mad cow disease: Could it be here?</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Man's stubborn crusade attracts experts' notice </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Photo of Carol Christian </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Carol Christian</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Chron.com</span> / Houston Chronicle </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Mad-cow-disease-Could-it-be-here-2042860.php" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Mad-cow-disease-Could-it-be-here-2042860.php</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Monday, May 22, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">BSE TSE Prion MAD COW TESTING IN THE USA COMPARED TO OTHER COUNTRIES?<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">This is where STUPID meets the road imo, where you have politicians trying to take chocolate milk from THE SCHOOL LUNCH PROGRAM, claims it's bad for our baby's.</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">BUT IT'S PERFECTLY OK TO FEED OUR CHILDREN, FOR FOUR FUCKING YEARS, THE MOST HIGH RISK CATTLE FOR BSE MAD COW DISEASE, VIA THE SAME SCHOOL LUNCH PROGRAM...i don't make this stuff up people!</div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2023/05/bse-tse-prion-mad-cow-testing-in-usa.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2023/05/bse-tse-prion-mad-cow-testing-in-usa.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Saturday, September 21, 2013 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Westland/Hallmark: 2008 Beef Recall A Case Study by The Food Industry Center January 2010 THE FLIM-FLAM REPORT </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://downercattle.blogspot.com/2013/09/westlandhallmark-2008-beef-recall-case.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://downercattle.blogspot.com/2013/09/westlandhallmark-2008-beef-recall-case.html</a> </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">SUNDAY, MARCH 19, 2023 </span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">Abandoned factory ‘undoubtedly’ contains dormant Mad Cow Disease that could threaten humans, Thruxted Mill, Queniborough CJD<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2023/03/abandoned-factory-undoubtedly-contains.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2023/03/abandoned-factory-undoubtedly-contains.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">DEFRA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Friday, December 14, 2012 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip..... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law. Animals considered at high risk for CWD include: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones and </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from the USA to GB can not be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It may constitute a small percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin processed animal proteins that were imported from US into GB in 2011. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a __greater than negligible risk___ that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer and/or elk protein is imported into GB. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There is uncertainty associated with this estimate given the lack of data on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being imported in these products. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip..... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">36% in 2007 (Almberg et al., 2011). In such areas, population declines of deer of up to 30 to 50% have been observed (Almberg et al., 2011). In areas of Colorado, the prevalence can be as high as 30% (EFSA, 2011). The clinical signs of CWD in affected adults are weight loss and behavioural changes that can span weeks or months (Williams, 2005). In addition, signs might include excessive salivation, behavioural alterations including a fixed stare and changes in interaction with other animals in the herd, and an altered stance (Williams, 2005). These signs are indistinguishable from cervids experimentally infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Given this, if CWD was to be introduced into countries with BSE such as GB, for example, infected deer populations would need to be tested to differentiate if they were infected with CWD or BSE to minimise the risk of BSE entering the human food-chain via affected venison. snip..... The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip..... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with CWD prion. snip..... In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing, footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible... For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant uncertainty associated with these estimates. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip..... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists and returning GB residents. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip..... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; letter-spacing: inherit; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a><span style="letter-spacing: inherit; outline: none !important;"> </span></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">*** PLEASE SEE THIS URGENT UPDATE ON CWD AND FEED ANIMAL PROTEIN ***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sunday, March 20, 2016</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Docket No. FDA-2003-D-0432 (formerly 03D-0186) Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed ***UPDATED MARCH 2016*** Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">PLoS One. 2020; 15(8): e0237410. Published online 2020 Aug 20. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237410 PMCID: PMC7446902 PMID: 32817706 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Very low oral exposure to prions of brain or saliva origin can transmit chronic wasting disease </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Nathaniel D. Denkers, Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing,#1 Clare E. Hoover, Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing,#2 Kristen A. Davenport, Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing,3 Davin M. Henderson, Conceptualization, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology,1 Erin E. McNulty, Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing,1 Amy V. Nalls, Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing,1 Candace K. Mathiason, Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Supervision, Writing – review & editing,1 and Edward A. Hoover, Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Supervision, Writing – review & editing1,* Byron Caughey, Editor Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer This article has been corrected. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">See PLoS One. 2021 June 10; 16(6): e0253356. Associated Data Data Availability Statement </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Abstract </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The minimum infectious dose required to induce CWD infection in cervids remains unknown, as does whether peripherally shed prions and/or multiple low dose exposures are important factors in CWD transmission. With the goal of better understand CWD infection in nature, we studied oral exposures of deer to very low doses of CWD prions and also examined whether the frequency of exposure or prion source may influence infection and pathogenesis. We orally inoculated white-tailed deer with either single or multiple divided doses of prions of brain or saliva origin and monitored infection by serial longitudinal tissue biopsies spanning over two years. We report that oral exposure to as little as 300 nanograms (ng) of CWD-positive brain or to saliva containing seeding activity equivalent to 300 ng of CWD-positive brain, were sufficient to transmit CWD disease. This was true whether the inoculum was administered as a single bolus or divided as three weekly 100 ng exposures. However, when the 300 ng total dose was apportioned as 10, 30 ng doses delivered over 12 weeks, no infection occurred. While low-dose exposures to prions of brain or saliva origin prolonged the time from inoculation to first detection of infection, once infection was established, we observed no differences in disease pathogenesis. These studies suggest that the CWD minimum infectious dose approximates 100 to 300 ng CWD-positive brain (or saliva equivalent), and that CWD infection appears to conform more with a threshold than a cumulative dose dynamic.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In conclusion, we have attempted to model and better understand CWD infection relative to natural exposure. The results demonstrate: (a) that the minimum CWD oral infectious dose is vastly lower than historical studies used to establish infection; (b) that a direct relationship exists between dose and incubation time to first prion replication detection in tonsils, irrespective of genotype; (c) that a difference was not discernible between brain vs. saliva source prions in ability to establish infection or in resultant disease course; and (d) that the CWD infection process appears to conform more to a threshold dose than an accumulative dose dynamic. </div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7446902/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7446902/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: the effect of oral exposure dose on attack rate and incubation period in cattle</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">G. A. H. Wells,1 T. Konold,1 M. E. Arnold,1 A. R. Austin,1 3 S. A. C. Hawkins,1 M. Stack,1 M. M. Simmons,1 Y. H. Lee,2 D. Gavier-Wide´n,3 M. Dawson1 4 and J. W. Wilesmith1 1 Correspondence G. A. H. Wells</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">g.a.h.wells@vla.defra.gsi.gov.uk</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1 Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2 National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Anyang, Republic of Korea</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3 National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE-75189 Uppsala, Sweden</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Received 27 July 2006</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Accepted 18 November 2006</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The dose–response of cattle exposed to the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) agent is an important component of modelling exposure risks for animals and humans and thereby, the modulation of surveillance and control strategies for BSE. In two experiments calves were dosed orally with a range of amounts of a pool of brainstems from BSE-affected cattle. Infectivity in the pool was determined by end-point titration in mice. Recipient cattle were monitored for clinical disease and, from the incidence of pathologically confirmed cases and their incubation periods (IPs), the attack rate and IP distribution according to dose were estimated. The dose at which 50 % of cattle would be clinically affected was estimated at 0.20 g brain material used in the experiment, with 95 % confidence intervals of 0.04–1.00 g. The IP was highly variable across all dose groups and followed a log-normal distribution, with decreasing mean as dose increased. There was no evidence of a threshold dose at which the probability of infection became vanishingly small, with 1/15 (7 %) of animals affected at the lowest dose (1 mg).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">DISCUSSION</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The study has demonstrated that disease in cattle can be produced by oral exposure to as little as 1 mg brain homogenate (¡100.4 RIII mouse i.c./i.p. ID50 units) from clinically affected field cases of BSE and that the limiting dose for infection of calves is lower than this exposure...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/docserver/fulltext/jgv/88/4/1363.pdf?expires=1623186112&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=AE3A4C280431A05B70DE66DEC2E841B4" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/docserver/fulltext/jgv/88/4/1363.pdf?expires=1623186112&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=AE3A4C280431A05B70DE66DEC2E841B4</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82421-0#tab2" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; letter-spacing: inherit; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82421-0#tab2</a><span style="letter-spacing: inherit; outline: none !important;"> </span></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">P04.27</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Experimental BSE Infection of Non-human Primates: Efficacy of the Oral Route</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Holznagel, E1; Yutzy, B1; Deslys, J-P2; Lasmzas, C2; Pocchiari, M3; Ingrosso, L3; Bierke, P4; Schulz-Schaeffer, W5; Motzkus, D6; Hunsmann, G6; Lwer, J1 1Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Germany; 2Commissariat Energie Atomique, France; 3Instituto Superiore di Sanit, Italy; 4Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease control, Sweden; 5Georg August University, Germany; 6German Primate Center, Germany</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Background:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In 2001, a study was initiated in primates to assess the risk for humans to contract BSE through contaminated food. For this purpose, BSE brain was titrated in cynomolgus monkeys.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Aims:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The primary objective is the determination of the minimal infectious dose (MID50) for oral exposure to BSE in a simian model, and, by in doing this, to assess the risk for humans. Secondly, we aimed at examining the course of the disease to identify possible biomarkers.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Methods:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Groups with six monkeys each were orally dosed with lowering amounts of BSE brain: 16g, 5g, 0.5g, 0.05g, and 0.005g. In a second titration study, animals were intracerebrally (i.c.) dosed (50, 5, 0.5, 0.05, and 0.005 mg).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Results:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In an ongoing study, a considerable number of high-dosed macaques already developed simian vCJD upon oral or intracerebral exposure or are at the onset of the clinical phase. However, there are differences in the clinical course between orally and intracerebrally infected animals that may influence the detection of biomarkers.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Conclusions:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Simian vCJD can be easily triggered in cynomolgus monkeys on the oral route using less than 5 g BSE brain homogenate. The difference in the incubation period between 5 g oral and 5 mg i.c. is only 1 year (5 years versus 4 years). However, there are rapid progressors among orally dosed monkeys that develop simian vCJD as fast as intracerebrally inoculated animals.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The work referenced was performed in partial fulfilment of the study 'BSE in primates' supported by the EU (QLK1-2002-01096).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://youtu.be/Vtt1kAVDhDQ" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://youtu.be/Vtt1kAVDhDQ</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3647490/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3647490/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://cjdisa.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/PRION-2017-Summary-for-CJDISA.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://cjdisa.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/PRION-2017-Summary-for-CJDISA.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">1.3. Determination of the Minimal Infectious BSE Dose in Non-human Primates</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In a concerted European effort involving 5 laboratories including ours, the BSE-macaque model was then used to evaluate the minimal amount of BSE-infected material necessary to induce vCJD in primates. Results so far show that 5g of infectious BSE cattle brain is sufficient to induce the disease in all recipient animals by the oral route, with 500 mg yielding an incomplete attack rate10,11). The ID50 of BSE cattle brain is 200 mg for cattle12). These results suggest a low species barrier between cattle and non-human primates.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6989170/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6989170/</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">look at the table and you'll see that as little as 1 mg (or 0.001 gm) caused 7% (1 of 14) of the cows to come down with BSE;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Risk of oral infection with bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent in primates</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Corinne Ida Lasmzas, Emmanuel Comoy, Stephen Hawkins, Christian Herzog, Franck Mouthon, Timm Konold, Frdric Auvr, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra-Etchegaray, Nicole Sals, Gerald Wells, Paul Brown, Jean-Philippe Deslys </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Summary The uncertain extent of human exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)--which can lead to variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)--is compounded by incomplete knowledge about the efficiency of oral infection and the magnitude of any bovine-to-human biological barrier to transmission. We therefore investigated oral transmission of BSE to non-human primates. We gave two macaques a 5 g oral dose of brain homogenate from a BSE-infected cow. One macaque developed vCJD-like neurological disease 60 months after exposure, whereas the other remained free of disease at 76 months. On the basis of these findings and data from other studies, we made a preliminary estimate of the food exposure risk for man, which provides additional assurance that existing public health measures can prevent transmission of BSE to man.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE bovine brain inoculum</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">100 g 10 g 5 g 1 g 100 mg 10 mg 1 mg 01 mg 001 mg</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Primate (oral route)* 1/2 (50%)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Cattle (oral route)* 10/10 (100%) 7/9 (78%) 7/10 (70%) 3/15 (20%) 1/15 (7%) 1/15 (7%)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RIII mice (ic ip route)* 17/18 (94%) 15/17 (88%) 1/14 (7%)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PrPres biochemical detection</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The comparison is made on the basis of calibration of the bovine inoculum used in our study with primates against a bovine brain inoculum with a similar PrPres concentration that was</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">inoculated into mice and cattle.8 *Data are number of animals positive/number of animals surviving at the time of clinical onset of disease in the first positive animal (%). The accuracy of</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">bioassays is generally judged to be about plus or minus 1 log. ic ip=intracerebral and int****ritoneal.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Table 1: Comparison of transmission rates in primates and cattle infected orally with similar BSE brain inocula</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published online January 27, 2005</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It is clear that the designing scientists must</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">also have shared Mr Bradley's surprise at the results because all the dose</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002904/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002904/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">6. It also appears to me that Mr Bradley's answer (that it would take less than say 100 grams) was probably given with the benefit of hindsight; particularly if one considers that later in the same answer Mr Bradley expresses his surprise that it could take as little of 1 gram of brain to cause BSE by the oral route within the same species. This information did not become available until the "attack rate" experiment had been completed in 1995/96. This was a titration experiment designed to ascertain the infective dose. A range of dosages was used to ensure that the actual result was within both a lower and an upper limit within the study and the designing scientists would not have expected all the dose levels to trigger infection. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The dose ranges chosen by the most informed scientists at that time ranged from 1 gram to three times one hundred grams. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It is clear that the designing scientists must have also shared Mr Bradley's surprise at the results because all the dose levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506004507/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506004507/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf</a></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: inherit; outline: none !important;">Notice of Request To Renew an Approved Information Collection: Specified Risk Materials DOCKET NUMBER Docket No. FSIS-2022-0027 Singeltary Submission</span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Greetings FSIS, USDA, et al,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Thank you kindly for allowing the public to comment on ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(a) whether the proposed collection of information is necessary for the proper performance of FSIS’ functions, including whether the information will have practical utility;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(b) the accuracy of FSIS’ estimate of the burden of the proposed collection of information, including the validity of the method and assumptions used;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(c) ways to enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be collected; and</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(d) ways to minimize the burden of the collection of information, including through the use of appropriate automated, electronic, mechanical, or other technological collection techniques, or other forms of information technology.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I will be commenting mostly on a, b, and c, because d, is wanting to minimize the burden of collection, and i do not think that is possible if ''These statutes mandate that FSIS protect the public by verifying that meat, poultry, and egg products are safe, wholesome, and properly labeled and packaged.'', is truly the intent of these statutes, and i would kindly like to explain why, and why it is so critical that these Specified Risk Materials SRM TSE Prion Statues are so important for public health, and WHY there is an urgent need to enhance them, considering the risk factors of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion in Cervid.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">THIS collection of SRM materials information should be done all the time, year after year, and ending it EVER would be foolish, imo, not scientific, and will lead to future risk to public health, if you consider just how bad USDA/FSIS/APHIS/FDA failed so badly with the FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED BAN, the SRM REMOVAL, THE BSE SURVEILLANCE AND TESTING PROGRAMS, THEY FAILED ALL OF THEM TERRIBLY IMO, AND BY CONTINUING TO INSIST ON TESTING 25K CATTLE FOR BSE IS A DISASTER WATING TO HAPPEND IMO!</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SPECIFIED RISK MATERS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Specified Risk Materials SRMs, are the most high risk infectious materials, organs, of a cow that is infected with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy, BSE TSE Prion. the atypical BSE strains are, like atypical L-type BSE are more infectious that the typical C-type BSE. Also, Science of the BSE TSE has evolved to show that there are more infectious tissues and organs than previously thought. I wish to kindly post all this evidence, as to show you why this information collection of SRMs are so vital to public safety, and why they should be enhanced for cattle, cervid, sheep, and goats, oh, and not to forget the new livestock prion disease in camel, the Camel Prion Disease CPD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ONE other thing, you must remember, SCIENCE AND TRANSMISSION STUDIES have now shown that CWD and Scrapie can transmit to PIGS by Oral route. This should be included in any enhancement of the SRM or FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">NOT to forget Zoonosis of all of the above, i will post the latest science to date at the bottom of the attached files.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Thank You, terry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FSIS-2022-0027-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FSIS-2022-0027-0002</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary further comments in attachment;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Specified Risk Materials DOCKET NUMBER Docket No. FSIS-2022-0027 Singeltary Submission Attachment https://downloads.regulations.gov/FSIS-2022-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf Monday, December 5, 2022 Notice of Request To Renew an Approved Information Collection: Specified Risk Materials DOCKET NUMBER Docket No. FSIS-2022-0027 Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2022/12/notice-of-request-to-renew-approved.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2022/12/notice-of-request-to-renew-approved.html</a></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><span style="letter-spacing: inherit; outline: none !important;">SEE MAD COW FEED VIOLATIONS AFER MAD COW FEED VIOLATIONS ;</span><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2003-d-0432-formerly-03d.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2003-d-0432-formerly-03d.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Docket No. APHIS–2023–0027 Notice of Request for Revision to and Extension of Approval of an Information Collection; National Veterinary Services Laboratories; Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Surveillance Program Singeltary Submission Document APHIS-2023-0027-0001 BSE Singeltary Comment Submission </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">see full submission; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a> </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;">Control of Chronic Wasting Disease OMB Control Number: 0579-0189 APHIS-2021-0004 Singeltary Submission</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;">Docket No. APHIS-2018-0011 Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;">APHIS Indemnity Regulations [Docket No. APHIS-2021-0010] RIN 0579-AE65 Singeltary Comment Submission Singeltary Sr., Terry</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;">Sep 8, 2022</div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0010-0003" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0010-0003</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0010-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0010-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Monday, May 22, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">BSE TSE Prion MAD COW TESTING IN THE USA COMPARED TO OTHER COUNTRIES? </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2023/05/bse-tse-prion-mad-cow-testing-in-usa.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2023/05/bse-tse-prion-mad-cow-testing-in-usa.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">DID YOUR CHILD CONSUME SOME OF THESE DEAD STOCK DOWNER COWS, THE MOST HIGH RISK FOR MAD COW DISEASE ??? this recall was not for the welfare of the animals. ...tss </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">you can check and see here ; (link now dead, does not work...tss) </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/safety/pdf/Hallmark-Westland_byState.pdf </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">try this link ; </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20101014074729/http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/safety/pdf/Hallmark-Westland_byState.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20101014074729/http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/safety/pdf/Hallmark-Westland_byState.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">or here;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://downercattle.blogspot.com/2013/09/school-food-authorities-affected-by.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://downercattle.blogspot.com/2013/09/school-food-authorities-affected-by.html</a> </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Sunday, November 13, 2011 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">California BSE mad cow beef recall, QFC, CJD, and dead stock downer livestock </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/11/california-bse-mad-cow-beef-recall-qfc.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/11/california-bse-mad-cow-beef-recall-qfc.html</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/mad-cow-feed-recall-2009-product-may.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/mad-cow-feed-recall-2009-product-may.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/03/millions-and-millions-of-pounds-of-mad.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/03/millions-and-millions-of-pounds-of-mad.html</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2017/11/texas-natural-meats-recalls-beef.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2017/11/texas-natural-meats-recalls-beef.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">some history about the OIE coming from the inside</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">bse-tester Well-known member JoinedJul 1, 2005 Messages517 Reaction score0 LocationEdmonton, Alberta, Canada Dec 19, 2007 #41 Question wrote:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Maybe familiarize yourself with the OIE. The primary concern is animal health of the world they are the animal version of the WHO. It is a long way down from that ivory tower but here we go, until pressured by the USA representatives a country could not export animals for 6 years after finding a BSE/BASE positive animal so under the old rules the US would not be able to export anywhere in the world for another 4 1/2 years. Who got the risk levels system put in to allow some trade - your US representatives. You guys want to change rules - OK , but you do not get special rules that only apply to the US. As i have told you before Sand h I market all my own slaughter animals and you know that, so don't do the whole holier than thow act.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">With all due respect, it is obvious that you know little about the OIE and how it actually works. Having been to their offices in Paris and talked personally with the Head of the Animal Test Section, you would choke if you knew how many lobby groups attend that office daily. There is a steady stream of paid lobby groups that have one goal in life and that is to sway the Section Heads of each department within the OIE to suit the needs of different juristictions around the world, which curiously enough, also includes the USA and Canada. Anyone can go there and chat with them - providing they can provide valid cause to be let in. To say that the only goal of the OIE is animal health is actually only part of their function. They are more than that and my discussions with Dr. Diaz there has showed me that. But to blindly make a statement regarding what they do when you have no idea what they actually do is like eating the skin of the orange and not knowing what is actually under.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Interestingly you state that the US Government applied pressure (to the OIE) I assume and that is a great example of the lobby groups doing their job. So, at the end of the day, one can safely assume that it is the pressure applied by certain influential lobby groups that will determine a likely aoutcome to an apparent OIE directive. Man alive, isn't it great to live in a democracy wherein the people get to make the choices and not just some "other" interested party or group - say like........Cargyll or Tyson for example?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">So, one last question, question?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Who wags the tail of that dog?? And for what reason other than one that is purely associated with trade and international agreements and greed?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">And you think it is so simply explainable. </div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ranchers.net/threads/bse-case-confirmed-in-alberta.22833/page-3" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ranchers.net/threads/bse-case-confirmed-in-alberta.22833/page-3</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">bse-tester Well-known member Joined Jul 1, 2005 Messages517 Reaction score0 Location Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Dec 20, 2007</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">#47</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Actually QUESTION, the guy in charge is Dr. Francois Diaz. He runs the BSE Section for the OIE and has done so for many years. As far as I know, there are no extremists there but there are some in Canada apparently.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">You state:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">These guys have their own agenda and it has nothing to do with consumer safety or eliminating BSE.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">You obviously know nothing about the OIE and what it is really all about. But it is convenient for you to simply label them as extremists with their own agenda and that is how you view the world. You talk of being sure that you keep your cattle free of BSE. How do you do that? Do you simply go over to them and one at a time, look into their eyes and make a wish?? How the hell do you know what is living inside them on a day to day basis. Last year alone in the UK there were over 200 cases of BSE/Scrapie found prior to slaughter. These animals were not generally reported in the media because the UK Government has decided to simply do discreet surveillance and take them out of the loop wherever possible but they still admit that there is a significant risk that some animals are going through the system.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Also, in the USA, I have been advised that there are a Typical (classic PrPsc) and an A-Typical brain from animals born and raised in the USA. Do you honestly think that there are no conspiracies within the Canadian, UK and US Governments that prevent us and the rest of the world from knowing the depths to which BSE goes in their respective National herds - you can bank on it!!! The folks I have met at the OIE take their jobs extremely seriously and have shown repeatedly that they are dedicated to the ellimination of BSE, Scrapie and all known TSE's. :D :D</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">bse-tester Well-known member Joined Jul 1, 2005 Messages 517 Reaction score0 Location Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Dec 21, 2007</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">#83</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SRM removal is a smoke screen brought about by the packer lobbys who fought to have this angle introduced and by government officials who thought it a good idea to have something to tell the public at large when their credibility was failing at the height of the BSE crisis.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SRM removal was put forward as a means to provide a so-called scientific excuse to the general public to alleviate their fear that BSE was going to be brought into the human food chain. Removing only certain tissues from an animal is a farce when one can find PrPsc throughout the entire carcass. Just think about those poor smucks who competed on that TV show "Fear Factor" and ate cattle eye-balls and raw bovine liver and guts to make a few bucks. Mmmmmmmmm, where will they be in a few decades I wonder?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">So who the hell is fooling whom??? Come on Timmy, I know you are going to wail in on this one - don't bother pal, stick to what you know and not what you think you know.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">=====</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ranchers.net/threads/bse-case-confirmed-in-alberta.22833/page-5" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ranchers.net/threads/bse-case-confirmed-in-alberta.22833/page-5</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ranchers.net/threads/bse-case-confirmed-in-alberta.22833/page-4" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ranchers.net/threads/bse-case-confirmed-in-alberta.22833/page-4</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ranchers.net/threads/bse-case-confirmed-in-alberta.22833/page-3" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ranchers.net/threads/bse-case-confirmed-in-alberta.22833/page-3</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ranchers.net/threads/bse-case-confirmed-in-alberta.22833/page-2" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ranchers.net/threads/bse-case-confirmed-in-alberta.22833/page-2</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ranchers.net/threads/bse-case-confirmed-in-alberta.22833/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ranchers.net/threads/bse-case-confirmed-in-alberta.22833/</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px; outline: none !important; text-align: justify;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: none !important;"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Monday, November 30, 2009</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">USDA AND OIE COLLABORATE TO EXCLUDE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE NOR-98 ANIMAL HEALTH CODE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://nor-98.blogspot.com/2009/11/usda-and-oie-collaborate-to-exclude.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://nor-98.blogspot.com/2009/11/usda-and-oie-collaborate-to-exclude.html</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, JANUARY 20, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SCRAPIE IN THE UNITED STATES </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2023/01/epidemiology-of-scrapie-in-united-states.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2023/01/epidemiology-of-scrapie-in-united-states.html</a> </div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="outline: none !important;">MEETING ON THE FEASIBILITY OF CARRYING OUT EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE 1978 THE SCRAPIE FILES IN CONFIDENCE CONFIDENTIAL SCJD </span></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2016/08/meeting-on-feasibility-of-carrying-out.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2016/08/meeting-on-feasibility-of-carrying-out.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 03, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Scrapie TSE Prion United States of America a Review February 2021 Singeltary et al</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/02/scrapie-tse-prion-united-states-of.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/02/scrapie-tse-prion-united-states-of.html</a></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, MARCH 16, 2022 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">SHEEP BY-PRODUCTS AND WHAT ABOUT Scrapie TSE PrP and Potential Zoonosis? </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/03/sheep-by-products-and-what-about.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/03/sheep-by-products-and-what-about.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 8, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Importation of Sheep, Goats, and Certain Other Ruminants AGENCY: Animal APHIA, USDA, FINAL RULE [Docket No. APHIS–2009–0095] RIN 0579–AD10</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/12/importation-of-sheep-goats-and-certain.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/12/importation-of-sheep-goats-and-certain.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, DECEMBER 10, 2021 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">USDA APHIS National Scrapie Eradication Program October 2021 Monthly Report Fiscal Year 2022</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/12/usda-aphis-national-scrapie-eradication.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/12/usda-aphis-national-scrapie-eradication.html</a></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">WOAH Designated ADAFSA’s Veterinary Labs as First Collaborating Centre for Camel Diseases in Middle East</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://rr-middleeast.woah.org/en/news/adafsa-collaborating-centre/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://rr-middleeast.woah.org/en/news/adafsa-collaborating-centre/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: OIE Camel Prion Disease</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">OIE Bulletin</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Camel prion disease: a possible emerging disease in dromedary camel populations?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The identification of a new prion disease in dromedary camels in Algeria and Tunisia, called camel prion disease (CPD), extends the spectrum of animal species naturally susceptible to prion diseases and opens up new research areas for investigation.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Camel prion disease was identified in 2018 in adult camels showing clinical signs at the ante mortem inspection at slaughterhouses in the region of Ouargla (Algeria), and in 2019 in the region of Tataouine (Tunisia). It adds to the group of existing animal prion diseases, including scrapie in sheep and goats, chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervids and BSE (mainly in bovines). The detection of a new prion disease in the dromedary population requires attention and investigation needs to be carried out to assess the risks of this disease to animal and public health. As of today, very limited epidemiological information is available to assess the prevalence, geographical distribution and dynamic of the transmission of the disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Based on the clinical signs suggesting prion disease, CPD seems to have occurred in 3.1% of the dromedaries brought to the abattoir in Ouargla. Pathognomonic neurodegeneration and disease specific prion protein (PrPSc) were detected in brain tissue from three symptomatic animals (source:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CDC article <a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/6/17-2007_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/6/17-2007_article</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In May 2019, the OIE received a report from Tunisia on a single case of a 12-year-old slaughtered dromedary camel showing neurological signs confirmed as CPD by the Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS) based in Italy.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">©B. Babelhadj/University Kasdi Merbah, Algeria</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">www.oiebulletin.com</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Is camel prion disease transmissible in natural conditions?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The involvement of lymphoid tissue in prion replication, observed both in the Algeria and Tunisia cases, is suggestive of a peripheral pathogenesis, which is thought to be a prerequisite for prion shedding into the environment. As with other animal prion diseases, such as scrapie and CWD, in which lymphoid tissues are extensively involved and horizontal transmission occurs efficiently under natural conditions, the detection of prion proteins in lymph nodes is suggestive of the infectious nature of CPD and concurs to hypothesise the potential impact of CPD on animal health. No evidence is currently available with which to argue for the relevance of CPD for human health. However, no absolute species barrier exists in prion diseases and minimising the exposure of humans to prion-infected animal products is an essential aspect of public health protection. As for the relationship between CPD and other animal prion diseases, preliminary analyses suggest that CPD prions have a different molecular signature from scrapie and BSE.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Actions on the follow up of CPD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Since the first description of CPD, the OIE promoted discussions on the impact of this new disease through the OIE Scientific Commission for Animal Diseases (Scientific Commission). The Scientific Commission consulted two OIE ad hoc Groups, one on BSE risk status evaluation of Members and the other on camelids. It analysed the information available from the Algeria and Tunisia cases to evaluate if CPD should be considered an ‘emerging disease’ based on the criteria listed in the Terrestrial Animal Health Code1 . </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The OIE Scientific Commission noted that limited surveillance data were available on the prevalence of CPD and that the evidence was not sufficient to measure, at that time, the impact of the disease on animal or public health. Therefore, it was concluded that, with the current knowledge, CPD did not currently meet the criteria to be considered an emerging disease. Nonetheless, it was emphasised that CPD should be considered as a new disease not to be overlooked and called for the collection of further scientific evidence through research and surveillance in the affected countries and in countries with dromedary camel populations to measure the impact of the disease. As new scientific evidence becomes available, the OIE Scientific Commission will reassess whether this disease should be considered as an emerging disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The worldwide camel population is ~35 million head (FAO, 2019), 88% of which is found in Africa. The camel farming system is evolving rapidly, and these animals represent vital sources of meat, milk and transportation for millions of people living in the most arid regions of the world. This makes it necessary to assess the risk for animal and human health and to develop evidence-based policies to control and limit the spread of the disease in animals, and to minimise human exposure. As a first step, the awareness of Veterinary Services about CPD and its diagnostic capacity needs to be improved in all countries where dromedaries are part of the domestic livestock.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">At the regional level, CPD was first discussed in the 18th Joint Permanent Committee of the Mediterranean Animal Health Network (REMESA) held in Cairo, Egypt, in June 2019 where an expert 1 a new occurrence in an animal of a disease, infection or infestation, causing a significant impact on animal or public health resulting from a) a change of a known pathogenic agent or its spread to a new geographic area or species, or b) a previously unrecognised pathogenic agent or disease diagnosed for the first time www.oiebulletin.com</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">from ISS, Italy, shared the knowledge available on the new disease with the 15 REMESA Member Countries. The discussion highlighted the need to strengthen surveillance systems in order to collect epidemiological data to inform the risk assessments. The results of these risk assessments will support the implementation of evidence-based policies to manage the risks in both animals and humans.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CPD was recently discussed atthe 15thConference of the OIE Regional Commission for the Middle East in November. During this conference, the CAMENET (Camel Middle East Network) launched a wide ranging proposal for training, coordinated surveillance and research on CPD. In addition, the ERFAN (Enhancing Research for Africa Network), a platform aimed at enhancing scientific cooperation between Africa and Italy, during its 2nd ERFAN meeting for North Africa, presented a project on CPD with the objective of increasing CPD coordinated surveillance in North Africa.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The OIE, through its Reference Laboratories for prion diseases, and by involving the above scientific initiatives, is keeping a close watch on the evolution of the disease to gather scientific evidence and to allow a proper and more thorough assessment of the risk associated with this novel disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">◼ December 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20210711171316/https://oiebulletin.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/OIE-News-December-2019-Camel-prion-disease.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20210711171316/https://oiebulletin.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/OIE-News-December-2019-Camel-prion-disease.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Monday, November 14, 2022 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Prion Diseases in Dromedary Camels (CPD) 2022 Review </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2022/11/prion-diseases-in-dromedary-camels-cpd.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2022/11/prion-diseases-in-dromedary-camels-cpd.html</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Thursday, April 6, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">WOAH OIE CHAPTER 11.4 . BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY Article 11.4.1. </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/04/woah-oie-chapter-114-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/04/woah-oie-chapter-114-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, APRIL 07, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Case report: Two clusters of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease cases within 1 year in West Michigan </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/04/case-report-two-clusters-of-creutzfeldt.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/04/case-report-two-clusters-of-creutzfeldt.html</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">SEAC SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY ADVISORY COMMITTEE Minutes of the 99th meeting held on 14th December 2007 Singeltary Submission </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://seac992007.blogspot.com/2022/12/seac-spongiform-encephalopathy-advisory.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://seac992007.blogspot.com/2022/12/seac-spongiform-encephalopathy-advisory.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">sporadic CJD and BSE ?</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">December 2002</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE prions propagate as either variant CJD-like or sporadic CJD-like prion strains in transgenic mice expressing human prion protein</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Emmanuel A. Asante Jacqueline M. Linehan Melanie Desbruslais Susan Joiner Ian Gowland Andrew L. Wood Julie Welch Andrew F. Hill Sarah E. Lloyd Jonathan D.F. Wadsworth John Collinge</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The EMBO Journal (2002)21:6358-6366 <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/emboj/cdf653" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1093/emboj/cdf653</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD) has been recognized to date only in individuals homozygous for methionine at PRNP codon 129. Here we show that transgenic mice expressing human PrP methionine 129, inoculated with either bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) or variant CJD prions, may develop the neuropathological and molecular phenotype of vCJD, consistent with these diseases being caused by the same prion strain. Surprisingly, however, BSE transmission to these transgenic mice, in addition to producing a vCJD-like phenotype, can also result in a distinct molecular phenotype that is indistinguishable from that of sporadic CJD with PrPSc type 2. These data suggest that more than one BSE-derived prion strain might infect humans; it is therefore possible that some patients with a phenotype consistent with sporadic CJD may have a disease arising from BSE exposure.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">These studies further strengthen the evidence that vCJD is caused by a BSE-like prion strain. Also, remarkably, the key neuropathological hallmark of vCJD, the presence of abundant florid PrP plaques, can be recapitulated on BSE or vCJD transmission to these mice. However, the most surprising aspect of the studies was the finding that an alternate pattern of disease can be induced in 129MM Tg35 mice from primary transmission of BSE, with a molecular phenotype indistinguishable from that of a sub-type of sporadic CJD. This finding has important potential implications as it raises the possibility that some humans infected with BSE prions may develop a clinical disease indistinguishable from classical CJD associated with type 2 PrPSc. This is, in our experience, the commonest molecular sub-type of sporadic CJD. In this regard, it is of interest that the reported incidence of sporadic CJD has risen in the UK since the 1970s (Cousens et al., 1997). This has been attributed to improved case ascertainment, particularly as much of the rise is reported from elderly patients and similar rises in incidence were noted in other European countries without reported BSE (Will et al., 1998). However, it is now clear that BSE is present in many European countries, albeit at a much lower incidence than was seen in the UK. While improved ascertainment is likely to be a major factor in this rise, that some of these additional cases may be related to BSE exposure cannot be ruled out. It is of interest in this regard that a 2-fold increase in the reported incidence of sporadic CJD in 2001 has recently been reported for Switzerland, a country that had the highest incidence of cattle BSE in continental Europe between 1990 and 2002 (Glatzel et al., 2002). No epidemiological case–control studies with stratification of CJD cases by molecular sub-type have yet been reported. It will be important to review the incidence of sporadic CJD associated with PrPSc type 2 and other molecular sub-types in both BSE-affected and unaffected countries in the light of these findings. If human BSE prion infection can result in propagation of type 2 PrPSc, it would be expected that such cases would be indistinguishable on clinical, pathological and molecular criteria from classical CJD. It may also be expected that such prions would behave biologically like those isolated from humans with sporadic CJD with type 2 PrPSc. The transmission properties of prions associated with type 2 PrPSc from BSE-inoculated 129MM Tg35 mice are being investigated by serial passage.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip…</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">We consider these data inconsistent with contamination of some of the 129MM Tg35 mice with sporadic CJD prions. These transmission studies were performed according to rigorous biosafety protocols for preparation of inocula and both the inoculation and care of mice, which are all uniquely identified by sub-cutaneous transponders. However, crucially, the same BSE inocula have been used on 129VV Tg152 and 129MM Tg45 mice, which are highly sensitive to sporadic CJD but in which such transmissions producing type 2 PrPSc were not observed. Furthermore, in an independent experiment, separate inbred lines of wild-type mice, which are highly resistant to sporadic CJD prions, also propagated two distinctive PrPSc types on challenge with either BSE or vCJD. No evidence of spontaneous prion disease or PrPSc has been seen in groups of uninoculated or mock-inoculated aged 129MM Tg35 mice.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">While distinctive prion isolates have been derived from BSE passage in mice previously (designated 301C and 301V), these, in contrast to the data presented here, are propagated in mice expressing different prion proteins (Bruce et al., 1994). It is unclear whether our findings indicate the existence of more than one prion strain in individual cattle with BSE, with selection and preferential replication of distinct strains by different hosts, or that ‘mutation’ of a unitary BSE strain occurs in some types of host. Western blot analysis of single BSE isolates has not shown evidence of the presence of a proportion of monoglycosylated dominant PrPSc type in addition to the diglycosylated dominant pattern (data not shown). Extensive strain typing of large numbers of individual BSE-infected cattle either by biological or molecular methods has not been reported.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Snip…see;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.embopress.org/doi/full/10.1093/emboj/cdf653" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.embopress.org/doi/full/10.1093/emboj/cdf653</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">-------- Original Message --------</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Subject: re-BSE prions propagate as either variant CJD-like or sporadic CJD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Date: Thu, 28 Nov 2002 10:23:43 -0000</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">From: "Asante, Emmanuel A" e.asante@ic.ac.uk</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To: "'flounder@wt.net'" flounder@wt.net</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dear Terry,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I have been asked by Professor Collinge to respond to your request. I am a Senior Scientist in the MRC Prion Unit and the lead author on the paper. I have attached a pdf copy of the paper for your attention.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Thank you for your interest in the paper.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In respect of your first question, the simple answer is, ***yes. As you will find in the paper, we have managed to associate the alternate phenotype to type 2 PrPSc, the commonest sporadic CJD. It is too early to be able to claim any further sub-classification in respect of Heidenhain variant CJD or Vicky Rimmer's version. It will take further studies, which are on-going, to establish if there are sub-types to our initial finding which we are now reporting. The main point of the paper is that, as well as leading to the expected new variant CJD phenotype, BSE transmission to the 129-methionine genotype can lead to an alternate phenotype which is indistinguishable from type 2 PrPSc.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I hope reading the paper will enlighten you more on the subject. If I can be of any further assistance please to not hesitate to ask. Best wishes.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Emmanuel Asante</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><<Asante et al 2002.pdf>></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">____________________________________</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dr. Emmanuel A Asante MRC Prion Unit & Neurogenetics Dept. Imperial College School of Medicine (St. Mary's) Norfolk Place, LONDON W2 1PG Tel: +44 (0)20 7594 3794 Fax: +44 (0)20 7706 3272 email: e.asante@ic.ac.uk (until 9/12/02) New e-mail: e.asante@prion.ucl.ac.uk (active from now)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">____________________________________end</div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Deaths from sporadic CJD reported in Britain in the 1990s peaked at around 89 a year in 1998 and the number has stayed around the 80 mark ever since - far more than the 28 variant CJD cases in 2000, the worst year so far for variant CJD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The number of people in the North-East officially confirmed to have died of vCJD is 13.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The number thought to have died of classical CJD is believed to number at least 200.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A spokesman for the Department of Health said: "These are interesting and potentially important findings, which we will need to consider in detail."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The £55m in compensation given by the Department of Health is not available for sporadic CJD victims or relatives, and there is no way yet scientists can distinguish between cases that arose from spontaneous changing in the form of the prion protein linked to both diseases, and those that might be diet-related.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Newcastle scientist Dr Harash Narang, who has spent many years researching CJD, said: "What Professor Collinge's research shows is that many of those who have been classified as dying from sporadic CJD in the past may in fact have died from BSE."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Page 2: Differences between classical CJD and vCJD....</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://icnewcastle.icnetwork.co.uk/0100news/0100local/page.cfm?objectid=12624781&method;=full&siteid;=50081" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://icnewcastle.icnetwork.co.uk/0100news/0100local/page.cfm?objectid=12624781&method;=full&siteid;=50081</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE is 'linked' to CJD deaths</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Differences between classical CJD and vCJD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Age when obvious symptoms occur after many years of incubation:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Identified in 1920s. Disease mainly of middle-aged and elderly. Incidence roughly one in a million, but steadily rising from 33 to 89 a year.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Identified in 1996. Average age late 20s. Found mainly in Britain: 130 cases with 122 deaths so far. Six in France, one each in Italy, Ireland, Canada, and United States.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Until now assumed a normal prion protein in the brain spontaneously changed into abnormal dangerous form. Recently suggested some cases possibly caused by surgical contamination during operations. BSE or similar diseases could now be factor.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Largely blamed on consumption of cheap cattle meat and offals during 1980s. Tough food controls meant to have significantly reduced risk. Concern remains over whether sheep might also have become infected with BSE and entered food chain.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Page 3: Duration of illness and symptoms...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://icnewcastle.icnetwork.co.uk/0100news/0100local/page.cfm?objectid=12624781&method;=full&siteid;=50081&page;=2" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://icnewcastle.icnetwork.co.uk/0100news/0100local/page.cfm?objectid=12624781&method;=full&siteid;=50081&page;=2</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE is 'linked' to CJD deaths</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Duration of illness and symptoms</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Time between obvious symptoms and death typically a few months. Loss of balance, sense of direction, and control over limbs and bodily functions. Fear, anxiety.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">First symptoms often indicate psychological problems. Duration often well over a year. Several physical symptoms similar to sporadic CJD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">More questions, more victims</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This weekend marked the seventh anniversary of the death of Peter Hall, of Chester-le-Street, from vCJD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">He was 20 years old and one of the first in the UK to be diagnosed with the new disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">His parents, Frances and Derek, have been campaigning ever since and 18 months ago won a victory when the Government agreed to compensate the families of victims of vCJD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Last night Frances, who is now secretary of the Human BSE Foundation, said: "When Peter died in 1996 I never thought that seven years later we still would not understand the disease that killed him.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"And yet here we are with yet more questions and more victims.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"This new study could have major implications for those who have died of CJD since BSE - particularly the young ones who until now were diagnosed with sporadic CJD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"But it will take time and I suspect it will be years rather than months before we understand what is happening."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Page 4: Hospital report due out soon...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://icnewcastle.icnetwork.co.uk/0100news/0100local/page.cfm?objectid=12624781&method;=full&siteid;=50081&page;=3" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://icnewcastle.icnetwork.co.uk/0100news/0100local/page.cfm?objectid=12624781&method;=full&siteid;=50081&page;=3</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE is 'linked' to CJD deaths</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Hospital report due out soon</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">An investigation into how North-East patients were potentially exposed to the deadly brain disease CJD is due to be published soon, health officials have confirmed.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A draft report into the incident at Middlesbrough General Hospital last year has been completed by Dr Bill Kirkup, regional director of public health in the North-East.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Dr Kirkup was asked by Chief Medical Officer Sir Liam Donaldson to investigate the incident, where 24 people were operated on with instruments used on someone who was later found to have CJD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The hospital denies any procedural lapse as there was nothing to suggest the original patient had the disease prior to surgery. But the Department of Health said the instruments should have been quarantined to avoid contamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A DoH spokesman said: "There's a draft report that has been completed and we're hoping to be able to publish the findings shortly."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://icnewcastle.icnetwork.co.uk/0100news/0100local/page.cfm?objectid=12624781&method;=full&siteid;=50081&page;=4" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://icnewcastle.icnetwork.co.uk/0100news/0100local/page.cfm?objectid=12624781&method;=full&siteid;=50081&page;=4</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">BMJ. 2002 Nov 9; 325(7372): 1055. doi: 10.1136/bmj.325.7372.1055/a PMCID: PMC1124571PMID: 12424157 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Inquiry into handling of CJD alert welcomed Mark Hunter </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The chief executive of Middlesbrough General Hospital welcomed the launch of an independent inquiry into the hospital's handling of an alert involving Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The alert arose when staff realised that instruments used on a patient who was later found to have the disease had been reused on 24 other patients.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Chief medical officer Liam Donaldson announced the inquiry last week as the Department of Health began frantically backtracking on its initial criticism of the hospital.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Having originally described the possible exposure of 24 patients to a risk of CJD infection as “an appalling incident” that reinforced the need to adhere to its “crystal clear guidance” on decontamination, the department later adopted a more conciliatory tone.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“This is a difficult and distressing situation for all the patients and families concerned, as well as for the dedicated staff at Middlesbrough General Hospital,” said Professor Donaldson. “I have asked the regional director of public health, Dr Bill Kirkup, to fully assess the facts and report to me shortly. His report will ensure that any measures necessary to improve local procedures or strengthen national policy are taken.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Meanwhile, the medical director for South Tees Hospitals NHS Trust, Dr Paul Lawler, had made it clear to the press that the hospital had followed the Department of Health's guidance to the letter throughout the incident.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">He said that the potential for contamination stemmed from a brain biopsy undertaken in July on an elderly woman who was later found to have the sporadic form of CJD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“CJD was not suspected in this patient at the time of the operation,” stressed Dr Lawler. It was only when a “diligent” pathologist sent a sample of tissue to the CJD surveillance unit “to rule CJD out rather than confirm it” that the diagnosis was made.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In the intervening three weeks the instruments from the original biopsy were used on a further 24 patients.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“Once sporadic CJD was diagnosed we followed the procedure set down by the CJD incidents panel,” said Dr Lawler. This meant the immediate withdrawal of £90000 ($140000; €141000) worth of drills, craniotomy sets, and surgical instruments.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">However, the 24 patients were not told that they were at potential risk of contamination until the story broke in the media last week, 12 weeks after the instruments were withdrawn.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The hospital's managers say that this was because they were waiting for a decision from the government's CJD panel on when and how to contact the patients.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The hospital has now contacted all the patients and will be allocating them “a named person at the trust who will fully support them for as long as they feel they need it.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The trust's chief executive, Bill Murray, said: “We are deeply sorry for any distress caused to the patients and their families and will do everything we possibly can to help them through this difficult time.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“We welcome this independent inquiry.” </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1124571/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1124571/</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sporadic CJD in Farmers, Farmers Wife, with BSE herd… </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102111737/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/pdf/volume8/chapter5.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102111737/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/pdf/volume8/chapter5.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">NEW URL LINK 2022 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090505200142/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/pdf/volume8/Chapter5.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090505200142/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/pdf/volume8/Chapter5.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This was not simply another farmer but the third farmer...... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102141416/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/06/21002001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102141416/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/06/21002001.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">NEW URL LINK 2022 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090505233408/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/06/21002001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090505233408/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/06/21002001.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">suspect case of CJD in a farmer who has had a case of BSE in his beef suckler herd. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030331213802/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/10/23006001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030331213802/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/10/23006001.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">NEW URL LINK 2022 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506063655/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/10/23006001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506063655/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/10/23006001.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">cover-up of 4th farm worker ??? </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030516083454/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/10/23006001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030516083454/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/10/23006001.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">NEW URL LINK 2022 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506063655/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/10/23006001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506063655/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/10/23006001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">MONDAY, MAY 19, 2008</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SPORADIC CJD IN FARMERS, FARMERS WIVES, FROM FARMS WITH BSE HERD AND ABATTOIRS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2008/05/sporadic-cjd-in-farmers-farmers-wives.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2008/05/sporadic-cjd-in-farmers-farmers-wives.html</a></div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;">The risk of CJD increases with age; the 2016–2020 average annual rate in the United States was about 5 cases per million in persons 55 years of age or older.</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></span></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em; outline: currentcolor !important;"><a href="https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cjd/occurrence-transmission.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cjd/occurrence-transmission.html</a></div></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em; outline: currentcolor !important;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em; outline: currentcolor !important;">Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em; outline: currentcolor !important;">To the Editor:</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em; outline: currentcolor !important;">In their Research Letter, Dr Gibbons and colleagues1 reported that the annual US death rate due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has been stable since 1985. These estimates, however, are based only on reported cases, and do not include misdiagnosed or preclinical cases. It seems to me that misdiagnosis alone would drastically change these figures. An unknown number of persons with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in fact may have CJD, although only a small number of these patients receive the postmortem examination necessary to make this diagnosis. Furthermore, only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies should be reportable nationwide and internationally..</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em; outline: currentcolor !important;">Terry S. Singeltary, Sr Bacliff, Tex</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em; outline: currentcolor !important;">1. Gibbons RV, Holman RC, Belay ED, Schonberger LB. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States: 1979-1998. JAMA. 2000;284:<span dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">2322-2323</span>.</div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em; outline: currentcolor !important;"><a href="http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1031186" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1031186</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em; outline: currentcolor !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 8, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;">NATIONAL PRION DISEASE PATHOLOGY SURVEILLANCE CENTER SURVEILLANCE TABLES OF CASES EXAMINED January 11th, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prionunitusaupdate.blogspot.com/2023/02/national-prion-disease-pathology.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prionunitusaupdate.blogspot.com/2023/02/national-prion-disease-pathology.html</a></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em; outline: currentcolor !important;"><span style="font-family: arial; outline: none !important;">MONDAY, APRIL 24, 2023 2023 </span></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">CDC REPORTS CJD TSE Prion 5 cases per million in persons 55 years of age or older </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/04/2023-cdc-reports-cjd-tse-prion-5-cases.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2023/04/2023-cdc-reports-cjd-tse-prion-5-cases.html</a> </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/114/2023-cdc-cjd-prion-cases" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/114/2023-cdc-cjd-prion-cases</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zf3lfz9NrT4" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zf3lfz9NrT4</a></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary 1999</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">US scientists develop a possible test for BSE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BMJ 1999; 319 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.319.7220.1312b (Published 13 November 1999)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Cite this as: BMJ 1999;319:1312</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">15 November 1999</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Terry S Singeltary</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">NA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">medically retired</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rapid Response:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Re: vCJD in the USA * BSE in U.S.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In reading the recent article in the BMJ about the potential BSE tests being developed in the U.S. and Bart Van Everbroeck reply. It does not surprize me, that the U.S. has been concealing vCJD. There have been people dying from CJD, with all the symptoms and pathological findings that resemble U.K. vCJD for some time. It just seems that when there is one found, they seem to change the clarical classification of the disease, to fit their agenda. I have several autopsies, stating kuru type amyloid plaques, one of the victims was 41 years of age. Also, my Mom died a most hideous death, Heidenhain Variant Creutzfeldt Jakob disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Her symptoms resemble that of all the U.K. vCJD victims. She would jerk so bad at times, it would take 3 of us to hold her down, while she screamed "God, what's wrong with me, why can't I stop this." 1st of symptoms to death, 10 weeks, she went blind in the first few weeks. But, then they told me that this was just another strain of sporadic CJD. They can call it what ever they want, but I know what I saw, and what she went through. Sporadic, simply means, they do not know.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">My neighbors Mom also died from CJD. She had been taking a nutritional supplement which contained the following;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">vacuum dried bovine BRAIN, bone meal, bovine EYE, veal bone, bovine liver powder, bovine adrenal, vacuum dried bovine kidney, and vacuum dried porcine stomach. As I said, this woman taking these nutritional supplements, died from CJD.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The particular batch of pills that was located, in which she was taking, was tested. From what I have heard, they came up negative, for the prion protein. But, in the same breath, they said their testing, may not have been strong enough to pick up the infectivity. Plus, she had been taking these type pills for years, so, could it have come from another batch?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CWD is just a small piece of a very big puzzle. I have seen while deer hunting, deer, squirrels and birds, eating from cattle feed troughs where they feed cattle, the high protein cattle by products, at least up until Aug. 4, 1997.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">So why would it be so hard to believe that this is how they might become infected with a TSE. Or, even by potentially infected land. It's been well documented that it could be possible, from scrapie. Cats becoming infected with a TSE. Have you ever read the ingredients on the labels of cat and dog food? But, they do not put these tissues from these animals in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, nutritional supplements, hGH, hPG, blood products, heart valves, and the many more products that come from bovine, ovine, or porcine tissues and organs. So, as I said, this CWD would be a small piece of a very big puzzle. But, it is here, and it most likely has killed. You see, greed is what caused this catastrophe, rendering and feeding practices. But, once Pandora's box was opened, the potential routes of infection became endless.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">No BSE in the U.S.A.? I would not be so sure of that considering that since 1990;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Since 1990 the U.S. has raised 1,250,880,700 cattle;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Since 1990 the U.S. has ONLY checked 8,881 cattle brains for BSE, as of Oct. 4, 1999;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">There are apprx. 100,000 DOWNER cattle annually in the U.S., that up until Aug. 4, 1997 went to the renders for feed;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Scrapie running rampant for years in the U.S., 950 infected FLOCKS, as of Aug. 1999;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Our feeding and rendering practices have mirrored that of the U.K. for years, some say it was worse. Everything from the downer cattle, to those scrapie infected sheep, to any roadkill, including the city police horse and the circus elephant went to the renders for feed and other products for consumption. Then they only implemented a partial feed ban on Aug. 4, 1997, but pigs, chickens, dogs, and cats, and humans were exempt from that ban. So they can still feed pigs and chickens those potentially TSE tainted by-products, and then they can still feed those by-products back to the cows. I believe it was Dr. Joe Gibbs, that said, the prion protein, can survive the digestinal track. So you have stopped nothing. It was proven in Oprah Winfrey's trial, that Cactus Cattle feeders, sent neurologically ill cattle, some with encephalopathy stamped on the dead slips, were picked up and sent to the renders, along with sheep carcasses. Speaking of autopsies, I have a stack of them, from CJD victims. You would be surprised of the number of them, who ate cow brains, elk brains, deer brains, or hog brains.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I believe all these TSE's are going to be related, and originally caused by the same greedy Industries, and they will be many. Not just the Renders, but you now see, that they are re-using medical devices that were meant for disposal. Some medical institutions do not follow proper auto- claving procedures (even Olympus has put out a medical warning on their endescopes about CJD, and the fact you cannot properly clean these instruments from TSE's), and this is just one product. Another route of infection.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Regardless what the Federal Government in the U.S. says. It's here, I have seen it, and the longer they keep sweeping it under the rug and denying the fact that we have a serious problem, one that could surpass aids (not now, but in the years to come, due to the incubation period), they will be responsible for the continued spreading of this deadly disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It's their move, it's CHECK, but once CHECKMATE has been called, how many thousands or millions, will be at risk or infected or even dead. You can't play around with these TSE's. I cannot stress that enough. They are only looking at body bags, and the fact the count is so low. But, then you have to look at the fact it is not a reportable disease in most states, mis-diagnosis, no autopsies performed. The fact that their one-in-a- million theory is a crude survey done about 5 years ago, that's a joke, under the above circumstances. A bad joke indeed........</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The truth will come, but how many more have to die such a hideous death. It's the Government's call, and they need to make a serious move, soon. This problem, potential epidemic, is not going away, by itself.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Bacliff, Texas 77518 USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">flounder@wt.net</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Competing interests: No competing interests </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/re-vcjd-usa-bse-us" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/re-vcjd-usa-bse-us</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary 2000</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BMJ 2000; 320 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.320.7226.8/b (Published 01 January 2000) Cite this as: BMJ 2000;320:8</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">02 January 2000 Terry S Singeltary retired</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Rapid Response: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">U.S. Scientist should be concerned with a CJD epidemic in the U.S., as well... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In reading your short article about 'Scientist warn of CJD epidemic' news in brief Jan. 1, 2000. I find the findings in the PNAS old news, made famous again. Why is the U.S. still sitting on their butts, ignoring the facts? We have the beginning of a CJD epidemic in the U.S., and the U.S. Gov. is doing everything in it's power to conceal it.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The exact same recipe for B.S.E. existed in the U.S. for years and years. In reading over the Qualitative Analysis of BSE Risk Factors-1, this is a 25 page report by the USDA:APHIS:VS. It could have been done in one page. The first page, fourth paragraph says it all;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Similarities exist in the two countries usage of continuous rendering technology and the lack of usage of solvents, however, large differences still remain with other risk factors which greatly reduce the potential risk at the national level."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Then, the next 24 pages tries to down-play the high risks of B.S.E. in the U.S., with nothing more than the cattle to sheep ratio count, and the geographical locations of herds and flocks. That's all the evidence they can come up with, in the next 24 pages.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Something else I find odd, page 16;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"In the United Kingdom there is much concern for a specific continuous rendering technology which uses lower temperatures and accounts for 25 percent of total output. This technology was _originally_ designed and imported from the United States. However, the specific application in the production process is _believed_ to be different in the two countries."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A few more factors to consider, page 15;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"Figure 26 compares animal protein production for the two countries. The calculations are based on slaughter numbers, fallen stock estimates, and product yield coefficients. This approach is used due to variation of up to 80 percent from different reported sources. At 3.6 million tons, the United States produces 8 times more animal rendered product than the United Kingdom."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"The risk of introducing the BSE agent through sheep meat and bone meal is more acute in both relative and absolute terms in the United Kingdom (Figures 27 and 28). Note that sheep meat and bone meal accounts for 14 percent, or 61 thousand tons, in the United Kingdom versus 0.6 percent or 22 thousand tons in the United States. For sheep greater than 1 year, this is less than one-tenth of one percent of the United States supply."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">"The potential risk of amplification of the BSE agent through cattle meat and bone meal is much greater in the United States where it accounts for 59 percent of total product or almost 5 times more than the total amount of rendered product in the United Kingdom."</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Considering, it would only take _one_ scrapie infected sheep to contaminate the feed. Considering Scrapie has run rampant in the U.S. for years, as of Aug. 1999, 950 scrapie infected flocks. Also, Considering only one quarter spoonful of scrapie infected material is lethal to a cow.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Considering all this, the sheep to cow ration is meaningless. As I said, it's 24 pages of B.S.e.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To be continued...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr. Bacliff, Texas USA</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Competing interests: No competing interests</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/us-scientist-should-be-concerned-cjd-epidemic-us-well" rel="nofollow" style="color: #338fe9; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/us-scientist-should-be-concerned-cjd-epidemic-us-well</a></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary 2001</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary, Sr et al. JAMA.2001; 285: 733-734. Vol. 285 No. 6, February 14, 2001 JAMA </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To the Editor: </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In their Research Letter, Dr Gibbons and colleagues1 reported that the annual US death rate due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has been stable since 1985. These estimates, however, are based only on reported cases, and do not include misdiagnosed or preclinical cases. It seems to me that misdiagnosis alone would drastically change these figures. An unknown number of persons with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in fact may have CJD, although only a small number of these patients receive the postmortem examination necessary to make this diagnosis. Furthermore, only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies should be reportable nationwide and internationally.. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary, Sr Bacliff, Tex </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1. Gibbons RV, Holman RC, Belay ED, Schonberger LB. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States: 1979-1998. JAMA. 2000;284:2322-2323. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1031186" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1031186</a> </div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary 2003</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00715-1 Copyright © 2003 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Newsdesk</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Tracking spongiform encephalopathies in North America</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Xavier Bosch</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Available online 29 July 2003. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Volume 3, Issue 8, August 2003, Page 463 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Volume 3, Number 8 01 August 2003</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Newsdesk</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Tracking spongiform encephalopathies in North America</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Xavier Bosch</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">My name is Terry S Singeltary Sr, and I live in Bacliff, Texas. I lost my mom to hvCJD (Heidenhain variant CJD) and have been searching for answers ever since. What I have found is that we have not been told the truth. CWD in deer and elk is a small portion of a much bigger problem.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">49-year-old Singeltary is one of a number of people who have remained largely unsatisfied after being told that a close relative died from a rapidly progressive dementia compatible with spontaneous Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). So he decided to gather hundreds of documents on transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) and realised that if Britons could get variant CJD from bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), Americans might get a similar disorder from chronic wasting disease (CWD) the relative of mad cow disease seen among deer and elk in the USA. Although his feverish search did not lead him to the smoking gun linking CWD to a similar disease in North American people, it did uncover a largely disappointing situation.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary was greatly demoralised at the few attempts to monitor the occurrence of CJD and CWD in the USA. Only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal TSEs should be reportable nationwide and internationally, he complained in a letter to the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA 2003; 285: 733). I hope that the CDC does not continue to expect us to still believe that the 85% plus of all CJD cases which are sporadic are all spontaneous, without route or source.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Until recently, CWD was thought to be confined to the wild in a small region in Colorado. But since early 2002, it has been reported in other areas, including Wisconsin, South Dakota, and the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. Indeed, the occurrence of CWD in states that were not endemic previously increased concern about a widespread outbreak and possible transmission to people and cattle.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">To date, experimental studies have proven that the CWD agent can be transmitted to cattle by intracerebral inoculation and that it can cross the mucous membranes of the digestive tract to initiate infection in lymphoid tissue before invasion of the central nervous system. Yet the plausibility of CWD spreading to people has remained elusive.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Part of the problem seems to stem from the US surveillance system. CJD is only reported in those areas known to be endemic foci of CWD. Moreover, US authorities have been criticised for not having performed enough prionic tests in farm deer and elk.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Although in November last year the US Food and Drug Administration issued a directive to state public-health and agriculture officials prohibiting material from CWD-positive animals from being used as an ingredient in feed for any animal species, epidemiological control and research in the USA has been quite different from the situation in the UK and Europe regarding BSE.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Getting data on TSEs in the USA from the government is like pulling teeth, Singeltary argues. You get it when they want you to have it, and only what they want you to have.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Norman Foster, director of the Cognitive Disorders Clinic at the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, MI, USA), says that current surveillance of prion disease in people in the USA is inadequate to detect whether CWD is occurring in human beings; adding that, the cases that we know about are reassuring, because they do not suggest the appearance of a new variant of CJD in the USA or atypical features in patients that might be exposed to CWD. However, until we establish a system that identifies and analyses a high proportion of suspected prion disease cases we will not know for sure. The USA should develop a system modelled on that established in the UK, he points out.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Ali Samii, a neurologist at Seattle VA Medical Center who recently reported the cases of three hunters two of whom were friends who died from pathologically confirmed CJD, says that at present there are insufficient data to claim transmission of CWD into humans; adding that [only] by asking [the questions of venison consumption and deer/elk hunting] in every case can we collect suspect cases and look into the plausibility of transmission further. Samii argues that by making both doctors and hunters more aware of the possibility of prions spreading through eating venison, doctors treating hunters with dementia can consider a possible prion disease, and doctors treating CJD patients will know to ask whether they ate venison.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">CDC spokesman Ermias Belay says that the CDC will not be investigating the [Samii] cases because there is no evidence that the men ate CWD-infected meat. He notes that although the likelihood of CWD jumping the species barrier to infect humans cannot be ruled out 100% and that [we] cannot be 100% sure that CWD does not exist in humans& the data seeking evidence of CWD transmission to humans have been very limited. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473309903007151/fulltext" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473309903007151/fulltext</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary 2003</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">January 28, 2003; 60 (2) VIEWS & REVIEWS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">RE-Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States Terry S. Singeltary, retired (medically) </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published March 26, 2003</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">26 March 2003</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary, retired (medically) CJD WATCH</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I lost my mother to hvCJD (Heidenhain Variant CJD). I would like to comment on the CDC's attempts to monitor the occurrence of emerging forms of CJD. Asante, Collinge et al [1] have reported that BSE transmission to the 129-methionine genotype can lead to an alternate phenotype that is indistinguishable from type 2 PrPSc, the commonest sporadic CJD. However, CJD and all human TSEs are not reportable nationally. CJD and all human TSEs must be made reportable in every state and internationally. I hope that the CDC does not continue to expect us to still believe that the 85%+ of all CJD cases which are sporadic are all spontaneous, without route/source. We have many TSEs in the USA in both animal and man. CWD in deer/elk is spreading rapidly and CWD does transmit to mink, ferret, cattle, and squirrel monkey by intracerebral inoculation. With the known incubation periods in other TSEs, oral transmission studies of CWD may take much longer. Every victim/family of CJD/TSEs should be asked about route and source of this agent. To prolong this will only spread the agent and needlessly expose others. In light of the findings of Asante and Collinge et al, there should be drastic measures to safeguard the medical and surgical arena from sporadic CJDs and all human TSEs. I only ponder how many sporadic CJDs in the USA are type 2 PrPSc?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://n.neurology.org/content/re-monitoring-occurrence-emerging-forms-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-united-states" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://n.neurology.org/content/re-monitoring-occurrence-emerging-forms-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-united-states</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary 2007</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">The Pathological Protein: Mad Cow, Chronic Wasting, and Other Deadly Prion Diseases </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">by Philip Yam </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''Answering critics like Terry Singeltary, who feels that the US undercounts CJD, Schonberger _conceded_ that the current surveillance system has errors but stated that most of the errors will be confined to the older population''...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Revisiting Sporadic CJD</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">It’s not hard to get Terry Singeltary going. “I have my conspiracy theories,” admitted the 49-year-old Texan.1 Singeltary is probably the nation’s most relentless consumer advocate when it comes to issues in prion diseases. He has helped families learn about the sickness and coordinated efforts with support groups such as CJD Voice and the CJD Foundation. He has also connected with others who are critical of the American way of handling the threat of prion diseases. Such critics include Consumers Union’s Michael Hansen, journalist John Stauber, and Thomas Pringle, who used to run the voluminous www.madcow.org Web site. These three lend their expertise to newspaper and magazine stories about prion diseases, and they usually argue that</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">223</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">prions represent more of a threat than people realize, and that the government has responded poorly to the dangers because it is more concerned about protecting the beef industry than people’s health.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary has similar inclinations, but unlike these men, he doesn’t have the professional credentials behind him. He is an 11th-grade dropout, a machinist who retired because of a neck injury sustained at work. But you might not know that from the vast stores of information in his mind and on his hard drive. Over the years, he has provided unacknowledged help to reporters around the globe, passing on files to such big-time players as The New York Times, Newsweek, and USA Today. His networking with journalists, activists, and concerned citizens has helped medical authorities make contact with suspected CJD victims. He has kept scientists informed with his almost daily posting of news items and research abstracts on electronic newsgroups, including the bulletin board on www.vegsource.com and the BSE-listserv run out of the University of Karlsruhe, Germany. His combative, blunt, opinionated style sometimes borders on obsessive ranting that earns praise from some officials and researchers but infuriates others—especially when he repeats his conviction that “the government has lied to us, the feed industry has lied to us—all over a buck.” As evidence, Singeltary cites the USDA’s testing approach, which targets downer cows and examined 19,900 of them in 2002. To him, the USDA should test 1 million cattle, because the incidence of BSE may be as low as one in a million, as it was in some European countries. That the U.S. does not, he thinks, is a sign that the government is really not interested in finding mad cows because of fears of an economic disaster.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary got into the field of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in 1997, just after his mother died of sporadic CJD. She had an especially aggressive version—the Heidenhain variant—that first causes the patient to go blind and then to deteriorate rapidly. She died just ten weeks after her symptoms began. Singeltary, who said he had watched his grandparents die of cancer, considered her death by CJD to be much, much worse: “It’s something you never forget.” Her uncontrollable muscle twitching became so bad “that it took three of us to hold her one time,” Singeltary recalled. “She did everything but levitate in bed and spin her head.” Doctors originally diagnosed Alzheimer’s disease, but a postmortem neuropathological exam demanded by Singeltary revealed the true nature of her death.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">224 CHAPTER 14</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Classifying a disease as “sporadic” is another way for doctors to say they don’t know the cause. Normal prion proteins just turn rogue in the brain for no apparent reason. The term “sporadic” is often particularly hard for the victims’ families to accept, especially when the patient was previously in robust health. Maybe it was something in the water, they wonder, or in the air, or something they ate—the same questions CJD researchers tried to answer decades ago. The names “sporadic CJD” and “variant CJD” also confuse the public and raise suspicions that U.S. authorities are hiding something when they say there have been no native variant CJD cases in the country.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary suspected an environmental cause in his mother’s demise—a feeling reinforced a year later when a neighbor died of sporadic CJD. For years, the neighbor had been taking nutritional supplements that contained cow brain extracts. Researchers from the National Institutes of Health collected samples of the supplement, Singeltary recounted, and inoculated suspensions into mice. The mice remained healthy—which only means that those supplement samples tested were prion-free.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Scientists have made several attempts during the past few decades to find a connection between sporadic CJD and the environment. Often, these studies take the form of asking family members about CJD victims—their diet, occupation, medical history, hobbies, pets, and so forth—and comparing them with non-CJD subjects. Such case-control CJD studies have produced some intriguing—and sometimes contradictory—results. In 1985, Carleton Gajdusek and his NIH colleagues reported a correlation between CJD and eating a lot of roast pork, ham, hot dogs, and lamb, as well as rare meats and raw oysters.2 Yet they also recognized that the findings were preliminary and that more studies were needed.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Following up, Robert Will of the U.K. National CJD Surveillance Unit and others pooled this data with those from two other case-control studies on CJD (one from Japan and one from the U.K.). In particular, they figured the so-called odds ratio—calculated by dividing the frequency of a possible factor in the patient group by the frequency of the factor in the control group. An odds ratio greater than 1 means that the factor may be significant. In their study, Will and his collaborators found an increase of CJD in people who have worked as health professionals (odds ratio of 1.5) and people who have had contact with cows</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Laying Odds 225</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1.7) and sheep (1.6). Unfortunately, those connections were not statistically significant: The numbers of pooled patients (117) and control subjects (333) were so small that the researchers felt the odds ratios needed to reach 2.5 to 8 (depending on the assumptions) before they could be deemed statistically significant. The only statistically significant correlations they found were between CJD and a family history of either CJD (19.1) or other psychotic disease (9.9), although the latter might simply be correlated because psychotic disease may be an early symptom of undiagnosed CJD.3 In contrast with earlier findings, the team concluded that there was no association between sporadic CJD and the consumption of organ meats, including brains (0.6).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Although these case-control studies shed a certain amount of light on potential risk factors for CJD, it’s impossible to draw firm conclusions. Obtaining data that produces statistically meaningful results can be difficult because of the rarity of CJD and hence the shortage of subjects. Human memory is quite fragile, too, so patients’ families may not accurately recall the lifestyle and dietary habits of their loved ones over the course of a decade or more. Consequently, researchers must cope with data that probably contain significant biases. In a review paper on CJD, Joe Gibbs of the NIH and Richard T. Johnson of Johns Hopkins University concluded that “the absence of geographic differences in incidence is more convincing evidence against major dietary factors, since large populations eschew pork and some consume no meat or meat products.” A CJD study of lifelong vegetarians, they proposed, could produce some interesting data.4</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The inconclusive results of case-control studies do not completely rule out the environment as a possible cause of CJD. “Dr. Prusiner’s theory does fit much of the data of spontaneous generation of [malformed] PrP somewhere in the brain,” Will remarked—that is, the idea that sporadic CJD just happens by itself falls within the realm of the prion theory. Still, “it’s very odd, if you look at all the forms of human prion diseases there are, all of them are transmissible in the laboratory and could be due to some sort of infectious agent.”5 One of the great difficulties, he explained, is that “given that this is a disease of an extraordinarily long incubation period, are we really confident that we can exclude childhood exposure that is transmitted from person to person, as people move around? It’s difficult to be sure about that.” There might a “carrier state” that leaves people healthy yet still able to</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">226 CHAPTER 14</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">infect others. If so, “you would never be able to identify what’s causing the spread of the disease,” concluded Will, who hasn’t stopped looking for a possible environmental link. He has some preliminary data based on studies that trace CJD victims’ lives well before the time symptoms began—up to 70 years; they suggest some degree of geographic clustering, but no obvious candidates for a source of infection.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A Case for Undercounting</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The difficulty in establishing causal links in sporadic prion diseases—if there are any in the first place—underlines the importance of thorough surveillance. The U.K. has an active program, and when a victim of CJD is reported, one of Robert Will’s colleagues visits and questions the victim’s family. “No one has looked for CJD systematically in the U.S.,” the NIH’s Paul Brown noted. “Ever.”6 The U.S., through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, has generally maintained a more passive system, collecting information from death certificates from the National Center for Health Statistics. Because CJD is invariably fatal, mortality data is considered to be an effective means of tabulating cases. The CDC assessed the accuracy of such data by comparing the numbers with figures garnered through an active search in 1996: Teams covering five regions of the U.S. contacted the specialists involved and reviewed medical records for CJD cases between 1991 and 1995. Comparing the actively garnered data with the death certificate information showed that “we miss about 14 percent,” said CDC epidemiologist Lawrence Schonberger. “That’s improving. Doctors are becoming more knowledgeable,” thanks to increased scientific and media attention given to prion diseases.7</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The active surveillance study of 1996, however, only looked at cases in which physicians attributed the deaths to CJD. Misdiagnosed patients or patients who never saw a neurologist were not tabulated— thus CJD may be grossly underreported. Many neurological ailments share symptoms, especially early on. According to various studies, autopsies have found that CJD is misdiagnosed as other ills, such as dementia or Alzheimer’s disease, 5 to 13 percent of the time. The CDC finds that around 50,000Americans die from Alzheimer’s each year</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Laying Odds 227</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(about 4 million have the disease, according to the Alzheimer’s Association). Therefore, one could argue that thousands of CJD cases are being missed. (On the flip side, CJD could be mistakenly diagnosed as Alzheimer’s disease or dementia, but the number of CJD patients is so small that they wouldn’t dramatically skew the statistics for other neurological ills.)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">In part to address the issue of misdiagnosis, CJD families have asked the CDC to place the disease on the national list of officially notifiable illnesses, which tends to include more contagious conditions such as AIDS, tuberculosis, hepatitis, and viral forms of encephalitis. Currently, only some states impose this requirement. CDC officials have discounted the utility of such an approach, arguing that it would duplicate the mortality data, which is more accurate than early diagnoses of CJD, anyway. Moreover, mandatory reporting of CJD cases does not necessarily guarantee the end to missed cases.8</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">One clue suggests that the passive system is undercounting CJD in the U.S.: racial difference. The number of black CJD victims is about 38 percent that of white victims. Rather than sporadic CJD being a onein-a-million lottery, it’s more like one-in-2.5-million for AfricanAmericans. Access to medical care might be one reason. Schonberger recounted that the CDC had asked other countries with substantial black populations to submit CJD figures for comparison but found that the surveillance in those countries was inadequate. “We haven’t been able to find any comparable literature on this issue, so it’s still up in the air,” Schonberger said. On the other hand, Alzheimer’s disease is more common among black people than whites, with an estimated higher prevalence ranging from 14 percent to almost 100 percent, according to a February 2002 report by the Alzheimer’s Association. Are some black CJD cases being misdiagnosed as Alzheimer’s?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Answering critics like Terry Singeltary, who feels that the U.S. undercounts CJD, Schonberger conceded that the current surveillance system has errors but stated that most of the errors will be confined to the older population. As Schonberger pointed out, no doctor would misdiagnose a 30-year-old CJD patient as having Alzheimer’s. The average age of the first 100 variant CJD victims was 29; should the epidemiology of vCJD change—if older people start coming down with it—then there would be problems. “The adequacy of our overall CJD surveillance would be greatly reduced should the proportion of older individuals affected by variant CJD substantially increase,” Schonberger explained.9</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SNIP...SEE FULL TEXT;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/38386/1/516.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/38386/1/516.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''The average age of the first 100 variant CJD victims was 29; should the epidemiology of vCJD change—if older people start coming down with it—then there would be problems. “The adequacy of our overall CJD surveillance would be greatly reduced should the proportion of older individuals affected by variant CJD substantially increase,” Schonberger explained.9''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/38386/1/516.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/38386/1/516.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">THE PATHOLOGICAL PROTEIN by Philip Yam</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/s?k=THE+PATHOLOGICAL+PROTEIN&i=stripbooks&crid=LA5IKGMF6PI9&sprefix=the+pathological+protein%2Cstripbooks%2C96&ref=nb_sb_noss_1" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.amazon.com/s?k=THE+PATHOLOGICAL+PROTEIN&i=stripbooks&crid=LA5IKGMF6PI9&sprefix=the+pathological+protein%2Cstripbooks%2C96&ref=nb_sb_noss_1</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary Submission SEAC 2007</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SEAC SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY ADVISORY COMMITTEE Minutes of the 99th meeting held on 14th December 2007 Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This was 22 years to the day Mom died from the Heidenhain Variant of Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease i.e. hvCJD, when i made this submission to SEAC and this was their reply to my questions of concern about cjd in the USA, my how things have changed...terry</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SEAC SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY ADVISORY COMMITTEE Minutes of the 99th meeting held on 14th December 2007 </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ITEM 8 – PUBLIC QUESTION AND ANSWER SESSION 40. The Chair explained that the purpose of the question and answer session was to give members of the public an opportunity to ask questions related to the work of SEAC. Mr Terry Singeltary (Texas, USA) had submitted a question prior to the meeting, asking: “With the Nor-98 now documented in five different states so far in the USA in 2007, and with the two atypical BSE H-base cases in Texas and Alabama, with both scrapie and chronic wasting disease (CWD) running rampant in the USA, is there any concern from SEAC with the rise of sporadic CJD in the USA from ''unknown phenotype'', and what concerns if any, in relations to blood donations, surgery, optical, and dental treatment, do you have with these unknown atypical phenotypes in both humans and animals in the USA? Does it concern SEAC, or is it of no concern to SEAC? Should it concern USA animal and human health officials?”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">41. A member considered that this question appeared to be primarily related to possible links between animal and human TSEs in the USA. There is no evidence that sCJD is increasing in the USA and no evidence of any direct link between TSEs and CJD in the USA. Current evidence does not suggest that CWD is a significant risk to human health. There are unpublished data from a case of human TSE in the USA that are suggestive of an apparently novel form of prion disease with distinct molecular characteristics. However, it is unclear whether the case had been further characterised, if it could be linked to animal TSEs or if other similar cases had been found in the USA or elsewhere. In relation to the possible public health implications of atypical scrapie, H-type BSE and CWD, research was being conducted to investigate possible links and surveillance was in place to detect any changes in human TSEs. Although possible links between these diseases and human TSEs are of concern and require research, there is no evidence to suggest immediate public health action is warranted. The possible human health risks from classical scrapie had been discussed earlier in the meeting. Members noted that there are effective channels of discussion and collaboration on research between USA and European groups. Members agreed it is important to keep a watching brief on new developments on TSEs. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132933/http://www.seac.gov.uk/minutes/99.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20091010132933/http://www.seac.gov.uk/minutes/99.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary 2009</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States 2003 revisited 2009<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">August 10, 2009</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Greetings,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I would like to submit a review of past CJD surveillance in the USA, and the urgent need to make all human TSE in the USA a reportable disease, in every state, of every age group, and to make this mandatory immediately without further delay. The ramifications of not doing so will only allow this agent to spread further in the medical, dental, surgical arena's. North America seems to have the most species with documented Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy's, most all of which have been rendered and fed back to food producing animals and to humans for years. If you look at the statistics, sporadic CJD seems to be rising in the USA, and has been, with atypical cases of the sCJD. I find deeply disturbing in the year of 2009, that Human Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy of any strain and or phenotype, of all age groups, and I stress all age groups, because human TSE's do not know age, and they do not know borders. someone 56 years old, that has a human TSE, that has surgery, can pass this TSE agent on i.e. friendly fire, and or passing it forward, and there have been documented nvCJD in a 74 year old. Remembering also that only sporadic CJD has been documented to transmit via iatrogenic routes, until recently with the 4 cases of blood related transmission, of which the origin is thought to be nvCJD donors. However most Iatrogenic CJD cases are nothing more than sporadic CJD, until the source is proven, then it becomes Iatrogenic. An oxymoron of sorts, because all sporadic CJD is, are multiple forms, or strains, or phenotypes of Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease, that the route and source and species have not been confirmed and or documented. When will the myth of the UKBSEnvCJD only theory be put to bed for good. This theory in my opinion, and the following there from, as the GOLD STANDARD, has done nothing more than help spread this agent around the globe. Politics and money have caused the terrible consequences to date, and the fact that TSEs are a slow incubating death, but a death that is 100% certain for those that are exposed and live long enough to go clinical. once clinical, there is no recourse, to date. But, while sub-clinical, how many can one exposed human infect? Can humans exposed to CWD and scrapie strains pass it forward as some form of sporadic CJD in the surgical and medical arenas? why must we wait decades and decades to prove this point, only to expose millions needlessly, only for the sake of the industries involved? would it not have been prudent from the beginning to just include all TSE's, and rule them out from there with transmission studies and change policies there from, as opposed to doing just the opposite? The science of TSE's have been nothing more than a political circus since the beginning, and for anyone to still believe in this one strain, one group of bovines, in one geographical location, with only one age group of human TSE i.e. nvCJD myth, for anyone to believe this today only enhances to spreading of these human and animal TSE's. This is exactly why we have been in this quagmire.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The ones that believe that there is a spontaneous CJD in 85%+ of all cases of human TSE, and the ones that do not believe that cattle can have this same phenomenon, are two of the same, the industry, and so goes the political science aspect of this tobacco and or asbestos scenario i.e. follow the money. I could go into all angles of this man made nightmare, the real facts and science, for instance, the continuing rendering technology and slow cooking with low temps that brewed this stew up, and the fact that THE USA HAD THIS TECHNOLOGY FIRST AND SHIPPED IT TO THE U.K. SOME 5 YEARS BEFORE THE U.S. STARTED USING THE SAME TECHNOLOGY, to save on fuel cost. This is what supposedly amplified the TSE agent via sheep scrapie, and spread via feed in the U.K. bovine, and other countries exporting the tainted product. BUT most everyone ignores this fact, and the fact that the U.S. has been recycling more TSE, from more species with TSEs, than any other country documented, but yet, it's all spontaneous, and the rise in sporadic CJD in the U.S. is a happenstance of bad luck ??? I respectfully disagree. To top that all off, the infamous BSE-FIREWALL that the USDA always brags about was nothing more than ink on paper, and I can prove this. YOU can ignore it, but this is FACT (see source, as late as 2007, in one recall alone, some 10,000,000 MILLION POUNDS OF BANNED MAD COW FEED WENT OUT INTO COMMERCE TO BE FED OUT, and most was never recovered. This was banned blood laced, meat and bone meal. 2006 was a banner year for banned mad cow protein going into commerce in the U.S. (see source of FDA feed ban warning letter below). I stress that the August 4, 1997 USA mad cow feed ban and this infamous BSE firewall, was nothing more than ink on paper, it was never enforceable.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I propose that the current diagnostic criteria for human TSEs only enhances and helps the spreading of human TSE from the continued belief of the UKBSEnvCJD only theory in 2009. With all the science to date refuting it, to continue to validate this old myth, will only spread this TSE agent through a multitude of potential routes and sources i.e. consumption, medical i.e., surgical, blood, dental, endoscopy, optical, nutritional supplements, cosmetics etc. I propose as with Aguzzi, Asante, Collinge, Caughey, Deslys, Dormont, Gibbs, Gajdusek, Ironside, Manuelidis, Marsh, et al and many more, that the world of TSE Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy is far from an exact science, but there is enough proven science to date that this myth should be put to rest once and for all, and that we move forward with a new classification for human and animal TSE that would properly identify the infected species, the source species, and then the route. This would further have to be broken down to strain of species and then the route of transmission would further have to be broken down. Accumulation and Transmission are key to the threshold from sub- clinical to clinical disease, and key to all this, is to stop the amplification and transmission of this agent, the spreading of, no matter what strain. In my opinion, to continue with this myth that the U.K. strain of BSE one strain TSE in cows, and the nv/v CJD one strain TSE humans, and the one geographical location source i.e. U.K., and that all the rest of human TSE are just one single strain i.e. sporadic CJD, a happenstance of bad luck that just happens due to a twisted protein that just twisted the wrong way, IN 85%+ OF ALL HUMAN TSEs, when to date there are 6 different phenotypes of sCJD, and growing per Gambetti et al, and that no other animal TSE transmits to humans ??? With all due respect to all Scientist that believe this, I beg to differ. To continue with this masquerade will only continue to spread, expose, and kill, who knows how many more in the years and decades to come. ONE was enough for me, My Mom, hvCJD i.e. Heidenhain Variant CJD, DOD 12/14/97 confirmed, which is nothing more than another mans name added to CJD, like CJD itself, Jakob and Creutzfeldt, or Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, just another CJD or human TSE, named after another human. WE are only kidding ourselves with the current diagnostic criteria for human and animal TSE, especially differentiating between the nvCJD vs the sporadic CJD strains and then the GSS strains and also the FFI fatal familial insomnia strains or the ones that mimics one or the other of those TSE? Tissue infectivity and strain typing of the many variants of the human and animal TSEs are paramount in all variants of all TSE. There must be a proper classification that will differentiate between all these human TSE in order to do this. With the CDI and other more sensitive testing coming about, I only hope that my proposal will some day be taken seriously. ...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">please see history, and the ever evolving TSE science to date ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Saturday, June 13, 2009</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States 2003 revisited 2009</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd</a></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary 2010</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Human Prion Diseases in the United States</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Robert C. Holman ,Ermias D. Belay,Krista Y. Christensen,Ryan A. Maddox,Arialdi M. Minino,Arianne M. Folkema,Dana L. Haberling,Teresa A. Hammett,Kenneth D. Kochanek,James J. Sejvar,Lawrence B. Schonberger</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Published: January 1, 2010</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0008521</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">re-Human Prion Diseases in the United States</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Posted by flounder on 01 Jan 2010 at 18:11 GMT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I kindly disagree with your synopsis for the following reasons ;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/04ce2b24-613d-46e6-9802-4131e2bfa6fd</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"></div></div></div></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr. </div></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33182925.post-37290672636371614322023-07-07T14:53:00.002-05:002023-07-07T14:53:30.687-05:00Idiopathic Brain Stem Neuronal Chromatolysis (IBNC) a TSE PRP?<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Idiopathic Brain Stem Neuronal Chromatolysis (IBNC) a TSE PRP?</span></p><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Idiopathic Brain Stem Neuronal Chromatolysis (IBNC)</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">29. Mr Bradley described the results of transmission studies in mice from brains of two cows with IBNC (paper SEAC 19/8). At the previous meeting of SEAC, and at the review of R&D, it had been announced that there was no clinical observation of a scrapie-like disease in mice: this information bad proved to be incorrect for a number of reasons. Of the mice inoculated with brain tissue from the first cow, there had</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">95/6.21/5.8</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080102181351/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/evidence/yb/1995jun.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20080102181351/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/evidence/yb/1995jun.htm</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> been mild transient clinical signs, one had shown equivocal lesions of SE but PrP studies had proved negative. From the second cow there were two definite cases of SE though the lesion distribution and incubation period were not the same as seen in mice inoculated with brain from BSE cases or any characterised strain of scrapie. The lesions in these two mice were PrP positive. There was no obvious evidence of any mix up though one possible area of cross-contamination was during the necropsy in the Perth VIC. More evidence would be needed and further transmission studies to validate the results and proposals were put forward for further study.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">30. The Committee noted that the results were unusual. They questioned whether there could be coincidental BSE infection or contamination with scrapie. Dr Tyrrell noted that the feeling of the Committee was that this did not represent a new agent but it was important to be prepared to say something publicly about these findings. A "suggested line to take was that these were scientifically unpublishable results but in line with the policy of openness they would be made publicly available and further work done to test their validity. Since the BSE precautions were applied to IBNC cases, human health was protected. Further investigations should be carried out on isolations from brains of IBNC cases with removal of the brain and subsequent handling under strict conditions to avoid the risk of any contamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">31. Mr Bradley informed the Committee that the CVO had informed the CMO about the IBNC results and the transmission from retina and he, like the Committee was satisfied that the controls already in place or proposed were adequate.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506065716/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/06/21005001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506065716/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/06/21005001.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">NEW RESULTS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">7. The research article “Idiopathic Brainstem Neuronal Chromatolysis (IBNC): a novel prion protein related disorder of cattle?” was published in September 2008. The cases studied concerned brains from cattle killed between 1993 and 2005 when they were between 5 and 15 years of age. All of the 15 cattle tested showed that the brains had abnormally accumulated prion protein. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20091010132922/http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/102-2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20091010132922/http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/102-2.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SEAC 102/2</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">NEW RESULTS ON IDIOPATHIC BRAINSTEM NEURONAL CHROMATOLYSIS FROM THE VETERINARY LABORATORIES AGENCY</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ISSUE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1. The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) has asked SEAC to consider a research article (Annex A) entitled “Idiopathic Brainstem Neuronal Chromatolysis (IBNC): a novel prion protein related disorder of cattle?” produced by the Veterinary Laboratories Agency.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2. Martin Jeffrey, the lead author of the article, will be present at the meeting to present an overview and answer questions.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BACKGROUND</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3. IBNC is a rare1 neurodegenerative disease of adult cattle. This disorder has some clinical similarity to BSE and was initially recognised from histological examination of cattle brains submitted as part of the UK surveillance for BSE diagnosis in 1989. However, the brains of IBNC-affected cattle have pathological features which are clearly different from those seen in BSE. Most cases have been detected in Scotland, but it is not known if this is a true distribution or primarily because Scottish scientists have examined BSE negative cases in more detail. The last reported case of IBNC in an animal presented as a BSE suspect was in 2005, in an animal born in 1992.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">PREVIOUS CONSIDERATION BY SEAC</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">4. SEAC first considered IBNC at its 14th meeting (April 1993) and emphasised the importance of defining the new condition in detail with 1 Between the years 1988 and 1991 IBNC occurred in Scotland with an incidence of 7 cases per 100,000 beef suckler cattle over the age of 6 years (from Annex A). transmission studies and PrP examination. The next discussion was at the 19th meeting (June 1995), when the committee reflected on results of transmission studies in mice (VM, RIII, C57 and C57xVM mice) from brains of two cattle with IBNC. Some mice had shown signs of TSE disease, but it was suggested this could have been due to low level BSE contamination of the samples. The committee recommended that further investigations should be carried out on isolates from brains of IBNC cases with removal of the brain and subsequent handling under conditions that would prevent contamination.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">5. At the 49th meeting (March 1998) the committee considered a further IBNC transmission study in which the brain from an IBNC case was removed under aseptic conditions. The mouse strains challenged were RIII, VM, C57BL, C57BL x VM and IM. These experiments ran for between 577 and 631 days and no clinical signs of transmission were evident. The Committee stated2 it was content that, although little was known about IBNC, it did not constitute a health risk to man because suspect IBNC cases would be taken as BSE suspects or caught by the Over Thirty Months (OTM) Scheme.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">6. Annex B contains the minutes of the discussions on IBNC at previous SEAC meetings.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">NEW RESULTS</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">7. The research article “Idiopathic Brainstem Neuronal Chromatolysis (IBNC): a novel prion protein related disorder of cattle?” was published in September 2008. The cases studied concerned brains from cattle killed between 1993 and 2005 when they were between 5 and 15 years of age. All of the 15 cattle tested showed that the brains had abnormally accumulated prion protein.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">8. Defra has asked that SEAC considers the VLA paper in order to confirm or revise its previous views on this disorder as:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• This is the first time IBNC has been shown to be associated with abnormal expression or accumulation of the prion protein.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• The previous transmission studies conducted in the 1990s were inconclusive and repeat studies are planned.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• IBNC is thought to be rare but the exact prevalence of the disorder is unknown, as IBNC would not be picked up through the</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">2 At 49th SEAC meeting (9th March 1998), paragraph 52, see Annex B.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">active surveillance programme for BSE which uses rapid postmortem tests to detect proteinase-K resistant PrPSc.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">9. Additionally, TSE controls on older cattle have changed since the previous SEAC advice in 1998. For example the OTM Scheme, which was in operation then, has now been replaced with testing of cattle slaughtered for human consumption aged over 48 months. Other controls remain, such as compulsory notification of suspected BSE, ante-mortem inspection, specified risk for cattle slaughtered for human consumption and a ban on cattle born or reared in UK before 1st August 1996 entering the food chain.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FUTURE RESEARCH</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">10. VLA are hoping to carry out further mouse transmission studies of IBNC cases as part of a larger project, on TSE molecular sciences, about which Defra is currently in advanced negotiations with VLA. If new cases of IBNC occur, it is planned that the brains from 2 cases of IBNC will be obtained and bioassayed in transgenic mouse lines, expressing bovine PrP or ovine PrP (PrP genotype AHQ), developed by the VLA.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ADVICE SOUGHT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">11. The committee is asked to consider:</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• if the paper changes the previous opinion of SEAC in 1998?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">• if members have any comments on the further research planned?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">SEAC SECRETARIAT</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FEBRUARY 2009</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ANNEX A</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">A copy of the paper “Idiopathic Brainstem Neuronal Chromatolysis (IBNC): a novel prion protein related disorder of cattle?”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ANNEX B</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FROM MINUTES OF 14TH SEAC MEETING – 22 APRIL 1993</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">12. The Committee emphasised the importance of defining this new condition in detail with transmission studies and PrP examination (3 had already been examined for PrP, all negative). The total number of cases was now 50 with still only one in England.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FROM MINUTES OF 18TH SEAC MEETING – 10 FEBRUARY 1995</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">16. A Member told the Committee that no infectivity (by bioassay in mice) nor PrP had been found in the brains of idiopathic brainstem chromatolysis and hippocampal sclerosis cases. It is thought that the condition might be caused by a dietary deficiency, or some other metabolic disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FROM MINUTES OF 19TH SEAC MEETING – 21 JUNE 1995</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">29. A Member described the results of transmission studies in mice from brains of two cows with IBNC (paper SEAC 19/8). At the previous meeting of SEAC, and at the review of R&D, it had been announced that there was no clinical observation of a scrapie-like disease in mice: this information had proved to be incorrect for a number of reasons. Of the mice inoculated with brain tissue from the first cow, there had been mild transient clinical signs, one had shown equivocal lesions of SE but PrP studies had proved negative. From the second cow there were two definite cases of SE though the lesion distribution and incubation period were not the same as seen in mice inoculated with brain from BSE cases or any characterised strain of scrapie. The lesions in these two mice were PrP positive. There was no obvious evidence of any mix up though one possible area of cross-contamination was during the necropsy in the Perth VIC. More evidence would be needed and further transmission studies to validate the results and proposals were put forward for further study.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">30. The Committee noted that the results were unusual. They questioned whether there could be coincidental BSE infection or contamination with scrapie. The Chair noted that the feeling of the Committee was that this did not represent a new agent but it was important to be prepared to say something publicly about these findings. A suggested line to take was that these were scientifically unpublishable results but in line with the policy of openness they would be made publicly available and further work done to test their validity. Since the BSE precautions were applied to IBNC cases, human health was protected. Further investigations should be carried out on isolations from brains of IBNC cases with removal of the brain and subsequent handling under strict conditions to avoid the risk of any contamination. 31. A Member informed the Committee that the CVO had informed the CMO about the IBNC results and the transmission from retina and he, like the Committee was satisfied that the controls already in place or proposed were adequate.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FROM MINUTES OF 42ND SEAC MEETING – 23 MAY 1997 62. The Committee were advised that the paper had been circulated for information, and that no further action was proposed until further results were available unless the Committee felt otherwise. The Committee noted the paper.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FROM MINUTES OF 49TH SEAC MEETING – 9 MARCH 1998</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">52. The Committee had expressed concern last year that IBNC could be a transmissible disease. Mouse assays from cases had been undertaken and SEAC 49/8 was an update on information given to the Committee last year. The positive results obtained from the earlier transmission experiments were now thought probably to have been due to BSE strain 301V contamination in the laboratory. Consequently no firm conclusion could be drawn from them on whether IBNC is transmissible. The latest transmission study, had been running for between 577 and 631 days with no evidence of transmission to date. The Committee were informed that the IBNC cases had tested negative by immunohistochemistry. The Committee were content that, although little was known about IBNC, it did not constitute a health risk to man. Suspect IBNC cases would be taken as BSE suspects or caught by the Over Thirty Months Scheme. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20091010132922/http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/102-2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20091010132922/http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/102-2.pdf</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"> ***> All of the 15 cattle tested showed that the brains had abnormally accumulated prion protein.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;">IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr., 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMTPLOS ONE Journal</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=info:doi/10.1371/annotation/5adef4ac-a7e4-46a4-8806-c8533d5c862c" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=info:doi/10.1371/annotation/5adef4ac-a7e4-46a4-8806-c8533d5c862c</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-4-38.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/1746-6148-4-38.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2020/12/idiopathic-brainstem-neuronal.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2020/12/idiopathic-brainstem-neuronal.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2008/10/idiopathic-brainstem-neuronal.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2008/10/idiopathic-brainstem-neuronal.html</a></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 23, 2020</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Idiopathic Brainstem Neuronal Chromatolysis IBNC BSE TSE Prion a Review 2020</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2020/12/idiopathic-brainstem-neuronal.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2020/12/idiopathic-brainstem-neuronal.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Wednesday, May 24, 2023 <br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WAHIS, WOAH, OIE, United States of America Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Immediate notification</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/wahis-woah-oie-united-states-of-america.html</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/125/wahis-woah-oie-immediate-notification" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/125/wahis-woah-oie-immediate-notification</a> </div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Monday, May 22, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">BSE TSE Prion MAD COW TESTING IN THE USA COMPARED TO OTHER COUNTRIES?</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2023/05/bse-tse-prion-mad-cow-testing-in-usa.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2023/05/bse-tse-prion-mad-cow-testing-in-usa.html</a></div></div></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Tuesday, May 30, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">World Organisation for Animal Health 90th General Session of the World Assembly of Delegates BSE TSE Prion 2023<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/world-organisation-for-animal-health.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2023/05/world-organisation-for-animal-health.html</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br /></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">terry</div><div><br /></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33182925.post-73684254954719342372023-07-07T10:51:00.001-05:002023-07-07T11:02:19.893-05:00TME, 589.2000 (21 C.F.R. 589.2000), atypical L-BSE, who’s testing MINK for TSE?<p><span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-size-adjust: auto;">TME, </span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline; text-size-adjust: auto;">589.2000</span><span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-size-adjust: auto;"> (21 C.F.R. </span><span class="s2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline; text-size-adjust: auto;">589.2000</span><span class="s1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-size-adjust: auto;">), atypical L-BSE, who’s testing MINK for TSE?</span></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Rangen Inc 2/11/10</span></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service </span></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Food and Drug Administration </span></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Seattle District Pacific Region </span><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;">22201 23rd Drive SE Bothell, WA 98021-4421</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"> Telephone: </span><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;">425-486-8788</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"> FAX: </span><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;">425-483-4996</span></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">February 11, 2010</span></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">CERTIFIED MAIL</span></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">RETURN RECEIPT REQUESTED</span></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">In reply refer to Warning Letter SEA 10-11</span></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Christopher T. Rangen, President Rangen, Inc. 115-13th Avenue South </span><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;">PO Box 706 Buhl, Idaho 83316</span></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">WARNING LETTER</span></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Dear Mr. Rangen: On June 9-11, 2009, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) investigators inspected your animal feed manufacturing facilities located at 115-13th Avenue South, Buhl, Idaho. The inspection revealed significant deviations from the requirements set forth in Title 21, Code of Federal Regulations, Section </span><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;">589.2000</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"> (21 C.F.R. </span><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;">589.2000</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">), Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed. This regulation is intended to prevent the establishment and amplification of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE). You failed to follow the requirements of this regulation, resulting in products being manufactured and distributed by your facility that were adulterated within the meaning of section 402(a)(4) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the Act), 21 U.S.C. § 342(a)(4), and misbranded within the meaning of section 403(a)(1) of the Act, 21 U.S.C. § 343(a)(1). Our investigation determined that adulteration resulted from the failure of your firm to provide for measures to avoid commingling or cross-contamination. The adulterated feed was subsequently misbranded because it was not properly labeled. Specifically, we found:</span></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">1. Your firm failed to provide for and use cleanout procedures or other means adequate to prevent carry-over of products that contain or may contain proteins derived from mammalian tissues into animal feed that may be used for ruminants, as required by 21 CFR </span><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;">589.2000</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">(e)(1)(iii)(B). Since your feed is prepared, packed, or held under these conditions it is, therefore, adulterated under section 402(a)(4) of the Act, 21 U.S.C. § 342(a)(4).</span></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">• Mink feed that was not labeled "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants," in accordance with 21 CFR </span><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;">589.2000</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">(e)(1)(i) and that, therefore, might be fed to ruminants, was produced using the same equipment as aquaculture feed that contains proteins derived from mammalian tissues, such as meat and bone meal. You conducted no clean-outs or flushes of equipment to remove proteins derived from mammalian tissues that may have been present before manufacturing the mink feed that might be fed to ruminants.</span></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">• The auger trucks you used to deliver bulk mink feed which contained or may have contained proteins derived from mammalian tissues were not subject to an effective clean-out prior to their use to deliver bulk animal feed, including ruminant feed, that did not contain such materials. There were no procedures to clean the trucks to remove proteins derived from mammalian tissues before shipment of animal feeds that did not contain such materials.</span></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">2. You failed to label all products which contained or may have contained proteins derived from mammalian tissues with the statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants," as required by 21 C.F.R. </span><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;">589.2000</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">(e)(1)(i). Such products are misbranded under Section 403(a)(1) of the Act, 21 U.S.C. § 343(a)(1). The misbranded product includes bulk mink feed.</span></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">• On June 9, 2009, the investigators observed approximately (b)(4) pallets of (b)(4) 50 pound bags of (b)(4) MINK FEED, lot 06/05/09. All bagged mink feed, as well as approximately (b)(4)% of bulk mink feed, manufactured at your facility, was produced using the aquaculture feed production equipment used to produce feed containing proteins derived from mammalian tissues. Because mink feed produced using this equipment may have contained mammalian tissues, it was not properly labeled, as required by 21 C.F.R. </span><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;">589.2000</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">(e)(1)(i).</span></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">This letter is not intended to serve as an all-inclusive list of violations at your facility. As a manufacturer of materials intended for animal feed use, you are responsible for ensuring your overall operation and the products you manufacture and distribute are in compliance with the law. You should take prompt action to correct the above violations and you should establish a system whereby violations do not occur. Failure to promptly correct these violations may result in regulatory action, such seizure and/or injunction, without further notice.</span></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">We acknowledge your July 31, 2009 letter detailing procedures you had implemented or planned to implement to prevent future violations of FDA regulations relating to mammalian proteins in animal feed. In particular the letter stated that Rangen would no longer purchase meat and bone meal for use in any of its animal feeds and that existing inventories of mammalian protein ingredients would be exhausted by December 31, 2009. Division Manager, Joy Kinyon made similar assertions in the course of FDA's June 2009 inspection. The July 31, 2009 letter further set out procedures Rangen would use to remedy observed violations of FDA regulations while mammalian proteins were still being used at Rangen. Finally you explained steps taken to recover or relabel feed that may have been contaminated due to commingling resulting from your manufacturing and distribution procedures. Within fifteen (15) working days of receiving this letter you should, in writing, confirm the steps you took prior to receiving this letter and notify FDA of steps you have taken since receiving this letter to bring your firm into compliance with the law. Your response should include each step that has been taken or will be taken to correct the violations and prevent their recurrence. If corrective action cannot be completed within fifteen (15) working days, state the reason for the delay and the time frame within which the corrections will be completed. Please include copies of any available documentation demonstrating that corrections have been made.</span></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Your written reply should be directed to Scott A. Nabe, Compliance Officer, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, </span><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;">22201 23rd Drive SE, Bothell, Washington 98021-4421</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">. If you have any questions about this letter, please contact Mr. Nabe at </span><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;">(425) 483-4753</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">.</span></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Sincerely,</span></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">/s/</span></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Charles M. Breen District Director Seattle District</span></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">cc: Joy A. Kinyon, Division Manager, Aquaculture Feeds-General Feeds Rangen, Inc. PO Box 706 115-13th Avenue South Buhl, Idaho 83316</span></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;">http://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/WarningLetters/ucm201893.htm</span></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">See archived link;</span></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"><span class="s2" style="font-size: 18.36px;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100308043229/http://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/WarningLetters/ucm201893.htm">https://web.archive.org/web/20100308043229/http://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/WarningLetters/ucm201893.htm</a></span></span></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin USA?, what if?</span></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</span></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Title: Sheep are susceptible to the agent of TME by intracranial inoculation and have evidence of infectivity in lymphoid tissues</span></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Author item CASSMANN, ERIC - Oak Ridge Institute For Science And Education (ORISE) item MOORE, SARA - Oak Ridge Institute For Science And Education (ORISE) item SMITH, JODI - Iowa State University item Greenlee, Justin </span></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Submitted to: Frontiers in Veterinary Science Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 11/14/2019 Publication Date: 11/29/2019 Citation: Cassmann, E.D., Moore, S.J., Smith, J.D., Greenlee, J.J. 2019. </span></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Sheep are susceptible to the agent of TME by intracranial inoculation and have evidence of infectivity in lymphoid tissues. </span></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 6:430. </span><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;">https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00430</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">. DOI: </span><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;">https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00430</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"> </span></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Interpretive Summary: Prion diseases are protein misfolding diseases that are transmissible between animals. The outcome of prion infection is irreversible brain damage and death. Transmission can occur between animals of the same or different species, however, transmission between different species is usually less efficient due to the species barrier, which results from differences in the amino acid sequence of the prion protein between the donor and recipient species. The present work evaluated whether transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) can infect sheep. Our results demonstrate that sheep are susceptible to the TME agent and that the TME agent has similar properties to the agent of L-type atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (L-BSE). This work supports the ideas that L-BSE is a possible source for TME in mink and that the practice of feeding cattle with neurologic disease to mink should be avoided. This information is important to farmers who raise cattle, sheep, or mink.</span></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Technical Abstract: Transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) is a food borne prion disease. Epidemiological and experimental evidence suggests similarities between the agent of TME and L-BSE. This experiment demonstrates the susceptibility of four different genotypes of sheep to the agent of TME by intracranial inoculation. The four genotypes of sheep used in this experiment had polymorphisms corresponding to codons 136 and 171 of the prion gene: VV136QQ171, AV136QQ171, AA136QQ171, and AA136QR171. All intracranially inoculated sheep without comorbidities (15/15) developed clinical scrapie and had detectable PrPSc by immunohistochemistry, western blot, and enzyme immunoassay (EIA). The mean incubation periods in TME infected sheep correlated with their relative genotypic susceptibility. There was peripheral distribution of PrPSc in the trigeminal ganglion and neuromuscular spindles; however, unlike classical scrapie and C-BSE in sheep, ovine TME did not accumulate in the lymphoid tissue. To rule out the presence of infectious, but proteinase K susceptible PrPSc, the lymph nodes of two sheep genotypes, VV136QQ171 and AA136QQ171, were bioassayed in transgenic ovinized mice. None of the mice (0/32) inoculated by the intraperitoneal route had detectable PrPSc by EIA. Interestingly, mice intracranially inoculated with RPLN tissue from a VV136QQ171 sheep were EIA positive (</span><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;">3/17</span><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">) indicating that sheep inoculated with TME harbor infectivity in their lymph nodes. Western blot analysis demonstrated similarities in the migration patterns between ovine TME and the bovine TME inoculum. Overall, these results demonstrate that sheep are susceptible to the agent of TME, and that the tissue distribution of PrPSc in TME infected sheep is distinct from classical scrapie.</span></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=363305">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=363305</a><br /></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=360665">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=360665</a><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=373668">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=373668</a><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Previous work has shown that the Stetsonville, WI outbreak of TME could have been precipitated by feeding mink a downer cow with atypical BSE; therefore, it very well may have originated from a cow with L-BSE. The agent of TME appears to remain stable, and it has a high transmission efficiency after a sequence of interspecies transmission events. Although C-BSE is the archetypal foodborne TSE, our findings indicate that L-BSE and bTME have greater transmission efficiencies in bovinized mice. Previous work has demonstrated that L-BSE also is more virulent than C-BSE in mice expressing the human prion protein [46, 55]. Although the documented incidence of L-BSE is low, the propensity of L-BSE and the TME agent to cross species barriers support the continued monitoring for atypical BSE.</span></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-020-02611-0">https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-020-02611-0</a><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">***>This work supports the ideas that L-BSE is a possible source for TME in mink and that the practice of feeding cattle with neurologic disease to mink should be avoided. This information is important to farmers who raise cattle, sheep, or mink.<***</span></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">1985</span></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Evidence That Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy Results from Feeding Infected Cattle Over the next 8-10 weeks, approximately 40% of all the adult mink on the farm died from TME. </span></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">snip... </span></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">The rancher was a ''dead stock'' feeder using mostly (>95%) downer or dead dairy cattle... </span></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002258/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002258/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf</a><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506001031/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09a/tab01.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506001031/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09a/tab01.pdf</a><br /></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506024922/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1987/06/10004001.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506024922/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1987/06/10004001.pdf</a><br /></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">FRIDAY, MAY 19, 2023 </span></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">USDA Announces Atypical L-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE Detection</span></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2023/05/usda-announces-atypical-l-type-bovine.html">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2023/05/usda-announces-atypical-l-type-bovine.html</a></span></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"> </span></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/122/announces-atypical-bovine-spongiform-encephalopa">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/122/announces-atypical-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy</a></span></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">SATURDAY, MAY 20, 2023 </span></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Tennessee State Veterinarian Alerts Cattle Owners to Disease Detection Mad Cow atypical L-Type BSE</span></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/05/tennessee-state-veterinarian-alerts.html">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2023/05/tennessee-state-veterinarian-alerts.html</a></span></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s2" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px; text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/123/tennessee-veterinarian-alerts-cattle-confirmed">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/123/tennessee-veterinarian-alerts-cattle-confirmed</a></span></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">Monday, May 22, 2023 </span></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">BSE TSE Prion MAD COW TESTING IN THE USA COMPARED TO OTHER COUNTRIES?</span></p><p class="p2" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 23.8px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;"></span><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><a href="https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2023/05/bse-tse-prion-mad-cow-testing-in-usa.html" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 18.36px;">https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2023/05/bse-tse-prion-mad-cow-testing-in-usa.html</a></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;"><br /></p><p class="p1" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 18.4px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-size-adjust: auto;">terry</p><div dir="ltr" id="AppleMailSignature" style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><br /></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33182925.post-64941100177423584482023-05-20T11:29:00.001-05:002023-05-20T11:29:05.766-05:00Tennessee State Veterinarian Alerts Cattle Owners to Disease Detection Mad Cow atypical L-Type BSE<div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">Tennessee State Veterinarian Alerts Cattle Owners to Disease Detection Mad Cow atypical L-Type BSE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Friday, May 19, 2023 | 04:12pm NASHVILLE — The Tennessee State Veterinarian is confirming a case of atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in a cow with ties to Tennessee.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The cow appeared unwell after arriving at a packing company in South Carolina. In alignment with the United States Department of Agriculture’s BSE surveillance program, the animal was isolated and euthanized. It did not enter the food supply. Preliminary investigation has determined the cow originated in southeast Tennessee.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">“We are working closely with our federal partners and animal health officials in South Carolina for this response,” State Veterinarian Dr. Samantha Beaty said. “That includes determining prior owners and locations where the affected cow lived in Tennessee and tracing siblings and offspring for testing.”</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE is a chronic degenerative disease affecting the central nervous system of cattle. It is caused by an abnormal prion protein. The atypical form occurs spontaneously at very low levels in all cattle populations, particularly in older animals. Atypical BSE poses no known risk to human health. It is different from the classical form of BSE, which has not been detected in the U.S. since 2003.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">BSE is not contagious and therefore is not spread through contact between cattle or with other species. There is no treatment for or vaccine to prevent BSE. The U.S. has a strong surveillance program in place for early detection and to prevent suspect cattle from entering the food supply chain.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Cattle owners are always advised to monitor their herds for health. Cattle affected by BSE may display changes in temperament, abnormal posture, poor coordination, decreased milk production, or loss of condition without noticeable loss of appetite. Owners should report any herd health concerns to their veterinarian or to the State Veterinarian’s office at 615-837-5120.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Tennessee Department of Agriculture Animal Health Division is responsible for promoting animal health in Tennessee. The State Veterinarian’s office seeks to prevent the spread of disease through import and movement requirements, livestock traceability, disaster mitigation, and the services of the C.E. Kord Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory. The division collaborates with other health-related stakeholders, academic institutions, and extension services to support One Health, an initiative to improve health for people and animals.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.tn.gov/agriculture/news/2023/5/19/state-veterinarian-alerts-cattle-owners-to-disease-detection.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.tn.gov/agriculture/news/2023/5/19/state-veterinarian-alerts-cattle-owners-to-disease-detection.html</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">USDA Announces Atypical L-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE Detection<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is announcing an atypical case of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), a neurologic disease of cattle, in an approximately five-year-old or older beef cow at a slaughter plant in South Carolina. This animal never entered slaughter channels and at no time presented a risk to the food supply or to human health in the United States. Given the United States’ negligible risk status for BSE, we do not expect any trade impacts as a result of this finding. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service’s (APHIS) National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL) confirmed that this cow was positive for atypical L-type BSE. The animal was tested as part of APHIS’s routine surveillance of cattle that are deemed unsuitable for slaughter. The radio frequency identification tag present on the animal is associated with a herd in Tennessee. APHIS and veterinary officials in South Carolina and Tennessee are gathering more information during this ongoing investigation.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Atypical BSE generally occurs in older cattle and seems to arise rarely and spontaneously in all cattle populations.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> This is the nation’s 7th detection of BSE. Of the six previous U.S. cases, the first, in 2003, was a case of classical BSE in a cow imported from Canada; the rest have been atypical (H- or L-type) BSE.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) recognizes the United States as negligible risk for BSE. As noted in the WOAH guidelines for determining this status, atypical BSE cases do not impact official BSE risk status recognition as this form of the disease is believed to occur spontaneously in all cattle populations at a very low rate. Therefore, this finding of an atypical case will not change the negligible risk status of the United States, and should not lead to any trade issues. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> The United States has a longstanding system of interlocking safeguards against BSE that protects public and animal health in the United States, the most important of which is the removal of specified risk materials - or the parts of an animal that would contain BSE should an animal have the disease - from all animals presented for slaughter. The second safeguard is a strong feed ban that protects cattle from the disease. Another important component of our system - which led to this detection - is our ongoing BSE surveillance program that allows USDA to detect the disease if it exists at very low levels in the U.S. cattle population. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">More information about this disease is available in the BSE factsheet.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"># </div></div></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/newsroom/stakeholder-info/sa_by_date/sa-2023/bse" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/newsroom/stakeholder-info/sa_by_date/sa-2023/bse</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">May 2, 2023</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Docket No. APHIS–2023–0027 Notice of Request for Revision to and Extension of Approval of an Information Collection; National Veterinary Services Laboratories; Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Surveillance Program Singeltary Submission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ONLY by the Grace of God, have we not had a documented BSE outbreak, that and the fact the USDA et al are only testing 25K cattle for BSE, a number too low to find mad cow disease from some 28.9 million beef cows in the United States as of Jan. 1, 2023, down 4% from last year. The number of milk cows in the United States increased to 9.40 million. U.S. calf crop was estimated at 34.5 million head, down 2% from 2021. Jan 31, 2023. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ALL it would take is one BSE positive, yet alone a handful of BSE cases, this is why the Enhanced BSE was shut down, and the BSE testing shut down to 25k, and the BSE GBRs were replaced with BSE MRRs, after the 2003 Christmas Mad cow, the cow that stole Christmas, making it legal to trade BSE, imo. </div></div><br style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; outline: none !important;" /><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Document APHIS-2023-0027-0001 BSE Singeltary Comment Submission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">see full submission;</div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div></div></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">NOW before you go off and start repeating BSE TSE Prion science that is almost 50 years old, let's be perfectly clear what science is saying today, and especially what the WAHIS/WOAH/OIE et al are saying about the atypical BSE strains... OIE Conclusions on transmissibility of atypical BSE among cattle</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Given that cattle have been successfully infected by the oral route, at least for L-BSE, it is reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle are exposed to contaminated feed. In addition, based on reports of atypical BSE from several countries that have not had C-BSE, it appears likely that atypical BSE would arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence in old cattle. In the presence of livestock industry practices that would allow it to be recycled in the cattle feed chain, it is likely that some level of exposure and transmission may occur. As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Annex 7 (contd) AHG on BSE risk assessment and surveillance/March 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">34 Scientific Commission/September 2019</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">3. Atypical BSE</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The Group discussed and endorsed with minor revisions an overview of relevant literature on the risk of atypical BSE being recycled in a cattle population and its zoonotic potential that had been prepared ahead of the meeting by one expert from the Group. This overview is provided as Appendix IV and its main conclusions are outlined below. With regard to the risk of recycling of atypical BSE, recently published research confirmed that the L-type BSE prion (a type of atypical BSE prion) may be orally transmitted to calves1 . In light of this evidence, and the likelihood that atypical BSE could arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence, the Group was of the opinion that it would be reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle were to be exposed to contaminated feed. Therefore, the recycling of atypical strains in cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">4. Definitions of meat-and-bone meal (MBM) and greaves</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Thus, it is imperative to maintain measures that prevent the entry of tissues from cattle possibly infected with the agent of L-BSE into the food chain.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''H-TYPE BSE AGENT IS TRANSMISSIBLE BY THE ORONASAL ROUTE''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin USA?, what if?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Title: Sheep are susceptible to the agent of TME by intracranial inoculation and have evidence of infectivity in lymphoid tissues</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Author item CASSMANN, ERIC - Oak Ridge Institute For Science And Education (ORISE) item MOORE, SARA - Oak Ridge Institute For Science And Education (ORISE) item SMITH, JODI - Iowa State University item Greenlee, Justin </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Submitted to: Frontiers in Veterinary Science Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 11/14/2019 Publication Date: 11/29/2019 Citation: Cassmann, E.D., Moore, S.J., Smith, J.D., Greenlee, J.J. 2019. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Sheep are susceptible to the agent of TME by intracranial inoculation and have evidence of infectivity in lymphoid tissues. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 6:430. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00430. DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00430" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00430</a> </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Interpretive Summary: Prion diseases are protein misfolding diseases that are transmissible between animals. The outcome of prion infection is irreversible brain damage and death. Transmission can occur between animals of the same or different species, however, transmission between different species is usually less efficient due to the species barrier, which results from differences in the amino acid sequence of the prion protein between the donor and recipient species. The present work evaluated whether transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) can infect sheep. Our results demonstrate that sheep are susceptible to the TME agent and that the TME agent has similar properties to the agent of L-type atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (L-BSE). This work supports the ideas that L-BSE is a possible source for TME in mink and that the practice of feeding cattle with neurologic disease to mink should be avoided. This information is important to farmers who raise cattle, sheep, or mink.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Technical Abstract: Transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) is a food borne prion disease. Epidemiological and experimental evidence suggests similarities between the agent of TME and L-BSE. This experiment demonstrates the susceptibility of four different genotypes of sheep to the agent of TME by intracranial inoculation. The four genotypes of sheep used in this experiment had polymorphisms corresponding to codons 136 and 171 of the prion gene: VV136QQ171, AV136QQ171, AA136QQ171, and AA136QR171. All intracranially inoculated sheep without comorbidities (15/15) developed clinical scrapie and had detectable PrPSc by immunohistochemistry, western blot, and enzyme immunoassay (EIA). The mean incubation periods in TME infected sheep correlated with their relative genotypic susceptibility. There was peripheral distribution of PrPSc in the trigeminal ganglion and neuromuscular spindles; however, unlike classical scrapie and C-BSE in sheep, ovine TME did not accumulate in the lymphoid tissue. To rule out the presence of infectious, but proteinase K susceptible PrPSc, the lymph nodes of two sheep genotypes, VV136QQ171 and AA136QQ171, were bioassayed in transgenic ovinized mice. None of the mice (0/32) inoculated by the intraperitoneal route had detectable PrPSc by EIA. Interestingly, mice intracranially inoculated with RPLN tissue from a VV136QQ171 sheep were EIA positive (3/17) indicating that sheep inoculated with TME harbor infectivity in their lymph nodes. Western blot analysis demonstrated similarities in the migration patterns between ovine TME and the bovine TME inoculum. Overall, these results demonstrate that sheep are susceptible to the agent of TME, and that the tissue distribution of PrPSc in TME infected sheep is distinct from classical scrapie.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=363305" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=363305</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=360665" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=360665</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=373668" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=373668</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Previous work has shown that the Stetsonville, WI outbreak of TME could have been precipitated by feeding mink a downer cow with atypical BSE; therefore, it very well may have originated from a cow with L-BSE. The agent of TME appears to remain stable, and it has a high transmission efficiency after a sequence of interspecies transmission events. Although C-BSE is the archetypal foodborne TSE, our findings indicate that L-BSE and bTME have greater transmission efficiencies in bovinized mice. Previous work has demonstrated that L-BSE also is more virulent than C-BSE in mice expressing the human prion protein [46, 55]. Although the documented incidence of L-BSE is low, the propensity of L-BSE and the TME agent to cross species barriers support the continued monitoring for atypical BSE.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-020-02611-0" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12917-020-02611-0</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">***>This work supports the ideas that L-BSE is a possible source for TME in mink and that the practice of feeding cattle with neurologic disease to mink should be avoided. This information is important to farmers who raise cattle, sheep, or mink.<***</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">1985</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Evidence That Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy Results from Feeding Infected Cattle Over the next 8-10 weeks, approximately 40% of all the adult mink on the farm died from TME. </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">snip... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The rancher was a ''dead stock'' feeder using mostly (>95%) downer or dead dairy cattle... </div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002258/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002258/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506001031/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09a/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506001031/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09a/tab01.pdf</a></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506024922/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1987/06/10004001.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506024922/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1987/06/10004001.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, MAY 19, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">USDA Announces Atypical L-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE Detection<br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2023/05/usda-announces-atypical-l-type-bovine.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2023/05/usda-announces-atypical-l-type-bovine.html</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;"> </div></div><a href="https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/122/announces-atypical-bovine-spongiform-encephalopa" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://prpsc.proboards.com/thread/122/announces-atypical-bovine-spongiform-encephalopa</a></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">FRIDAY, MAY 12, 2023 <br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;">TENNESSEE CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE RESPONSE AND MANAGEMENT PLAN 2023-2027 </div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/tennessee-chronic-wasting-disease.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2023/05/tennessee-chronic-wasting-disease.html</a></div></div><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div><div><br /></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33182925.post-77897562723791950362023-05-04T14:42:00.002-05:002023-05-04T14:42:05.510-05:00Docket APHIS-2023-0027-0001 BSE Singeltary Comment Submission<p><span style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Docket No. APHIS–2023–0027 Notice of Request for Revision to and Extension of Approval of an Information Collection; National Veterinary Services Laboratories; Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Surveillance Program Singeltary Submission</span></p><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Docket APHIS-2023-0027-0001 BSE Singeltary Comment Submission</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Greetings again APHIS et al,</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I would kindly like to again, post my concern or urgency, on why said information is so critical, and why the 3 year extension is so critical, especially today, with the recent mad cow cases in the UK, Switzerland, Brazil, Spain, and The Netherlands all atypical BSE cases, and the fact the OIE is so concerned with the recent science about atypical L-type BSE and atypical H-type BSE, both of which can transmit orally, (see OIE BSE atypical in my reference materials), new outbreak of a new Prion disease in a new livestock species, i.e. the camel. The fact Chronic Wasted Disease CWD TSE Prion of Cervid, is spreading across the USA, with no stopping it in the near future, now with 10 different strains, a spillover into cattle or sheep would be devastating, and the ramifications of human zoonosis there from, has great concern throughout the scientific community. The fact that the USA BSE feed ban was and is a joke today (see why, with the fact that CWD positive deer could enter the food/feed chain for other ruminants and what the DEFRA says), how the BSE surveillance and testing has failed us so terribly bad to date, by testing only 25k bovines a year for BSE, you will not find BSE until it's too late, again. THIS is all why INFORMATION COLLECTION is so vital for BSE and all human and animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion disease.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">''The purpose of this notice is to solicit comments from the public (as well as affected agencies) concerning our information collection. These comments will help us:''</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(1) Evaluate whether the collection of information is necessary for the proper performance of the functions of the Agency, including whether the information will have practical utility;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(2) Evaluate the accuracy of our estimate of the burden of the collection of information, including the validity of the methodology and assumptions used;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(3) Enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be collected; and</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(4) Minimize the burden of the collection of information on those who are to respond, through use, as appropriate, of automated, electronic, mechanical, and other collection technologies; ...end</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">The question should be, what will the burden be, if WE DON'T COLLECT SAID INFORMATIONS ON BSE, and we find ourselves again facing a BSE epidemic?</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I want to bring your attention too, and emphasize;</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">(3) Enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the information to be collected; and...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">I remember that infamous TEXAS MAD COW that instead of a 48 turnaround at Weybridge, said suspect positive, was declared NEGATIVE, until an Act of Congress and the Honorable Phyllis Fong overrode Texas negative test, sent that BSE sample to Weybridge, and 6 MONTHS LATER ON A 48 HOUR TURNAROUND (BSE REDBOOKS), that BSE sample was CONFIRMED POSITIVE (see history in my references).</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Let's not kid ourselves, the BSE ENHANCED BSE SURVEILLANE efforts way back was a total failure, that's why it was shut down, too many atypical BSE cases were showing up.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ONLY by the Grace of God, have we not had a documented BSE outbreak, that and the fact the USDA et al are only testing 25K cattle for BSE, a number too low to find mad cow disease from some 28.9 million beef cows in the United States as of Jan. 1, 2023, down 4% from last year. The number of milk cows in the United States increased to 9.40 million. U.S. calf crop was estimated at 34.5 million head, down 2% from 2021. Jan 31, 2023.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">ALL it would take is one BSE positive, yet alone a handful of BSE cases, this is why the Enhanced BSE was shut down, and the BSE testing shut down to 25k, and the BSE GBRs were replaced with BSE MRRs, after the 2003 Christmas Mad cow, the cow that stole Christmas, making it legal to trade BSE, imo.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">THE world was set back to square one with the BSE Minimal Risk Regions, from the BSE GBRs.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">WE must enhance our BSE Surveillance and BSE Testing, and the FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED BAN must be revised to include Cervid by-products and SRM, and it should be made MANDATORY, AND THIS SHOULD BE WELL DOCUMENTED with information collection.</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">said 'burden' cost, will be a heavy burden to bear, if we fail with Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion disease, that is why this information collection is so critical...</div><div style="outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div style="outline: none !important;">Singeltary References</div></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2023-0027-0002</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">see full submission;</div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; outline: none !important;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2023-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;"><br style="outline: none !important;" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2228; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px; outline: none !important;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33182925.post-18257898163791960962023-02-10T09:46:00.004-06:002023-02-10T09:57:26.947-06:00Spain Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy atypical H-Type<span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Spain Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy atypical H-Type</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Spain - Bovine spongiform encephalopathy - Immediate notification</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">GENERAL INFORMATION</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">COUNTRY/TERRITORY OR ZONE</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">ZONE ANIMAL TYPE</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">TERRESTRIAL DISEASE CATEGORY</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">OIE-listed EVENT ID</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">4888 DISEASE</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Bovine spongiform encephalopathy CAUSAL AGENT</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion, atypical strain, H-type GENOTYPE / SEROTYPE / SUBTYPE</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">- START DATE</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">2023/01/21 REASON FOR NOTIFICATION</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Recurrence of an eradicated disease DATE OF LAST OCCURRENCE</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">2021/04/16 CONFIRMATION DATE</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">2023/02/03 EVENT STATUS</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Resolved END DATE</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">2023/02/06</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Snip…see full text;</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><br /></span><div><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4888">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4888</a><br /></span></div><div><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Conclusions on transmissibility of atypical BSE among cattle</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Given that cattle have been successfully infected by the oral route, at least for L-BSE, it is reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle are exposed to contaminated feed. In addition, based on reports of atypical BSE from several countries that have not had C-BSE, it appears likely that atypical BSE would arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence in old cattle. In the presence of livestock industry practices that would allow it to be recycled in the cattle feed chain, it is likely that some level of exposure and transmission may occur. As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">see full report;</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">REPORT OF THE MEETING OF THE OIE AD HOC GROUP ON BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY RISK ASSESSMENT AND SURVEILLANCE</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Paris, 18-21 March 2019</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">snip...</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">3. Atypical BSE</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">The Group discussed and endorsed with minor revisions an overview of relevant literature on the risk of atypical BSE being recycled in a cattle population and its zoonotic potential that had been prepared ahead of the meeting by one expert from the Group. This overview is provided as Appendix IV and its main conclusions are outlined below.</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">With regard to the risk of recycling of atypical BSE, recently published research confirmed that the L-type BSE prion (a type of atypical BSE prion) may be orally transmitted to calves1 . In light of this evidence, and the likelihood that atypical BSE could arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence, the Group was of the opinion that it would be reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle were to be exposed to contaminated feed. Therefore, the recycling of atypical strains in cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">The Group acknowledged the challenges in demonstrating the zoonotic transmission of atypical strains of BSE in natural exposure scenarios. Overall, the Group was of the opinion that, at this stage, it would be premature to reach a conclusion other than that atypical BSE poses a potential zoonotic risk that may be different between atypical strains. </span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">snip...</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">In contrast, there have not been any substantiated reports of the successful oral transmission of H-BSE in cattle. Initial reports from Dudas et al., 2014 based on RT-QuIC pointed to the possibility of oral transmission following a very high dose (100 grams of brain material), although the individual did not display clinical signs and the findings from standard molecular or immunohistochemical assays were all negative. Investigations are ongoing in an attempt to clarify these findings.</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Although significant uncertainty remains regarding the origin of C-BSE, several studies involving the serial passage of H-BSE and L-BSE in transgenic and wild-type mice have revealed their potential to lead to the emergence of a C-BSE-like phenotype (Baron et al., 2011; Torres et al., 2011; Bencsik et al., 2013) or other novel strains (Masujin et al., 2016). Whether or not one or both of these atypical strains led to the emergence of C-BSE remains speculative; however, the similarities between transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME), first reported in the USA in 1947 (Hartsough and Burger, 1965), and L-BSE indicate that TME may have been a surrogate indicator for the presence of L-BSE in cattle populations in those countries such as the USA, Canada, Germany, Finland and Russia where outbreaks of TME had been reported decades before C-BSE was first recognised in the United Kingdom in 1986 (Hadlow and Karstad, 1968; Marsh et al., 1991; McKenzie et al., 1996; Baron et al., 2007; Comoy et al., 2013). Although TME was originally thought to have occurred as a result of feeding mink with scrapie infected sheep carcases, oral challenge studies did not confirm this (Marsh et al., 1991). Importantly, in an outbreak reported in the USA in 1985, mink had never been fed sheep products; instead they had been fed on products derived from dead and sick dairy cattle (March et al., 1991). Similarly, from an outbreak in Canada in 1963, mink had reportedly been fed with products derived from cattle but not sheep (Hadlow and Karstad, 1968).</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Although, as discussed above, the passage of H-BSE or L-BSE has been proposed as a possible explanation for the origin of C-BSE, transformation of L-BSE or H-BSE to C-BSE has not been observed so far in transmission studies in cattle. That being said, it is likely that, compared to various rodent models, an insufficient number of passages have been undertaken.</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">It is worth noting that sheep and goats are susceptible to L-BSE following intracerebral inoculation without lymphoid involvement in most individuals (Simmons et al., 2016; Gielbert et al., 2018; Vallino-Costassa et al., 2018). As discussed by Houston and Andreoletti (2018), C-BSE appears to increase in virulence for humans if it is first passaged in sheep. Whether or not this is the same for atypical strains remains to be determined.</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Conclusions on transmissibility of atypical BSE among cattle</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Given that cattle have been successfully infected by the oral route, at least for L-BSE, it is reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle are exposed to contaminated feed. In addition, based on reports of atypical BSE from several countries that have not had C-BSE, it appears likely that atypical BSE would arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence in old cattle. In the presence of livestock industry practices that would allow it to be recycled in the cattle feed chain, it is likely that some level of exposure and transmission may occur. As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided. </span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><a href="https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf">https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf</a><br /></span></div><div><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">***> Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">***> As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided. </span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">***> This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">***> These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Atypical L-type BSE</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Emerg Infect Dis. 2017 Feb; 23(2): 284–287. doi: 10.3201/eid2302.161416 PMCID: PMC5324790 PMID: <span dir="ltr">28098532</span></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Oral Transmission of L-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Agent among Cattle </span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Hiroyuki Okada, corresponding author Yoshifumi Iwamaru, Morikazu Imamura, Kohtaro Miyazawa, Yuichi Matsuura, Kentaro Masujin, Yuichi Murayama, and Takashi Yokoyama Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Go to: Abstract To determine oral transmissibility of the L-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) prion, we orally inoculated 16 calves with brain homogenates of the agent. Only 1 animal, given a high dose, showed signs and died at 88 months. These results suggest low risk for oral transmission of the L-BSE agent among cattle.</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Keywords: atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy, cattle, L-type, prion, oral transmission, L-BSE, prions and related diseases, zoonoses The epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle is thought to be caused by oral infection through consumption of feed containing the BSE agent (prion). Since 2003, different neuropathologic and molecular phenotypes of BSE have been identified as causing ≈110 cases of atypical BSE worldwide, mainly in aged cattle. Although the etiology and pathogenesis of atypical BSE are not yet fully understood, atypical BSE prions possibly cause sporadic cases of BSE (1).</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">The L-type BSE (L-BSE) prion has been experimentally transmitted to cattle by intracerebral challenge, and the incubation period was is shorter than that for classical BSE (C-BSE) prions (2–6). The origin of transmissible mink encephalopathy in ranch-raised mink is thought to be caused by ingestion of L-BSE–infected material (7). Although L-BSE has been orally transmitted to mouse lemurs (8), it remains to be established whether L-BSE can be transmitted to cattle by oral infection. We therefore investigated the transmissibility of L-BSE by the oral route and tissue distribution of disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) in cattle. All experiments involving animals were performed with the approval of the Animal Ethical Committee and the Animal Care and Use Committee of the National Institute of Animal Health (approval nos. 07–88 and 08–010).</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">snip...</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">The neuroanatomical PrPSc distribution pattern of orally challenged cattle differed somewhat from that described in cattle naturally and intracerebrally challenged with L-BSE (2–6,11,13,14), The conspicuous differences between the case we report and cases of natural and experimental infection are 1) higher amounts of PrPSc in the caudal medulla oblongata and the spinal cord coupled with that in the thalamus and the more rostral brainstem and 2) relatively low amounts of PrPSc in the cerebral cortices and the olfactory bulb. Furthermore, fewer PrPSc deposits in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve may indicate that the parasympathetic retrogressive neuroinvasion pathway does not contribute to transport of the L-BSE prion from the gut to the brain, which is in contrast to the vagus-associated transport of the agent in C-BSE (15). PrPSc accumulation in the extracerebral tissues may be a result of centrifugal trafficking of the L-BSE prion from the central nervous system along somatic or autonomic nerve fibers rather than centripetal propagation of the agent (4,6,9). Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/</a><br /></span></div><div><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Our study clearly confirms, experimentally, the potential risk for interspecies oral transmission of the agent of L-BSE. In our model, this risk appears higher than that for the agent of classical BSE, which could only be transmitted to mouse lemurs after a first passage in macaques (14). We report oral transmission of the L-BSE agent in young and adult primates. Transmission by the IC route has also been reported in young macaques (6,7). A previous study of L-BSE in transgenic mice expressing human PrP suggested an absence of any transmission barrier between cattle and humans for this particular strain of the agent of BSE, in contrast to findings for the agent of classical BSE (9). Thus, it is imperative to maintain measures that prevent the entry of tissues from cattle possibly infected with the agent of L-BSE into the food chain.</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/</a><br /></span></div><div><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Atypical H-type BSE</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Title: The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Author item Greenlee, Justin item MOORE, S - Orise Fellow item WEST-GREENLEE, M - Iowa State University</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Submitted to: Prion</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Publication Type: Abstract Only</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Publication Acceptance Date: 5/14/2018</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Publication Date: 5/22/2018</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Citation: Greenlee, J.J., Moore, S.J., West Greenlee, M.H. 2018. </span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge.</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Prion 2018, May 22-25, 2018, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Paper No. P98, page 116. Interpretive Summary:</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Technical Abstract: In 2006, a case of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) was reported in a cow with a previously unreported prion protein polymorphism (E211K). The E211K polymorphism is heritable and homologous to the E200K mutation in humans that is the most frequent PRNP mutation associated with familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Although the prevalence of the E211K polymorphism is low, cattle carrying the K211 allele develop H-type BSE with a rapid onset after experimental inoculation by the intracranial route. </span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the agents of H-type BSE or H-type BSE associated with the E211K polymorphism transmit to wild type cattle or cattle with the K211 allele after oronasal exposure. </span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Wild type (EE211) or heterozygous (EK211) cattle were oronasally inoculated with either H-type BSE from the 2004 US H-type BSE case (n=3) or from the 2006 US H-type case associated with the E211K polymorphism (n=4) using 10% w/v brain homogenates. </span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Cattle were observed daily throughout the course of the experiment for the development of clinical signs. </span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">At approximately 50 months post-inoculation, one steer (EK211 inoculated with E211K associated H-BSE) developed clinical signs including inattentiveness, loss of body condition, weakness, ataxia, and muscle fasciculations and was euthanized. </span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Enzyme immunoassay confirmed that abundant misfolded protein was present in the brainstem, and immunohistochemistry demonstrated PrPSc throughout the brain. </span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Western blot analysis of brain tissue from the clinically affected steer was consistent with the E211K H-type BSE inoculum. </span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">With the experiment currently at 55 months post-inoculation, no other cattle in this study have developed clinical signs suggestive of prion disease. </span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"></span><br style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /></div><div><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div><span style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-size: 17px;">Terry</span></span></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33182925.post-32560530386665630982023-02-03T19:15:00.003-06:002023-02-03T19:15:30.047-06:00Netherlands Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE, atypical strain, L-type<p>Netherlands Bovine spongiform encephalopathy BSE, atypical strain, L-type</p><p><span style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;">Netherlands - Bovine spongiform encephalopathy - Immediate notification</span></p><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><div>Bovine spongiform encephalopathy prion, atypical strain, L-type<a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4876"> </a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4876">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4876</a></div></div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><div class=""><div class="apple-rich-link" data-url="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/4876" draggable="true" role="link" style="-webkit-user-drag: element; 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height: 36px; pointer-events: none !important; width: 36px;" webkitattachmentid="167169c3-a9a1-421a-a085-d1e22b970d2a" width="36" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></a></div></div></div><div style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #535353; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 1.33333; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Atypical BSE variant found in cattle in South Holland<br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #535353; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 1.33333; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #535353; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 1.33333; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">News item | </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">01-02-2023 | </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">5:13 pm</span></span></div><div style="color: #535353; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 1.33333; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><br /></span></div><div class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp156f1f2ayiv6518828552ydp7dc01400intro" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 20.25px;"><p style="line-height: 1.40466; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">A positive case of BSE ('Mad Cow Disease') was found this week in the cadaver of an 8-year-old cow in South Holland. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR) has investigated which variant of BSE it concerns. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">The result of WBVR indicates that this is an atypical variant.</span></span></p></div><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 20.25px; line-height: 1.38272; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Atypical cases of BSE occur sporadically in older cows, a type of 'old-age BSE'. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">The last time this occurred in the Netherlands was 2011. Scientists believe that the atypical variants can arise spontaneously. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">So far, four atypical cases have been identified in the Netherlands.</span></span></p><blockquote style="background-color: #f3f3f3; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; clear: both; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 20.25px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; width: 678px !important;"><p style="line-height: 1.38272; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Minister Piet Adema: </span><em><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">It is really shocking when you hear that a cow has tested positive for BSE, because we have not had a BSE case for a long time. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">I am relieved that this is now the so-called 'atypical variant', which means that the consequences are mainly limited to the company in question. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">It is of course very bad for the livestock farmer in question. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">13 cattle that are related to this cow because they are descendants or have been raised together will be taken away to be killed and tested. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">This case has been resolved with these measures. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Food safety is not at risk. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">It is good to note that our monitoring system for BSE does work.</span></span></em></p></blockquote><h2 style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 1.38732;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Continuation</span></h2><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 20.25px; line-height: 1.38272; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">The company of the holder of the positive case is immediately blocked. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">The Dutch Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA) has carried out source and contact research in which the offspring of this cow younger than 2 years old are killed and tested. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">In order to perform BSE tests on brain material, the animal must first be killed. </span></span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 20.25px; line-height: 1.38272; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">The NVWA's source and contact investigation showed that the infected bovine had five offspring, one of which is still alive on the same farm. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">This bovine is less than 2 years old. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">This one is killed and tested. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">The remaining four offspring are older than two years, making it unlikely that transmission from mother to these calves could have taken place. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">They therefore pose no risk to public health.</span></span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 20.25px; line-height: 1.38272; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">All cattle born on the same farm as the infected bovine within twelve months before or after the birth of this bovine will also be killed and tested, as well as all bovines that were kept together with this infected bovine in their first year of life. and who, according to the study, received the same potentially contaminated feed during that period.</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 20.25px; line-height: 1.38272; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">A total of 13 cattle have been tracked down and are being transported to be killed and tested. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">As a result, the products of these animals do not enter the food chain and therefore pose no risk to food safety. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">The measures will be implemented as soon as possible.</span></span></p><h2 style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 1.38732;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">What is BSE?</span></h2><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 20.25px; line-height: 1.38272; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">BSE (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)) is a fatal disease that occurs in cattle affecting the central nervous system. It is also a zoonosis that can cause the deadly brain disease variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob in humans. Infection can occur through consumption of infected cattle. There is therefore a European monitoring program in which all cadavers in certain risk groups are tested for the presence of BSE.The bovine that has now been found positive has been traced through this active surveillance.</span></p><p style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 20.25px; line-height: 1.38272; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">There are two variants: the atypical variant, which is now the case, and the 'classic variant', which led to the BSE crisis in Europe in the 1980s. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Reuse of animal proteins in animal feed was an important cause of the spread of classical BSE. </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">This was followed by a ban on the use of certain types of processed animal proteins in animal feed for cattle.</span></span></p><div class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp156f1f2ayiv6518828552ydp7dc01400block ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp156f1f2ayiv6518828552ydp7dc01400docs-pubs ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp156f1f2ayiv6518828552ydp7dc01400results" style="clear: both; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 20.25px; list-style: none !important;"><h2 style="border-top-color: rgb(225, 225, 225); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; line-height: 1.38732;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Documents</span></h2><ul class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp156f1f2ayiv6518828552ydp7dc01400common" style="list-style: none !important; padding: 0px;"><li style="line-height: 28px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;"><a class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp156f1f2ayiv6518828552ydp7dc01400publication" href="https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/documenten/kamerstukken/2023/02/01/bevestiging-uitslag-bse-positief-rund" rel="nofollow" style="color: #01689b; display: block; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; position: relative;" target="_blank"><h3 style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 28px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Letter to parliament on final result BSE-positive cattle</span></h3><p style="color: black; line-height: 1.33333; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Minister Adema (LNV) informs the House of Representatives about the final test result of a bovine with Bovine Spongiforme ...</span></p><p class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp156f1f2ayiv6518828552ydp7dc01400meta" style="color: #535353; line-height: 1.6875; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Parliamentary Paper: Letter to Parliament | </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">01-02-2023</span></span></p></a></li></ul><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><a href="https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/binaries/rijksoverheid/documenten/kamerstukken/2023/02/01/bevestiging-uitslag-bse-positief-rund/bevestiging-uitslag-bse-positief-rund.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/binaries/rijksoverheid/documenten/kamerstukken/2023/02/01/bevestiging-uitslag-bse-positief-rund/bevestiging-uitslag-bse-positief-rund.pdf</a><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><a href="https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/actueel/nieuws/2023/02/01/atypische-variant-bse-aangetroffen-bij-rund-in-zuid-holland" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/actueel/nieuws/2023/02/01/atypische-variant-bse-aangetroffen-bij-rund-in-zuid-holland</a><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr">google language translated, so could be errors...terry</div><div><br /></div><div>Ministerie van Landbouw, Natuur en Voedselkwaliteit</div><div><br /></div><div>> Retouradres Pastbus <span dir="ltr">20401 2500</span> EK Den Haag</div><div><br /></div><div>Directoraat-generaal Agro</div><div><br /></div><div>De Voorzitter van de Tweede Kamer</div><div><br /></div><div>der Staten Generaal Bezoekadres : <span dir="ltr">Bezuidenhoutseweg 73</span> Prinses Irenestraat 6 2594 AC Den Haag</div><div><br /></div><div>2595 BD DEN HAAG Postadres</div><div><br /></div><div>Postbus <span dir="ltr">20401 2500</span> EK Den Haag</div><div><br /></div><div>Overheidsidentificatienr 00000001858272854000</div><div><br /></div><div>T <span dir="ltr">070 379 8911</span> (algemeen) F <span dir="ltr">070 378 6100</span> (algemeen) www. <span dir="ltr">rijksoverheid.nl/Inv</span></div><div><br /></div><div>, Ons kenmerk Datum 1 februari 2023 DGA-DAD / <span dir="ltr">26214888</span></div><div><br /></div><div>Betreft Bevestiging uitslag BSE positief rund Geachte Voorzitter,</div><div><br /></div><div>Zoals toegezegd in mijn brief van 1 februari 2023 informeer ik u, mede namens de minister van VWS, over de definitieve testuitslag naar aanleiding van het aantreffen van Bovine Spongiforme Encephalopathie (BSE) bij een kadaver van een achtjarige koe afkomstig van een bedrijf in Zuid-Holland.</div><div><br /></div><div>Zoals ik in mijn vorige brief heb gemeld, heeft Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR) onderzocht welke variant van BSE het betreft. Het resultaat van WBVR geeft aan dat het hier een atypische variant betreft.</div><div><br /></div><div>Atypische gevallen van BSE komen sporadisch voor bij oudere koeien, een soort “ouderdoms BSE”. En dat geldt ook voor deze positief geteste achtjarige koe. Wetenschappers denken dat de atypische varianten spontaan kunnen ontstaan. In Nederland zijn tot nu toe vier atypische gevallen vastgesteld van de 88 gevallen die in Nederland zijn geconstateerd sinds 1997. In de afgelopen vijf jaar zijn er in de ‘EU’ drie meldingen geweest van een atypische BSE-besmetting; in 2021 twee meldingen (Duitsland en Italié) en in 2017 één melding (Zwitserland).</div><div><br /></div><div>In het geval van een atypische BSE worden onderstaande maatregelen genomen conform Europese regelgeving:</div><div><br /></div><div>1. De nakomelingen <2 jaar worden gedood en getest!. Uit het bron- en contactonderzoek van de NVWA is gebleken dat het besmette rund vijf nakomelingen heeft gekregen, waarvan er nog één op hetzelfde bedrijf in leven is. Dit rund is jonger dan 2 jaar. De overige vier nakomelingen waren ouder dan twee jaar, waardoor het niet waarschijnlijk is dat overdracht van moeder op deze kalveren heeft kunnen plaatsvinden. Zij vormen een verwaarloosbaar risico voor de volksgezondheid.</div><div><br /></div><div>2. Het geboortecohort wordt gedood en getest. Dat zijn alle runderen die op hetzelfde bedrijf als het besmette rund binnen twaalf maanden voor of na de geboorte van het besmette rund zijn geboren. In dit geval bestaat het geboortecohort uit vier runderen, waarvan drie op hetzelfde bedrijf aanwezig zijn en één rund op een ander bedrijf.</div><div><br /></div><div>3. Het voedercohort wordt gedood en getest. Dat zijn alle runderen die in hun eerste levensjaar samen met het besmette rund in haar eerste</div><div><br /></div><div>1 Om BSE testen te kunnen doen op hersenmateriaal moet het dier eerst gedaod worden.</div><div><br /></div><div>Pagina 1 van 2 Directoraat-generaal Agro</div><div><br /></div><div>Ons kenmerk</div><div><br /></div><div>levensjaar zijn gehouden in hetzelfde bedrijf en die blijkens onderzoek in DGA-DAD/ <span dir="ltr">26214888</span></div><div><br /></div><div>die periode hetzelfde potentieel besmette voeder gekregen hebben. In dit geval bestaat het voedercohort uit elf runderen. Drie van deze runderen behoren ook tot het geboortecohort.</div><div><br /></div><div>Met het doden, testen en afvoeren voor destructie van deze 13 runderen wordt de positieve besmetting met de atypische variant afgehandeld conform Europese regelgeving. Hiermee komen de producten van deze dieren niet in de voedselketen en zijn daarmee geen risico voor de volksgezondheid. Deze maatregelen worden zo spoedig mogelijk afgehandeld door de NVWA die hierbij de regie voert. Tot die tijd blijft het betreffende bedrijf geblokkeerd.</div><div><br /></div><div>Hieruit blijkt het belang van een goede monitor in het totaal pakket van maatregelen die genomen worden voor de preventie en bestrijding van BSE.</div><div><br /></div><div>Piet Adema Minister van Landbouw, Natuur en Voedselkwaliteit</div><div><br /></div><div>Pagina 2 van 2</div><div><br /></div><div>Regarding Confirmation result BSE positive round Geachte Voorzitter,</div><div><br /></div><div>Zoals toegezegd in mijn brief van 1 februari 2023 informer ik u, mede namens the minister of VWS, over the definitive test results when necessary encounter of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathie (BSE) in a carcass an eight-year-old cow from a company in Zuid-Holland.</div><div><br /></div><div>As I said in my previous brief, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR) investigated which variant of BSE was involved. The result won WBVR indicates that this is an atypical variant.</div><div><br /></div><div>Atypical cases of BSE occur sporadically in older cows, een soort "old age BSE". A dat also applies to this positively tested eight-year-old cow. Wetenschappers think that the atypical variant can spontaneously arise. In The Netherlands zijn tot nu toe vier atypische gävlen settet van de de 88 gävlen die in Nederland zijn geconstateerd since 1997. In the last five years zijn is in de 'EU' drie melding geweest van een atypische BSE besmetning; in 2021 twee the message (Germany and Italy) and in 2017 one message (Switzerland).</div><div><br /></div><div>In the event of an atypical BSE, the following measures are taken according to European regulations:</div><div><br /></div><div>1. De nakomelingen <2 jaar worden gedood en getest!. Out het the bridge contactonderzoek van de NVWA is gebleken dat het besmetste rund vijf the nakomelingen heeft gerecht, of which there is still one on the same company life is ice. Around here is younger than 2 years. The rest devote the offspring waren ouder dan twee jaar, so het niet waarschijn is dat the transfer of mother to this calf has been able to take place. Zij vormen een verwaarloosbaar risico voor de volksgezondheid.</div><div><br /></div><div>2. The birth cohort is tested. Dat zijn alle rounderen die op the same company as the infected rund binnen twaalf maaden voor of na de geboorte van het besmeste rund zijn geboren. In dit geval bestat het birthcohort uit vier rounderen, waaran drie op semeldabe bedrijf aanwezig zijn en een round op een ander bedrijf.</div><div><br /></div><div>3. The feeding cohort is tested. Dat zijn alle rounderen die in her first life year samen met het besmetste round in haar eerste</div><div><br /></div><div>1 If the BSE test te kunnen doen op hersenmaterial moet het dier eerst gedaod worden.</div><div><br /></div><div>Page 1 of 2 Directorate General Agro</div><div><br /></div><div>Our reference</div><div><br /></div><div>year of life have been held in the same company and according to research in DGA-DAD/ <span dir="ltr">26214888</span></div><div><br /></div><div>received the same potentially contaminated feed during that period. In this case, the feed cohort consists of eleven cattle. Three of these cattle also belong to the birth cohort.</div><div><br /></div><div>With the killing, testing and removal for destruction of these 13 cattle, the positive infection with the atypical variant handled in accordance with European regulations. This means that the products of these animals do not end up in the food chain and are therefore not a risk to public health. This one measures will be dealt with as soon as possible by the NVWA, which is hereby responsible for the directs. Until then, the company in question will remain blocked.</div><div><br /></div><div>This shows the importance of a good monitor in the total package of measures taken for the prevention and control of BSE.</div><div><br /></div><div>Peter Adema Minister of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality</div><div><br /></div><div>Page 2 of 2 </div></div><div><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><a href="https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/binaries/rijksoverheid/documenten/kamerstukken/2023/02/01/bevestiging-uitslag-bse-positief-rund/bevestiging-uitslag-bse-positief-rund.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/binaries/rijksoverheid/documenten/kamerstukken/2023/02/01/bevestiging-uitslag-bse-positief-rund/bevestiging-uitslag-bse-positief-rund.pdf</a><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><div><div>Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality</div><div><br /></div><div>Directorate-General for Agriculture</div><div><br /></div><div>To the Minister of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality Author PS IN DECISION</div><div><br /></div><div>Date February 1, 2023</div><div><br /></div><div>Feature Nn ota memorandum accompanying letter to Parliament BSE positively tested cattle |</div><div><br /></div><div>Attachments) 1</div><div><br /></div><div>Initial route</div><div><br /></div><div>a mua [5 le</div><div><br /></div><div>Cause</div><div><br /></div><div>On Monday 30 January a bovine tested positive for Bovine Spongiforme Encephalopathy (BSE), also known as 'mad cow disease'. As in your previous letter of 1 February to the House of Representatives, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR) investigated which variant of BSE it concerns this infected cow.</div><div><br /></div><div>The result of WBVR indicates that this is an atypical variant.</div><div><br /></div><div>Advised decision</div><div><br /></div><div>To inform the House about the situation, please see the enclosed letter to Parliament sign.</div><div><br /></div><div>Key points</div><div><br /></div><div>e The letter informs the House of the outcome of the investigation and about the measures taken/to be taken.</div><div><br /></div><div>Page 1 of 1</div></div><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><a href="https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/binaries/rijksoverheid/documenten/beleidsnotas/2023/02/01/beslisnota-bij-kamerbrief-bevestiging-uitslag-bse-positief-rund/beslisnota-bij-kamerbrief-bevestiging-uitslag-bse-positief-rund.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/binaries/rijksoverheid/documenten/beleidsnotas/2023/02/01/beslisnota-bij-kamerbrief-bevestiging-uitslag-bse-positief-rund/beslisnota-bij-kamerbrief-bevestiging-uitslag-bse-positief-rund.pdf</a><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><ul style="line-height: 1.33333; list-style: none !important; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px;"><li style="line-height: 28px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;"><a class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp156f1f2ayiv6518828552ydpaebab239publication" href="https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/documenten/kamerstukken/2023/02/01/bevestiging-uitslag-bse-positief-rund" rel="nofollow" style="color: #01496d; display: block; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; outline: rgb(0, 0, 0) dashed 2px; position: relative; z-index: 1010;" target="_blank"><span style="min-height: 1px; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Letter to parliament on final result BSE-positive cattle</span></span></a><span class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp156f1f2ayiv6518828552ydpaebab239meta" style="color: #535353; display: block; line-height: 1.6875; margin: 0px; width: 368px;"><span style="background-color: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">Parliamentary Paper: Letter to Parliament | </span><span style="vertical-align: inherit;">01-02-2023</span></span></span></li></ul></div><div dir="ltr"><a href="https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/binaries/rijksoverheid/documenten/kamerstukken/2023/02/01/bse-positief-getest-rund/bse-positief-getest-rund.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/binaries/rijksoverheid/documenten/kamerstukken/2023/02/01/bse-positief-getest-rund/bse-positief-getest-rund.pdf</a><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div></div></div></div><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/actueel/nieuws/2023/02/01/atypische-variant-bse-aangetroffen-bij-rund-in-zuid-holland" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/actueel/nieuws/2023/02/01/atypische-variant-bse-aangetroffen-bij-rund-in-zuid-holland</a><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/actueel/nieuws/2023/02/01/atypische-variant-bse-aangetroffen-bij-rund-in-zuid-holland" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/actueel/nieuws/2023/02/01/atypische-variant-bse-aangetroffen-bij-rund-in-zuid-holland</a><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">NETHERLANDS LAST REPORTS OF BSE OIE</div><div dir="ltr" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Recurrence of an eradicated disease 2011/01/04 2011/01/21<br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/991" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/991</a><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Recurrence of an eradicated disease 2010/10/06 2010/10/20</div><div dir="ltr" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/945" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/945</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><div dir="ltr">Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Recurrence of an eradicated disease 2010/08/28 2010/09/09 </div></div><div dir="ltr" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/922" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://wahis.woah.org/#/in-review/922</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><div dir="ltr">PLEASE NOTE, OIE ET AL HAVE NOW WARNED THAT FEEDING OF ATYPICAL STRAINS OF BSE TO CATTLE RISK TRANSMISSION OF ATYPICAL BSE...SEE; </div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><div>***>The current situation does not pose a serious threat to public health, the ministry said.</div><div><br /></div><div>atypical L type BSE</div><div><br /></div><div>A previous study of L-BSE in transgenic mice expressing human PrP suggested an absence of any transmission barrier between cattle and humans for this particular strain of the agent of BSE, in contrast to findings for the agent of classical BSE (9). Thus, it is imperative to maintain measures that prevent the entry of tissues from cattle possibly infected with the agent of L-BSE into the food chain.</div><div><br /></div><div>atypical H type BSE</div><div><br /></div><div>This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div><div><br /></div><div>These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div><br /></div><div>''This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. Cattle with the <span dir="ltr">EK211</span> genotype are oronasally susceptible to small doses of the H-BSE agent from either <span dir="ltr">EK211</span> or EE211 (wild type) donors. Wild-type EE211 cattle remained asymptomatic for the duration of the experiment with this small dose (0.1g) of inoculum. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.''</div><div><br /></div><div>-------- Original Message --------</div><div><br /></div><div>Subject: re-BSE prions propagate as either variant CJD-like or sporadic CJD</div><div><br /></div><div>Date: Thu, 28 Nov 2002 10:23:43 -0000</div><div><br /></div><div>From: "Asante, Emmanuel A" <span dir="ltr">e.asante@ic.ac.uk</span></div><div><br /></div><div>To: "'<span dir="ltr">flounder@wt.net</span>'" <span dir="ltr">flounder@wt.net</span></div><div><br /></div><div>Dear Terry,</div><div><br /></div><div>I have been asked by Professor Collinge to respond to your request. I am a Senior Scientist in the MRC Prion Unit and the lead author on the paper. I have attached a pdf copy of the paper for your attention.</div><div><br /></div><div>Thank you for your interest in the paper.</div><div><br /></div><div>In respect of your first question, the simple answer is, ***yes. As you will find in the paper, we have managed to associate the alternate phenotype to type 2 PrPSc, the commonest sporadic CJD. It is too early to be able to claim any further sub-classification in respect of Heidenhain variant CJD or Vicky Rimmer's version. It will take further studies, which are on-going, to establish if there are sub-types to our initial finding which we are now reporting. The main point of the paper is that, as well as leading to the expected new variant CJD phenotype, BSE transmission to the 129-methionine genotype can lead to an alternate phenotype which is indistinguishable from type 2 PrPSc.</div><div><br /></div><div>I hope reading the paper will enlighten you more on the subject. If I can be of any further assistance please to not hesitate to ask. Best wishes.</div><div><br /></div><div>Emmanuel Asante</div><div><br /></div><div><<Asante et al 2002.pdf>></div><div><br /></div><div>____________________________________</div><div><br /></div><div>Dr. Emmanuel A Asante MRC Prion Unit & Neurogenetics Dept. Imperial College School of Medicine (St. Mary's) Norfolk Place, LONDON W2 1PG Tel: <span dir="ltr">+44 (0)20 7594 3794</span> Fax: <span dir="ltr">+44 (0)20 7706 3272</span> email: <span dir="ltr">e.asante@ic.ac.uk</span> (until 9/12/02) New e-mail: <span dir="ltr">e.asante@prion.ucl.ac.uk</span>(active from now)</div><div><br /></div><div>____________________________________</div><div><br /></div><div>''This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. Cattle with the <span dir="ltr">EK211</span> genotype are oronasally susceptible to small doses of the H-BSE agent from either <span dir="ltr">EK211</span> or EE211 (wild type) donors. Wild-type EE211 cattle remained asymptomatic for the duration of the experiment with this small dose (0.1g) of inoculum. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.'' </div><div><br /></div><div>***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div><br /></div><div>Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div><br /></div><div><span dir="ltr">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</span> </div><div><br /></div><div>Netherlands BSE</div><div><br /></div><div><span dir="ltr">https://www.woah.org/en/disease/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy/</span></div><div><br /></div><div><span dir="ltr">https://www.woah.org/en/?s=&_search=BOVINE+SPONGIFORM+ENCEPHALOPATHY</span></div><div><br /></div><div>PLEASE NOTE, OIE ET AL HAVE NOW WARNED THAT FEEDING OF ATYPICAL STRAINS OF BSE TO CATTLE RISK TRANSMISSION OF ATYPICAL BSE...SEE; </div><div><br /></div><div>WOAH Members Official BSE Risk Status Map Last Updated May 2022</div><div><br /></div><div><span dir="ltr">https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2022/05/bse-world-eng.png</span></div><div><br /></div><div><span dir="ltr">https://www.woah.org/en/disease/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy/#ui-id-2</span></div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions on transmissibility of atypical BSE among cattle</div><div><br /></div><div>Given that cattle have been successfully infected by the oral route, at least for L-BSE, it is reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle are exposed to contaminated feed. In addition, based on reports of atypical BSE from several countries that have not had C-BSE, it appears likely that atypical BSE would arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence in old cattle. In the presence of livestock industry practices that would allow it to be recycled in the cattle feed chain, it is likely that some level of exposure and transmission may occur. As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div><br /></div><div>see full report;</div><div><br /></div><div>REPORT OF THE MEETING OF THE OIE AD HOC GROUP ON BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY RISK ASSESSMENT AND SURVEILLANCE</div><div><br /></div><div>Paris, 18-21 March 2019</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>3. Atypical BSE</div><div><br /></div><div>The Group discussed and endorsed with minor revisions an overview of relevant literature on the risk of atypical BSE being recycled in a cattle population and its zoonotic potential that had been prepared ahead of the meeting by one expert from the Group. This overview is provided as Appendix IV and its main conclusions are outlined below.</div><div><br /></div><div>With regard to the risk of recycling of atypical BSE, recently published research confirmed that the L-type BSE prion (a type of atypical BSE prion) may be orally transmitted to calves1 . In light of this evidence, and the likelihood that atypical BSE could arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence, the Group was of the opinion that it would be reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle were to be exposed to contaminated feed. Therefore, the recycling of atypical strains in cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div><br /></div><div>The Group acknowledged the challenges in demonstrating the zoonotic transmission of atypical strains of BSE in natural exposure scenarios. Overall, the Group was of the opinion that, at this stage, it would be premature to reach a conclusion other than that atypical BSE poses a potential zoonotic risk that may be different between atypical strains. </div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>In contrast, there have not been any substantiated reports of the successful oral transmission of H-BSE in cattle. Initial reports from Dudas et al., 2014 based on RT-QuIC pointed to the possibility of oral transmission following a very high dose (100 grams of brain material), although the individual did not display clinical signs and the findings from standard molecular or immunohistochemical assays were all negative. Investigations are ongoing in an attempt to clarify these findings.</div><div><br /></div><div>Although significant uncertainty remains regarding the origin of C-BSE, several studies involving the serial passage of H-BSE and L-BSE in transgenic and wild-type mice have revealed their potential to lead to the emergence of a C-BSE-like phenotype (Baron et al., 2011; Torres et al., 2011; Bencsik et al., 2013) or other novel strains (Masujin et al., 2016). Whether or not one or both of these atypical strains led to the emergence of C-BSE remains speculative; however, the similarities between transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME), first reported in the USA in 1947 (Hartsough and Burger, 1965), and L-BSE indicate that TME may have been a surrogate indicator for the presence of L-BSE in cattle populations in those countries such as the USA, Canada, Germany, Finland and Russia where outbreaks of TME had been reported decades before C-BSE was first recognised in the United Kingdom in 1986 (Hadlow and Karstad, 1968; Marsh et al., 1991; McKenzie et al., 1996; Baron et al., 2007; Comoy et al., 2013). Although TME was originally thought to have occurred as a result of feeding mink with scrapie infected sheep carcases, oral challenge studies did not confirm this (Marsh et al., 1991). Importantly, in an outbreak reported in the USA in 1985, mink had never been fed sheep products; instead they had been fed on products derived from dead and sick dairy cattle (March et al., 1991). Similarly, from an outbreak in Canada in 1963, mink had reportedly been fed with products derived from cattle but not sheep (Hadlow and Karstad, 1968).</div><div><br /></div><div>Although, as discussed above, the passage of H-BSE or L-BSE has been proposed as a possible explanation for the origin of C-BSE, transformation of L-BSE or H-BSE to C-BSE has not been observed so far in transmission studies in cattle. That being said, it is likely that, compared to various rodent models, an insufficient number of passages have been undertaken.</div><div><br /></div><div>It is worth noting that sheep and goats are susceptible to L-BSE following intracerebral inoculation without lymphoid involvement in most individuals (Simmons et al., 2016; Gielbert et al., 2018; Vallino-Costassa et al., 2018). As discussed by Houston and Andreoletti (2018), C-BSE appears to increase in virulence for humans if it is first passaged in sheep. Whether or not this is the same for atypical strains remains to be determined.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions on transmissibility of atypical BSE among cattle</div><div><br /></div><div>Given that cattle have been successfully infected by the oral route, at least for L-BSE, it is reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle are exposed to contaminated feed. In addition, based on reports of atypical BSE from several countries that have not had C-BSE, it appears likely that atypical BSE would arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence in old cattle. In the presence of livestock industry practices that would allow it to be recycled in the cattle feed chain, it is likely that some level of exposure and transmission may occur. As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided. </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div>***> Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</div><div><br /></div><div>***> As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided. </div><div><br /></div><div>***> This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div><div><br /></div><div>***> These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div><br /></div><div>Atypical L-type BSE</div><div><br /></div><div>Emerg Infect Dis. 2017 Feb; 23(2): 284–287. doi: 10.3201/eid2302.161416 PMCID: PMC5324790 PMID: <span dir="ltr">28098532</span></div><div><br /></div><div>Oral Transmission of L-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Agent among Cattle </div><div><br /></div><div>Hiroyuki Okada, corresponding author Yoshifumi Iwamaru, Morikazu Imamura, Kohtaro Miyazawa, Yuichi Matsuura, Kentaro Masujin, Yuichi Murayama, and Takashi Yokoyama Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Go to: Abstract To determine oral transmissibility of the L-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) prion, we orally inoculated 16 calves with brain homogenates of the agent. Only 1 animal, given a high dose, showed signs and died at 88 months. These results suggest low risk for oral transmission of the L-BSE agent among cattle.</div><div><br /></div><div>Keywords: atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy, cattle, L-type, prion, oral transmission, L-BSE, prions and related diseases, zoonoses The epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle is thought to be caused by oral infection through consumption of feed containing the BSE agent (prion). Since 2003, different neuropathologic and molecular phenotypes of BSE have been identified as causing ≈110 cases of atypical BSE worldwide, mainly in aged cattle. Although the etiology and pathogenesis of atypical BSE are not yet fully understood, atypical BSE prions possibly cause sporadic cases of BSE (1).</div><div><br /></div><div>The L-type BSE (L-BSE) prion has been experimentally transmitted to cattle by intracerebral challenge, and the incubation period was is shorter than that for classical BSE (C-BSE) prions (2–6). The origin of transmissible mink encephalopathy in ranch-raised mink is thought to be caused by ingestion of L-BSE–infected material (7). Although L-BSE has been orally transmitted to mouse lemurs (8), it remains to be established whether L-BSE can be transmitted to cattle by oral infection. We therefore investigated the transmissibility of L-BSE by the oral route and tissue distribution of disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) in cattle. All experiments involving animals were performed with the approval of the Animal Ethical Committee and the Animal Care and Use Committee of the National Institute of Animal Health (approval nos. 07–88 and 08–010).</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>The neuroanatomical PrPSc distribution pattern of orally challenged cattle differed somewhat from that described in cattle naturally and intracerebrally challenged with L-BSE (2–6,11,13,14), The conspicuous differences between the case we report and cases of natural and experimental infection are 1) higher amounts of PrPSc in the caudal medulla oblongata and the spinal cord coupled with that in the thalamus and the more rostral brainstem and 2) relatively low amounts of PrPSc in the cerebral cortices and the olfactory bulb. Furthermore, fewer PrPSc deposits in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve may indicate that the parasympathetic retrogressive neuroinvasion pathway does not contribute to transport of the L-BSE prion from the gut to the brain, which is in contrast to the vagus-associated transport of the agent in C-BSE (15). PrPSc accumulation in the extracerebral tissues may be a result of centrifugal trafficking of the L-BSE prion from the central nervous system along somatic or autonomic nerve fibers rather than centripetal propagation of the agent (4,6,9). Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Our study clearly confirms, experimentally, the potential risk for interspecies oral transmission of the agent of L-BSE. In our model, this risk appears higher than that for the agent of classical BSE, which could only be transmitted to mouse lemurs after a first passage in macaques (14). We report oral transmission of the L-BSE agent in young and adult primates. Transmission by the IC route has also been reported in young macaques (6,7). A previous study of L-BSE in transgenic mice expressing human PrP suggested an absence of any transmission barrier between cattle and humans for this particular strain of the agent of BSE, in contrast to findings for the agent of classical BSE (9). Thus, it is imperative to maintain measures that prevent the entry of tissues from cattle possibly infected with the agent of L-BSE into the food chain.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Atypical H-type BSE</div><div><br /></div><div>Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div><br /></div><div>Title: The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge</div><div><br /></div><div>Author item Greenlee, Justin item MOORE, S - Orise Fellow item WEST-GREENLEE, M - Iowa State University</div><div><br /></div><div>Submitted to: Prion</div><div><br /></div><div>Publication Type: Abstract Only</div><div><br /></div><div>Publication Acceptance Date: 5/14/2018</div><div><br /></div><div>Publication Date: 5/22/2018</div><div><br /></div><div>Citation: Greenlee, J.J., Moore, S.J., West Greenlee, M.H. 2018. </div><div><br /></div><div>The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge.</div><div><br /></div><div> Prion 2018, May 22-25, 2018, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Paper No. P98, page 116. Interpretive Summary:</div><div><br /></div><div>Technical Abstract: In 2006, a case of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) was reported in a cow with a previously unreported prion protein polymorphism (E211K). The E211K polymorphism is heritable and homologous to the E200K mutation in humans that is the most frequent PRNP mutation associated with familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Although the prevalence of the E211K polymorphism is low, cattle carrying the K211 allele develop H-type BSE with a rapid onset after experimental inoculation by the intracranial route. </div><div><br /></div><div>The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the agents of H-type BSE or H-type BSE associated with the E211K polymorphism transmit to wild type cattle or cattle with the K211 allele after oronasal exposure. </div><div><br /></div><div>Wild type (EE211) or heterozygous (EK211) cattle were oronasally inoculated with either H-type BSE from the 2004 US H-type BSE case (n=3) or from the 2006 US H-type case associated with the E211K polymorphism (n=4) using 10% w/v brain homogenates. </div><div><br /></div><div>Cattle were observed daily throughout the course of the experiment for the development of clinical signs. </div><div><br /></div><div>At approximately 50 months post-inoculation, one steer (EK211 inoculated with E211K associated H-BSE) developed clinical signs including inattentiveness, loss of body condition, weakness, ataxia, and muscle fasciculations and was euthanized. </div><div><br /></div><div>Enzyme immunoassay confirmed that abundant misfolded protein was present in the brainstem, and immunohistochemistry demonstrated PrPSc throughout the brain. </div><div><br /></div><div>Western blot analysis of brain tissue from the clinically affected steer was consistent with the E211K H-type BSE inoculum. </div><div><br /></div><div>With the experiment currently at 55 months post-inoculation, no other cattle in this study have developed clinical signs suggestive of prion disease. </div><div><br /></div><div>This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div><div><br /></div><div>These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094</a></div><div><br /></div></div><div dir="ltr"><div>Spatial analysis of BSE cases in the Netherlands</div><div><br /></div><div>Lourens Heres, Dick J Brus & Thomas J Hagenaars </div><div><br /></div><div>BMC Veterinary Research volume 4, Article number: 21 (2008) Cite this article</div><div><br /></div><div>Abstract Background</div><div><br /></div><div>In many of the European countries affected by Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), case clustering patterns have been observed. Most of these patterns have been interpreted in terms of heterogeneities in exposure of cattle to the BSE agent. Here we investigate whether spatial clustering is present in the Dutch BSE case data.</div><div><br /></div><div>Results</div><div><br /></div><div>We have found three spatial case clusters in the Dutch BSE epidemic. The clusters are geographically distinct and each cluster appears in a different birth cohort. When testing all birth cohorts together, only one significant cluster was detected. The fact that we found stronger spatial clustering when using a cohort-based analysis, is consistent with the evidence that most BSE infections occur in animals less than 12 or 18 months old.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusion</div><div><br /></div><div>Significant spatial case clustering is present in the Dutch BSE epidemic. The spatial clusters of BSE cases are most likely due to time-dependent heterogeneities in exposure related to feed production.</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>Discussion</div><div><br /></div><div>We have found three spatial case clusters in the Dutch BSE epidemic. The clusters are geographically distinct and each cluster appears in a different birth cohort. The fact that we found stronger spatial clustering when using a cohort-based analysis, is consistent with the evidence that most BSE infections occur in animals less than 12 or 18 months old [24, 25]. As a result of the infection at a young age, temporal changes in BSE exposure are seen most clearly by comparing cohort-wise incidence levels. The fact that each of the three significant clusters in the cohort-based analysis occurs in a different birth cohort, suggests that the causes of the enhanced infection levels each occurred within a limited time frame of at most about a year.</div><div><br /></div><div>In the Introduction we discussed the possible mechanisms that may produce clustering of BSE cases. The candidate mechanisms that could underlie the observed spatial clusters in the Netherlands are feeding practice and on-farm cross-contamination, and heterogeneities in rendering and feed processing. Local recycling is not likely as the number of rendering plants in the Netherlands was as low as two and each of these supplied nationwide to feed producers. Population heterogeneity is unlikely because in previous work [1] neither genetic differences between regions have been found nor differences in management. Population heterogeneity as a cause of spatial clustering is also unlikely in view of the limited time frame in which the causes of the clusters seem to have been present.</div><div><br /></div><div>In the same previous work, the factor "group of feed producers" was found to be a significant risk factor in a non-temporal, non-spatial analysis of case-control data [1]. Based on this previous result we therefore interpret the observed clustering to be at least in part due to regional differences in feed production. As the information from the previous study suggested, the feed-production heterogeneities have most likely arisen due to both origin of MBM and production on mixed production lines. Feed producers were different in their sourcing of MBM and the use of mixed or dedicated production lines. Separation of production lines was not obligatory up until 1999 (Table 4), and both producers A and K have used mixed production lines up until then. Variation in feeding practice (i.e. between-farm variation in the per-animal feed uptake) is a less likely mechanism to have contributed to the clustering, as the amount of feed fed was not significantly associated with BSE in the previous study. Furthermore, a contribution due to on-farm cross-contamination as a consequence of mixed farming has not been detected. Indications against such a contribution are the fact that the 1997 cluster is in an area with small numbers of pigs and the observation that the southern part of the Netherlands with dense populations of pigs has a relatively small number of BSE cases.</div><div><br /></div><div>Also in some other European countries where spatial clusters of BSE have been found, the most likely mechanisms were suggested to be related to exposure heterogeneity [4, 10–19, 23]. The feature of different spatial clustering occurring in different birth cohorts has also been observed elsewhere in Europe [10, 12, 14, 15]. In Switzerland, France and Great Britain it was difficult to distinguish effects due to feed processing differences from those arising from differences in feeding practices between mixed farms and farms with only ruminants, because typically feed producers with mixed production lines and mixed farms were spatially correlated. In a recent analysis of Swiss data for the period after the introduction of a ban on MBM in cattle feed, Schwermer et al. [31] found evidence of spatial association between BSE cases and feed producers where cattle feed was found MBM positive by cross-contamination. Cross-contamination in the feed-production process was also implicated in a recent study by Paul et al. [23], in which a spatial analysis of the French feed industry and BSE case data showed that BSE risk in France after a ban on MBM in ruminant feed is spatially linked to the use of MBM in non-ruminant feed.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusion</div><div><br /></div><div>We have identified three spatial case clusters in the Dutch BSE epidemic. The clusters are geographically distinct and each cluster appears in a different birth cohort. In a former study the factor "group of feed producers" was found to be a significant risk factor in a non-temporal, non-spatial analysis of case-control data [1</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21</a></div><div><br /></div><div>J Neurol. 2007 July; 254(7): 958–960. Published online 2007 <span dir="ltr">April 21.</span> doi: 10.1007/s00415-006-0360-3. PMCID: PMC2779429</div><div><br /></div><div>Copyright © Steinkopff-Verlag 2007</div><div><br /></div><div>The first case of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the Netherlands</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2779429/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2779429/</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Eurosurveillance, Volume 11, Issue 26, 29 June 2006 Articles C van Duijn1, H Ruijs2, A Timen2</div><div><br /></div><div>--------------------------------------------------------------------------------</div><div><br /></div><div>Citation style for this article: van Duijn C, Ruijs H, Timen A.</div><div><br /></div><div>Second probable case of vCJD in the Netherlands.</div><div><br /></div><div>Euro Surveill. 2006;11(26):pii=2991.</div><div><br /></div><div>Available online: <a href="http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=2991" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=2991</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Date of submission:</div><div><br /></div><div>Second probable case of vCJD in the Netherlands</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=2991" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=2991</a></div><div><br /></div><div>TO DATE, 3 CASES OF nvCJD have been documented in the Netherlands ;</div><div><br /></div><div>vCJD cases Worldwide (Netherlands = 3 cases nvCJD documented to date August 2010)</div><div><br /></div><div>Country <span dir="ltr">1995 1996 1997 1998 1999</span> <span dir="ltr">2000 2001 2002 2003 2004</span> <span dir="ltr">2005 2006 2007 2008 2009</span>2010 Alive Total</div><div><br /></div><div>Netherlands 1 1 1 3</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.eurocjd.ed.ac.uk/surveillance%20data%204.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.eurocjd.ed.ac.uk/surveillance%20data%204.htm</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Total Cases of Sporadic CJD (Deaths)</div><div><br /></div><div>Sporadic CJD: Definite and probable cases</div><div><br /></div><div>Country <span dir="ltr">1993 1994 1995 1996 1997</span> <span dir="ltr">1998 1999 2000 2001 2002</span> <span dir="ltr">2003 2004 2005 2006 2007</span>2008 2009 Total</div><div><br /></div><div>Netherlands <span dir="ltr">12 18 8 14 18 17 19</span> <span dir="ltr">10 14 18 12 20 20 22</span> 15 16 11 264</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.eurocjd.ed.ac.uk/surveillance%20data%203.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.eurocjd.ed.ac.uk/surveillance%20data%203.htm</a></div></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr">WOAH Members Official BSE Risk Status Map Last Updated May 2022</div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><a href="https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2022/05/bse-world-eng.png" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2022/05/bse-world-eng.png</a></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><a href="https://www.woah.org/en/disease/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy/#ui-id-2" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.woah.org/en/disease/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy/#ui-id-2</a></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><div class="x-apple-transform-wrapper" style="height: 102.93416px;"><table class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2width-100 ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2nopadding ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(222, 222, 222); font-family: Montserrat, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; height: 196px !important; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; transform-origin: 0px 0px; transform: scale(0.525174); width: 1291px !important;"><tbody><tr><td class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2emphasizedgroup" style="background-color: #f7f9fe; margin: 0px; padding: 5px;"><table class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2width-90 ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2nopadding" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 1151.09px;"><tbody><tr><td class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2listgroup ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2top ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2row-m ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2nowrap" style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px 5px 2px 0px; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;"><b>Subject:</b></td><td class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2width-100 ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2listgroup ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2top ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2row-m" style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px 5px 2px 0px; vertical-align: top; width: 1005.62px;"><div class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2forcewrap" style="min-width: 100%; width: 260px;"><a href="https://lists.aegee.org/?A2=BSE-L;ec3f3796.1101" rel="nofollow" style="color: #378acc;" target="_blank">Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, atypical BSE (L-type). Netherlands Information received on 21/01/2011</a></div><div class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2forcewrap" style="min-width: 100%; width: 260px;"><br /></div></td></tr><tr><td class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2listgroup ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2top ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2row-m ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2nowrap" style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px 5px 2px 0px; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;"><b>From:</b></td><td class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2width-100 ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2listgroup ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2top ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2row-m" style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px 5px 2px 0px; vertical-align: top; width: 1005.62px;"><div class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2forcewrap" style="min-width: 100%; width: 260px;">"Terry S. Singeltary Sr." <<span dir="ltr">flounder9@VERIZON.NET</span>></div></td></tr><tr><td class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2listgroup ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2top ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2row-m ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2nowrap" style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px 5px 2px 0px; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;"><b>Reply To:</b></td><td class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2width-100 ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2listgroup ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2top ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2row-m" style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px 5px 2px 0px; vertical-align: top; width: 1005.62px;"><div class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2forcewrap" style="min-width: 100%; width: 260px;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <<span dir="ltr">BSE-L@LISTS.AEGEE.ORG</span>></div></td></tr><tr><td class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2listgroup ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2top ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2row-m ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2nowrap" style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px 5px 2px 0px; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;"><b>Date:</b></td><td class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2width-100 ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2listgroup ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2top ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2row-m" style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px 5px 2px 0px; vertical-align: top; width: 1005.62px;"><div class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2forcewrap" style="min-width: 100%; width: 260px;">Sat, 22 Jan 2011 22:51:56 -0600</div></td></tr><tr><td class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2listgroup ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2top ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2row-m ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2nowrap" style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px 5px 2px 0px; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;"><b>Content-Type:</b></td><td class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2width-100 ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2listgroup ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2top ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2row-m" style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px 5px 2px 0px; vertical-align: top; width: 1005.62px;"><div class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2forcewrap" style="min-width: 100%; width: 260px;">multipart/alternative</div></td></tr><tr><td class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2listgroup ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2top ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2row-m ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2nowrap" style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px 5px 2px 0px; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;"><b>Parts/Attachments:</b></td><td class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2width-100 ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2listgroup ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2top ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2row-m" style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px 5px 2px 0px; vertical-align: top; width: 1005.62px;"><div class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp4ba02dd2forcewrap" style="min-width: 100%; width: 260px;"><a href="https://lists.aegee.org/?A3=ind1101&L=BSE-L&E=quoted-printable&P=1082383&B=------%3D_NextPart_000_02D1_01CBBA86.F84C11F0&T=text%2Fplain;%20charset=iso-8859-1&X=OF8502AC9C02895B812&Y=flounder9%40verizon.net&header=1" rel="nofollow" style="color: #378acc;" target="_blank">text/plain</a> (3105 bytes) , <a href="https://lists.aegee.org/?A3=ind1101&L=BSE-L&E=quoted-printable&P=1085731&B=------%3D_NextPart_000_02D1_01CBBA86.F84C11F0&T=text%2Fhtml;%20charset=iso-8859-1&XSS=3&X=OF8502AC9C02895B812&Y=flounder9%40verizon.net&header=1" rel="nofollow" style="color: #378acc;" target="_blank">text/html</a> (6 kB)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr></tr></tbody></table></div><br /></div><div><div style="font-family: New; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, Netherlands</span></div><div style="font-family: New; font-size: medium;"> </div><div style="font-family: New; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Information received on 21/01/2011 from Dr Christianne Bruschke, Chief Veterinary Officer , Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, The Hague, Netherlands</span></div><div style="font-family: New; font-size: medium;"> </div><div style="font-family: New; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Summary</span></div><div style="font-family: New; font-size: medium;"> </div><div style="font-family: New; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Report type Immediate notification (Final report) Start date 04/01/2011 Date of first confirmation of the event 11/01/2011 Report date 21/01/2011 Date submitted to OIE 21/01/2011 Date event resolved 11/01/2011 Reason for notification Reoccurrence of a listed disease Date of previous occurrence 15/10/2010 Manifestation of disease Clinical disease Causal agent Bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent Nature of diagnosis Laboratory (basic) This event pertains to the whole country</span></div><div style="font-family: New; font-size: medium;"> </div><div style="font-family: New; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">New outbreaksOutbreak 1 Lippenhuizen, FRIESLAND Date of start of the outbreak 04/01/2011 Outbreak status Resolved (11/01/2011) Epidemiological unit Farm Affected animals Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Destroyed Slaughtered Cattle <span dir="ltr">119 1 0 1 0</span></span></div><div style="font-family: New; font-size: medium;"> </div><div style="font-family: New; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Summary of outbreaks Total outbreaks: 1 Outbreak statistics Species Apparent morbidity rate Apparent mortality rate Apparent case fatality rate Proportion susceptible animals lost* Cattle 0.84% 0.00% 0.00% 0.84%</span></div><div style="font-family: New; font-size: medium;"> </div><div style="font-family: New; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">* Removed from the susceptible population through death, destruction and/or slaughter</span></div><div style="font-family: New; font-size: medium;"> </div><div style="font-family: New; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">EpidemiologySource of the outbreak(s) or origin of infection Unknown or inconclusive</span></div><div style="font-family: New; font-size: medium;"> </div><div style="font-family: New; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Epidemiological comments Result of a monitoring sample taken at a rendering plant. The animal was euthanized by a veterinary practitioner. There are no animals alive belonging to the birth cohort and the feed cohort and there are no animals alive belonging to the off-spring younger than 2 years. This is a case of atypical BSE (L-type).</span></div><div style="font-family: New; font-size: medium;"> </div><div style="font-family: New; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Control measuresMeasures applied Modified stamping out No vaccination No treatment of affected animals</span></div><div style="font-family: New; font-size: medium;"> </div><div style="font-family: New; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Measures to be applied No other measures</span></div><div style="font-family: New; font-size: medium;"> </div><div style="font-family: New; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Diagnostic test resultsLaboratory name and type Central Veterinary Institute (CVI) (Regional Reference Laboratory) Tests and results Species Test Test date Result Cattle immunohistochemical test 11/01/2011 Positive Cattle western blotting 11/01/2011 Positive</span></div><div style="font-family: New; font-size: medium;"> </div><div style="font-family: New; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Future ReportingThe event is resolved. No more reports will be submitted.</span></div><div style="font-family: New; font-size: medium;"> </div><div style="font-family: New; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Map of outbreak locations</span></div><div style="font-family: New; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"></span> </div><div style="font-family: New; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.oie.int/wahis/public.php?page=single_report&pop=1&reportid=10152" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.oie.int/wahis/public.php?page=single_report&pop=1&reportid=10152</a></span></div><div style="font-family: New; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"></span> </div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: New; font-size: medium;"><h2 class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpa2329c69date-header" style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; font-size: 11.7px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase;">FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 3, 2010</h2><div class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpa2329c69date-posts" style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif";"><div class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpa2329c69post-outer"><div class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpa2329c69post ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpa2329c69hentry ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpa2329c69uncustomized-post-template" style="margin: 8px 0px 24px;"><h3 class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpa2329c69post-title ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpa2329c69entry-title" itemprop="name" style="color: #1b0431; font-size: 18.2px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Dutch report positive test for mad cow disease</h3><div><br /></div><div class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpa2329c69post-header"><div class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpa2329c69post-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpa2329c69post-body ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpa2329c69entry-content" id="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpa2329c69post-body-8045325328767383247">Subject: Dutch report positive test for mad cow disease<br /><br />Dutch report positive test for mad cow disease<br /><br />AMSTERDAM, <span dir="ltr">Sept 3 Fri</span> Sep 3, 2010 7:00am EDT<br /><br />AMSTERDAM, <span dir="ltr">Sept 3</span> (Reuters) - A 10-year-old cow in the Netherlands has tested positive for BSE, more commonly known as "mad cow" disease, the first such result in more than two years, the Dutch government said on Friday.<br /><br />The government ministry responsible for food quality said the animal tested positive for the brain-wasting disease bovine spongiform encephalopathy at a slaughterhouse.<br /><br />It was the first positive test for BSE in the country since May 2008, the ministry said in a statement.<br /><br />A spokesman for the ministry told Reuters the cow's meat was withdrawn from the food chain after a first positive test, while a second test confirmed the result.<br /><br />All cows sent to slaughter in the country are tested and held aside for the results before their meat enters the system.<br /><br />Mad cow disease is of particular concern because it has been known to cause a related brain-wasting disease in humans who have eaten contaminated meat.<br /><br />Three people have died in the Netherlands from Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease after eating meat from a BSE positive cow. The last reported death was in January 2009. (Reporting by Ben Berkowitz; editing by James Jukwey)<br /><br /><a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLDE6820VK20100903" rel="nofollow" style="color: #473624;" target="_blank">http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLDE6820VK20100903</a><br /><br /><br />Na twee jaar weer BSE-koe aangetroffen Persbericht 03-09-2010<br /><br />Er is een geval van BSE vastgesteld. Het gaat om een ruim tien jaar oude koe die op het slachthuis is getest. Dit past in de verwachting van het Centraal Veterinair Instituut in Lelystad dat Nederland in de komende jaren af en toe een besmette koe zal tegenkomen.<br /><br />Het ministerie van LNV is blij dat Nederland ondanks een zeer intensief testprogramma gedurende een periode van ruim twee jaar geen enkel geval van BSE aantrof. Het laatste geval was in mei 2008. In 2009 testte Nederland 405.000 runderen op BSE.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.minlnv.nl/portal/page?_pageid=116,1640333&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&p_news_item_id=2007820" rel="nofollow" style="color: #473624;" target="_blank">http://www.minlnv.nl/portal/page?_pageid=116,1640333&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&p_news_item_id=2007820</a><br /><br /><br />BSE For some years now the Netherlands has been taking measures to prevent BSE (Bovine Spongiforme Encephalopathy) in its cattle herd. All EU measures were implemented, though the Netherlands has also anticipated European regulation and introduced additional measures of its own.<br /><br />In spite of all these efforts the Netherlands has not been free of BSE. It was first diagnosed in the Netherlands in 1997.<br /><br />Measures taken by the Dutch Government Over the years a broad package of measures has been built up to combat BSE. This is partly aimed at food safety, partly at the eradication of BSE. These measures follow the recommendations of the Office International des Epizoties (OIE), and Decisions of the EU.<br /><br />The measures involve:<br /><br />Tracking down diseased or suspect cattle. Since 1989 it is been compulsory for owners and veterinarians to report any cattle that show symptoms of BSE to the authorities. Evaluation of the animal's health at the slaughterhouse, prior to slaughter. Compulsory removal of risk material on slaughter; This measure was introduced in the Netherlands in 1997. It has applied to all European Member States since 1 October 2000. Treatment of animal by-products used in animal feed at 133°C and 3 bar during 20 min. since the seventies. A ban on the use of animal protein in animal feed for domestic farm animals (such as cattle). Testing for BSE on all slaughtered cattle older than 30 months. Further information on the most important measures is given below.<br /><br />Removal of risk material The most important measure taken to protect the consumer against BSE is the decision that so-called risk material must be removed in the slaughterhouse. The disease-causing prions do not occur in the whole animal. They are concentrated in the brains, spinal cord and some other risk material. This material is removed on slaughter and incinerated, and so eliminated from the food chain. Disease-causing organisms have never been found in meat taken from cattle muscle (steak, etc.). The removal of risk material has been compulsory since 1997.<br /><br />Ban on animal protein The aim is to eliminate BSEby removing the most important source of infection (infected animal protein).<br /><br />Since 1989 there has been a ban in the Netherlands on the use of remains of ruminants in ruminant feed (cattle, sheep and goats). This ban has been tightened on a number of occasions. Since 1994 no animal protein originating from mammals (previously ruminants) may be used in ruminant feed. Since 1999 the production of feed for ruminants and feed for non-ruminants containing animal protein is totally separated. This measures prevents any contamination of feed for ruminants with animal protein. Since 1 January 2001 feed containing animal protein from mammals is not only banned for ruminants, but also for all domestic farm animals, such as pigs and chickens. Compulsory BSE test From 1 January 2001 all cattle older than 30 months presented for slaughter are subjected to a rapid BSE test, approved by the European Commission. In order to carry out these tests a piece of brain tissue is removed from the cattle. If the result is positive the final diagnosis is made by traditional microscopic study of brain tissue, according to OIE.<br /><br />In addition to the testing of cattle older than 30 months, risk material is removed from slaughtered cattle intended for human consumption.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.minlnv.nl/portal/page?_pageid=116,1640387&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&p_document_id=111059&p_node_id=5550285&p_mode" rel="nofollow" style="color: #473624;" target="_blank">http://www.minlnv.nl/portal/page?_pageid=116,1640387&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&p_document_id=111059&p_node_id=5550285&p_mode</a>=<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.minlnv.nl/portal/page?_pageid=116,1640440&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&p_node_id=8887325" rel="nofollow" style="color: #473624;" target="_blank">http://www.minlnv.nl/portal/page?_pageid=116,1640440&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&p_node_id=8887325</a><br /><br /><br />J Neurol. 2007 July; 254(7): 958–960. Published online 2007 <span dir="ltr">April 21.</span> doi: 10.1007/s00415-006-0360-3. PMCID: PMC2779429<br /><br />Copyright © Steinkopff-Verlag 2007<br /><br />The first case of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the Netherlands<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2779429/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #473624;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2779429/</a><br /><br /><br />Eurosurveillance, Volume 11, Issue 26, 29 June 2006 Articles C van Duijn1, H Ruijs2, A Timen2<br /><br />--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br /><br />Citation style for this article: van Duijn C, Ruijs H, Timen A.<br /><br /><br />Second probable case of vCJD in the Netherlands.<br /><br />Euro Surveill. 2006;11(26):pii=2991.<br /><br />Available online: <a href="http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=2991" rel="nofollow" style="color: #473624;" target="_blank">http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=2991</a><br /><br />Date of submission:<br /><br />Second probable case of vCJD in the Netherlands<br /><br /><a href="http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=2991" rel="nofollow" style="color: #473624;" target="_blank">http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=2991</a><br /><br /><br />TO DATE, 3 CASES OF nvCJD have been documented in the Netherlands ;<br /><br />vCJD cases Worldwide (Netherlands = 3 cases nvCJD documented to date August 2010)<br /><br />Country <span dir="ltr">1995 1996 1997 1998 1999</span> <span dir="ltr">2000 2001 2002 2003 2004</span> <span dir="ltr">2005 2006 2007 2008 2009</span>2010 Alive Total<br /><br />Netherlands 1 1 1 3<br /><br /><a href="http://www.eurocjd.ed.ac.uk/surveillance%20data%204.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #473624;" target="_blank">http://www.eurocjd.ed.ac.uk/surveillance%20data%204.htm</a><br /><br /><br />Total Cases of Sporadic CJD (Deaths)<br /><br />Sporadic CJD: Definite and probable cases<br /><br />Country <span dir="ltr">1993 1994 1995 1996 1997</span> <span dir="ltr">1998 1999 2000 2001 2002</span> <span dir="ltr">2003 2004 2005 2006 2007</span>2008 2009 Total<br /><br />Netherlands <span dir="ltr">12 18 8 14 18 17 19</span> <span dir="ltr">10 14 18 12 20 20 22</span> 15 16 11 264<br /><br /><a href="http://www.eurocjd.ed.ac.uk/surveillance%20data%203.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #473624;" target="_blank">http://www.eurocjd.ed.ac.uk/surveillance%20data%203.htm</a><br /></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr"><div><h2 class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp3a016bcedate-header" style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif"; font-size: 11.7px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase;">THURSDAY, OCTOBER 14, 2010</h2><div class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp3a016bcedate-posts" style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "New sans-serif";"><div class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp3a016bcepost-outer"><div class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp3a016bcepost ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp3a016bcehentry ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp3a016bceuncustomized-post-template" style="margin: 8px 0px 24px;"><h3 class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp3a016bcepost-title ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp3a016bceentry-title" itemprop="name" style="color: #1b0431; font-size: 18.2px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Netherlands reports 2nd BSE case this year 14 October 2010</h3><div class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp3a016bcepost-header"><div class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp3a016bcepost-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp3a016bcepost-body ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp3a016bceentry-content" id="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp3a016bcepost-body-495084879119354475">Netherlands reports 2nd BSE case this year<br /><br />14 October 2010<br /><br />THE HAGUE (BNO NEWS) -- A 13-year-old cow in the Netherlands on Thursday was found to be infected with BSE, which is commonly known as 'mad-cow disease', according to the country's Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality.<br /><br />Thursday's case is the second case of BSE in the Netherlands since May 2008. The other case was reported <span dir="ltr">on September 3</span> when a cow was diagnosed with BSE at a farm in Tilburg, near the border with Belgium.<br /><br />The ministry on Thursday said the cow had died on a farm in country, but did not reveal where the farm was located. "We can expect to see several more BSE-cases during the next few years," the ministry said in a statement.<br /><br />This is because a number of cows are still alive from before a European Union feed ban went into effect on January 1, 2001. That ban prohibits certain animal products from being fed to cows, which can lead to BSE being spread among cows.<br /><br />The Netherlands tested around 405,000 cattle in 2009, while around 7.5 million cattle were tested throughout the European Union. A total of 67 BSE cases were found, all of which were outside of the Netherlands.<br /><br />The ministry said there is no need to take action because cows cannot infect each other with BSE. "But, as usual, the animals who were born on the same farm around the same time as the infected animal or ate the same food will be examined, as well as their offspring."<br /><br />(Copyright 2010 by BNO News B.V. All rights reserved. Info: <span dir="ltr">sales@bnonews.com</span>.)<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://channel6newsonline.com/2010/10/netherlands-reports-2nd-bse-case-this-year/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #473624;" target="_blank">http://channel6newsonline.com/2010/10/netherlands-reports-2nd-bse-case-this-year/</a><br /><br /><br />PLEASE SEE FULL REPORT HERE ;<br /><br /><br /><a href="http://www.oie.int/wahis/public.php?page=single_report&pop=1&reportid=9852" rel="nofollow" style="color: #473624;" target="_blank">http://www.oie.int/wahis/public.php?page=single_report&pop=1&reportid=9852</a><br /><br /></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpf235480dc-article-header" style="color: #333333; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><h1 class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpf235480dc-article-title" style="color: #1b3051; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px 0px 16px;">Spatial analysis of BSE cases in the Netherlands</h1><ul class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpf235480dc-article-author-list ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpf235480dc-article-author-list--short ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpf235480djs-no-scroll" style="display: inline; list-style: none; margin: 0px 8px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 100%;"><li class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpf235480dc-article-author-list__item" style="display: inline; padding-right: 0px;"><a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#auth-Lourens-Heres" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank">Lourens Heres</a>, </li><li class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpf235480dc-article-author-list__item" style="display: inline; padding-right: 0px;"><a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#auth-Dick_J-Brus" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank">Dick J Brus</a> & </li><li class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpf235480dc-article-author-list__item" style="display: inline; padding-right: 0px;"><a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#auth-Thomas_J-Hagenaars" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank">Thomas J Hagenaars</a> </li></ul><p class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpf235480dc-article-info-details" style="margin: 16px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank"><i>BMC Veterinary Research</i></a> <span class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpf235480du-visually-hidden" style="border: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; width: 1px;">volume</span> 4, Article number: 21 (2008) <a class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpf235480dc-article-info-details__cite-as ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpf235480du-hide-print" href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#citeas" rel="nofollow" style="border-left-color: rgb(111, 111, 111); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; color: #004b83; margin-left: 8px; padding-left: 8px;" target="_blank">Cite this article</a></p><div class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpf235480dc-article-metrics-bar__wrapper ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpf235480du-clear-both" style="margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;"><ul class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpf235480dc-article-metrics-bar ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpf235480du-list-reset" style="line-height: 1.3; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpf235480dc-article-metrics-bar__item" style="border-right-color: rgb(111, 111, 111); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; margin-right: 8px;"><p class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpf235480dc-article-metrics-bar__count" style="font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">4572 <span class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpf235480dc-article-metrics-bar__label" style="color: #626262; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px 10px 0px 5px;">Accesses</span></p></li><li class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpf235480dc-article-metrics-bar__item" style="border-right-color: rgb(111, 111, 111); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; margin-right: 8px;"><p class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpf235480dc-article-metrics-bar__count" style="font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">8 <span class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpf235480dc-article-metrics-bar__label" style="color: #626262; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px 10px 0px 5px;">Citations</span></p></li><li class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpf235480dc-article-metrics-bar__item" style="border-right-width: 0px; margin-right: 8px;"><p class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpf235480dc-article-metrics-bar__details" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21/metrics" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank">Metrics<span class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpf235480du-visually-hidden" style="border: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; width: 1px;">details</span></a></p></li><li class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpf235480dc-article-metrics-bar__item" style="border-right-width: 0px; margin-right: 8px;"><p class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpf235480dc-article-metrics-bar__details" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></p></li></ul><div><br /></div><div dir="ltr">Abstract</div></div></div><div class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpf235480dc-article-section ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpf235480dc-article-content-visibility" id="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydpf235480dAbs1-section" style="clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div></div><div><h3 class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp2218faac-article__sub-heading" style="color: #222222; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.24; margin: 0px 0px 8px;">Background</h3><p style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, Palatino, serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">In many of the European countries affected by Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), case clustering patterns have been observed. Most of these patterns have been interpreted in terms of heterogeneities in exposure of cattle to the BSE agent. Here we investigate whether spatial clustering is present in the Dutch BSE case data.</p><h3 class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp2218faac-article__sub-heading" style="color: #222222; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.24; margin: 0px 0px 8px;">Results</h3><p style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, Palatino, serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">We have found three spatial case clusters in the Dutch BSE epidemic. The clusters are geographically distinct and each cluster appears in a different birth cohort. When testing all birth cohorts together, only one significant cluster was detected. The fact that we found stronger spatial clustering when using a cohort-based analysis, is consistent with the evidence that most BSE infections occur in animals less than 12 or 18 months old.</p><h3 class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp2218faac-article__sub-heading" style="color: #222222; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, sans-serif; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.24; margin: 0px 0px 8px;">Conclusion</h3><p style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, Palatino, serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Significant spatial case clustering is present in the Dutch BSE epidemic. The spatial clusters of BSE cases are most likely due to time-dependent heterogeneities in exposure related to feed production.</p></div><br /></div></div><div dir="ltr">snip...</div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><div class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500ac-article-section ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500ac-article-content-visibility" id="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500aSec10-section" style="clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><h2 class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500ac-article-section__title ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500ajs-section-title ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500ajs-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500aSec10" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(213, 213, 213); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 2px; color: #1b3051; line-height: 1.24; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px;">Discussion</h2><div><br /></div><div class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500ac-article-section__content" id="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500aSec10-content" style="margin: 0px 0px 40px; padding: 8px 0px 0px;"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">We have found three spatial case clusters in the Dutch BSE epidemic. The clusters are geographically distinct and each cluster appears in a different birth cohort. The fact that we found stronger spatial clustering when using a cohort-based analysis, is consistent with the evidence that most BSE infections occur in animals less than 12 or 18 months old [<a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#ref-CR24" id="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500aref-link-section-d7150316e2273" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank" title="Ferguson NM, Donnelly CA, Woolhouse MEJ, Anderson RM: The epidemiology of BSE in cattle herds in Great Britain; 2. Model construction and analysis of transmission dynamics. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B – Biological Sciences. 1997, 352: 803-838. 10.1098/rstb.1997.0063.">24</a>, <a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#ref-CR25" id="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500aref-link-section-d7150316e2276" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank" title="Arnold ME, Wilesmith JW: Estimation of the age-dependent risk of infection to BSE of dairy cattle in Great Britain. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2004, 66: 35-47.">25</a>]. As a result of the infection at a young age, temporal changes in BSE exposure are seen most clearly by comparing cohort-wise incidence levels. The fact that each of the three significant clusters in the cohort-based analysis occurs in a different birth cohort, suggests that the causes of the enhanced infection levels each occurred within a limited time frame of at most about a year.</p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">In the Introduction we discussed the possible mechanisms that may produce clustering of BSE cases. The candidate mechanisms that could underlie the observed spatial clusters in the Netherlands are feeding practice and on-farm cross-contamination, and heterogeneities in rendering and feed processing. Local recycling is not likely as the number of rendering plants in the Netherlands was as low as two and each of these supplied nationwide to feed producers. Population heterogeneity is unlikely because in previous work [<a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#ref-CR1" id="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500aref-link-section-d7150316e2282" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank" title="Heres L, Elbers ARW, Van Zijderveld FG: Identification of the Characteristics and Risk Factors of the BSE Epidemic in the Netherlands. Risk Analysis. 2007, 27: 1119-1129.">1</a>] neither genetic differences between regions have been found nor differences in management. Population heterogeneity as a cause of spatial clustering is also unlikely in view of the limited time frame in which the causes of the clusters seem to have been present.</p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">In the same previous work, the factor "group of feed producers" was found to be a significant risk factor in a non-temporal, non-spatial analysis of case-control data [<a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#ref-CR1" id="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500aref-link-section-d7150316e2288" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank" title="Heres L, Elbers ARW, Van Zijderveld FG: Identification of the Characteristics and Risk Factors of the BSE Epidemic in the Netherlands. Risk Analysis. 2007, 27: 1119-1129.">1</a>]. Based on this previous result we therefore interpret the observed clustering to be at least in part due to regional differences in feed production. As the information from the previous study suggested, the feed-production heterogeneities have most likely arisen due to both origin of MBM and production on mixed production lines. Feed producers were different in their sourcing of MBM and the use of mixed or dedicated production lines. Separation of production lines was not obligatory up until 1999 (Table <a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#Tab4" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank">4</a>), and both producers A and K have used mixed production lines up until then. Variation in feeding practice (i.e. between-farm variation in the per-animal feed uptake) is a less likely mechanism to have contributed to the clustering, as the amount of feed fed was not significantly associated with BSE in the previous study. Furthermore, a contribution due to on-farm cross-contamination as a consequence of mixed farming has not been detected. Indications against such a contribution are the fact that the 1997 cluster is in an area with small numbers of pigs and the observation that the southern part of the Netherlands with dense populations of pigs has a relatively small number of BSE cases.</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Also in some other European countries where spatial clusters of BSE have been found, the most likely mechanisms were suggested to be related to exposure heterogeneity [<a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#ref-CR4" id="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500aref-link-section-d7150316e2297" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank" title="Wilesmith JW, Ryan JB, Stevenson MA, Morris RS, Pfeiffer DU, Lin D, Jackson R, Sanson RL: Temporal aspects of the epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in Great Britain: holding-associated risk factors for the disease. Veterinary Record. 2000, 147: 319-325.">4</a>, <a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#ref-CR10" id="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500aref-link-section-d7150316e2300" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank" title="Stevenson MA, Morris RS, Lawson AB, Wilesmith JW, Ryan JB, Jackson R: Area-level risks for BSE in British cattle before and after the July 1988 meat and bone meal feed ban. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2005, 69: 129-144. 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2005.01.016.">10</a>–<a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#ref-CR19" id="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500aref-link-section-d7150316e2303" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank" title="Stevenson MA, Wilesmith JW, Ryan JB, Morris RS, Lockhart JW, Lin D, Jackson R: Temporal aspects of the epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in Great Britain: individual animal-associated risk factors for the disease. Veterinary Record. 2000, 147: 349-354.">19</a>, <a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#ref-CR23" id="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500aref-link-section-d7150316e2306" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank" title="Paul M, Abrial D, Jarrige N, Rican S, Garrido M, Calavas D, Ducrot C: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy and Spatial Analysis of the Feed Industry. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007, 13: 867-872.">23</a>]. The feature of different spatial clustering occurring in different birth cohorts has also been observed elsewhere in Europe [<a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#ref-CR10" id="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500aref-link-section-d7150316e2309" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank" title="Stevenson MA, Morris RS, Lawson AB, Wilesmith JW, Ryan JB, Jackson R: Area-level risks for BSE in British cattle before and after the July 1988 meat and bone meal feed ban. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2005, 69: 129-144. 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2005.01.016.">10</a>, <a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#ref-CR12" id="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500aref-link-section-d7150316e2313" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank" title="Abrial D, Calavas D, Jarrige N, Ducrot C: Spatial heterogeneity of the risk of BSE in France following the ban of meat and bone meal in cattle feed. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2005, 67: 69-82. 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2004.10.004.">12</a>, <a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#ref-CR14" id="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500aref-link-section-d7150316e2316" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank" title="Doherr MG, Hett AR, Rufenacht J, Zurbriggen A, Heim D: Geographical clustering of cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) born in Switzerland after the feed ban. Veterinary Record. 2002, 151: 467-472.">14</a>, <a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#ref-CR15" id="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500aref-link-section-d7150316e2319" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank" title="Ducrot C, Abrial D, Calavas D, Carpenter T: A spatio-temporal analysis of BSE cases born before and after the reinforced feed ban in France. Veterinary Research. 2005, 36: 839-853. 10.1051/vetres:2005037.">15</a>]. In Switzerland, France and Great Britain it was difficult to distinguish effects due to feed processing differences from those arising from differences in feeding practices between mixed farms and farms with only ruminants, because typically feed producers with mixed production lines and mixed farms were spatially correlated. In a recent analysis of Swiss data for the period after the introduction of a ban on MBM in cattle feed, Schwermer et al. [<a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#ref-CR31" id="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500aref-link-section-d7150316e2322" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank" title="Schwermer H, Forster K, Brulisauer F, Chaubert C, Heim D: BSE, feed and cattle in Switzerland: Is there a spatial relation?. Veterinary Research. 2007, 38: 409-418. 10.1051/vetres:2007005.">31</a>] found evidence of spatial association between BSE cases and feed producers where cattle feed was found MBM positive by cross-contamination. Cross-contamination in the feed-production process was also implicated in a recent study by Paul et al. [<a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#ref-CR23" id="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500aref-link-section-d7150316e2325" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank" title="Paul M, Abrial D, Jarrige N, Rican S, Garrido M, Calavas D, Ducrot C: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy and Spatial Analysis of the Feed Industry. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007, 13: 867-872.">23</a>], in which a spatial analysis of the French feed industry and BSE case data showed that BSE risk in France after a ban on MBM in ruminant feed is spatially linked to the use of MBM in non-ruminant feed.</p></div></div><div class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500ac-article-section ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500ac-article-content-visibility" id="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500aSec11-section" style="clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><h2 class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500ac-article-section__title ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500ajs-section-title ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500ajs-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500aSec11" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(213, 213, 213); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 2px; color: #1b3051; line-height: 1.24; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px;">Conclusion</h2><div><br /></div><div class="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500ac-article-section__content" id="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500aSec11-content" style="margin: 0px 0px 40px; padding: 8px 0px 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">We have identified three spatial case clusters in the Dutch BSE epidemic. The clusters are geographically distinct and each cluster appears in a different birth cohort. In a former study the factor "group of feed producers" was found to be a significant risk factor in a non-temporal, non-spatial analysis of case-control data [<a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#ref-CR1" id="ydpe98435a0yiv7842947274ydp7d1e4d65yiv0928021293ydp38b4500aref-link-section-d7150316e2336" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank" title="Heres L, Elbers ARW, Van Zijderveld FG: Identification of the Characteristics and Risk Factors of the BSE Epidemic in the Netherlands. Risk Analysis. 2007, 27: 1119-1129.">1</a></div></div></div></div><a href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21</a><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><div>***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div><br /></div><div>Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a> </div><div><br /></div><div>O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </div><div><br /></div><div>Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </div><div><br /></div><div>Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). </div><div><br /></div><div>Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </div><div><br /></div><div>*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </div><div><br /></div><div>***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </div><div><br /></div><div>***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </div><div><br /></div><div>***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </div><div><br /></div><div>We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health. </div><div><br /></div><div>=============== </div><div><br /></div><div>***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </div><div><br /></div><div>=============== </div><div><br /></div><div>***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals. </div><div><br /></div><div>============== </div><div><br /></div><div>PRION 2015 CONFERENCE</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/</a></div><div><br /></div><div>***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </div><div><br /></div><div>***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </div><div><br /></div><div>***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a> </div><div><br /></div><div>PRION <span dir="ltr">2016 TOKYO</span></div><div><br /></div><div>Saturday, April 23, 2016</div><div><br /></div><div>SCRAPIE <span dir="ltr">WS-01</span>: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</div><div><br /></div><div>Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: <span dir="ltr">1933-6896</span> printl 1933-690X online</div><div><br /></div><div>Taylor & Francis</div><div><br /></div><div>Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts</div><div><br /></div><div><span dir="ltr">WS-01</span>: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</div><div><br /></div><div>Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </div><div><br /></div><div>These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </div><div><br /></div><div>*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </div><div><br /></div><div>*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </div><div><br /></div><div>*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Sunday, January 10, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission June 17, 2019</div><div><br /></div><div>APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission</div><div><br /></div><div>Greetings APHIS et al, </div><div><br /></div><div>I would kindly like to comment on APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], and my comments are as follows, with the latest peer review and transmission studies as references of evidence.</div><div><br /></div><div>THE OIE/USDA BSE Minimal Risk Region MRR is nothing more than free pass to import and export the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion disease. December 2003, when the USDA et al lost it's supposedly 'GOLD CARD' ie BSE FREE STATUS (that was based on nothing more than not looking and not finding BSE), once the USA lost it's gold card BSE Free status, the USDA OIE et al worked hard and fast to change the BSE Geographical Risk Statuses i.e. the BSE GBR's, and replaced it with the BSE MRR policy, the legal tool to trade mad cow type disease TSE Prion Globally. The USA is doing just what the UK did, when they shipped mad cow disease around the world, except with the BSE MRR policy, it's now legal. </div><div><br /></div><div>Also, the whole concept of the BSE MRR policy is based on a false pretense, that atypical BSE is not transmissible, and that only typical c-BSE is transmissible via feed. This notion that atypical BSE TSE Prion is an old age cow disease that is not infectious is absolutely false, there is NO science to show this, and on the contrary, we now know that atypical BSE will transmit by ORAL ROUTES, but even much more concerning now, recent science has shown that Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion in deer and elk which is rampant with no stopping is sight in the USA, and Scrapie TSE Prion in sheep and goat, will transmit to PIGS by oral routes, this is our worst nightmare, showing even more risk factors for the USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban. </div><div><br /></div><div>The FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban has failed terribly bad, and is still failing, since August 1997. there is tonnage and tonnage of banned potential mad cow feed that went into commerce, and still is, with one decade, 10 YEARS, post August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban, 2007, with 10,000,000 POUNDS, with REASON, Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement. you can see all these feed ban warning letters and tonnage of mad cow feed in commerce, year after year, that is not accessible on the internet anymore like it use to be, you can see history of the FDA failure August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban here, but remember this, we have a new outbreak of TSE Prion disease in a new livestock species, the camel, and this too is very worrisome.</div><div><br /></div><div>WITH the OIE and the USDA et al weakening the global TSE prion surveillance, by not classifying the atypical Scrapie as TSE Prion disease, and the notion that they want to do the same thing with typical scrapie and atypical BSE, it's just not scientific.</div><div><br /></div><div>WE MUST abolish the BSE MRR policy, go back to the BSE GBR risk assessments by country, and enhance them to include all strains of TSE Prion disease in all species. With Chronic Wasting CWD TSE Prion disease spreading in Europe, now including, Norway, Finland, Sweden, also in Korea, Canada and the USA, and the TSE Prion in Camels, the fact the the USA is feeding potentially CWD, Scrapie, BSE, typical and atypical, to other animals, and shipping both this feed and or live animals or even grains around the globe, potentially exposed or infected with the TSE Prion. this APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], under it's present definition, does NOT show the true risk of the TSE Prion in any country. as i said, it's nothing more than a legal tool to trade the TSE Prion around the globe, nothing but ink on paper.</div><div><br /></div><div>AS long as the BSE MRR policy stays in effect, TSE Prion disease will continued to be bought and sold as food for both humans and animals around the globe, and the future ramifications from friendly fire there from, i.e. iatrogenic exposure and transmission there from from all of the above, should not be underestimated. ...</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2018-0087-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2018-0087-0002</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a> </div><div><br /></div><div>APHIS Indemnity Regulations [Docket No. APHIS-2021-0010] RIN 0579-AE65 Singeltary Comment Submission</div><div><br /></div><div>Comment from Singeltary Sr., Terry</div><div><br /></div><div>Posted by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service on Sep 8, 2022</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0010-0003" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0010-0003</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0010-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0010-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://usdasearch.usda.gov/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&affiliate=usda&query=2005+bse&commit=Search" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://usdasearch.usda.gov/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&affiliate=usda&query=2005+bse&commit=Search</a></div><div><br /></div><div>SPECIFIED RISK MATERIALS DOCKET NUMBER DOCKET NO. FSIS-2022-0027 SINGELTARY SUBMISSION ATTACHMENT</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FSIS-2022-0027-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FSIS-2022-0027-0002</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/FSIS-2022-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/FSIS-2022-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div>SO, WHO'S UP FOR SOME MORE TSE PRION POKER, WHO'S ALL IN $$$ </div><div><br /></div><div>SO, ATYPICAL SCRAPIE ROUGHLY HAS 50 50 CHANCE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE IS CONTAGIOUS, AS NON-CONTAGIOUS, TAKE YOUR PICK, BUT I SAID IT LONG AGO WHEN USDA OIE ET AL MADE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE A LEGAL TRADING COMMODITY, I SAID YOUR PUTTING THE CART BEFORE THE HORSE, AND THAT'S EXACTLY WHAT THEY DID, and it's called in Texas, TEXAS TSE PRION HOLDEM POKER, WHO'S ALL IN $$$</div><div><br /></div><div>***> AS is considered more likely (subjective probability range 50–66%) that AS is a non-contagious, rather than a contagious, disease.</div><div><br /></div><div>SNIP...SEE;</div><div><br /></div><div>THURSDAY, JULY 8, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>EFSA Scientific report on the analysis of the 2‐year compulsory intensified monitoring of atypical scrapie</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/07/efsa-scientific-report-on-analysis-of.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/07/efsa-scientific-report-on-analysis-of.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>TUESDAY, MAY 31, 2022 </div><div><br /></div><div>USA Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE: description of typical and atypical cases </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/05/usa-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/05/usa-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><div>TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 07, 2021</div><div><br /></div><div>Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE OIE, FDA <span dir="ltr">589.2001</span> FEED REGULATIONS, and Ingestion Therefrom</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div>TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 13, 2022 </div><div><br /></div><div>BSE pathogenesis in the ileal Peyer’s patches and the central and peripheral nervous system of young cattle 8 months post oral BSE challenge</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/09/bse-pathogenesis-in-ileal-peyers.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/09/bse-pathogenesis-in-ileal-peyers.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 07, 2021</div><div><br /></div><div>Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE OIE, FDA <span dir="ltr">589.2001</span> FEED REGULATIONS, and Ingestion Therefrom</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin USA</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/10/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/10/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 12, 2022 </div><div><br /></div><div>Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin USA, what if?</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>PLOS ONE Journal </div><div><br /></div><div>*** Singeltary reply ; Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics of BSE in Canada Singeltary reply ;</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/4f9be886-69fe-4c7c-922b-85b0ecbe6d53" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/4f9be886-69fe-4c7c-922b-85b0ecbe6d53</a></div><div><br /></div><div>IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure </div><div><br /></div><div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr., 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMT</div><div><br /></div><div>***however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE.</div><div><br /></div><div>***Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc detection by PMCA only.</div><div><br /></div><div>*** IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure ***</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610</a></div><div><br /></div><div>MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 19, 2022 </div><div><br /></div><div><span dir="ltr">589.2001</span> BSE TSE regulations which prohibits the use of high-risk cattle material in feed for all animal species 2022</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2022/09/5892001-bse-tse-regulations-which.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2022/09/5892001-bse-tse-regulations-which.html</a> </div><div><br /></div><div>SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 24, 2022 </div><div><br /></div><div>Transmission of CH1641 in cattle </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/09/transmission-of-ch1641-in-cattle.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/09/transmission-of-ch1641-in-cattle.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>FRIDAY, APRIL 1, 2022 </div><div><br /></div><div>USDA TAKES THE C OUT OF COOL, what's up with that?</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://naiscoolyes.blogspot.com/2022/04/usda-takes-c-out-of-cool-whats-up-with.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://naiscoolyes.blogspot.com/2022/04/usda-takes-c-out-of-cool-whats-up-with.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>MONDAY, JUNE 6, 2022 </div><div><br /></div><div>APHIS USDA History Highlight: APHIS Combats Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Published Jun 1, 2022</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/06/aphis-usda-history-highlight-aphis.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/06/aphis-usda-history-highlight-aphis.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>MONDAY, NOVEMBER 30, 2020 </div><div><br /></div><div>***> REPORT OF THE MEETING OF THE OIE SCIENTIFIC COMMISSION FOR ANIMAL DISEASES Paris, 9–13 September 2019 BSE, TSE, PRION</div><div><br /></div><div>see updated concerns with atypical BSE from feed and zoonosis...terry</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/11/report-of-meeting-of-oie-scientific.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/11/report-of-meeting-of-oie-scientific.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 8, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Importation of Sheep, Goats, and Certain Other Ruminants AGENCY: Animal APHIA, USDA, FINAL RULE [Docket No. APHIS–<span dir="ltr">2009–0095</span>] RIN 0579–AD10 </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/12/importation-of-sheep-goats-and-certain.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/12/importation-of-sheep-goats-and-certain.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>WEDNESDAY, MARCH 24, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 2020 IMPACT REPORT BSE TSE Prion Testing and Surveillance MIA </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/usda-animal-and-plant-health-inspection.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/usda-animal-and-plant-health-inspection.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>SUNDAY, MARCH 21, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Investigation Results of Texas Cow That Tested Positive for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Aug. 30, 2005 Singeltary's Regiew 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/investigation-results-of-texas-cow-that.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/investigation-results-of-texas-cow-that.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>THURSDAY, AUGUST 20, 2020 </div><div><br /></div><div>Why is USDA "only" BSE TSE Prion testing 25,000 samples a year? </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/08/why-is-usda-only-bse-tse-prion-testing.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/08/why-is-usda-only-bse-tse-prion-testing.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>THURSDAY, JANUARY 23, 2020</div><div><br /></div><div>USDA Consolidates Regulations for NAHLN Laboratory Testing USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service </div><div><br /></div><div>sent this bulletin at 01/23/2020 02:15 PM EST</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2020/01/usda-consolidates-regulations-for-nahln.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2020/01/usda-consolidates-regulations-for-nahln.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>WEDNESDAY, APRIL 24, 2019 </div><div><br /></div><div>USDA Announces Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Detection Aug 29, 2018 A Review of Science 2019</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Saturday, July 23, 2016</div><div><br /></div><div>BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY BSE TSE PRION SURVEILLANCE, TESTING, AND SRM REMOVAL UNITED STATE OF AMERICA UPDATE JULY 2016</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Tuesday, July 26, 2016</div><div><br /></div><div>Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion UPDATE JULY 2016</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Monday, June 20, 2016</div><div><br /></div><div>Specified Risk Materials SRMs BSE TSE Prion Program</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>*** PLEASE SEE THIS URGENT UPDATE ON CWD AND FEED ANIMAL PROTEIN ***</div><div><br /></div><div>Sunday, March 20, 2016</div><div><br /></div><div>Docket No. FDA-2003-D-0432 (formerly 03D-0186) Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed ***UPDATED MARCH 2016*** Singeltary Submission</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery</a></div><div><br /></div><div>SEE MAD COW FEED VIOLATIONS AFER MAD COW FEED VIOLATIONS ;</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2003-d-0432-formerly-03d.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2003-d-0432-formerly-03d.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Tuesday, April 19, 2016</div><div><br /></div><div>Docket No. FDA-2013-N-0764 for Animal Feed Regulatory Program Standards Singeltary Comment Submission</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2003-D-0432-0011" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2003-D-0432-0011</a></div><div><br /></div><div>17 years post mad cow feed ban August 1997 </div><div><br /></div><div>Monday, October 26, 2015 </div><div><br /></div><div>FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OIA UPDATE October 2015 </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Tuesday, December 23, 2014 </div><div><br /></div><div>FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEEDVIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OAI UPDATE DECEMBER 2014 BSE TSE PRION </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>16 years post mad cow feed ban August 1997 2013 </div><div><br /></div><div>Sunday, December 15, 2013 </div><div><br /></div><div>FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OIA UPDATE DECEMBER 2013 UPDATE </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Saturday, August 29, 2009</div><div><br /></div><div>FOIA REQUEST FEED RECALL 2009 Product may have contained prohibited materials Bulk Whole Barley, Recall # V-256-2009</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Friday, September 4, 2009</div><div><br /></div><div>FOIA REQUEST ON FEED RECALL PRODUCT 429,128 lbs. feed for ruminant animals may have been contaminated with prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Thursday, March 19, 2009</div><div><br /></div><div>MILLIONS AND MILLIONS OF POUNDS OF MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE USA WITH ONGOING 12 YEARS OF DENIAL NOW, WHY IN THE WORLD DO WE TO TALK ABOUT THIS ANYMORE $$$</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/03/millions-and-millions-of-pounds-of-mad.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/03/millions-and-millions-of-pounds-of-mad.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2009/10/cvm-annual-report-fiscal-year-2008.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2009/10/cvm-annual-report-fiscal-year-2008.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>SATURDAY, OCTOBER 8, 2022 </div><div><br /></div><div>Cattle with the <span dir="ltr">EK211</span> PRNP polymorphism are susceptible to the H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent from either E211K or wild type donors after oronasal inoculation </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/10/cattle-with-ek211-prnp-polymorphism-are.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/10/cattle-with-ek211-prnp-polymorphism-are.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>MONDAY, AUGUST 29, 2022 </div><div><br /></div><div>Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies 2021 Annual Report </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/08/pathobiology-genetics-and-detection-of.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/08/pathobiology-genetics-and-detection-of.html</a></div><div><br /></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 1, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Atypical BSE variant found in cattle in South Holland </div><div dir="ltr" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2023/02/atypical-bse-variant-found-in-cattle-in.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2023/02/atypical-bse-variant-found-in-cattle-in.html</a></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: UICTFontTextStyleTallBody; font-size: 17px;" /><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.,</span><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"> </span><span dir="ltr" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Bacliff, Texas, USA, 77518</span><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"> </span><span dir="ltr" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">flounder9@verizon.net</span><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"> </span>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33182925.post-42290135336644423082023-02-01T12:50:00.001-06:002023-02-01T16:49:54.129-06:00Netherlands, Another Cases of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion has been Detected<p>Netherlands, Another Cases of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion has been Detected</p><p>UPDATED AT THIS LINK:</p><div dir="ltr" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 1, 2023 </div><div dir="ltr" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Atypical BSE variant found in cattle in South Holland </div><div dir="ltr" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2023/02/atypical-bse-variant-found-in-cattle-in.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2023/02/atypical-bse-variant-found-in-cattle-in.html</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><p>Netherlands, Another Cases of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion has been Detected</p><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><div>BREAKING NEWS: Dead cow discovered in Netherlands infected with mad cow disease</div><div><br /></div><div>By Imran Khan • 01 February 2023 • 14:25</div><div><br /></div><div>BREAKING NEWS: Dead cow discovered in Netherlands infected with mad cow disease.</div><div><br /></div><div>Authorities in the Netherlands say a case of mad cow disease has been discovered on a farm</div><div><br /></div><div>A case of mad cow disease has been discovered by authorities in the Netherlands after it was announced by the country´s agriculture minister Piet Adema on Wednesday, February 1.</div><div><br /></div><div>According to official reports, the infection was found after a dead cow was discovered on the farm, and a letter was later sent to the Dutch parliament by Adema, but the location of the farm was not disclosed. </div><div><br /></div><div>Investigations are now being conducted into the matter as experts are studying the infection to judge if it’s “atypical or a classic type of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), as per Reuters. </div><div><br /></div><div>Cows get infected with BSE after eating feed contaminated with parts that came from another cow that was sick with the same infection.</div><div><br /></div><div>Experts also suggest that atypical variants of the infection can occur due to an effect of old age in cows, while the classic type is spread through the contamination of animal feed. </div><div><br /></div><div>As per reports, cases that are atypical have been occasionally detected in recent years, which lead to temporary restrictions on trade. </div><div><br /></div><div>Britain and the UK were severely hit by BSE during the 1990s, as widespread cases were reported.</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://euroweeklynews.com/2023/02/01/breaking-news-dead-cow-discovered-in-netherlands-infected-with-mad-cow-disease/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://euroweeklynews.com/2023/02/01/breaking-news-dead-cow-discovered-in-netherlands-infected-with-mad-cow-disease/</a></div><div><br /></div><div>01 February 2023</div><div><br /></div><div>BSE detected in cow in the Netherlands</div><div><br /></div><div>Dutch Minister for Agriculture Piet Adema confirmed the detection of BSE in a cow carcass.</div><div><br /></div><div>BEEF (/FARMING-NEWS/BEEF/54) > MARKETS (/FARM/MARKETS/288)</div><div><br /></div><div>Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) has been discovered in the carcass of cow in the Netherlands, the country’s first case since 2011. The positive case was uncovered on Monday.</div><div><br /></div><div>In a letter to the Dutch parliament, the country’s Minister for Agriculture Piet Adema said restrictions are in place on the impacted farm and investigations by food safety officials are ongoing.</div><div><br /></div><div>While noting that BSE is a zoonosis that can cause brain disease in humans, Minister Adema confirmed that the infected cow did not enter the food chain and said that therefore, the case is not a risk to food security.</div><div><br /></div><div>“This positively sampled bovine did not enter the food chain and therefore does not pose a direct risk to public health,” he told political colleagues.</div><div><br /></div><div>Disease type</div><div><br /></div><div>The Dutch farm Minister has not yet confirmed if the BSE case is atypical (spontaneous) or classical, caused by the ingestion of contaminated feed.</div><div><br /></div><div>“There are two variants of this disease, each involving different scenarios in terms of cause and effect.</div><div><br /></div><div>“As soon as the result is known about which variant it concerns, we will inform you immediately,” Minister Adema said.</div><div><br /></div><div>Ireland</div><div><br /></div><div>Ireland last had a case of BSE, atypical, in May 2020.</div><div><br /></div><div>The case caused the suspension of Irish beef exports to China after it triggered China’s export protocol.</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...see full text;</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.farmersjournal.ie/bse-detected-in-cow-in-the-netherlands-747465" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.farmersjournal.ie/bse-detected-in-cow-in-the-netherlands-747465</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">WEDNESDAY, 1 FEBRUARY 2023 - 18:53 : </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Dutch mad cow disease case concerns variant that is less dangerous for humans </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">The new case of mad cow disease found in the Netherlands this week concerns the atypical variant of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), said the Ministry of Agriculture in an update on Wednesday. To date, no human cases of Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease have been linked to atypical BSE. However, humans who consume meet from cows infected with classical BSE can develop the fatal neurological disease many years later. The current situation does not pose a serious threat to public health, the ministry said.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">The eight-year-old cow with atypical BSE was found on a farm in Zuid-Holland, the ministry said. The diagnosis was determined by scientists at Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Agriculture Piet Adema stated in an update to the Tweede Kamer. In very rare cases, atypical BSE develops naturally and spontaneously in older cattle. It is not caused by contaminated animal feed, as opposed to classical BSE. It is the fourth case of atypical BSE ever found in the Netherlands, and only the fourth found in the European Economic Area in the past five years.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">As part of the investigation, 13 other cattle were killed, tested, and set to be destroyed. All but one were still located on the same Zuid-Holland farm. It includes one offspring, four animals that were born on the same farm within 12 months of the infected animal, and eight others that were kept close to the infected animal during their first year of life. This was handled according to European regulations meant to prevent contaminated meat from entering the food chain.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Three offspring that are older than 2 years of age did not need to be killed according to the rules, Adema said. For the time being, the farm where the infected animal was found has been blocked.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Classical BSE was linked to the reuse of animal proteins in animal feed about 15 years. Humans who eat infected meat can eventually develop Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease which causes psychiatric problems, behavioral issues, and neurological symptoms.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Every known case has proven to be fatal. Europe has banned the use of meat and bone meal in animal feed supplied for cattle as a way of preventing future cases</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://nltimes.nl/2023/02/01/dutch-mad-cow-disease-case-concerns-variant-less-dangerous-humans" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://nltimes.nl/2023/02/01/dutch-mad-cow-disease-case-concerns-variant-less-dangerous-humans</a><br /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">***>The current situation does not pose a serious threat to public health, the ministry said.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">atypical L type BSE</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">A previous study of L-BSE in transgenic mice expressing human PrP suggested an absence of any transmission barrier between cattle and humans for this particular strain of the agent of BSE, in contrast to findings for the agent of classical BSE (9). Thus, it is imperative to maintain measures that prevent the entry of tissues from cattle possibly infected with the agent of L-BSE into the food chain.</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">atypical H type BSE</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><div><div><br /></div><div><div>This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div><div><br /></div><div>These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div></div></div><div><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">''This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. Cattle with the EK211 genotype are oronasally susceptible to small doses of the H-BSE agent from either EK211 or EE211 (wild type) donors. Wild-type EE211 cattle remained asymptomatic for the duration of the experiment with this small dose (0.1g) of inoculum. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.''</div></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>-------- Original Message --------</div><div><br /></div><div>Subject: re-BSE prions propagate as either variant CJD-like or sporadic CJD</div><div><br /></div><div>Date: Thu, 28 Nov 2002 10:23:43 -0000</div><div><br /></div><div>From: "Asante, Emmanuel A" <a href="mailto:e.asante@ic.ac.uk" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">e.asante@ic.ac.uk</a></div><div><br /></div><div>To: "'<a href="mailto:flounder@wt.net" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">flounder@wt.net</a>'" <a href="mailto:flounder@wt.net" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">flounder@wt.net</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Dear Terry,</div><div><br /></div><div>I have been asked by Professor Collinge to respond to your request. I am a Senior Scientist in the MRC Prion Unit and the lead author on the paper. I have attached a pdf copy of the paper for your attention.</div><div><br /></div><div>Thank you for your interest in the paper.</div><div><br /></div><div>In respect of your first question, the simple answer is, ***yes. As you will find in the paper, we have managed to associate the alternate phenotype to type 2 PrPSc, the commonest sporadic CJD. It is too early to be able to claim any further sub-classification in respect of Heidenhain variant CJD or Vicky Rimmer's version. It will take further studies, which are on-going, to establish if there are sub-types to our initial finding which we are now reporting. The main point of the paper is that, as well as leading to the expected new variant CJD phenotype, BSE transmission to the 129-methionine genotype can lead to an alternate phenotype which is indistinguishable from type 2 PrPSc.</div><div><br /></div><div>I hope reading the paper will enlighten you more on the subject. If I can be of any further assistance please to not hesitate to ask. Best wishes.</div><div><br /></div><div>Emmanuel Asante</div><div><br /></div><div><<Asante et al 2002.pdf>></div><div><br /></div><div>____________________________________</div><div><br /></div><div>Dr. Emmanuel A Asante MRC Prion Unit & Neurogenetics Dept. Imperial College School of Medicine (St. Mary's) Norfolk Place, LONDON W2 1PG Tel: +44 (0)20 7594 3794 Fax: +44 (0)20 7706 3272 email: <a href="mailto:e.asante@ic.ac.uk" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">e.asante@ic.ac.uk</a> (until 9/12/02) New e-mail: <a href="mailto:e.asante@prion.ucl.ac.uk" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">e.asante@prion.ucl.ac.uk</a> (active from now)</div><div><br /></div><div>____________________________________</div></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">''This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. Cattle with the EK211 genotype are oronasally susceptible to small doses of the H-BSE agent from either EK211 or EE211 (wild type) donors. Wild-type EE211 cattle remained asymptomatic for the duration of the experiment with this small dose (0.1g) of inoculum. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.'' </div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div><br /></div><div>Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a> </div></div></div></div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr">Netherlands BSE</div><div><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.woah.org/en/disease/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.woah.org/en/disease/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy/</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.woah.org/en/?s=&_search=BOVINE+SPONGIFORM+ENCEPHALOPATHY" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.woah.org/en/?s=&_search=BOVINE+SPONGIFORM+ENCEPHALOPATHY</a></div><div><br /></div><div>PLEASE NOTE, OIE ET AL HAVE NOW WARNED THAT FEEDING OF ATYPICAL STRAINS OF BSE TO CATTLE RISK TRANSMISSION OF ATYPICAL BSE...SEE; </div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr">WOAH Members Official BSE Risk Status Map Last Updated May 2022</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><a href="https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2022/05/bse-world-eng.png" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2022/05/bse-world-eng.png</a></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.woah.org/en/disease/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy/#ui-id-2" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.woah.org/en/disease/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy/#ui-id-2</a></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Conclusions on transmissibility of atypical BSE among cattle</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Given that cattle have been successfully infected by the oral route, at least for L-BSE, it is reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle are exposed to contaminated feed. In addition, based on reports of atypical BSE from several countries that have not had C-BSE, it appears likely that atypical BSE would arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence in old cattle. In the presence of livestock industry practices that would allow it to be recycled in the cattle feed chain, it is likely that some level of exposure and transmission may occur. As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div></div><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr">see full report;</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><div>REPORT OF THE MEETING OF THE OIE AD HOC GROUP ON BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY RISK ASSESSMENT AND SURVEILLANCE</div><div><br /></div><div>Paris, 18-21 March 2019</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>3. Atypical BSE</div><div><br /></div><div>The Group discussed and endorsed with minor revisions an overview of relevant literature on the risk of atypical BSE being recycled in a cattle population and its zoonotic potential that had been prepared ahead of the meeting by one expert from the Group. This overview is provided as Appendix IV and its main conclusions are outlined below.</div><div><br /></div><div>With regard to the risk of recycling of atypical BSE, recently published research confirmed that the L-type BSE prion (a type of atypical BSE prion) may be orally transmitted to calves1 . In light of this evidence, and the likelihood that atypical BSE could arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence, the Group was of the opinion that it would be reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle were to be exposed to contaminated feed. Therefore, the recycling of atypical strains in cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div><br /></div><div>The Group acknowledged the challenges in demonstrating the zoonotic transmission of atypical strains of BSE in natural exposure scenarios. Overall, the Group was of the opinion that, at this stage, it would be premature to reach a conclusion other than that atypical BSE poses a potential zoonotic risk that may be different between atypical strains. </div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>In contrast, there have not been any substantiated reports of the successful oral transmission of H-BSE in cattle. Initial reports from Dudas et al., 2014 based on RT-QuIC pointed to the possibility of oral transmission following a very high dose (100 grams of brain material), although the individual did not display clinical signs and the findings from standard molecular or immunohistochemical assays were all negative. Investigations are ongoing in an attempt to clarify these findings.</div><div><br /></div><div>Although significant uncertainty remains regarding the origin of C-BSE, several studies involving the serial passage of H-BSE and L-BSE in transgenic and wild-type mice have revealed their potential to lead to the emergence of a C-BSE-like phenotype (Baron et al., 2011; Torres et al., 2011; Bencsik et al., 2013) or other novel strains (Masujin et al., 2016). Whether or not one or both of these atypical strains led to the emergence of C-BSE remains speculative; however, the similarities between transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME), first reported in the USA in 1947 (Hartsough and Burger, 1965), and L-BSE indicate that TME may have been a surrogate indicator for the presence of L-BSE in cattle populations in those countries such as the USA, Canada, Germany, Finland and Russia where outbreaks of TME had been reported decades before C-BSE was first recognised in the United Kingdom in 1986 (Hadlow and Karstad, 1968; Marsh et al., 1991; McKenzie et al., 1996; Baron et al., 2007; Comoy et al., 2013). Although TME was originally thought to have occurred as a result of feeding mink with scrapie infected sheep carcases, oral challenge studies did not confirm this (Marsh et al., 1991). Importantly, in an outbreak reported in the USA in 1985, mink had never been fed sheep products; instead they had been fed on products derived from dead and sick dairy cattle (March et al., 1991). Similarly, from an outbreak in Canada in 1963, mink had reportedly been fed with products derived from cattle but not sheep (Hadlow and Karstad, 1968).</div><div><br /></div><div>Although, as discussed above, the passage of H-BSE or L-BSE has been proposed as a possible explanation for the origin of C-BSE, transformation of L-BSE or H-BSE to C-BSE has not been observed so far in transmission studies in cattle. That being said, it is likely that, compared to various rodent models, an insufficient number of passages have been undertaken.</div><div><br /></div><div>It is worth noting that sheep and goats are susceptible to L-BSE following intracerebral inoculation without lymphoid involvement in most individuals (Simmons et al., 2016; Gielbert et al., 2018; Vallino-Costassa et al., 2018). As discussed by Houston and Andreoletti (2018), C-BSE appears to increase in virulence for humans if it is first passaged in sheep. Whether or not this is the same for atypical strains remains to be determined.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions on transmissibility of atypical BSE among cattle</div><div><br /></div><div>Given that cattle have been successfully infected by the oral route, at least for L-BSE, it is reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle are exposed to contaminated feed. In addition, based on reports of atypical BSE from several countries that have not had C-BSE, it appears likely that atypical BSE would arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence in old cattle. In the presence of livestock industry practices that would allow it to be recycled in the cattle feed chain, it is likely that some level of exposure and transmission may occur. As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided. </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div>***> Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</div><div><br /></div><div>***> As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided. </div><div><br /></div><div>***> This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div><div><br /></div><div>***> These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div><br /></div><div>Atypical L-type BSE</div><div><br /></div><div>Emerg Infect Dis. 2017 Feb; 23(2): 284–287. doi: 10.3201/eid2302.161416 PMCID: PMC5324790 PMID: 28098532</div><div><br /></div><div>Oral Transmission of L-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Agent among Cattle </div><div><br /></div><div>Hiroyuki Okada, corresponding author Yoshifumi Iwamaru, Morikazu Imamura, Kohtaro Miyazawa, Yuichi Matsuura, Kentaro Masujin, Yuichi Murayama, and Takashi Yokoyama Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Go to: Abstract To determine oral transmissibility of the L-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) prion, we orally inoculated 16 calves with brain homogenates of the agent. Only 1 animal, given a high dose, showed signs and died at 88 months. These results suggest low risk for oral transmission of the L-BSE agent among cattle.</div><div><br /></div><div>Keywords: atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy, cattle, L-type, prion, oral transmission, L-BSE, prions and related diseases, zoonoses The epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle is thought to be caused by oral infection through consumption of feed containing the BSE agent (prion). Since 2003, different neuropathologic and molecular phenotypes of BSE have been identified as causing ≈110 cases of atypical BSE worldwide, mainly in aged cattle. Although the etiology and pathogenesis of atypical BSE are not yet fully understood, atypical BSE prions possibly cause sporadic cases of BSE (1).</div><div><br /></div><div>The L-type BSE (L-BSE) prion has been experimentally transmitted to cattle by intracerebral challenge, and the incubation period was is shorter than that for classical BSE (C-BSE) prions (2–6). The origin of transmissible mink encephalopathy in ranch-raised mink is thought to be caused by ingestion of L-BSE–infected material (7). Although L-BSE has been orally transmitted to mouse lemurs (8), it remains to be established whether L-BSE can be transmitted to cattle by oral infection. We therefore investigated the transmissibility of L-BSE by the oral route and tissue distribution of disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) in cattle. All experiments involving animals were performed with the approval of the Animal Ethical Committee and the Animal Care and Use Committee of the National Institute of Animal Health (approval nos. 07–88 and 08–010).</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>The neuroanatomical PrPSc distribution pattern of orally challenged cattle differed somewhat from that described in cattle naturally and intracerebrally challenged with L-BSE (2–6,11,13,14), The conspicuous differences between the case we report and cases of natural and experimental infection are 1) higher amounts of PrPSc in the caudal medulla oblongata and the spinal cord coupled with that in the thalamus and the more rostral brainstem and 2) relatively low amounts of PrPSc in the cerebral cortices and the olfactory bulb. Furthermore, fewer PrPSc deposits in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve may indicate that the parasympathetic retrogressive neuroinvasion pathway does not contribute to transport of the L-BSE prion from the gut to the brain, which is in contrast to the vagus-associated transport of the agent in C-BSE (15). PrPSc accumulation in the extracerebral tissues may be a result of centrifugal trafficking of the L-BSE prion from the central nervous system along somatic or autonomic nerve fibers rather than centripetal propagation of the agent (4,6,9). Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Our study clearly confirms, experimentally, the potential risk for interspecies oral transmission of the agent of L-BSE. In our model, this risk appears higher than that for the agent of classical BSE, which could only be transmitted to mouse lemurs after a first passage in macaques (14). We report oral transmission of the L-BSE agent in young and adult primates. Transmission by the IC route has also been reported in young macaques (6,7). A previous study of L-BSE in transgenic mice expressing human PrP suggested an absence of any transmission barrier between cattle and humans for this particular strain of the agent of BSE, in contrast to findings for the agent of classical BSE (9). Thus, it is imperative to maintain measures that prevent the entry of tissues from cattle possibly infected with the agent of L-BSE into the food chain.</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Atypical H-type BSE</div><div><br /></div><div>Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div><br /></div><div>Title: The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge</div><div><br /></div><div>Author item Greenlee, Justin item MOORE, S - Orise Fellow item WEST-GREENLEE, M - Iowa State University</div><div><br /></div><div>Submitted to: Prion</div><div><br /></div><div>Publication Type: Abstract Only</div><div><br /></div><div>Publication Acceptance Date: 5/14/2018</div><div><br /></div><div>Publication Date: 5/22/2018</div><div><br /></div><div>Citation: Greenlee, J.J., Moore, S.J., West Greenlee, M.H. 2018. </div><div><br /></div><div>The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge.</div><div><br /></div><div> Prion 2018, May 22-25, 2018, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Paper No. P98, page 116. Interpretive Summary:</div><div><br /></div><div>Technical Abstract: In 2006, a case of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) was reported in a cow with a previously unreported prion protein polymorphism (E211K). The E211K polymorphism is heritable and homologous to the E200K mutation in humans that is the most frequent PRNP mutation associated with familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Although the prevalence of the E211K polymorphism is low, cattle carrying the K211 allele develop H-type BSE with a rapid onset after experimental inoculation by the intracranial route. </div><div><br /></div><div>The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the agents of H-type BSE or H-type BSE associated with the E211K polymorphism transmit to wild type cattle or cattle with the K211 allele after oronasal exposure. </div><div><br /></div><div>Wild type (EE211) or heterozygous (EK211) cattle were oronasally inoculated with either H-type BSE from the 2004 US H-type BSE case (n=3) or from the 2006 US H-type case associated with the E211K polymorphism (n=4) using 10% w/v brain homogenates. </div><div><br /></div><div>Cattle were observed daily throughout the course of the experiment for the development of clinical signs. </div><div><br /></div><div>At approximately 50 months post-inoculation, one steer (EK211 inoculated with E211K associated H-BSE) developed clinical signs including inattentiveness, loss of body condition, weakness, ataxia, and muscle fasciculations and was euthanized. </div><div><br /></div><div>Enzyme immunoassay confirmed that abundant misfolded protein was present in the brainstem, and immunohistochemistry demonstrated PrPSc throughout the brain. </div><div><br /></div><div>Western blot analysis of brain tissue from the clinically affected steer was consistent with the E211K H-type BSE inoculum. </div><div><br /></div><div>With the experiment currently at 55 months post-inoculation, no other cattle in this study have developed clinical signs suggestive of prion disease. </div><div><br /></div><div>This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div><div><br /></div><div>These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094</a> </div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><table class="ydp4ba02dd2width-100 ydp4ba02dd2nopadding ydp4ba02dd2border" style="border: 1px solid rgb(222, 222, 222); color: black; font-family: Montserrat, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 1291px;"><tbody><tr><td class="ydp4ba02dd2emphasizedgroup" style="background-color: #f7f9fe; margin: 0px; padding: 5px;"><table class="ydp4ba02dd2width-90 ydp4ba02dd2nopadding" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 1151.09px;"><tbody><tr><td class="ydp4ba02dd2listgroup ydp4ba02dd2top ydp4ba02dd2row-m ydp4ba02dd2nowrap" style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px 5px 2px 0px; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;"><b>Subject:</b></td><td class="ydp4ba02dd2width-100 ydp4ba02dd2listgroup ydp4ba02dd2top ydp4ba02dd2row-m" style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px 5px 2px 0px; vertical-align: top; width: 1005.62px;"><div class="ydp4ba02dd2forcewrap" style="min-width: 100%; width: 260px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://lists.aegee.org/?A2=BSE-L;ec3f3796.1101" rel="nofollow" style="color: #378acc;" target="_blank">Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, atypical BSE (L-type). Netherlands Information received on 21/01/2011</a></div><div class="ydp4ba02dd2forcewrap" style="min-width: 100%; width: 260px;"><br /></div></td></tr><tr><td class="ydp4ba02dd2listgroup ydp4ba02dd2top ydp4ba02dd2row-m ydp4ba02dd2nowrap" style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px 5px 2px 0px; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;"><b>From:</b></td><td class="ydp4ba02dd2width-100 ydp4ba02dd2listgroup ydp4ba02dd2top ydp4ba02dd2row-m" style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px 5px 2px 0px; vertical-align: top; width: 1005.62px;"><div class="ydp4ba02dd2forcewrap" style="min-width: 100%; width: 260px;">"Terry S. Singeltary Sr." <flounder9@VERIZON.NET></div></td></tr><tr><td class="ydp4ba02dd2listgroup ydp4ba02dd2top ydp4ba02dd2row-m ydp4ba02dd2nowrap" style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px 5px 2px 0px; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;"><b>Reply To:</b></td><td class="ydp4ba02dd2width-100 ydp4ba02dd2listgroup ydp4ba02dd2top ydp4ba02dd2row-m" style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px 5px 2px 0px; vertical-align: top; width: 1005.62px;"><div class="ydp4ba02dd2forcewrap" style="min-width: 100%; width: 260px;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy <BSE-L@LISTS.AEGEE.ORG></div></td></tr><tr><td class="ydp4ba02dd2listgroup ydp4ba02dd2top ydp4ba02dd2row-m ydp4ba02dd2nowrap" style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px 5px 2px 0px; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;"><b>Date:</b></td><td class="ydp4ba02dd2width-100 ydp4ba02dd2listgroup ydp4ba02dd2top ydp4ba02dd2row-m" style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px 5px 2px 0px; vertical-align: top; width: 1005.62px;"><div class="ydp4ba02dd2forcewrap" style="min-width: 100%; width: 260px;">Sat, 22 Jan 2011 22:51:56 -0600</div></td></tr><tr><td class="ydp4ba02dd2listgroup ydp4ba02dd2top ydp4ba02dd2row-m ydp4ba02dd2nowrap" style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px 5px 2px 0px; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;"><b>Content-Type:</b></td><td class="ydp4ba02dd2width-100 ydp4ba02dd2listgroup ydp4ba02dd2top ydp4ba02dd2row-m" style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px 5px 2px 0px; vertical-align: top; width: 1005.62px;"><div class="ydp4ba02dd2forcewrap" style="min-width: 100%; width: 260px;">multipart/alternative</div></td></tr><tr><td class="ydp4ba02dd2listgroup ydp4ba02dd2top ydp4ba02dd2row-m ydp4ba02dd2nowrap" style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px 5px 2px 0px; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;"><b>Parts/Attachments:</b></td><td class="ydp4ba02dd2width-100 ydp4ba02dd2listgroup ydp4ba02dd2top ydp4ba02dd2row-m" style="margin: 0px; padding: 2px 5px 2px 0px; vertical-align: top; width: 1005.62px;"><div class="ydp4ba02dd2forcewrap" style="min-width: 100%; width: 260px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://lists.aegee.org/?A3=ind1101&L=BSE-L&E=quoted-printable&P=1082383&B=------%3D_NextPart_000_02D1_01CBBA86.F84C11F0&T=text%2Fplain;%20charset=iso-8859-1&X=OF8502AC9C02895B812&Y=flounder9%40verizon.net&header=1" rel="nofollow" style="color: #378acc;" target="_blank">text/plain</a> (3105 bytes) , <a fg_scanned="1" href="https://lists.aegee.org/?A3=ind1101&L=BSE-L&E=quoted-printable&P=1085731&B=------%3D_NextPart_000_02D1_01CBBA86.F84C11F0&T=text%2Fhtml;%20charset=iso-8859-1&XSS=3&X=OF8502AC9C02895B812&Y=flounder9%40verizon.net&header=1" rel="nofollow" style="color: #378acc;" target="_blank">text/html</a> (6 kB)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr></tr></tbody></table><br /></div><div><div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, Netherlands</span></div><div> </div><div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Information received on 21/01/2011 from Dr Christianne Bruschke, Chief Veterinary Officer , Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, The Hague, Netherlands</span></div><div> </div><div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Summary</span></div><div> </div><div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Report type Immediate notification (Final report) Start date 04/01/2011 Date of first confirmation of the event 11/01/2011 Report date 21/01/2011 Date submitted to OIE 21/01/2011 Date event resolved 11/01/2011 Reason for notification Reoccurrence of a listed disease Date of previous occurrence 15/10/2010 Manifestation of disease Clinical disease Causal agent Bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent Nature of diagnosis Laboratory (basic) This event pertains to the whole country</span></div><div> </div><div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">New outbreaksOutbreak 1 Lippenhuizen, FRIESLAND Date of start of the outbreak 04/01/2011 Outbreak status Resolved (11/01/2011) Epidemiological unit Farm Affected animals Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Destroyed Slaughtered Cattle 119 1 0 1 0</span></div><div> </div><div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Summary of outbreaks Total outbreaks: 1 Outbreak statistics Species Apparent morbidity rate Apparent mortality rate Apparent case fatality rate Proportion susceptible animals lost* Cattle 0.84% 0.00% 0.00% 0.84%</span></div><div> </div><div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">* Removed from the susceptible population through death, destruction and/or slaughter</span></div><div> </div><div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">EpidemiologySource of the outbreak(s) or origin of infection Unknown or inconclusive</span></div><div> </div><div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Epidemiological comments Result of a monitoring sample taken at a rendering plant. The animal was euthanized by a veterinary practitioner. There are no animals alive belonging to the birth cohort and the feed cohort and there are no animals alive belonging to the off-spring younger than 2 years. This is a case of atypical BSE (L-type).</span></div><div> </div><div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Control measuresMeasures applied Modified stamping out No vaccination No treatment of affected animals</span></div><div> </div><div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Measures to be applied No other measures</span></div><div> </div><div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Diagnostic test resultsLaboratory name and type Central Veterinary Institute (CVI) (Regional Reference Laboratory) Tests and results Species Test Test date Result Cattle immunohistochemical test 11/01/2011 Positive Cattle western blotting 11/01/2011 Positive</span></div><div> </div><div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Future ReportingThe event is resolved. No more reports will be submitted.</span></div><div> </div><div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Map of outbreak locations</span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"></span> </div><div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.oie.int/wahis/public.php?page=single_report&pop=1&reportid=10152" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.oie.int/wahis/public.php?page=single_report&pop=1&reportid=10152</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"></span> </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><h2 class="ydpa2329c69date-header" style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 11.7px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase;">FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 3, 2010</h2><div class="ydpa2329c69date-posts" style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif;"><div class="ydpa2329c69post-outer"><div class="ydpa2329c69post ydpa2329c69hentry ydpa2329c69uncustomized-post-template" style="margin: 8px 0px 24px;"><h3 class="ydpa2329c69post-title ydpa2329c69entry-title" itemprop="name" style="color: #1b0431; font-size: 18.2px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Dutch report positive test for mad cow disease</h3><div style="color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div class="ydpa2329c69post-header" style="color: #29303b;"><div class="ydpa2329c69post-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="ydpa2329c69post-body ydpa2329c69entry-content" id="ydpa2329c69post-body-8045325328767383247" style="color: #29303b;">Subject: Dutch report positive test for mad cow disease<br /><br />Dutch report positive test for mad cow disease<br /><br />AMSTERDAM, Sept 3 Fri Sep 3, 2010 7:00am EDT<br /><br />AMSTERDAM, Sept 3 (Reuters) - A 10-year-old cow in the Netherlands has tested positive for BSE, more commonly known as "mad cow" disease, the first such result in more than two years, the Dutch government said on Friday.<br /><br />The government ministry responsible for food quality said the animal tested positive for the brain-wasting disease bovine spongiform encephalopathy at a slaughterhouse.<br /><br />It was the first positive test for BSE in the country since May 2008, the ministry said in a statement.<br /><br />A spokesman for the ministry told Reuters the cow's meat was withdrawn from the food chain after a first positive test, while a second test confirmed the result.<br /><br />All cows sent to slaughter in the country are tested and held aside for the results before their meat enters the system.<br /><br />Mad cow disease is of particular concern because it has been known to cause a related brain-wasting disease in humans who have eaten contaminated meat.<br /><br />Three people have died in the Netherlands from Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease after eating meat from a BSE positive cow. The last reported death was in January 2009. (Reporting by Ben Berkowitz; editing by James Jukwey)<br /><br /><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLDE6820VK20100903" rel="nofollow" style="color: #473624;" target="_blank">http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLDE6820VK20100903</a><br /><br /><br />Na twee jaar weer BSE-koe aangetroffen Persbericht 03-09-2010<br /><br />Er is een geval van BSE vastgesteld. Het gaat om een ruim tien jaar oude koe die op het slachthuis is getest. Dit past in de verwachting van het Centraal Veterinair Instituut in Lelystad dat Nederland in de komende jaren af en toe een besmette koe zal tegenkomen.<br /><br />Het ministerie van LNV is blij dat Nederland ondanks een zeer intensief testprogramma gedurende een periode van ruim twee jaar geen enkel geval van BSE aantrof. Het laatste geval was in mei 2008. In 2009 testte Nederland 405.000 runderen op BSE.<br /><br /><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.minlnv.nl/portal/page?_pageid=116,1640333&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&p_news_item_id=2007820" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.minlnv.nl/portal/page?_pageid=116,1640333&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&p_news_item_id=2007820</a></div><div class="ydpa2329c69post-body ydpa2329c69entry-content" id="ydpa2329c69post-body-8045325328767383247" style="color: #29303b;"><br />BSE For some years now the Netherlands has been taking measures to prevent BSE (Bovine Spongiforme Encephalopathy) in its cattle herd. All EU measures were implemented, though the Netherlands has also anticipated European regulation and introduced additional measures of its own.<br /><br />In spite of all these efforts the Netherlands has not been free of BSE. It was first diagnosed in the Netherlands in 1997.<br /><br />Measures taken by the Dutch Government Over the years a broad package of measures has been built up to combat BSE. This is partly aimed at food safety, partly at the eradication of BSE. These measures follow the recommendations of the Office International des Epizoties (OIE), and Decisions of the EU.<br /><br />The measures involve:<br /><br />Tracking down diseased or suspect cattle. Since 1989 it is been compulsory for owners and veterinarians to report any cattle that show symptoms of BSE to the authorities. Evaluation of the animal's health at the slaughterhouse, prior to slaughter. Compulsory removal of risk material on slaughter; This measure was introduced in the Netherlands in 1997. It has applied to all European Member States since 1 October 2000. Treatment of animal by-products used in animal feed at 133°C and 3 bar during 20 min. since the seventies. A ban on the use of animal protein in animal feed for domestic farm animals (such as cattle). Testing for BSE on all slaughtered cattle older than 30 months. Further information on the most important measures is given below.<br /><br />Removal of risk material The most important measure taken to protect the consumer against BSE is the decision that so-called risk material must be removed in the slaughterhouse. The disease-causing prions do not occur in the whole animal. They are concentrated in the brains, spinal cord and some other risk material. This material is removed on slaughter and incinerated, and so eliminated from the food chain. Disease-causing organisms have never been found in meat taken from cattle muscle (steak, etc.). The removal of risk material has been compulsory since 1997.<br /><br />Ban on animal protein The aim is to eliminate BSEby removing the most important source of infection (infected animal protein).<br /><br />Since 1989 there has been a ban in the Netherlands on the use of remains of ruminants in ruminant feed (cattle, sheep and goats). This ban has been tightened on a number of occasions. Since 1994 no animal protein originating from mammals (previously ruminants) may be used in ruminant feed. Since 1999 the production of feed for ruminants and feed for non-ruminants containing animal protein is totally separated. This measures prevents any contamination of feed for ruminants with animal protein. Since 1 January 2001 feed containing animal protein from mammals is not only banned for ruminants, but also for all domestic farm animals, such as pigs and chickens. Compulsory BSE test From 1 January 2001 all cattle older than 30 months presented for slaughter are subjected to a rapid BSE test, approved by the European Commission. In order to carry out these tests a piece of brain tissue is removed from the cattle. If the result is positive the final diagnosis is made by traditional microscopic study of brain tissue, according to OIE.<br /><br />In addition to the testing of cattle older than 30 months, risk material is removed from slaughtered cattle intended for human consumption.<br /><br /></div><div class="ydpa2329c69post-body ydpa2329c69entry-content" id="ydpa2329c69post-body-8045325328767383247" style="color: #29303b;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.minlnv.nl/portal/page_pageid=116,1640387&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&p_document_id=11059&p_node_id=5550285&p_mode=" style="color: #196ad4;">www.minlnv.nl/portal/page_pageid=116,1640387&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&p_document_id=11059&p_node_id=5550285&p_mode=</a><br /></div><div class="ydpa2329c69post-body ydpa2329c69entry-content" id="ydpa2329c69post-body-8045325328767383247" style="color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div class="ydpa2329c69post-body ydpa2329c69entry-content" id="ydpa2329c69post-body-8045325328767383247" style="color: #29303b;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.minlnv.nl/portal/page?_pageid=116,1640440&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&p_node_id=8887325" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.minlnv.nl/portal/page?_pageid=116,1640440&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&p_node_id=8887325</a></div><div class="ydpa2329c69post-body ydpa2329c69entry-content" id="ydpa2329c69post-body-8045325328767383247" style="color: #29303b;"><br /><br />J Neurol. 2007 July; 254(7): 958–960. Published online 2007 April 21. doi: 10.1007/s00415-006-0360-3. PMCID: PMC2779429<br /><br />Copyright © Steinkopff-Verlag 2007<br /><br />The first case of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the Netherlands<br /><br /><br /><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2779429/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2779429/</a></div><div class="ydpa2329c69post-body ydpa2329c69entry-content" id="ydpa2329c69post-body-8045325328767383247" style="color: #29303b;"><br /><br />Eurosurveillance, Volume 11, Issue 26, 29 June 2006 Articles C van Duijn1, H Ruijs2, A Timen2<br /><br />--------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br /><br />Citation style for this article: van Duijn C, Ruijs H, Timen A.<br /><br /><br />Second probable case of vCJD in the Netherlands.<br /><br /><br />Euro Surveill. 2006;11(26):pii=2991.<br /><br />Available online: <a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=2991" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=2991</a></div><div class="ydpa2329c69post-body ydpa2329c69entry-content" id="ydpa2329c69post-body-8045325328767383247" style="color: #29303b;"><br />Date of submission:<br /><br />Second probable case of vCJD in the Netherlands<br /><br /><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=2991" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=2991</a></div><div class="ydpa2329c69post-body ydpa2329c69entry-content" id="ydpa2329c69post-body-8045325328767383247" style="color: #29303b;"><br />TO DATE, 3 CASES OF nvCJD have been documented in the Netherlands ;<br /><br />vCJD cases Worldwide (Netherlands = 3 cases nvCJD documented to date August 2010)<br /><br />Country 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Alive Total<br /><br />Netherlands 1 1 1 3<br /><br /><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.eurocjd.ed.ac.uk/surveillance%20data%204.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.eurocjd.ed.ac.uk/surveillance%20data%204.htm</a></div><div class="ydpa2329c69post-body ydpa2329c69entry-content" id="ydpa2329c69post-body-8045325328767383247" style="color: #29303b;"><br />Total Cases of Sporadic CJD (Deaths)<br /><br />Sporadic CJD: Definite and probable cases<br /><br />Country 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Total<br /><br />Netherlands 12 18 8 14 18 17 19 10 14 18 12 20 20 22 15 16 11 264<br /><br /><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.eurocjd.ed.ac.uk/surveillance%20data%203.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.eurocjd.ed.ac.uk/surveillance%20data%203.htm</a></div><div class="ydpa2329c69post-body ydpa2329c69entry-content" id="ydpa2329c69post-body-8045325328767383247"><br /></div></div></div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><div><h2 class="ydp3a016bcedate-header" style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif; font-size: 11.7px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase;">THURSDAY, OCTOBER 14, 2010</h2><div><br /></div><div class="ydp3a016bcedate-posts" style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", sans-serif;"><div class="ydp3a016bcepost-outer"><div class="ydp3a016bcepost ydp3a016bcehentry ydp3a016bceuncustomized-post-template" style="margin: 8px 0px 24px;"><h3 class="ydp3a016bcepost-title ydp3a016bceentry-title" itemprop="name" style="color: #1b0431; font-size: 18.2px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Netherlands reports 2nd BSE case this year 14 October 2010</h3><div class="ydp3a016bcepost-header"><div class="ydp3a016bcepost-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="ydp3a016bcepost-body ydp3a016bceentry-content" id="ydp3a016bcepost-body-495084879119354475">Netherlands reports 2nd BSE case this year<br /><br />14 October 2010<br /><br />THE HAGUE (BNO NEWS) -- A 13-year-old cow in the Netherlands on Thursday was found to be infected with BSE, which is commonly known as 'mad-cow disease', according to the country's Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality.<br /><br />Thursday's case is the second case of BSE in the Netherlands since May 2008. The other case was reported on September 3 when a cow was diagnosed with BSE at a farm in Tilburg, near the border with Belgium.<br /><br />The ministry on Thursday said the cow had died on a farm in country, but did not reveal where the farm was located. "We can expect to see several more BSE-cases during the next few years," the ministry said in a statement.<br /><br />This is because a number of cows are still alive from before a European Union feed ban went into effect on January 1, 2001. That ban prohibits certain animal products from being fed to cows, which can lead to BSE being spread among cows.<br /><br />The Netherlands tested around 405,000 cattle in 2009, while around 7.5 million cattle were tested throughout the European Union. A total of 67 BSE cases were found, all of which were outside of the Netherlands.<br /><br />The ministry said there is no need to take action because cows cannot infect each other with BSE. "But, as usual, the animals who were born on the same farm around the same time as the infected animal or ate the same food will be examined, as well as their offspring."<br /><br />(Copyright 2010 by BNO News B.V. All rights reserved. Info: sales@bnonews.com.)<br /><br />channel6newsonline . com / 2010/10netherlands-reports-2nd-bse-case-this-year</div><div class="ydp3a016bcepost-body ydp3a016bceentry-content" id="ydp3a016bcepost-body-495084879119354475"><br /></div><div class="ydp3a016bcepost-body ydp3a016bceentry-content" id="ydp3a016bcepost-body-495084879119354475">PLEASE SEE FULL REPORT HERE ;<br /><br /><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.oie.int/wahis/public.php?page=single_report&pop=1&reportid=9852" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.oie.int/wahis/public.php?page=single_report&pop=1&reportid=9852</a></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="ydpf235480dc-article-header" style="color: #333333; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><h1 class="ydpf235480dc-article-title" data-article-title="" data-test="article-title" style="color: #1b3051; font-family: Europa, "Trebuchet MS"; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px 0px 16px;">Spatial analysis of BSE cases in the Netherlands</h1><ul class="ydpf235480dc-article-author-list ydpf235480dc-article-author-list--short ydpf235480djs-no-scroll" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list" data-test="authors-list" style="display: inline; list-style: none; margin: 0px 8px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 100%;"><li class="ydpf235480dc-article-author-list__item" style="display: inline; padding-right: 0px;"><a data-author-popup="auth-Lourens-Heres" data-test="author-name" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" fg_scanned="1" href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#auth-Lourens-Heres" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank">Lourens Heres</a>, </li><li class="ydpf235480dc-article-author-list__item" style="display: inline; padding-right: 0px;"><a data-author-popup="auth-Dick_J-Brus" data-test="author-name" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" fg_scanned="1" href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#auth-Dick_J-Brus" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank">Dick J Brus</a> & </li><li class="ydpf235480dc-article-author-list__item" style="display: inline; padding-right: 0px;"><a data-author-popup="auth-Thomas_J-Hagenaars" data-corresp-id="c1" data-test="author-name" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" fg_scanned="1" href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#auth-Thomas_J-Hagenaars" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank">Thomas J Hagenaars</a> </li></ul><p class="ydpf235480dc-article-info-details" data-container-section="info" style="margin: 16px 0px 8px; padding: 0px;"><a data-test="journal-link" fg_scanned="1" href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank"><i data-test="journal-title">BMC Veterinary Research</i></a> <span data-test="journal-volume" style="font-weight: bolder;"><span class="ydpf235480du-visually-hidden" style="border: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; width: 1px;">volume</span> 4</span>, Article number: <span data-test="article-number">21</span> (<span data-test="article-publication-year">2008</span>) <a class="ydpf235480dc-article-info-details__cite-as ydpf235480du-hide-print" data-track-action="cite this article" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" fg_scanned="1" href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#citeas" rel="nofollow" style="border-left-color: rgb(111, 111, 111); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-left: 1px solid rgb(111, 111, 111); color: #004b83; margin-left: 8px; padding-left: 8px;" target="_blank">Cite this article</a></p><div class="ydpf235480dc-article-metrics-bar__wrapper ydpf235480du-clear-both" style="margin: 0px 0px 16px; padding: 0px;"><ul class="ydpf235480dc-article-metrics-bar ydpf235480du-list-reset" style="line-height: 1.3; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li class="ydpf235480dc-article-metrics-bar__item" style="border-right-color: rgb(111, 111, 111); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(111, 111, 111); margin-right: 8px;"><p class="ydpf235480dc-article-metrics-bar__count" style="font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">4572 <span class="ydpf235480dc-article-metrics-bar__label" style="color: #626262; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px 10px 0px 5px;">Accesses</span></p></li><li class="ydpf235480dc-article-metrics-bar__item" style="border-right-color: rgb(111, 111, 111); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(111, 111, 111); margin-right: 8px;"><p class="ydpf235480dc-article-metrics-bar__count" style="font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">8 <span class="ydpf235480dc-article-metrics-bar__label" style="color: #626262; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px 10px 0px 5px;">Citations</span></p></li><li class="ydpf235480dc-article-metrics-bar__item" style="border-right-width: 0px; border-right: 0px; margin-right: 8px;"><p class="ydpf235480dc-article-metrics-bar__details" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" fg_scanned="1" href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21/metrics" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank">Metrics<span class="ydpf235480du-visually-hidden" style="border: 0px; min-height: 1px; padding: 0px; width: 1px;">details</span></a></p></li><li class="ydpf235480dc-article-metrics-bar__item" style="border-right-width: 0px; border-right: 0px; margin-right: 8px;"><p class="ydpf235480dc-article-metrics-bar__details" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></p></li></ul><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr">Abstract</div></div></div><div class="ydpf235480dc-article-section ydpf235480dc-article-content-visibility" id="ydpf235480dAbs1-section" style="clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></div></div><div><h3 class="ydp2218faac-article__sub-heading" data-test="abstract-sub-heading" style="color: #222222; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.24; margin: 0px 0px 8px;">Background</h3><div><br /></div><p style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, Palatino, serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">In many of the European countries affected by Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), case clustering patterns have been observed. Most of these patterns have been interpreted in terms of heterogeneities in exposure of cattle to the BSE agent. Here we investigate whether spatial clustering is present in the Dutch BSE case data.</p><h3 class="ydp2218faac-article__sub-heading" data-test="abstract-sub-heading" style="color: #222222; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.24; margin: 0px 0px 8px;">Results</h3><div><br /></div><p style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, Palatino, serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">We have found three spatial case clusters in the Dutch BSE epidemic. The clusters are geographically distinct and each cluster appears in a different birth cohort. When testing all birth cohorts together, only one significant cluster was detected. The fact that we found stronger spatial clustering when using a cohort-based analysis, is consistent with the evidence that most BSE infections occur in animals less than 12 or 18 months old.</p><h3 class="ydp2218faac-article__sub-heading" data-test="abstract-sub-heading" style="color: #222222; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.24; margin: 0px 0px 8px;">Conclusion</h3><div><br /></div><p style="color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, Palatino, serif; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Significant spatial case clustering is present in the Dutch BSE epidemic. The spatial clusters of BSE cases are most likely due to time-dependent heterogeneities in exposure related to feed production.</p></div><br /></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr">snip...</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><div class="ydp38b4500ac-article-section ydp38b4500ac-article-content-visibility" id="ydp38b4500aSec10-section" style="clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><h2 class="ydp38b4500ac-article-section__title ydp38b4500ajs-section-title ydp38b4500ajs-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="ydp38b4500aSec10" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(213, 213, 213); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); color: #1b3051; font-family: Europa, "Trebuchet MS"; line-height: 1.24; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px;">Discussion</h2><div><br /></div><div class="ydp38b4500ac-article-section__content" id="ydp38b4500aSec10-content" style="margin: 0px 0px 40px; padding: 8px 0px 0px;"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">We have found three spatial case clusters in the Dutch BSE epidemic. The clusters are geographically distinct and each cluster appears in a different birth cohort. The fact that we found stronger spatial clustering when using a cohort-based analysis, is consistent with the evidence that most BSE infections occur in animals less than 12 or 18 months old [<a data-test="citation-ref" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" fg_scanned="1" href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#ref-CR24" id="ydp38b4500aref-link-section-d7150316e2273" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank" title="Ferguson NM, Donnelly CA, Woolhouse MEJ, Anderson RM: The epidemiology of BSE in cattle herds in Great Britain; 2. Model construction and analysis of transmission dynamics. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B – Biological Sciences. 1997, 352: 803-838. 10.1098/rstb.1997.0063.">24</a>, <a data-test="citation-ref" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" fg_scanned="1" href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#ref-CR25" id="ydp38b4500aref-link-section-d7150316e2276" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank" title="Arnold ME, Wilesmith JW: Estimation of the age-dependent risk of infection to BSE of dairy cattle in Great Britain. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2004, 66: 35-47.">25</a>]. As a result of the infection at a young age, temporal changes in BSE exposure are seen most clearly by comparing cohort-wise incidence levels. The fact that each of the three significant clusters in the cohort-based analysis occurs in a different birth cohort, suggests that the causes of the enhanced infection levels each occurred within a limited time frame of at most about a year.</p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">In the Introduction we discussed the possible mechanisms that may produce clustering of BSE cases. The candidate mechanisms that could underlie the observed spatial clusters in the Netherlands are feeding practice and on-farm cross-contamination, and heterogeneities in rendering and feed processing. Local recycling is not likely as the number of rendering plants in the Netherlands was as low as two and each of these supplied nationwide to feed producers. Population heterogeneity is unlikely because in previous work [<a data-test="citation-ref" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" fg_scanned="1" href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#ref-CR1" id="ydp38b4500aref-link-section-d7150316e2282" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank" title="Heres L, Elbers ARW, Van Zijderveld FG: Identification of the Characteristics and Risk Factors of the BSE Epidemic in the Netherlands. Risk Analysis. 2007, 27: 1119-1129.">1</a>] neither genetic differences between regions have been found nor differences in management. Population heterogeneity as a cause of spatial clustering is also unlikely in view of the limited time frame in which the causes of the clusters seem to have been present.</p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px;">In the same previous work, the factor "group of feed producers" was found to be a significant risk factor in a non-temporal, non-spatial analysis of case-control data [<a data-test="citation-ref" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" fg_scanned="1" href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#ref-CR1" id="ydp38b4500aref-link-section-d7150316e2288" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank" title="Heres L, Elbers ARW, Van Zijderveld FG: Identification of the Characteristics and Risk Factors of the BSE Epidemic in the Netherlands. Risk Analysis. 2007, 27: 1119-1129.">1</a>]. Based on this previous result we therefore interpret the observed clustering to be at least in part due to regional differences in feed production. As the information from the previous study suggested, the feed-production heterogeneities have most likely arisen due to both origin of MBM and production on mixed production lines. Feed producers were different in their sourcing of MBM and the use of mixed or dedicated production lines. Separation of production lines was not obligatory up until 1999 (Table <a data-track-action="table anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" fg_scanned="1" href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#Tab4" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank">4</a>), and both producers A and K have used mixed production lines up until then. Variation in feeding practice (i.e. between-farm variation in the per-animal feed uptake) is a less likely mechanism to have contributed to the clustering, as the amount of feed fed was not significantly associated with BSE in the previous study. Furthermore, a contribution due to on-farm cross-contamination as a consequence of mixed farming has not been detected. Indications against such a contribution are the fact that the 1997 cluster is in an area with small numbers of pigs and the observation that the southern part of the Netherlands with dense populations of pigs has a relatively small number of BSE cases.</p><p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Also in some other European countries where spatial clusters of BSE have been found, the most likely mechanisms were suggested to be related to exposure heterogeneity [<a data-test="citation-ref" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" fg_scanned="1" href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#ref-CR4" id="ydp38b4500aref-link-section-d7150316e2297" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank" title="Wilesmith JW, Ryan JB, Stevenson MA, Morris RS, Pfeiffer DU, Lin D, Jackson R, Sanson RL: Temporal aspects of the epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in Great Britain: holding-associated risk factors for the disease. Veterinary Record. 2000, 147: 319-325.">4</a>, <a data-test="citation-ref" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" fg_scanned="1" href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#ref-CR10" id="ydp38b4500aref-link-section-d7150316e2300" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank" title="Stevenson MA, Morris RS, Lawson AB, Wilesmith JW, Ryan JB, Jackson R: Area-level risks for BSE in British cattle before and after the July 1988 meat and bone meal feed ban. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2005, 69: 129-144. 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2005.01.016.">10</a>–<a data-test="citation-ref" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" fg_scanned="1" href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#ref-CR19" id="ydp38b4500aref-link-section-d7150316e2303" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank" title="Stevenson MA, Wilesmith JW, Ryan JB, Morris RS, Lockhart JW, Lin D, Jackson R: Temporal aspects of the epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in Great Britain: individual animal-associated risk factors for the disease. Veterinary Record. 2000, 147: 349-354.">19</a>, <a data-test="citation-ref" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" fg_scanned="1" href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#ref-CR23" id="ydp38b4500aref-link-section-d7150316e2306" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank" title="Paul M, Abrial D, Jarrige N, Rican S, Garrido M, Calavas D, Ducrot C: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy and Spatial Analysis of the Feed Industry. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007, 13: 867-872.">23</a>]. The feature of different spatial clustering occurring in different birth cohorts has also been observed elsewhere in Europe [<a data-test="citation-ref" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" fg_scanned="1" href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#ref-CR10" id="ydp38b4500aref-link-section-d7150316e2309" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank" title="Stevenson MA, Morris RS, Lawson AB, Wilesmith JW, Ryan JB, Jackson R: Area-level risks for BSE in British cattle before and after the July 1988 meat and bone meal feed ban. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2005, 69: 129-144. 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2005.01.016.">10</a>, <a data-test="citation-ref" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" fg_scanned="1" href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#ref-CR12" id="ydp38b4500aref-link-section-d7150316e2313" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank" title="Abrial D, Calavas D, Jarrige N, Ducrot C: Spatial heterogeneity of the risk of BSE in France following the ban of meat and bone meal in cattle feed. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2005, 67: 69-82. 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2004.10.004.">12</a>, <a data-test="citation-ref" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" fg_scanned="1" href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#ref-CR14" id="ydp38b4500aref-link-section-d7150316e2316" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank" title="Doherr MG, Hett AR, Rufenacht J, Zurbriggen A, Heim D: Geographical clustering of cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) born in Switzerland after the feed ban. Veterinary Record. 2002, 151: 467-472.">14</a>, <a data-test="citation-ref" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" fg_scanned="1" href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#ref-CR15" id="ydp38b4500aref-link-section-d7150316e2319" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank" title="Ducrot C, Abrial D, Calavas D, Carpenter T: A spatio-temporal analysis of BSE cases born before and after the reinforced feed ban in France. Veterinary Research. 2005, 36: 839-853. 10.1051/vetres:2005037.">15</a>]. In Switzerland, France and Great Britain it was difficult to distinguish effects due to feed processing differences from those arising from differences in feeding practices between mixed farms and farms with only ruminants, because typically feed producers with mixed production lines and mixed farms were spatially correlated. In a recent analysis of Swiss data for the period after the introduction of a ban on MBM in cattle feed, Schwermer et al. [<a data-test="citation-ref" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" fg_scanned="1" href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#ref-CR31" id="ydp38b4500aref-link-section-d7150316e2322" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank" title="Schwermer H, Forster K, Brulisauer F, Chaubert C, Heim D: BSE, feed and cattle in Switzerland: Is there a spatial relation?. Veterinary Research. 2007, 38: 409-418. 10.1051/vetres:2007005.">31</a>] found evidence of spatial association between BSE cases and feed producers where cattle feed was found MBM positive by cross-contamination. Cross-contamination in the feed-production process was also implicated in a recent study by Paul et al. [<a data-test="citation-ref" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" fg_scanned="1" href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#ref-CR23" id="ydp38b4500aref-link-section-d7150316e2325" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank" title="Paul M, Abrial D, Jarrige N, Rican S, Garrido M, Calavas D, Ducrot C: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy and Spatial Analysis of the Feed Industry. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2007, 13: 867-872.">23</a>], in which a spatial analysis of the French feed industry and BSE case data showed that BSE risk in France after a ban on MBM in ruminant feed is spatially linked to the use of MBM in non-ruminant feed.</p></div></div><div class="ydp38b4500ac-article-section ydp38b4500ac-article-content-visibility" id="ydp38b4500aSec11-section" style="clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><h2 class="ydp38b4500ac-article-section__title ydp38b4500ajs-section-title ydp38b4500ajs-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="ydp38b4500aSec11" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(213, 213, 213); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-bottom: 2px solid rgb(213, 213, 213); color: #1b3051; font-family: Europa, "Trebuchet MS"; line-height: 1.24; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px;">Conclusion</h2><div class="ydp38b4500ac-article-section__content" id="ydp38b4500aSec11-content" style="margin: 0px 0px 40px; padding: 8px 0px 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">We have identified three spatial case clusters in the Dutch BSE epidemic. The clusters are geographically distinct and each cluster appears in a different birth cohort. In a former study the factor "group of feed producers" was found to be a significant risk factor in a non-temporal, non-spatial analysis of case-control data [<a data-test="citation-ref" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" fg_scanned="1" href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21#ref-CR1" id="ydp38b4500aref-link-section-d7150316e2336" rel="nofollow" style="color: #004b83;" target="_blank" title="Heres L, Elbers ARW, Van Zijderveld FG: Identification of the Characteristics and Risk Factors of the BSE Epidemic in the Netherlands. Risk Analysis. 2007, 27: 1119-1129.">1</a></div></div></div></div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-21</a><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">=============== </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">=============== </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">============== </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">PRION 2015 CONFERENCE</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019500/</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">PRION 2016 TOKYO</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X online</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">Taylor & Francis</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a></div></div><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><pre style="font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">Sunday, January 10, 2021 </span><br /></div><div style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission June 17, 2019</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">Greetings APHIS et al, </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">I would kindly like to comment on APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], and my comments are as follows, with the latest peer review and transmission studies as references of evidence.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">THE OIE/USDA BSE Minimal Risk Region MRR is nothing more than free pass to import and export the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion disease. December 2003, when the USDA et al lost it's supposedly 'GOLD CARD' ie BSE FREE STATUS (that was based on nothing more than not looking and not finding BSE), once the USA lost it's gold card BSE Free status, the USDA OIE et al worked hard and fast to change the BSE Geographical Risk Statuses i.e. the BSE GBR's, and replaced it with the BSE MRR policy, the legal tool to trade mad cow type disease TSE Prion Globally. The USA is doing just what the UK did, when they shipped mad cow disease around the world, except with the BSE MRR policy, it's now legal. </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">Also, the whole concept of the BSE MRR policy is based on a false pretense, that atypical BSE is not transmissible, and that only typical c-BSE is transmissible via feed. This notion that atypical BSE TSE Prion is an old age cow disease that is not infectious is absolutely false, there is NO science to show this, and on the contrary, we now know that atypical BSE will transmit by ORAL ROUTES, but even much more concerning now, recent science has shown that Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion in deer and elk which is rampant with no stopping is sight in the USA, and Scrapie TSE Prion in sheep and goat, will transmit to PIGS by oral routes, this is our worst nightmare, showing even more risk factors for the USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban. </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">The FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban has failed terribly bad, and is still failing, since August 1997. there is tonnage and tonnage of banned potential mad cow feed that went into commerce, and still is, with one decade, 10 YEARS, post August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban, 2007, with 10,000,000 POUNDS, with REASON, Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement. you can see all these feed ban warning letters and tonnage of mad cow feed in commerce, year after year, that is not accessible on the internet anymore like it use to be, you can see history of the FDA failure August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban here, but remember this, we have a new outbreak of TSE Prion disease in a new livestock species, the camel, and this too is very worrisome.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">WITH the OIE and the USDA et al weakening the global TSE prion surveillance, by not classifying the atypical Scrapie as TSE Prion disease, and the notion that they want to do the same thing with typical scrapie and atypical BSE, it's just not scientific.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">WE MUST abolish the BSE MRR policy, go back to the BSE GBR risk assessments by country, and enhance them to include all strains of TSE Prion disease in all species. With Chronic Wasting CWD TSE Prion disease spreading in Europe, now including, Norway, Finland, Sweden, also in Korea, Canada and the USA, and the TSE Prion in Camels, the fact the the USA is feeding potentially CWD, Scrapie, BSE, typical and atypical, to other animals, and shipping both this feed and or live animals or even grains around the globe, potentially exposed or infected with the TSE Prion. this APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], under it's present definition, does NOT show the true risk of the TSE Prion in any country. as i said, it's nothing more than a legal tool to trade the TSE Prion around the globe, nothing but ink on paper.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;">AS long as the BSE MRR policy stays in effect, TSE Prion disease will continued to be bought and sold as food for both humans and animals around the globe, and the future ramifications from friendly fire there from, i.e. iatrogenic exposure and transmission there from from all of the above, should not be underestimated. ...</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2018-0087-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2018-0087-0002</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div></div></div></pre><pre style="font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>APHIS Indemnity Regulations [Docket No. APHIS-2021-0010] RIN 0579-AE65 Singeltary Comment Submission</div><div><br /></div><div>Comment from Singeltary Sr., Terry</div><div><br /></div><div>Posted by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service on Sep 8, 2022</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://https//www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0010-0003" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0010-0003</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0010-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0010-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://usdasearch.usda.gov/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&affiliate=usda&query=2005+bse&commit=Search" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://usdasearch.usda.gov/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&affiliate=usda&query=2005+bse&commit=Search</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><h5 class="ydp6152aa08x1heor9g ydp6152aa08x1qlqyl8 ydp6152aa08x1pd3egz ydp6152aa08x1a2a7pz ydp6152aa08xyorhqc ydp6152aa08xtvhhri ydp6152aa08x1anpbxc" style="color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 10px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-transform: uppercase;"><span class="ydp6152aa08x193iq5w ydp6152aa08xeuugli ydp6152aa08x13faqbe ydp6152aa08x1vvkbs ydp6152aa08x1xmvt09 ydp6152aa08x6prxxf ydp6152aa08xvq8zen ydp6152aa08x1xlr1w8 ydp6152aa08xi81zsa" style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 1.3333; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px;">SPECIFIED RISK MATERIALS DOCKET NUMBER DOCKET NO. FSIS-2022-0027 SINGELTARY SUBMISSION ATTACHMENT</span></h5></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FSIS-2022-0027-0002" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/FSIS-2022-0027-0002</a><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/FSIS-2022-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/FSIS-2022-0027-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">SO, WHO'S UP FOR SOME MORE TSE PRION POKER, WHO'S ALL IN $$$ </span></div></pre></div></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><div>SO, ATYPICAL SCRAPIE ROUGHLY HAS 50 50 CHANCE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE IS CONTAGIOUS, AS NON-CONTAGIOUS, TAKE YOUR PICK, BUT I SAID IT LONG AGO WHEN USDA OIE ET AL MADE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE A LEGAL TRADING COMMODITY, I SAID YOUR PUTTING THE CART BEFORE THE HORSE, AND THAT'S EXACTLY WHAT THEY DID, and it's called in Texas, TEXAS TSE PRION HOLDEM POKER, WHO'S ALL IN $$$</div><div><br /></div><div>***> AS is considered more likely (subjective probability range 50–66%) that AS is a non-contagious, rather than a contagious, disease.</div><div><br /></div><div dir="ltr">SNIP...SEE;</div><div><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr">THURSDAY, JULY 8, 2021 </div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr">EFSA Scientific report on the analysis of the 2‐year compulsory intensified monitoring of atypical scrapie</div></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/07/efsa-scientific-report-on-analysis-of.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/07/efsa-scientific-report-on-analysis-of.html</a></div></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; letter-spacing: inherit;"><div class="ydp53249160yiv8123670832eletters-comment__description ydp53249160yiv8123670832serif ydp53249160yiv8123670832text-ellipses ydp53249160yiv8123670832truncated ydp53249160yiv8123670832collapse ydp53249160yiv8123670832show" id="ydp53249160yiv8123670832x697946"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="color: #29303b;"><div style="color: black; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><div style="background-color: #fefefe; font-family: Helvetica;"><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; text-align: justify;"><div class="ydp53249160yiv8123670832SubmissionTitle" id="ydp53249160yiv8123670832ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">TUESDAY, MAY 31, 2022 </div><div class="ydp53249160yiv8123670832SubmissionTitle" id="ydp53249160yiv8123670832ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">USA Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE: description of typical and atypical cases </div><div class="ydp53249160yiv8123670832SubmissionTitle" id="ydp53249160yiv8123670832ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/05/usa-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/05/usa-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a></div></div></div></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 13, 2022 </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">BSE pathogenesis in the ileal Peyer’s patches and the central and peripheral nervous system of young cattle 8 months post oral BSE challenge</span><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/09/bse-pathogenesis-in-ileal-peyers.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/09/bse-pathogenesis-in-ileal-peyers.html</a></span></div></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;">TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 07, 2021</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;">Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE OIE, FDA 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS, and Ingestion Therefrom</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: blue; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-size: 15px;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin USA</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/10/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: blue; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/10/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></div></div></div></div></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;">WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 12, 2022 </span></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin USA, what if?</span><br /></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></span></div></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">PLOS ONE Journal </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">*** Singeltary reply ; Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics of BSE in Canada Singeltary reply ;</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/4f9be886-69fe-4c7c-922b-85b0ecbe6d53" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/4f9be886-69fe-4c7c-922b-85b0ecbe6d53</a><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr., 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMT</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">***however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">***Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc detection by PMCA only.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">*** IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure ***</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div><div>MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 19, 2022 </div><div><br /></div><div>589.2001 BSE TSE regulations which prohibits the use of high-risk cattle material in feed for all animal species 2022<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2022/09/5892001-bse-tse-regulations-which.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2022/09/5892001-bse-tse-regulations-which.html</a></div></div><div> </div><div>SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 24, 2022 </div><div><br /></div><div>Transmission of CH1641 in cattle </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/09/transmission-of-ch1641-in-cattle.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/09/transmission-of-ch1641-in-cattle.html</a></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 17px;">FRIDAY, APRIL 1, 2022 </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 17px;">USDA TAKES THE C OUT OF COOL, what's up with that?</span><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 17px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://naiscoolyes.blogspot.com/2022/04/usda-takes-c-out-of-cool-whats-up-with.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://naiscoolyes.blogspot.com/2022/04/usda-takes-c-out-of-cool-whats-up-with.html</a></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><div class="ydp53249160yiv8123670832SubmissionTitle" id="ydp53249160yiv8123670832ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">MONDAY, JUNE 6, 2022 </div><div class="ydp53249160yiv8123670832SubmissionTitle" id="ydp53249160yiv8123670832ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">APHIS USDA History Highlight: APHIS Combats Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Published Jun 1, 2022<br /></div><div class="ydp53249160yiv8123670832SubmissionTitle" id="ydp53249160yiv8123670832ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/06/aphis-usda-history-highlight-aphis.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/06/aphis-usda-history-highlight-aphis.html</a></div><div class="ydp53249160yiv8123670832SubmissionTitle" id="ydp53249160yiv8123670832ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">MONDAY, NOVEMBER 30, 2020 </span></div></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div>***> REPORT OF THE MEETING OF THE OIE SCIENTIFIC COMMISSION FOR ANIMAL DISEASES Paris, 9–13 September 2019 BSE, TSE, PRION</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>see updated concerns with atypical BSE from feed and zoonosis...terry</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/11/report-of-meeting-of-oie-scientific.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/11/report-of-meeting-of-oie-scientific.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div>WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 8, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Importation of Sheep, Goats, and Certain Other Ruminants AGENCY: Animal APHIA, USDA, FINAL RULE [Docket No. APHIS–2009–0095] RIN 0579–AD10 </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/12/importation-of-sheep-goats-and-certain.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/12/importation-of-sheep-goats-and-certain.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>WEDNESDAY, MARCH 24, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 2020 IMPACT REPORT BSE TSE Prion Testing and Surveillance MIA </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/usda-animal-and-plant-health-inspection.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/usda-animal-and-plant-health-inspection.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>SUNDAY, MARCH 21, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Investigation Results of Texas Cow That Tested Positive for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Aug. 30, 2005 Singeltary's Regiew 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/investigation-results-of-texas-cow-that.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/investigation-results-of-texas-cow-that.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>THURSDAY, AUGUST 20, 2020 </div><div><br /></div><div>Why is USDA "only" BSE TSE Prion testing 25,000 samples a year? </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/08/why-is-usda-only-bse-tse-prion-testing.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/08/why-is-usda-only-bse-tse-prion-testing.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div dir="ltr"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;">THURSDAY, JANUARY 23, 2020</span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;">USDA Consolidates Regulations for NAHLN Laboratory Testing USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service </span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;">sent this bulletin at 01/23/2020 02:15 PM EST</span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2020/01/usda-consolidates-regulations-for-nahln.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2020/01/usda-consolidates-regulations-for-nahln.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">WEDNESDAY, APRIL 24, 2019 </span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: small;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">USDA Announces Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Detection Aug 29, 2018 A Review of Science 2019</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Saturday, July 23, 2016</span></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY BSE TSE PRION SURVEILLANCE, TESTING, AND SRM REMOVAL UNITED STATE OF AMERICA UPDATE JULY 2016</span></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Tuesday, July 26, 2016</span></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion UPDATE JULY 2016</span></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Monday, June 20, 2016</span></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Specified Risk Materials SRMs BSE TSE Prion Program</span></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue;" target="_blank">http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div dir="ltr"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: small; letter-spacing: inherit;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">*** PLEASE SEE THIS URGENT UPDATE ON CWD AND FEED ANIMAL PROTEIN ***</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Sunday, March 20, 2016</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Docket No. FDA-2003-D-0432 (formerly 03D-0186) Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed ***UPDATED MARCH 2016*** Singeltary Submission</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery</a></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">SEE MAD COW FEED VIOLATIONS AFER MAD COW FEED VIOLATIONS ;</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2003-d-0432-formerly-03d.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2003-d-0432-formerly-03d.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Tuesday, April 19, 2016</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Docket No. FDA-2013-N-0764 for Animal Feed Regulatory Program Standards Singeltary Comment Submission</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2003-D-0432-0011" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2003-D-0432-0011</a></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">17 years post mad cow feed ban August 1997 </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Monday, October 26, 2015 </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OIA UPDATE October 2015 </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Tuesday, December 23, 2014 </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEEDVIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OAI UPDATE DECEMBER 2014 BSE TSE PRION </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a></div><div><br /></div></div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">16 years post mad cow feed ban August 1997 2013 </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Sunday, December 15, 2013 </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OIA UPDATE DECEMBER 2013 UPDATE </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.22em;">Saturday, August 29, 2009</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.22em;">FOIA REQUEST FEED RECALL 2009 Product may have contained prohibited materials Bulk Whole Barley, Recall # V-256-2009</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.22em;"> Friday, September 4, 2009</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.22em;">FOIA REQUEST ON FEED RECALL PRODUCT 429,128 lbs. feed for ruminant animals may have been contaminated with prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.22em;">Thursday, March 19, 2009</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.22em;">MILLIONS AND MILLIONS OF POUNDS OF MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE USA WITH ONGOING 12 YEARS OF DENIAL NOW, WHY IN THE WORLD DO WE TO TALK ABOUT THIS ANYMORE $$$</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/03/millions-and-millions-of-pounds-of-mad.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/03/millions-and-millions-of-pounds-of-mad.html</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2009/10/cvm-annual-report-fiscal-year-2008.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2009/10/cvm-annual-report-fiscal-year-2008.html</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; letter-spacing: inherit;">SATURDAY, OCTOBER 8, 2022 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; letter-spacing: inherit;">Cattle with the EK211 PRNP polymorphism are susceptible to the H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent from either E211K or wild type donors after oronasal inoculation </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; letter-spacing: inherit;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/10/cattle-with-ek211-prnp-polymorphism-are.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/10/cattle-with-ek211-prnp-polymorphism-are.html</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; letter-spacing: inherit;"><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">MONDAY, AUGUST 29, 2022 </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies 2021 Annual Report </span><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/08/pathobiology-genetics-and-detection-of.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2022/08/pathobiology-genetics-and-detection-of.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr">Terry S. Singeltary Sr., Bacliff, Texas USA, 77518 flounder9@verizon.net</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: inherit; text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33182925.post-46966615713127820772022-12-12T16:44:00.003-06:002022-12-12T16:44:43.451-06:00Idiopathic Brainstem Neuronal Chromatolysis (IBNC) TSE Prion disease<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Idiopathic Brainstem Neuronal Chromatolysis (IBNC) TSE Prion disease</span></p><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;">Identification of Idiopathic Brainstem Neuronal Chromatolysis (IBNC) in group 5 samples One of the 21 samples identified in group 5 was shown to have IBNC following histological investigation (03/00002) (figure 8). </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 16px;"><div><div><br /></div><div>Concurrently, we investigated the PrP distribution in known cases of IBNC (Jeffrey et al 2008; “Idiopathic Brainstem Neuronal Chromatolysis (IBNC): a novel prion protein related disorder of cattle?” BMC Vet Res. 2008 Sep 30;4:38. The IHC and histology profile of this case was very similar to that of the known IBNC cases.</div><div><br /></div><div>Investigation of the distribution and molecular characteristics of PrP from known IBNC </div><div><br /></div><div>See also: Idiopathic Brainstem Neuronal Chromatolysis (IBNC): a novel prion protein related disorder of cattle? Jeffrey M, Perez BB, Martin S, Terry L, González L. BMC Vet Res. 2008 Sep 30;4:38 </div><div><br /></div><div>Further investigations demonstrated that 57% the assays performed on the confirmed IBNC samples, using the 0.3 Bio-Rad TeSeE assay (n=42), gave values above those of the test kit control and also the BSE negative brain pool control. </div><div><br /></div><div>Half brains from six IBNC affected animals were retrieved from the TSE archive alongside the brainstem from a seventh animal. </div><div><br /></div><div>The cortex, brainstem, cerebellum and midbrain from these brains were sub-sampled and the adapted Bio-Rad TeSeE EIA, IDEXX Herdchek and Western Blot protocols applied to these tissues, in order to determine whether they could represent a form of atypical BSE. </div><div><br /></div><div>These samples had previously been found to be negative using the commercial Bio-Rad EIA and re-testing using this assay and the IDEXX Herdchek assay confirmed their negative status. </div><div><br /></div><div>When assayed using the adapted Bio-Rad protocol at 0.3µl/ml PK, 24/42 (57%) of the sample assays performed gave values above those of the test kit control and also the BSE negative brain pool control. </div><div><br /></div><div>Values above twice that of the calculated cut-off levels were found for each case but not for each brain site No PrPres was detected when Western blotting these samples at either 20 or 4µl/ml PK but a signal was detected on the gels when blotted at the 0.12 and 0.3µl/ml PK levels. </div><div><br /></div><div>At 0.12µl/ml PK the IBNC samples were indistinguishable from the negative controls but at the 0.3µl/ml level more PrPres was detected in the IBNC cases than in the controls with each of the antibodies tested (SHA31, F99, SAF84 and P4). Illustrations of the F99 blot are shown in the paper. Other data not shown.</div><div><br /></div><div>These data suggest that IBNC affected cattle abnormally express or accumulate PrP in brain and that the abnormal PrP is not strongly resistant to protease digestion. The results suggest that either the range of prion diseases is still wider than previously thought or that abnormalities of prion protein expression may be associated with brain lesions unconnected with prion disorders. </div><div><br /></div><div>Biochemical and transmission studies are planned in order to investigate further (under SE2014).</div></div><div><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr">snip...</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr">IBNC is likely to represent a subset of this group of cattle. Based on these data, our overall conclusion is that a second type of BSE is unlikely to have co-existed at a high prevalence with the classical form in the cattle population during the UK epidemic.<br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><span style="color: #0b0c0c; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: 700;">Final Report - Annex</span><span style="color: #0b0c0c; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: 700;"> : </span>Atypical prion proteins in cattle (10064k) <br /></div><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><span style="color: #0b0c0c; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: 700;">Final Report - SID5</span><span style="color: #0b0c0c; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: 700;"> : </span>Atypical prion proteins in cattle (201k) <br /></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://randd.defra.gov.uk/ProjectDetails?ProjectID=14257&FromSearch=Y&Publisher=1&SearchText=SE1796&SortString=ProjectCode&SortOrder=Asc&Paging=10" style="color: #196ad4;">randd.defra.gov.uk/ProjectDetails?ProjectID=14257&FromSearch=Y&Publisher=1&SearchText=SE1796&SortString=ProjectCode&SortOrder=Asc&Paging=10</a><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><div>SEAC 102/2</div><div><br /></div><div>NEW RESULTS ON IDIOPATHIC BRAINSTEM NEURONAL CHROMATOLYSIS FROM THE VETERINARY LABORATORIES AGENCY</div><div><br /></div><div>ISSUE</div><div><br /></div><div>1. The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) has asked SEAC to consider a research article (Annex A) entitled “Idiopathic Brainstem Neuronal Chromatolysis (IBNC): a novel prion protein related disorder of cattle?” produced by the Veterinary Laboratories Agency.</div><div><br /></div><div>2. Martin Jeffrey, the lead author of the article, will be present at the meeting to present an overview and answer questions.</div><div><br /></div><div>BACKGROUND</div><div><br /></div><div>3. IBNC is a rare1 neurodegenerative disease of adult cattle. This disorder has some clinical similarity to BSE and was initially recognised from histological examination of cattle brains submitted as part of the UK surveillance for BSE diagnosis in 1989. However, the brains of IBNC-affected cattle have pathological features which are clearly different from those seen in BSE. Most cases have been detected in Scotland, but it is not known if this is a true distribution or primarily because Scottish scientists have examined BSE negative cases in more detail. The last reported case of IBNC in an animal presented as a BSE suspect was in 2005, in an animal born in 1992.</div><div><br /></div><div>PREVIOUS CONSIDERATION BY SEAC</div><div><br /></div><div>4. SEAC first considered IBNC at its 14th meeting (April 1993) and emphasised the importance of defining the new condition in detail with</div><div><br /></div><div>1 Between the years 1988 and 1991 IBNC occurred in Scotland with an incidence of 7 cases per 100,000 beef suckler cattle over the age of 6 years (from Annex A).</div><div><br /></div><div>transmission studies and PrP examination. The next discussion was at the 19th meeting (June 1995), when the committee reflected on results of transmission studies in mice (VM, RIII, C57 and C57xVM mice) from brains of two cattle with IBNC. Some mice had shown signs of TSE disease, but it was suggested this could have been due to low level BSE contamination of the samples. The committee recommended that further investigations should be carried out on isolates from brains of IBNC cases with removal of the brain and subsequent handling under conditions that would prevent contamination.</div><div><br /></div><div>5. At the 49th meeting (March 1998) the committee considered a further IBNC transmission study in which the brain from an IBNC case was removed under aseptic conditions. The mouse strains challenged were RIII, VM, C57BL, C57BL x VM and IM. These experiments ran for between 577 and 631 days and no clinical signs of transmission were evident. The Committee stated2 it was content that, although little was known about IBNC, it did not constitute a health risk to man because suspect IBNC cases would be taken as BSE suspects or caught by the Over Thirty Months (OTM) Scheme.</div><div><br /></div><div>6. Annex B contains the minutes of the discussions on IBNC at previous SEAC meetings.</div><div><br /></div><div>NEW RESULTS</div><div><br /></div><div>7. The research article “Idiopathic Brainstem Neuronal Chromatolysis (IBNC): a novel prion protein related disorder of cattle?” was published in September 2008. The cases studied concerned brains from cattle killed between 1993 and 2005 when they were between 5 and 15 years of age. All of the 15 cattle tested showed that the brains had abnormally accumulated prion protein.</div><div><br /></div><div>8. Defra has asked that SEAC considers the VLA paper in order to confirm or revise its previous views on this disorder as:</div><div><br /></div><div>• This is the first time IBNC has been shown to be associated with abnormal expression or accumulation of the prion protein.</div><div><br /></div><div>• The previous transmission studies conducted in the 1990s were inconclusive and repeat studies are planned.</div><div><br /></div><div>• IBNC is thought to be rare but the exact prevalence of the disorder is unknown, as IBNC would not be picked up through the</div><div><br /></div><div>2 At 49th SEAC meeting (9th March 1998), paragraph 52, see Annex B.</div><div><br /></div><div>active surveillance programme for BSE which uses rapid post-mortem tests to detect proteinase-K resistant PrPSc.</div><div><br /></div><div>9. Additionally, TSE controls on older cattle have changed since the previous SEAC advice in 1998. For example the OTM Scheme, which was in operation then, has now been replaced with testing of cattle slaughtered for human consumption aged over 48 months. Other controls remain, such as compulsory notification of suspected BSE, ante-mortem inspection, specified risk for cattle slaughtered for human consumption and a ban on cattle born or reared in UK before 1st August 1996 entering the food chain.</div><div><br /></div><div>FUTURE RESEARCH</div><div><br /></div><div>10. VLA are hoping to carry out further mouse transmission studies of IBNC cases as part of a larger project, on TSE molecular sciences, about which Defra is currently in advanced negotiations with VLA. If new cases of IBNC occur, it is planned that the brains from 2 cases of IBNC will be obtained and bioassayed in transgenic mouse lines, expressing bovine PrP or ovine PrP (PrP genotype AHQ), developed by the VLA.</div><div><br /></div><div>ADVICE SOUGHT</div><div><br /></div><div>11. The committee is asked to consider:</div><div><br /></div><div>• if the paper changes the previous opinion of SEAC in 1998?</div><div><br /></div><div>• if members have any comments on the further research planned?</div><div><br /></div><div>SEAC SECRETARIAT</div><div><br /></div><div>FEBRUARY 2009</div><div><br /></div><div>ANNEX A</div><div><br /></div><div>A copy of the paper “Idiopathic Brainstem Neuronal</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>full text ;</div><div><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><div><div>SEAC SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY ADVISORY COMMITTEE</div><div><br /></div><div>SEAC 102/2</div><div><br /></div><div>NEW RESULTS ON IDIOPATHIC BRAINSTEM NEURONAL CHROMATOLYSIS FROM THE VETERINARY LABORATORIES AGENCY ISSUE</div><div><br /></div><div>1. The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) has asked SEAC to consider a research article (Annex A) entitled “Idiopathic Brainstem Neuronal Chromatolysis (IBNC): a novel prion protein related disorder of cattle?” produced by the Veterinary Laboratories Agency.</div><div><br /></div><div>2. Martin Jeffrey, the lead author of the article, will be present at the meeting to present an overview and answer questions.</div><div><br /></div><div>BACKGROUND</div><div><br /></div><div>3. IBNC is a rare1 neurodegenerative disease of adult cattle. This disorder has some clinical similarity to BSE and was initially recognised from histological examination of cattle brains submitted as part of the UK surveillance for BSE diagnosis in 1989. However, the brains of IBNC-affected cattle have pathological features which are clearly different from those seen in BSE. Most cases have been detected in Scotland, but it is not known if this is a true distribution or primarily because Scottish scientists have examined BSE negative cases in more detail. The last reported case of IBNC in an animal presented as a BSE suspect was in 2005, in an animal born in 1992.</div><div><br /></div><div>PREVIOUS CONSIDERATION BY SEAC</div><div><br /></div><div>4. SEAC first considered IBNC at its 14th meeting (April 1993) and emphasised the importance of defining the new condition in detail with</div><div><br /></div><div>1 Between the years 1988 and 1991 IBNC occurred in Scotland with an incidence of 7 cases per 100,000 beef suckler cattle over the age of 6 years (from Annex A). transmission studies and PrP examination. The next discussion was at the 19th meeting (June 1995), when the committee reflected on results of transmission studies in mice (VM, RIII, C57 and C57xVM mice) from brains of two cattle with IBNC. Some mice had shown signs of TSE disease, but it was suggested this could have been due to low level BSE contamination of the samples. The committee recommended that further investigations should be carried out on isolates from brains of IBNC cases with removal of the brain and subsequent handling under conditions that would prevent contamination.</div><div><br /></div><div>5. At the 49th meeting (March 1998) the committee considered a further IBNC transmission study in which the brain from an IBNC case was removed under aseptic conditions. The mouse strains challenged were RIII, VM, C57BL, C57BL x VM and IM. These experiments ran for between 577 and 631 days and no clinical signs of transmission were evident. The Committee stated2 it was content that, although little was known about IBNC, it did not constitute a health risk to man because suspect IBNC cases would be taken as BSE suspects or caught by the Over Thirty Months (OTM) Scheme.</div><div><br /></div><div>6. Annex B contains the minutes of the discussions on IBNC at previous SEAC meetings.</div><div><br /></div><div>NEW RESULTS</div><div><br /></div><div>7. The research article “Idiopathic Brainstem Neuronal Chromatolysis (IBNC): a novel prion protein related disorder of cattle?” was published in September 2008. The cases studied concerned brains from cattle killed between 1993 and 2005 when they were between 5 and 15 years of age. All of the 15 cattle tested showed that the brains had abnormally accumulated prion protein.</div><div><br /></div><div>8. Defra has asked that SEAC considers the VLA paper in order to confirm or revise its previous views on this disorder as:</div><div><br /></div><div>• This is the first time IBNC has been shown to be associated with abnormal expression or accumulation of the prion protein.</div><div><br /></div><div>• The previous transmission studies conducted in the 1990s were inconclusive and repeat studies are planned.</div><div><br /></div><div>• IBNC is thought to be rare but the exact prevalence of the disorder is unknown, as IBNC would not be picked up through the</div><div><br /></div><div>2 At 49th SEAC meeting (9th March 1998), paragraph 52, see Annex B. active surveillance programme for BSE which uses rapid postmortem tests to detect proteinase-K resistant PrPSc.</div><div><br /></div><div>9. Additionally, TSE controls on older cattle have changed since the previous SEAC advice in 1998. For example the OTM Scheme, which was in operation then, has now been replaced with testing of cattle slaughtered for human consumption aged over 48 months. Other controls remain, such as compulsory notification of suspected BSE, ante-mortem inspection, specified risk for cattle slaughtered for human consumption and a ban on cattle born or reared in UK before 1st August 1996 entering the food chain.</div><div><br /></div><div>FUTURE RESEARCH</div><div><br /></div><div>10. VLA are hoping to carry out further mouse transmission studies of IBNC cases as part of a larger project, on TSE molecular sciences, about which Defra is currently in advanced negotiations with VLA. If new cases of IBNC occur, it is planned that the brains from 2 cases of IBNC will be obtained and bioassayed in transgenic mouse lines, expressing bovine PrP or ovine PrP (PrP genotype AHQ), developed by the VLA.</div><div><br /></div><div>ADVICE SOUGHT</div><div><br /></div><div>11. The committee is asked to consider:</div><div><br /></div><div>• if the paper changes the previous opinion of SEAC in 1998?</div><div><br /></div><div>• if members have any comments on the further research planned?</div><div><br /></div><div>SEAC SECRETARIAT</div><div><br /></div><div>FEBRUARY 2009</div><div><br /></div><div>ANNEX A</div><div><br /></div><div>A copy of the paper “Idiopathic Brainstem Neuronal Chromatolysis (IBNC): a novel prion protein related disorder of cattle?”</div><div><br /></div><div>ANNEX B</div><div><br /></div><div>FROM MINUTES OF 14TH SEAC MEETING – 22 APRIL 1993</div><div><br /></div><div>12. The Committee emphasised the importance of defining this new condition in detail with transmission studies and PrP examination (3 had already been examined for PrP, all negative). The total number of cases was now 50 with still only one in England.</div><div><br /></div><div>FROM MINUTES OF 18TH SEAC MEETING – 10 FEBRUARY 1995</div><div><br /></div><div>16. A Member told the Committee that no infectivity (by bioassay in mice) nor PrP had been found in the brains of idiopathic brainstem chromatolysis and hippocampal sclerosis cases. It is thought that the condition might be caused by a dietary deficiency, or some other metabolic disease.</div><div><br /></div><div>FROM MINUTES OF 19TH SEAC MEETING – 21 JUNE 1995</div><div><br /></div><div>29. A Member described the results of transmission studies in mice from brains of two cows with IBNC (paper SEAC 19/8). At the previous meeting of SEAC, and at the review of R&D, it had been announced that there was no clinical observation of a scrapie-like disease in mice: this information had proved to be incorrect for a number of reasons. Of the mice inoculated with brain tissue from the first cow, there had been mild transient clinical signs, one had shown equivocal lesions of SE but PrP studies had proved negative. From the second cow there were two definite cases of SE though the lesion distribution and incubation period were not the same as seen in mice inoculated with brain from BSE cases or any characterised strain of scrapie. The lesions in these two mice were PrP positive. There was no obvious evidence of any mix up though one possible area of cross-contamination was during the necropsy in the Perth VIC. More evidence would be needed and further transmission studies to validate the results and proposals were put forward for further study.</div><div><br /></div><div>30. The Committee noted that the results were unusual. They questioned whether there could be coincidental BSE infection or contamination with scrapie. The Chair noted that the feeling of the Committee was that this did not represent a new agent but it was important to be prepared to say something publicly about these findings. A suggested line to take was that these were scientifically unpublishable results but in line with the policy of openness they would be made publicly available and further work done to test their validity. Since the BSE precautions were applied to IBNC cases, human health was protected. Further investigations should be carried out on isolations from brains of IBNC cases with removal of the brain and subsequent handling under strict conditions to avoid the risk of any contamination. 31. A Member informed the Committee that the CVO had informed the CMO about the IBNC results and the transmission from retina and he, like the Committee was satisfied that the controls already in place or proposed were adequate.</div><div><br /></div><div>FROM MINUTES OF 42ND SEAC MEETING – 23 MAY 1997</div><div><br /></div><div>62. The Committee were advised that the paper had been circulated for information, and that no further action was proposed until further results were available unless the Committee felt otherwise. The Committee noted the paper.</div><div><br /></div><div>FROM MINUTES OF 49TH SEAC MEETING – 9 MARCH 1998</div><div><br /></div><div>52. The Committee had expressed concern last year that IBNC could be a transmissible disease. Mouse assays from cases had been undertaken and SEAC 49/8 was an update on information given to the Committee last year. The positive results obtained from the earlier transmission experiments were now thought probably to have been due to BSE strain 301V contamination in the laboratory. Consequently no firm conclusion could be drawn from them on whether IBNC is transmissible. The latest transmission study, had been running for between 577 and 631 days with no evidence of transmission to date. The Committee were informed that the IBNC cases had tested negative by immunohistochemistry. The Committee were content that, although little was known about IBNC, it did not constitute a health risk to man. Suspect IBNC cases would be taken as BSE suspects or caught by the Over Thirty Months Scheme. </div></div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><div><a href="http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/102-2.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/102-2.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091010133304/http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/102-2.pdf" style="color: #196ad4;">web.archive.org/web/20091010133304/http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/102-2.pdf</a><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr">1. Dr. Jeffrey has informed me that Gerald Wells is aware of the research results as a result of discussion with him before he knew of the political implications. I have discussed the issue with Gerald and informed him of the importance of confidentiality at this state.</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr">2. In order to obtain data requested by the CVO and to get an epidemiological viewpoint on how to proceed I considered it necessary to disclose the information to John Wilesmith on the same confidential basis. Before doing so I discussed this with Dr. Little and he agreed. Accordingly John is full infomred and my minuted dated 4 April has been sent to him, Gerald and Martin Jeffrey - the last mentioned to check that there are no significant errors. </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr">3. Please note that a large number of the professional staff at NPU probably know about the transmission data. I have asked David Taylor to maximise the security of this information which is important with BSEP meetings coming up.</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr">4. I have spoken to Prof Mark Vandevelde in Berne and he confirms he has seen cases of IBNC in Switzerland. He has not been informed of our transmission results.</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr">snip...see</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><a href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20090323150948/http://www.mrc.ac.uk/consumption/groups/public/documents/content/mrc003186.pdf" style="color: #196ad4;">webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20090323150948/http://www.mrc.ac.uk/consumption/groups/public/documents/content/mrc003186.pdf</a><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr">IBNC IN OTHER COUNTRIES</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr">Two or Three cases of IBNC have been identified during the BSE era, in Switzerland. Two were checked for SAF and PrPSc, both with negative result.</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr">TRANSMISSION STUDIES</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr">Brain tissue from one 9 1/2y Limousin and one 5y Herford cross cow, both with IBNC, has been inoculated into RIII, C57 Black and SV congenic mice. </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr">Transmission of SE and a prion disease (shown by positive ICC, detection of PrPSc in brain sections) has occurred in two of 24 RIII mice inoculated with with brain material from the Hereford cross cow. Two further brains from mice inoculated with the Hereford cross brain are equivocal, as is one inoculated with Limousin brain (ICC not yet done). No disease has occurred in mice other than RIIIs and some remain alive. The incubation period in four RIII mice inoculated with Hereford brain material ranges from 398 - 427 days.</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr">SOURCES OF INFECTION IN RIII MICE</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr">A thorough internal audit has revealed no laboratory origin for infection, or error. The possibility of cross contamination of the cow brains in the VIC in which they were removed cannot be excluded.</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr">HUMAN HEALTH PROTECTION </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr">The public is protected from any possible risk from infection with IBNC agent (if one exists) by the same measures as for BSE, incineration of suspect cases and the SBO ban.</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr">snip...</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20090506014936/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/evidence/yb/1995may.htm" style="color: #196ad4;">webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20090506014936/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/evidence/yb/1995may.htm</a></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr">mad cow wrangling starts with IBNC $$$</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20090506014941/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/evidence/yb/1995jul.htm" style="color: #196ad4;">webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20090506014941/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/evidence/yb/1995jul.htm</a><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20090506014941/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/evidence/yb/1995jul.htm" style="color: #196ad4;">webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20090506014941/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/evidence/yb/1995jul.htm</a><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20090506015108/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/evidence/yb/1995aug.htm" style="color: #196ad4;">webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20090506015108/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/evidence/yb/1995aug.htm</a><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20090506015108/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/evidence/yb/1995aug.htm" style="color: #196ad4;">webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20090506015108/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/evidence/yb/1995aug.htm</a><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20090506015108/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/evidence/yb/1995aug.htm" style="color: #196ad4;">webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20090506015108/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/evidence/yb/1995aug.htm</a><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20090506015103/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/evidence/yb/1995sep.htm" style="color: #196ad4;">webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20090506015103/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/evidence/yb/1995sep.htm</a><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr">SAMPLES RECEIVED</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr">2. A total of 35 cases have been identified out of 196 cattle identified as potential candidates under this project. Diagnosis for the 196 cattle are provided in the appended table, where NSL stands for no significant lesions. </div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr">The project has thus identified 36 percent of all the confirmed cases of IBNC in Scotland, with the total now standing at 97.</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr">EPIDEMIOLOGY</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr">3. The epidemiological summary is based on 84 confirmed IBNC cases, and therefore includes cases identified before project started.</div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20090506015103/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/evidence/yb/1995sep.htm" style="color: #196ad4;">webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20090506015103/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/evidence/yb/1995sep.htm</a><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20090506015048/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/evidence/yb/1995oct.htm" style="color: #196ad4;">webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20090506015048/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/evidence/yb/1995oct.htm</a><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20090506015048/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/evidence/yb/1995oct.htm" style="color: #196ad4;">webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20090506015048/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/evidence/yb/1995oct.htm</a><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20090506015048/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/evidence/yb/1995oct.htm" style="color: #196ad4;">webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20090506015048/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/evidence/yb/1995oct.htm</a><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20090506015103/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/evidence/yb/1995sep.htm" style="color: #196ad4;">webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20090506015103/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/evidence/yb/1995sep.htm</a><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><br /></div><div>>>>All of the 15 cattle tested showed that the brains had abnormally accumulated prion protein. <<<</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><div>Broadening spectrum of bovine spongiform encephalopathies</div><div><br /></div><div>M Füzi 1, P Horváth</div><div><br /></div><div>Until recently the etiology of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) was considered uniform. The infectious agent was thought to be a single strain of prion (posttranslationally altered form of normal prion protein: PrPSc) retaining its biochemical and biological characteristics during interspecies transmission. However, alternate PrPSc signatures through large-scale screening have recently been detected. In addition, genetic alterations governing susceptibility to prion infection and a mutation (E211K) capable of eliciting spontaneous BSE have been demonstrated. Thus, the spectrum of BSEs have broadened and three PrPSc variants (BSE-C, BSE-H and BSE-L) are now defined. Moreover, a new condition resembling BSE, idiopathic brainstem neuronal chromatolysis (IBNC), has been described that may also turn out to be a prion disease. Since one of the new BSE variants, L-type BSE, proved highly pathogenic detection and further characterization of the new conditions are essential.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://akjournals.com/view/journals/030/56/1/article-p53.xml" style="color: #196ad4;">akjournals.com/view/journals/030/56/1/article-p53.xml</a></div></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><div><div>Research article Open Access</div><div><br /></div><div>Idiopathic Brainstem Neuronal Chromatolysis (IBNC): a novel prion protein related disorder of cattle?</div><div><br /></div><div>Martin Jeffrey*1, Belinda Baquero Perez2, Stuart Martin1, Linda Terry2 and Lorenzo González1</div><div><br /></div><div>Address: 1Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA-Lasswade), Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK and 2VLA-Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK</div><div><br /></div><div>Email: Martin Jeffrey* - m.jeffrey@vla.defra.gsi.gov.uk; Belinda Baquero Perez - b.baquero-perez@vla.defra.gsi.gov.uk; Stuart Martin - s.f.martin@vla.defra.gsi.gov.uk; Linda Terry - l.terry@vla.defra.gsi.gov.uk; Lorenzo González - l.gonzalez@vla.defra.gsi.gov.uk * Corresponding author</div><div><br /></div><div>Abstract</div><div><br /></div><div>Background: The epidemic form of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) is generally considered to have been caused by a single prion strain but at least two strain variants of cattle prion disorders have recently been recognized. An additional neurodegenerative condition, idiopathic brainstem neuronal chromatolysis and hippocampal sclerosis (IBNC), a rare neurological disease of adult cattle, was also recognised in a sub-set of cattle submitted under the BSE Orders in which lesions of BSE were absent. Between the years of 1988 and 1991 IBNC occurred in Scotland with an incidence of 7 cases per 100,000 beef suckler cows over the age of 6 years.</div><div><br /></div><div>Results: When the brains of 15 IBNC cases were each tested by immunohistochemistry, all showed abnormal labelling for prion protein (PrP). Immunohistological labelling for PrP was also present in the retina of a single case available for examination. The pattern of PrP labelling in brain is distinct from that seen in other ruminant prion diseases and is absent from brains with other inflammatory conditions and from normal control brains. Brains of IBNC cattle do not reveal abnormal PrP isoforms when tested by the commercial BioRad or Idexx test kits and do not reveal PrPres when tested by Western blotting using stringent proteinase digestion methods. However, some weakly protease resistant isoforms of PrP may be detected when tissues are examined using mild proteinase digestion techniques.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusion: The study shows that a distinctive neurological disorder of cattle, which has some clinical similarities to BSE, is associated with abnormal PrP labelling in brain but the pathology and biochemistry of IBNC are distinct from BSE. The study is important either because it raises the possibility of a significant increase in the scope of prion disease or because it demonstrates that widespread and consistent PrP alterations may not be confined to prion diseases. Further studies, including transmission experiments, are needed to establish whether IBNC is a condition in which prion protein is abnormally regulated or it is yet a further example of an infectious cattle prion disease.</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusion</div><div><br /></div><div>The present results indicate that there are changes in PrP expression or accumulation in the neurodegenerative cattle disorder known as IBNC. The pathology and biochemistry of IBNC are quite distinct from that of other prion diseases of cattle and other species but the pathology does include grey matter spongiform changes. The transmissibility of this disorder is undetermined. These results are interesting as they show that either the range of prion diseases and associated pathology is still wider than previously thought or that substantial abnormalities of prion protein expression may be associated with brain lesions unconnected with classical prion diseases. Further biochemical and transmission studies are needed to determine which of these possibilities is correct.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2569918/pdf/1746-6148-4-38.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2569918/pdf/1746-6148-4-38.pdf</a><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><div><div><div>IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure</div><div><br /></div><div>Posted by flounder on 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMT</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/5adef4ac-a7e4-46a4-8806-c8533d5c862c" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/5adef4ac-a7e4-46a4-8806-c8533d5c862c</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comments?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0129499" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comments?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0129499</a><br /></div><div><br /></div></div><div><span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Segoe UI", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", sans-serif;">Saturday, February 28, 2009</span></div><div><br style="color: #141414; font-family: "Segoe UI", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", sans-serif;" /><span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Segoe UI", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", sans-serif;">NEW RESULTS ON IDIOPATHIC BRAINSTEM NEURONAL CHROMATOLYSIS "All of the 15 cattle tested showed that the brains had abnormally accumulated PrP" 2009</span><br style="color: #141414; font-family: "Segoe UI", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", sans-serif;" /><span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Segoe UI", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #141414; font-family: "Segoe UI", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", sans-serif;">SEAC 102/2</span><br style="color: #141414; font-family: "Segoe UI", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", sans-serif;" /><br style="color: #141414; font-family: "Segoe UI", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Fira Sans", "Droid Sans", sans-serif;" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2009/02/new-results-on-idiopathic-brainstem.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #196ad4;" target="_blank">bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2009/02/new-results-on-idiopathic-brainstem.html</a></div></div><br /></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr"><div>Idiopathic brainstem neuronal chromatolysis and hippocampal sclerosis: a novel encephalopathy in clinically suspect cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy</div><div><br /></div><div>Oct 17, 1992 · Veterinary Record</div><div><br /></div><div>2.69</div><div><br /></div><div>#1M Jeffrey (United Kingdom Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food)H-Index: 1</div><div><br /></div><div>#2JW Wilesmith H-Index: 1</div><div><br /></div><div>Some of the brains submitted for neurohistopathological examination under the Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Orders did not show lesions of BSE. They showed neuronal chromatolysis and necrosis of the brainstem, perivascular cuffs and meningeal infiltrates of mononuclear cells and large irregularly shaped vacuoles in the neuropil. About half of them also showed loss of pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus, with astrocytic gliosis. The topography of the brainstem neuronal degeneration and vacuolation was the same in all the cattle, suggesting that neuronal necrosis and chromatolysis, vacuolation and hippocampal sclerosis are part of a spectrum of changes common to a single disease. The cows affected with such changes came from most parts of Scotland with the largest number from the north east. They were of various breeds, mostly suckler cows, and were aged from six to 16 years. Some cows had had no reported access to feed supplements. Clinically, the cows showed a range of neurological signs: tremor, ataxia, apprehension and weight loss were described in more than 80 per cent of the cases. The cause of the disorder was not determined.</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.scinapse.io/papers/2414412448" style="color: #196ad4;">www.scinapse.io/papers/2414412448</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div></div><div data-setdir="false" dir="ltr">terry</div></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33182925.post-72552192501614204482022-07-20T14:39:00.003-05:002022-07-20T14:39:33.504-05:00Epidemiological verification of the mechanism of occurrence of atypical L-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Epidemiological verification of the mechanism of occurrence of atypical L-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy</span></p><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Transbound Emerg Dis . 2022 Jul;69(4):e299-e308. doi: 10.1111/tbed.14298. Epub 2021 Sep 12.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Epidemiological verification of the mechanism of occurrence of atypical L-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Takateru Daikai 1 2, Takehisa Yamamoto 2 3</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Affiliations</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">1Food Safety Policy Division, Food Safety and Consumer Affairs Bureau, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tokyo, Japan.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">2Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Iwate University, Iwate, Japan.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">3Epidemiology Unit, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">PMID: 34407289 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14298</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Abstract</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Since 2004, a novel bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), distinct from the conventional 'classical BSE' (C-BSE), has been reported as an atypical BSE. Atypical BSE is detected mostly in aged cattle, and it is suggested that atypical BSE may occur spontaneously. Relaxation of the relevant countermeasures such as feed ban, which prevents the use of bovine meat-and-bone meal as feed, has been discussed in recent years owing to the decrease in C-BSE cases. If atypical BSE occurs spontaneously without exposure to an agent called abnormal prion protein (PrPSc ), complete removal of these measures will be difficult. In this study, we verified the possibility that L-BSE, which is a subtype of atypical BSE, occurs spontaneously. We first hypothesized that L-BSE occurs only through the process of infection via oral exposure. If the hypothesis was true, the infection of L-BSE would be mostly limited to calves under 1 year of age due to their high susceptibility, and the feed ban would effectively reduce the number of infected calves by birth cohort. Thus, we created a mathematical model to estimate the number of infected calves by birth cohort and compared the effectiveness of the feed ban on C-BSE and L-BSE. The number of tested animals and detected cases in nine European countries were used for this analysis. Our results showed that the estimated number of infected calves in the birth cohort indicated that feed ban was less effective on L-BSE. This result supports the alternative hypothesis that at least a part of the L-BSE can occur without infection via oral exposure. Our results suggest that the complete abolition of countermeasures, such as feed ban, should be discussed carefully. As for the occurrence mechanism, although there remains uncertainty to reach conclusions, it is reasonable to assume that L-BSE can occur spontaneously at present.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Keywords: bovine spongiform encephalopathy; mathematical model; prion diseases; zoonotic infectious diseases.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">© 2021 Wiley-VCH GmbH.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/tbed.14298" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/tbed.14298</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;"><div style="color: black; font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</span><br clear="none" /></div></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"></span><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div></div><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www..nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span></div></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div><span style="background-color: transparent;">REPORT OF THE MEETING OF THE OIE SCIENTIFIC COMMISSION FOR ANIMAL DISEASES Virtual, 1–11 February 2021 </span><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>iv) Chronic wasting disease</div><div><br /></div><div>The Commission considered the request by the Code Commission for clarification on the rationale for the Commission’s opinion that CWD did not fulfil the criteria for listing, specifically for point 2 of Article 1.2.26 of the Terrestrial Code. The Commission explained that the opinion was based on an extensive consultation process that took into account the opinions of the ad hoc Group on BSE, the Working Group on Wildlife and several subject-matter expert consultations. Based on this extensive consultation, the Commission indicated that the low disease prevalence, the impractical nature of currently available diagnostic tests, and the limited number of control measures make it difficult to eliminate the disease or scientifically provide evidence to demonstrate either freedom or impending freedom. The Commission considered also that despite the implementation of surveillance programmes by some Members, no country can currently demonstrate either freedom or impending freedom from disease. </div></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2021/05/a-scad-feb2021.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2021/05/a-scad-feb2021.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Annex 19</div><div><br /></div><div>WORK PROGRAMME OF THE SCIENTIFIC COMMISSION FOR ANIMAL DISEASES (FEB 2021)</div><div><br /></div><div>Define a procedure for the evaluation of diseases against the listing criteria of Chapter 1.2., and responding to requests for listing decisions</div><div><br /></div><div>Evaluated proposals for (de)listing of:</div><div><br /></div><div>• M. tuberculosis • Infestation of honey bees with Acarapis woodi • Infestation of honey bees with Tropilaelaps spp. </div><div><br /></div><div>• Chronic wasting disease </div><div><br /></div><div>• Atypical BSE</div></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2021/05/a-scad-feb2021.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.woah.org/app/uploads/2021/05/a-scad-feb2021.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div>6.8. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (Chapter 11.4.), Application for official recognition by the OIE of risk status for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (Chapter 1.8.) and Glossary definition for ‘protein meal’</div><div><br /></div><div>Background </div><div><br /></div><div>In February 2018, following preliminary work and scientific exchanges, the Code Commission and the Scientific Commission agreed to an in-depth review of Chapter 11.4. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). The OIE convened three different ad hoc Groups between July 2018 and March 2019: i) an ad hoc Group on BSE risk assessment, which met twice, ii) an ad hoc Group on BSE surveillance, which met once, and iii) a joint ad hoc Group on BSE risk assessment and surveillance, which met once. The Code Commission, at its September 2019 meeting, reviewed the four ad hoc Group reports and the opinion of the Scientific Commission regarding the draft revised chapter and circulated a revised draft Chapter 11.4. for comments. In February 2020, the Code Commission considered comments received on the revised draft Chapter 11.4. and requested that the joint ad hoc Group on BSE risk assessment and surveillance be reconvened to address comments of a technical nature. In June 2020, the joint ad hoc Group was convened to address relevant comments and was also requested to review Chapter 1.8. Application for official recognition by the OIE of risk status for bovine spongiform encephalopathy to ensure alignment with the proposed changes in Chapter 11.4.</div><div><br /></div><div>In September 2020, the Code Commission reviewed the joint ad hoc Group report and the revised draft Chapters 11.4. and 1.8. and made some additional amendments and circulated the revised chapters for comments in its September 2020 report. In February 2021, the Commission considered comments received and amended the chapters, as appropriate, and circulated the revised chapters for a third round of comments. In preparation for the September 2021 meetings, some members of the Code Commission and the Scientific Commission met to discuss key aspects of the revision of Chapters 11.4. and 1.8. to ensure a common understanding of the main concerns raised by Members, the decisions made on the revised chapters and their impact on the official status recognition, as well as on the adapted procedures that will be required. During this meeting, it was agreed that each Commission would address the issues relevant to its meeting and document discussions in their respective reports. </div><div><br /></div><div>Discussion </div><div><br /></div><div>SNIP...SEE FULL TEXT; </div></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.oie.int/app/uploads/2022/04/a-bsc-feb2022-part-b.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.oie.int/app/uploads/2022/04/a-bsc-feb2022-part-b.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div><div>OIE Conclusions on transmissibility of atypical BSE among cattle</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Given that cattle have been successfully infected by the oral route, at least for L-BSE, it is reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle are exposed to contaminated feed. In addition, based on reports of atypical BSE from several countries that have not had C-BSE, it appears likely that atypical BSE would arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence in old cattle. In the presence of livestock industry practices that would allow it to be recycled in the cattle feed chain, it is likely that some level of exposure and transmission may occur. As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Annex 7 (contd) AHG on BSE risk assessment and surveillance/March 2019</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>34 Scientific Commission/September 2019</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>3. Atypical BSE</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>The Group discussed and endorsed with minor revisions an overview of relevant literature on the risk of atypical BSE being recycled in a cattle population and its zoonotic potential that had been prepared ahead of the meeting by one expert from the Group. This overview is provided as Appendix IV and its main conclusions are outlined below. With regard to the risk of recycling of atypical BSE, recently published research confirmed that the L-type BSE prion (a type of atypical BSE prion) may be orally transmitted to calves1 . In light of this evidence, and the likelihood that atypical BSE could arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence, the Group was of the opinion that it would be reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle were to be exposed to contaminated feed. Therefore, the recycling of atypical strains in cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>The Group acknowledged the challenges in demonstrating the zoonotic transmission of atypical strains of BSE in natural exposure scenarios. Overall, the Group was of the opinion that, at this stage, it would be premature to reach a conclusion other than that atypical BSE poses a potential zoonotic risk that may be different between atypical strains.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>4. Definitions of meat-and-bone meal (MBM) and greaves</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>REFERENCES</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>SNIP...END SEE FULL TEXT;</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br /></div><div>Atypical L-type BSE</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Emerg Infect Dis. 2017 Feb; 23(2): 284–287. doi: 10.3201/eid2302.161416 PMCID: PMC5324790 PMID: 28098532</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Oral Transmission of L-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Agent among Cattle </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Our study clearly confirms, experimentally, the potential risk for interspecies oral transmission of the agent of L-BSE. In our model, this risk appears higher than that for the agent of classical BSE, which could only be transmitted to mouse lemurs after a first passage in macaques (14). We report oral transmission of the L-BSE agent in young and adult primates. Transmission by the IC route has also been reported in young macaques (6,7). A previous study of L-BSE in transgenic mice expressing human PrP suggested an absence of any transmission barrier between cattle and humans for this particular strain of the agent of BSE, in contrast to findings for the agent of classical BSE (9). Thus, it is imperative to maintain measures that prevent the entry of tissues from cattle possibly infected with the agent of L-BSE into the food chain.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div> In most cases of naturally occurring atypical BSE identified so far, the animals were >8 years of age, except for 3 cases: 1 H-BSE and 1 L-BSE in Spain (1) and 1 H-BSE in Germany (12). Therefore, we cannot exclude the possibility that L-BSE developed sporadically/spontaneously.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/pdf/16-1416.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/pdf/16-1416.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Atypical H-type BSE</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Research Title: The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094</a></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div>Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Title: The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Author item Greenlee, Justin item MOORE, S - Orise Fellow item WEST-GREENLEE, M - Iowa State University</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Submitted to: Prion</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Publication Type: Abstract Only</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Publication Acceptance Date: 5/14/2018</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Publication Date: 5/22/2018</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Citation: Greenlee, J.J., Moore, S.J., West Greenlee, M.H. 2018. The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge. Prion 2018, May 22-25, 2018, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Paper No. P98, page 116. Interpretive Summary:</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Technical Abstract: In 2006, a case of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) was reported in a cow with a previously unreported prion protein polymorphism (E211K). The E211K polymorphism is heritable and homologous to the E200K mutation in humans that is the most frequent PRNP mutation associated with familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Although the prevalence of the E211K polymorphism is low, cattle carrying the K211 allele develop H-type BSE with a rapid onset after experimental inoculation by the intracranial route. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the agents of H-type BSE or H-type BSE associated with the E211K polymorphism transmit to wild type cattle or cattle with the K211 allele after oronasal exposure. Wild type (EE211) or heterozygous (EK211) cattle were oronasally inoculated with either H-type BSE from the 2004 US H-type BSE case (n=3) or from the 2006 US H-type case associated with the E211K polymorphism (n=4) using 10% w/v brain homogenat<span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">es. Cattle were observed daily throughout the course of the experiment for the development of clinical signs. At approximately 50 months post-inoculation, one steer (EK211 inoculated with E211K associated H-BSE) developed clinical signs including inattentiveness, loss of body condition, weakness, ataxia, and muscle fasciculations and was euthanized. Enzyme immunoassay confirmed that abundant misfolded protein was present in the brainstem, and immunohistochemistry demonstrated PrPSc throughout the brain. Western blot analysis of brain tissue from the clinically affected steer was consistent with the E211K H-type BSE inoculum. With the experiment currently at 55 months post-inoculation, no other cattle in this study have developed clinical signs suggestive of prion disease. This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</span></div></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094</a><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>P98 The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Greenlee JJ (1), Moore SJ (1), and West Greenlee MH (2) (1) United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Virus and Prion Research Unit, Ames, IA, United States (2) Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>With the experiment currently at 55 months post-inoculation, no other cattle in this study have developed clinical signs suggestive of prion disease. This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>PRION CONFERENCE 2018 CONFERENCE ABSTRACT</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Published: 23 June 2011</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Experimental H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy characterized by plaques and glial- and stellate-type prion protein deposits</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>The present study demonstrated successful intraspecies transmission of H-type BSE to cattle and the distribution and immunolabeling patterns of PrPSc in the brain of the H-type BSE-challenged cattle. TSE agent virulence can be minimally defined by oral transmission of different TSE agents (C-type, L-type, and H-type BSE agents) [59]. Oral transmission studies with H-type BSE-infected cattle have been initiated and are underway to provide information regarding the extent of similarity in the immunohistochemical and molecular features before and after transmission. In addition, the present data will support risk assessments in some peripheral tissues derived from cattle affected with H-type BSE.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>References...END</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1297-9716-42-79" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1297-9716-42-79</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2.3.2. New evidence on the zoonotic potential of atypical BSE and atypical scrapie prion strains</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>PLEASE NOTE;</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2.3.2. New evidence on the zoonotic potential of atypical BSE and atypical scrapie prion strains</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Olivier Andreoletti, INRA Research Director, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) – École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), invited speaker, presented the results of two recently published scientific articles of interest, of which he is co-author:</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>‘Radical Change in Zoonotic Abilities of Atypical BSE Prion Strains as Evidenced by Crossing of Sheep Species Barrier in Transgenic Mice’ (MarinMoreno et al., 2020) and ‘The emergence of classical BSE from atypical/Nor98 scrapie’ (Huor et al., 2019).</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>In the first experimental study, H-type and L-type BSE were inoculated into transgenic mice expressing all three genotypes of the human PRNP at codon 129 and into adapted into ARQ and VRQ transgenic sheep mice. The results showed the alterations of the capacities to cross the human barrier species (mouse model) and emergence of sporadic CJD agents in Hu PrP expressing mice: type 2 sCJD in homozygous TgVal129 VRQ-passaged L-BSE, and type 1 sCJD in homozygous TgVal 129 and TgMet129 VRQ-passaged H-BSE. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.EN-1946" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.EN-1946</a><br clear="none" /></div></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">3.2.1.2 Non‐cervid domestic species</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">The remarkably high rate of natural CWD transmission in the ongoing NA epidemics raises the question of the risk to livestock grazing on CWD‐contaminated shared rangeland and subsequently developing a novel CWD‐related prion disease. This issue has been investigated by transmitting CWD via experimental challenge to cattle, sheep and pigs and to tg mouse lines expressing the relevant species PrP.</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">For cattle challenged with CWD, PrPSc was detected in approximately 40% of intracerebrally inoculated animals (Hamir et al., 2005, 2006a, 2007). Tg mice expressing bovine PrP have also been challenged with CWD and while published studies have negative outcomes (Tamguney et al., 2009b), unpublished data provided for the purposes of this Opinion indicate that some transmission of individual isolates to bovinised mice is possible (Table 1).</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">In small ruminant recipients, a low rate of transmission was reported between 35 and 72 months post‐infection (mpi) in ARQ/ARQ and ARQ/VRQ sheep intracerebrally challenged with mule deer CWD (Hamir et al., 2006b), while two out of two ARQ/ARQ sheep intracerebrally inoculated with elk CWD developed clinical disease after 28 mpi (Madsen‐Bouterse et al., 2016). However, tg mice expressing ARQ sheep PrP were resistant (Tamguney et al., 2006) and tg mice expressing the VRQ PrP allele were poorly susceptible to clinical disease (Beringue et al., 2012; Madsen‐Bouterse et al., 2016). In contrast, tg mice expressing VRQ sheep PrP challenged with CWD have resulted in highly efficient, life‐long asymptomatic replication of these prions in the spleen tissue (Beringue et al., 2012).</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">A recent study investigated the potential for swine to serve as hosts of the CWD agent(s) by intracerebral or oral challenge of crossbred piglets (Moore et al., 2016b, 2017). Pigs sacrificed at 6 mpi, approximately the age at which pigs reach market weight, were clinically healthy and negative by diagnostic tests, although low‐level CWD agent replication could be detected in the CNS by bioassay in tg cervinised mice. Among pigs that were incubated for up to 73 mpi, some gave diagnostic evidence of CWD replication in the brain between 42 and 72 mpi. Importantly, this was observed also in one orally challenged pig at 64 mpi and the presence of low‐level CWD replication was confirmed by mouse bioassay. The authors of this study argued that pigs can support low‐level amplification of CWD prions, although the species barrier to CWD infection is relatively high and that the detection of infectivity in orally inoculated pigs with a mouse bioassay raises the possibility that naturally exposed pigs could act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity.</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5863" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5863</a></div></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div>Very low oral exposure to prions of brain or saliva origin can transmit chronic wasting disease</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Nathaniel D. Denkers ,Clare E. Hoover ,Kristen A. Davenport,Davin M. Henderson,Erin E. McNulty,Amy V. Nalls,Candace K. Mathiason,Edward A. Hoover </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Published: August 20, 2020</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237410" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237410</a></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>We report that oral exposure to as little as 300 nanograms (ng) of CWD-positive brain or to saliva containing seeding activity equivalent to 300 ng of CWD-positive brain, were sufficient to transmit CWD disease. This was true whether the inoculum was administered as a single bolus or divided as three weekly 100 ng exposures. However, when the 300 ng total dose was apportioned as 10, 30 ng doses delivered over 12 weeks, no infection occurred. While low-dose exposures to prions of brain or saliva origin prolonged the time from inoculation to first detection of infection, once infection was established, we observed no differences in disease pathogenesis. These studies suggest that the CWD minimum infectious dose approximates 100 to 300 ng CWD-positive brain (or saliva equivalent), and that CWD infection appears to conform more with a threshold than a cumulative dose dynamic.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0237410" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0237410</a><br clear="none" /></div></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Title: Disease-associated prion protein detected in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the agent of chronic wasting disease </div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=326166" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=326166</a></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Title: The agent of chronic wasting disease from pigs is infectious in transgenic mice expressing human PRNP </div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Author item MOORE, S - Orise Fellow item Kokemuller, Robyn item WEST-GREENLEE, M - Iowa State University item BALKEMA-BUSCHMANN, ANNE - Friedrich-Loeffler-institut item GROSCHUP, MARTIN - Friedrich-Loeffler-institut item Greenlee, Justin Submitted to: Prion Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 5/10/2018 Publication Date: 5/22/2018 Citation: Moore, S.J., Kokemuller, R.D., West-Greenlee, M.H., Balkema-Buschmann, A., Groschup, M.H., Greenlee, J.J. 2018. The agent of chronic wasting disease from pigs is infectious in transgenic mice expressing human PRNP. Prion 2018, Santiago de Compostela, Spain, May 22-25, 2018. Paper No. WA15, page 44.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Interpretive Summary:</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> The successful transmission of pig-passaged CWD to Tg40 mice reported here suggests that passage of the CWD agent through pigs results in a change of the transmission characteristics which reduces the transmission barrier of Tg40 mice to the CWD agent. If this biological behavior is recapitulated in the original host species, passage of the CWD agent through pigs could potentially lead to increased pathogenicity of the CWD agent in humans.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">cwd scrapie pigs oral routes </div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">***> However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. <*** </div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">>*** Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health. <*** </div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">***> Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). </div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">***> Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains. </div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: small;">Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: small;">CONFIDENTIAL</div><div style="font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>LINE TO TAKE</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>3. If questions on pharmaceuticals are raised at the Press conference, the suggested line to take is as follows:- </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div> "There are no medicinal products licensed for use on the market which make use of UK-derived porcine tissues with which any hypothetical “high risk" ‘might be associated. The results of the recent experimental work at the CSM will be carefully examined by the CSM‘s Working Group on spongiform encephalopathy at its next meeting.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>DO Hagger RM 1533 MT Ext 3201</div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></div></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">May I, at the outset, reiterate that we should avoid dissemination of papers relating to this experimental finding to prevent premature release of the information. ...</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">3. It is particularly important that this information is not passed outside the Department, until Ministers have decided how they wish it to be handled. ...</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">But it would be easier for us if pharmaceuticals/devices are not directly mentioned at all. ...</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><div class="yiv5696746399eletters-comment__info"><h6 class="yiv5696746399eletters-comment__title yiv5696746399text-md yiv5696746399letter-spacing-default yiv5696746399mb-2" style="color: #262626; font-family: roboto, sans-serif; line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px;">RE: Inactivation of porcine endogenous retrovirus in pigs using CRISPR-Cas9</h6><h6 class="yiv5696746399eletters-comment__title yiv5696746399text-md yiv5696746399letter-spacing-default yiv5696746399mb-2" style="color: #262626; font-family: roboto, sans-serif; line-height: 1.2; margin-top: 0px;"><span class="yiv5696746399eletters-comment__user yiv5696746399text-reset yiv5696746399font-weight-bold yiv5696746399text-uppercase yiv5696746399mr-2" style="background-color: transparent; color: inherit !important; font-size: 10pt; text-transform: uppercase !important;">TERRY S. SINGELTARY SR.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #757575; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span><ul class="yiv5696746399eletters-comment__user-data yiv5696746399list-inline yiv5696746399comma-separated yiv5696746399d-inline" style="background-color: transparent; color: #757575; display: inline !important; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px;" title="user data"><li class="yiv5696746399list-inline-item" style="display: inline-block; margin-right: 0.25em;">retired</li> <li class="yiv5696746399list-inline-item" style="display: inline-block;">Mr.</li></ul></h6></div><div class="yiv5696746399eletters-comment__description yiv5696746399serif yiv5696746399text-ellipses yiv5696746399truncated yiv5696746399collapse yiv5696746399show" id="yiv5696746399x697946" style="color: #262626; font-size: 16px;"><div style="font-family: serif;">seems that the USA feed ban for ruminant protein is still a serious problem, so there seems to still be a risk factor for pigs and Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE prion disease. now with the updated science showing that pigs are susceptible to the Chronic Wasting Disease TSE Prion ORALLY, and cwd running rampant in the USA, any use of porcine organs should be tested for the CWD TSE Prion...</div><div style="font-family: serif;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: serif;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.science.org/do/10.1126/comment.697946/full/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.science.org/do/10.1126/comment.697946/full/</a></div><div style="font-family: serif;"><br /></div></div></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease.</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; color: #ca2015; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">See what DEFRA says;</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law.</div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;">However, given that non-ruminant feed produced in the USA may contain deer and elk PAP, it is theoretically possible that wild deer may be exposed to deer protein in legally imported non-ruminant feed. For this to occur, wild deer would need to access nonruminant feed (e.g. pig, fish and chicken feed) on farms near their habitat. Alternatively, wild deer may be exposed to CWD prion in the faeces of pets that have consumed and digested imported, contaminated pet feed. The frequency in which these routes may occur is unknown and is considered to be a greater than negligible risk with associated uncertainty. <br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20130908115835/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20130908115835/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.science.org/do/10.1126/comment.697946/full/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #196ad4; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.science.org/do/10.1126/comment.697946/full/</a></div></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;"><div style="color: black; font-family: arial;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</span><br clear="none" /></div></div><div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"></span><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div></div><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www..nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"></span><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </span></div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: monospace; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; white-space: pre;">
</span><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline..com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">PRION 2016 TOKYO</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X online</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Taylor & Francis</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline..com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">GAME FARM INDUSTRY WANTS TO COVER UP FINDINGS OF INCREASE RISK TO CJD FROM CERVID</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">BSE INQUIRY</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">CJD9/10022</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">October 1994</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Mr R.N. Elmhirst Chairman British Deer Farmers Association Holly Lodge Spencers Lane </span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">BerksWell Coventry CV7 7BZ</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Dear Mr Elmhirst,</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE (CJD) SURVEILLANCE UNIT REPORT</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Thank you for your recent letter concerning the publication of the third annual report from the CJD Surveillance Unit. I am sorry that you are dissatisfied with the way in which this report was published.</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">The Surveillance Unit is a completely independant outside body and the Department of Health is committed to publishing their reports as soon as they become available. In the circumstances it is not the practice to circulate the report for comment since the findings of the report would not be amended.. In future we can ensure that the British Deer Farmers Association receives a copy of the report in advance of publication.</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">The Chief Medical Officer has undertaken to keep the public fully informed of the results of any research in respect of CJD. This report was entirely the work of the unit and was produced completely independantly of the the Department.</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">The statistical results regarding the consumption of venison was put into perspective in the body of the report and was not mentioned at all in the press release. Media attention regarding this report was low key but gave a realistic presentation of the statistical findings of the Unit. This approach to publication was successful in that consumption of venison was highlighted only once by the media ie. in the News at one television proqramme.</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">I believe that a further statement about the report, or indeed statistical links between CJD and consumption of venison, would increase, and quite possibly give damaging credence, to the whole issue. From the low key media reports of which I am aware it seems unlikely that venison consumption will suffer adversely, if at all. </span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030511010117/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030511010117/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf</a></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Recently the question has again been brought up as to whether scrapie is transmissible to man. This has followed reports that the disease has been transmitted to primates. One particularly lurid speculation (Gajdusek 1977) conjectures that the agents of scrapie, kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and transmissible encephalopathy of mink are varieties of a single "virus". The U.S. Department of Agriculture concluded that it could "no longer justify or permit scrapie-blood line and scrapie-exposed sheep and goats to be processed for human or animal food at slaughter or rendering plants" (ARC 84/77)" The problem is emphasized by the finding that some strains of scrapie produce lesions identical to the once which characterize the human dementias"</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Whether true or not. the hypothesis that these agents might be transmissible to man raises two considerations. First, the safety of laboratory personnel requires prompt attention. Second, action such as the "scorched meat" policy of USDA makes the solution of the scrapie problem urgent if the sheep industry is not to suffer grievously.</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">snip...</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">76/10.12/4.6</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">IN CONFIDENCE</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">SCRAPIE TRANSMISSION TO CHIMPANZEES</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">IN CONFIDENCE</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">reference...</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">RB3.20</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">TRANSMISSION TO CHIMPANZEES</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">1. Kuru and CJD have been successfully transmitted to chimpanzees but scrapie and TME have not.</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">2. We cannot say that scrapie will not transmit to chimpanzees. There are several scrapie strains and I am not aware that all have been tried (that would have to be from mouse passaged material). Nor has a wide enough range of field isolates subsequently strain typed in mice been inoculated by the appropriate routes (i/c, ilp and i/v) :</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">3. I believe the proposed experiment to determine transmissibility, if conducted, would only show the susceptibility or resistance of the chimpanzee to infection/disease by the routes used and the result could not be interpreted for the predictability of the susceptibility for man. Proposals for prolonged oral exposure of chimpanzees to milk from cattle were suggested a long while ago and rejected.</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">4. In view of Dr Gibbs' probable use of chimpazees Mr Wells' comments (enclosed) are pertinent. I have yet to receive a direct communication from Dr Schellekers but before any collaboration or provision of material we should identify the Gibbs' proposals and objectives.</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">5. A positive result from a chimpanzee challenged severely would likely create alarm in some circles even if the result could not be interpreted for man. I have a view that all these agents could be transmitted provided a large enough dose by appropriate routes was given and the animals kept long enough. Until the mechanisms of the species barrier are more clearly understood it might be best to retain that hypothesis.</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">6. A negative result would take a lifetime to determine but that would be a shorter period than might be available for human exposure and it would still not answer the question regarding mans' susceptibility. In the meantime no doubt the negativity would be used defensively. It would however be counterproductive if the experiment finally became positive. We may learn more about public reactions following next Monday' s meeting.</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">R. Bradley</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">23 September 1990</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">CVO (+Mr Wells' comments)</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Dr T W A Little</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Dr B J Shreeve</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">90/9.23/1.1.</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506041740/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506041740/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">IN CONFIDENCE CHIMPANZEES</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">CODE 18-77 Reference RB3.46</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Some further information that may assist in decision making has been gained by discussion with Dr Rosalind Ridley.</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">She says that careful study of Gajdusek's work shows no increased susceptibility of chimpanzees over New World Monkeys such as Squirrel Monkeys. She does not think it would tell you anything about the susceptibility to man. Also Gajdusek did not, she believes, challenge chimpanzees with scrapie as severely as we did pigs and we know little of that source of scrapie. Comparisons would be difficult. She also would not expect the Home Office to sanction such experiments here unless there was a very clear and important objective that would be important for human health protection. She doubted such a case could be made. If this is the case she thought it would be unethical to do an experiment abroad because we could not do it in our own country.</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Retrospectively she feels they should have put up more marmosets than they did. They all remain healthy. They would normally regard the transmission as negative if no disease resulted in five years.</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">We are not being asked for a decision but I think that before we made one we should gain as much knowledge as we can. If we decided to proceed we would have to bear any criticisms for many years if there was an adverse view by scientists or media. This should not be undertaken lightly. There is already some adverse comment here, I gather, on the pig experiment though that will subside.</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">The Gibbs' (as' distinct from Schellekers') study is somewhat different. We are merely supplying material for comparative studies in a laboratory with the greatest experience of human SEs in the world and it has been sanctioned by USDA (though we do not know for certain yet if chimpanzees specifically will be used). This would keep it at a lower profile than if we conducted such an experiment in the UK or Europe.</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">I consider we must have very powerful and defendable objectives to go beyond Gibbs' proposed experiments and should not initiate others just because an offer has been made.</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Scientists have a responsibility to seek other methods of investigative research other than animal experimentation. At present no objective has convinced me we need to do research using Chimpanzees - a species in need of protection. Resisting such proposals would enable us to communicate that information to the scientist and the public should the need arise. A line would have been drawn.</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">CVO cc Dr T Dr B W A Little Dr B J Shreeve</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">R Bradley</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">26 September 1990</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">90/9.26/3.2</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506041605/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/26003001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506041605/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/26003001.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;">this is tse prion political theater here, i.e. what i call TSE PRION POKER...tss</span><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031028205208/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/28002001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031028205208/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/28002001.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822170317/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/11/01005001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822170317/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/11/01005001.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">3. Prof. A. Robertson gave a brief account of BSE. The US approach was to accord it a very low profile indeed. Dr. A Thiermann showed the picture in the ''Independent'' with cattle being incinerated and thought this was a fanatical incident to be avoided in the US at all costs.</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">snip...</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">PAGE 26</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Transmission Studies</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Mule deer transmissions of CWD were by intracerebral inoculation and compared with natural cases {the following was written but with a single line marked through it ''first passage (by this route)}....TSS</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">resulted in a more rapidly progressive clinical disease with repeated episodes of synocopy ending in coma. One control animal became affected, it is believed through contamination of inoculum (?saline). Further CWD transmissions were carried out by Dick Marsh into ferret, mink and squirrel monkey. Transmission occurred in ALL of these species with the shortest incubation period in the ferret.</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">The occurrence of CWD must be viewed against the contest of the locations in which it occurred. It was an incidental and unwelcome complication of the respective wildlife research programmes. Despite its subsequent recognition as a new disease of cervids, therefore justifying direct investigation, no specific research funding was forthcoming. The USDA viewed it as a wildlife problem and consequently not their province! ...page 26. </span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">snip...see;</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">IN CONFIDENCE</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">PERCEPTIONS OF UNCONVENTIONAL SLOW VIRUS DISEASE OF ANIMALS IN THE USA</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">GAH WELLS</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">REPORT OF A VISIT TO THE USA</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">APRIL-MAY 1989</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">why do we not want to do TSE transmission studies on chimpanzees $</div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">5. A positive result from a chimpanzee challenged severly would likely create alarm in some circles even if the result could not be interpreted for man. </div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">***> I have a view that all these agents could be transmitted provided a large enough dose by appropriate routes was given and the animals kept long enough. </div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">***> Until the mechanisms of the species barrier are more clearly understood it might be best to retain that hypothesis.</div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">snip...</div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506041740/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506041740/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf</a></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2019</span><br clear="none" /></div></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">***> MAD DOGS AND ENGLISHMEN BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, CJD, TSE PRION A REVIEW 2019</span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html</a></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">PLOS ONE Journal </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">*** Singeltary reply ; Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics of BSE in Canada Singeltary reply ;</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/4f9be886-69fe-4c7c-922b-85b0ecbe6d53" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/4f9be886-69fe-4c7c-922b-85b0ecbe6d53</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr., 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMT</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">***however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">***Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc detection by PMCA only.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">*** IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure ***</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.22em;"><div>MONDAY, NOVEMBER 30, 2020 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>***> REPORT OF THE MEETING OF THE OIE SCIENTIFIC COMMISSION FOR ANIMAL DISEASES Paris, 9–13 September 2019 BSE, TSE, PRION</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>see updated concerns with atypical BSE from feed and zoonosis...terry</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/11/report-of-meeting-of-oie-scientific.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/11/report-of-meeting-of-oie-scientific.html</a></div></div></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Tuesday, May 31, 2022 </span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">89th General Session of the World Assembly of OIE Delegates image for WOAH General Summit 2022 Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Discussions and Concerns<br /></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2022/05/89th-general-session-of-world-assembly.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2022/05/89th-general-session-of-world-assembly.html</a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><div>Published: 06 September 2021</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>***> Chronic wasting disease: a cervid prion infection looming to spillover</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Alicia Otero, Camilo Duque Velásquez, Judd Aiken & Debbie McKenzie </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent;">Veterinary Research volume 52, Article number: 115 (2021)</span> </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-021-00986-y" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-021-00986-y</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">Sunday, January 10, 2021 </span></div><div style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission June 17, 2019</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">Greetings APHIS et al, </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">I would kindly like to comment on APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], and my comments are as follows, with the latest peer review and transmission studies as references of evidence.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">THE OIE/USDA BSE Minimal Risk Region MRR is nothing more than free pass to import and export the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion disease. December 2003, when the USDA et al lost it's supposedly 'GOLD CARD' ie BSE FREE STATUS (that was based on nothing more than not looking and not finding BSE), once the USA lost it's gold card BSE Free status, the USDA OIE et al worked hard and fast to change the BSE Geographical Risk Statuses i.e. the BSE GBR's, and replaced it with the BSE MRR policy, the legal tool to trade mad cow type disease TSE Prion Globally. The USA is doing just what the UK did, when they shipped mad cow disease around the world, except with the BSE MRR policy, it's now legal. </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">Also, the whole concept of the BSE MRR policy is based on a false pretense, that atypical BSE is not transmissible, and that only typical c-BSE is transmissible via feed. This notion that atypical BSE TSE Prion is an old age cow disease that is not infectious is absolutely false, there is NO science to show this, and on the contrary, we now know that atypical BSE will transmit by ORAL ROUTES, but even much more concerning now, recent science has shown that Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion in deer and elk which is rampant with no stopping is sight in the USA, and Scrapie TSE Prion in sheep and goat, will transmit to PIGS by oral routes, this is our worst nightmare, showing even more risk factors for the USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban. </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">The FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban has failed terribly bad, and is still failing, since August 1997. there is tonnage and tonnage of banned potential mad cow feed that went into commerce, and still is, with one decade, 10 YEARS, post August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban, 2007, with 10,000,000 POUNDS, with REASON, Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement. you can see all these feed ban warning letters and tonnage of mad cow feed in commerce, year after year, that is not accessible on the internet anymore like it use to be, you can see history of the FDA failure August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban here, but remember this, we have a new outbreak of TSE Prion disease in a new livestock species, the camel, and this too is very worrisome.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">WITH the OIE and the USDA et al weakening the global TSE prion surveillance, by not classifying the atypical Scrapie as TSE Prion disease, and the notion that they want to do the same thing with typical scrapie and atypical BSE, it's just not scientific.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">WE MUST abolish the BSE MRR policy, go back to the BSE GBR risk assessments by country, and enhance them to include all strains of TSE Prion disease in all species. With Chronic Wasting CWD TSE Prion disease spreading in Europe, now including, Norway, Finland, Sweden, also in Korea, Canada and the USA, and the TSE Prion in Camels, the fact the the USA is feeding potentially CWD, Scrapie, BSE, typical and atypical, to other animals, and shipping both this feed and or live animals or even grains around the globe, potentially exposed or infected with the TSE Prion. this APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], under it's present definition, does NOT show the true risk of the TSE Prion in any country. as i said, it's nothing more than a legal tool to trade the TSE Prion around the globe, nothing but ink on paper.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">AS long as the BSE MRR policy stays in effect, TSE Prion disease will continued to be bought and sold as food for both humans and animals around the globe, and the future ramifications from friendly fire there from, i.e. iatrogenic exposure and transmission there from from all of the above, should not be underestimated. ... </div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://beta.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0087-0002" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://beta.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0087-0002</a></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.230.8886&rep=rep1&type=pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.230.8886&rep=rep1&type=pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/bse-research-project-final-report-2005.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/bse-research-project-final-report-2005.html</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #29303b;"><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Control of Chronic Wasting Disease OMB Control Number: 0579-0189 APHIS-2021-0004 Singeltary Submission</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002</a></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Docket No. APHIS-2018-0011 Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003</a></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a></span></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-family: arial;"><div>Sunday, February 14, 2010</div><div><br /></div><div>[Docket No. FSIS-2006-0011] FSIS Harvard Risk Assessment of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)</div><div><br /></div><div> <a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/02/docket-no-fsis-2006-0011-fsis-harvard.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/02/docket-no-fsis-2006-0011-fsis-harvard.html</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">snip...SEE FULL TEXT;</div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><span style="background-color: #fff3db; font-size: 13px;">BSE research project final report 2005 to 2008 SE1796 SID5</span><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><div style="color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><div style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;">TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 07, 2021</span><br /></div></div></div></div></div><div style="color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><div style="color: black; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div class="yiv5696746399cxmmr5t8 yiv5696746399oygrvhab yiv5696746399hcukyx3x yiv5696746399c1et5uql yiv5696746399o9v6fnle" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px;"><div style="font-family: inherit;">Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE OIE, FDA 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS, and Ingestion Therefrom</div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="color: #050505; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin USA?</span><br /></div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/10/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/10/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></div></div></div></div></div><div style="color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black;"><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;">WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 12, 2022 </span></div><div style="color: black;"><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: black;"><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Origin USA, what if?</span><br /></div><div style="color: black;"><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: black;"><span style="color: #050505; font-size: 15px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></span></div><div style="color: black;"><br /></div><div style="color: black;"><div><div class="yiv5696746399eletters-comment__description yiv5696746399serif yiv5696746399text-ellipses yiv5696746399truncated yiv5696746399collapse yiv5696746399show" id="yiv5696746399x697946" style="color: #262626; font-family: serif; font-size: 16px;"><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div><div>WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 8, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Importation of Sheep, Goats, and Certain Other Ruminants AGENCY: Animal APHIA, USDA, FINAL RULE [Docket No. APHIS–2009–0095] RIN 0579–AD10 </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/12/importation-of-sheep-goats-and-certain.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/12/importation-of-sheep-goats-and-certain.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>WEDNESDAY, MARCH 24, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 2020 IMPACT REPORT BSE TSE Prion Testing and Surveillance MIA </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/usda-animal-and-plant-health-inspection.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/usda-animal-and-plant-health-inspection.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>THURSDAY, AUGUST 20, 2020 </div><div><br /></div><div>Why is USDA "only" BSE TSE Prion testing 25,000 samples a year? </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/08/why-is-usda-only-bse-tse-prion-testing.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/08/why-is-usda-only-bse-tse-prion-testing.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>SUNDAY, MARCH 21, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Investigation Results of Texas Cow That Tested Positive for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Aug. 30, 2005 Singeltary's Regiew 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/investigation-results-of-texas-cow-that.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/investigation-results-of-texas-cow-that.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>***> The U.S. cases were animals born and raised in the U.S. (Texas, Alabama).<br /></div><div><br /></div><div>SEE HISTORY AT THE BOTTOM...TSS</div></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">2009 UPDATE ON ALABAMA AND TEXAS MAD COWS 2005 and 2006 </span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2006/08/bse-atypical-texas-and-alabama-update.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2006/08/bse-atypical-texas-and-alabama-update.html</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Saturday, August 14, 2010 </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">BSE Case Associated with Prion Protein Gene Mutation (g-h-BSEalabama) and VPSPr PRIONPATHY </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">(see mad cow feed in COMMERCE IN ALABAMA...TSS) </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/2010/08/bse-case-associated-with-prion-protein.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/2010/08/bse-case-associated-with-prion-protein.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">FRIDAY, APRIL 1, 2022 </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">USDA TAKES THE C OUT OF COOL, what's up with that?</span><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://naiscoolyes.blogspot.com/2022/04/usda-takes-c-out-of-cool-whats-up-with.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://naiscoolyes.blogspot.com/2022/04/usda-takes-c-out-of-cool-whats-up-with.html</a></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em;"><div class="yiv5696746399SubmissionTitle" id="yiv5696746399ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">MONDAY, JUNE 6, 2022 </div><div class="yiv5696746399SubmissionTitle" id="yiv5696746399ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">APHIS USDA History Highlight: APHIS Combats Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Published Jun 1, 2022<br /></div><div class="yiv5696746399SubmissionTitle" id="yiv5696746399ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/06/aphis-usda-history-highlight-aphis.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/06/aphis-usda-history-highlight-aphis.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="yiv5696746399SubmissionTitle" id="yiv5696746399ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><b style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px;">THURSDAY, MARCH 31, 2022 </b><br /></div><div class="yiv5696746399SubmissionTitle" id="yiv5696746399ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><b>EFSA ONE Conference 2022 Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE PrP of Cervid and Zoonosis Zoonotic Transmission Singeltary Submission </b></span></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399SubmissionTitle" id="yiv5696746399ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2022/03/efsa-one-conference-2022-chronic.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2022/03/efsa-one-conference-2022-chronic.html</a></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399SubmissionTitle" id="yiv5696746399ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">TUESDAY, MARCH 29, 2022</div><div class="yiv5696746399SubmissionTitle" id="yiv5696746399ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">***> OIE Agent causing chronic wasting disease (CWD) TSE Prion of Cervid <***</div><div class="yiv5696746399SubmissionTitle" id="yiv5696746399ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2022/03/oie-agent-causing-chronic-wasting.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2022/03/oie-agent-causing-chronic-wasting.html</a></div></div><div class="yiv5696746399SubmissionTitle" id="yiv5696746399ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Tuesday, May 31, 2022 </span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">89th General Session of the World Assembly of OIE Delegates image for WOAH General Summit 2022 Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Discussions and Concerns<br /></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">(this link is good and safe from my one of my tse prion blogs, My Norton has chosen wrongly to mark it as suspicious...terry)</span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2022/05/89th-general-session-of-world-assembly.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2022/05/89th-general-session-of-world-assembly.html</a></span></div></div><div class="yiv5696746399SubmissionTitle" id="yiv5696746399ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">TUESDAY, MAY 31, 2022 </div><div class="yiv5696746399SubmissionTitle" id="yiv5696746399ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">USA Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE: description of typical and atypical cases </div><div class="yiv5696746399SubmissionTitle" id="yiv5696746399ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/05/usa-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2022/05/usa-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a></div><div class="yiv5696746399SubmissionTitle" id="yiv5696746399ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div class="yiv5696746399MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; text-align: justify;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">SUNDAY, MAY 08, 2022 <br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">USA National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center Surveillance Update April 11th, 2022</div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/05/usa-national-prion-disease-pathology.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/05/usa-national-prion-disease-pathology.html</a></div></div><div class="yiv5696746399MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">TUESDAY, MAY 24, 2022 </span></div><div class="yiv5696746399MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Texas Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease CJD TSE Prion Update Singeltary FOIA Request Received May 23, 2022</span><br /></div><div class="yiv5696746399MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://cjdtexas.blogspot.com/2022/05/texas-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-tse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://cjdtexas.blogspot.com/2022/05/texas-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-tse.html</a></span></div><div class="yiv5696746399MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.2pt; text-align: justify;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">TUESDAY, MAY 10, 2022 <br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Concordance of CSF RT-QuIC across the European Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease surveillance network</span><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/05/concordance-of-csf-rt-quic-across.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/05/concordance-of-csf-rt-quic-across.html</a><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">TUESDAY, APRIL 05, 2022 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Incidence of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in the United States 1993-2014</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/04/incidence-of-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease_5.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/04/incidence-of-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease_5.html</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><div style="font-family: BerninaSansWeb, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-bottom: 12px;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">MONDAY, JANUARY 31, 2022 </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">Validation of Revised International Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Surveillance Network Diagnostic Criteria for Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Singeltary Comment Submission</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/01/validation-of-revised-international.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2022/01/validation-of-revised-international.html</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: BerninaSansWeb, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">Friday, March 11, 2022 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">Prevalence of Surgical Procedures at Symptomatic Onset of Prion Disease<br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2022/03/prevalence-of-surgical-procedures-at.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2022/03/prevalence-of-surgical-procedures-at.html</a></div><div style="font-family: BerninaSansWeb, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><div style="background-color: #f0f2f5; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr"><div style="background-color: white;"><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="color: #222222;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;">WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 02, 2022 <br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Understanding the nature of PrP found in Appendix tissues in the UK population <br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://vcjd.blogspot.com/2022/02/understanding-nature-of-prp-found-in.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://vcjd.blogspot.com/2022/02/understanding-nature-of-prp-found-in.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;"><div style="color: black; font-family: arial;">FRIDAY, DECEMBER 24, 2021 </div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial;">***> Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease CJD TSE Prion Update December 25, 2021 <***</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2021/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2021/12/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-tse-prion.html</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial;">TUESDAY, OCTOBER 26, 2021 <div>Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in a Very Young Person Singeltary Reply 2021</div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2021/10/sporadic-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-in.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2021/10/sporadic-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-in.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><div style="background-color: #f0f2f5; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr"><div style="background-color: white;"><div class="yiv5696746399aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="color: #222222;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Saturday, December 18, 2021 <br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Direct neural transmission of vCJD/BSE in macaque after finger incision <br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2021/12/direct-neural-transmission-of-vcjdbse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2021/12/direct-neural-transmission-of-vcjdbse.html</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div class="yiv5696746399MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">Tuesday, November 30, 2021 </div><div class="yiv5696746399MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5696746399MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">Second death in France in a laboratory working on prions</div><div class="yiv5696746399MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv5696746399MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2021/11/second-death-in-france-in-laboratory.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2021/11/second-death-in-france-in-laboratory.html</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div><div>Second lab worker with deadly prion disease prompts research pause in France</div><div><br /></div><div>A lab worker died of prion disease in 2019, nine years after a lab accident.</div><div><br /></div><div>BETH MOLE - 7/29/2021, 5:16 PM</div></div><div><br /></div><div></div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/07/second-lab-worker-with-deadly-prion-disease-prompts-research-pause-in-france/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/07/second-lab-worker-with-deadly-prion-disease-prompts-research-pause-in-france/</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>A 2020 paper published in the New England Journal of Medicine left little doubt that Jaumain had been infected on the job. She had variant CJD, but since Europe’s ‘mad cow’ outbreak ended after 2000 and the disease virtually disappeared, the paper said it was virtually impossible for someone her age in France to contract food-borne vCJD.</div><div><br /></div><div>Science also said two independent reports – one by government inspectors – had found no safety violations at the lab where Jaumain worked. The press release also noted that the inspectors concluded there was “the presence of a risk control culture within the research teams”. The Jaumain family’s lawyer called the neutrality of the reports into question, however.</div><div><br /></div><div>At the same time, the government inspectors’ report also revealed that there had been at least 17 accidents among the 100 or so scientists and technicians in France working with prions in the previous decade, raising concerns about how effective this risk control culture is. Five of these occurred when workers “stabbed or cut themselves with contaminated syringes or blades”.</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://science.thewire.in/the-sciences/second-case-of-fatal-disease-prompts-french-moratorium-on-prion-research/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://science.thewire.in/the-sciences/second-case-of-fatal-disease-prompts-french-moratorium-on-prion-research/</a><br /></div></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Wednesday, July 28, 2021 <br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">France issues moratorium on prion research after fatal brain disease strikes two lab workers<br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2021/07/france-issues-moratorium-on-prion.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2021/07/france-issues-moratorium-on-prion.html</a></div></div></div></div><div style="color: #222222;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Wednesday, July 28, 2021 <br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">France issues moratorium on prion research after fatal brain disease strikes two lab workers<br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2021/07/france-issues-moratorium-on-prion.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2021/07/france-issues-moratorium-on-prion.html</a></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 13.2px;">Friendly fire, pass it forward, they call it iatrogenic cjd, or what i call 'tse prion poker', are you all in $$$</div><div style="font-size: 13.2px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.2px;">all iatrogenic cjd is, is sporadic cjd, before the iatrogenic event is discovered, traced back, proven, documented, put into the academic domain, and then finally the public domain, this very seldom happens, thus problem solved, it's all sporadic cjd...</div><div style="font-size: 13.2px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.2px;">SATURDAY, AUGUST 01, 2020</div><div style="font-size: 13.2px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.2px;">Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease among Physicians, Germany, 1993–2018 high proportion of physicians with sCJD were surgeons</div><div style="font-size: 13.2px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.2px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2020/08/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2020/08/</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: 13.2px;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div><span style="font-size: 13.2px;">SUNDAY, JULY 19, 2020 </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.2px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.2px;">Joseph J. Zubak Orthopaedic surgeon passed away Monday, July 6, 2020, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.2px;"><br /></span></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2020/07/joseph-j-zubak-orthopaedic-surgeon.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2020/07/joseph-j-zubak-orthopaedic-surgeon.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.2px;">Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease Diagnosed 7.5 Years after Occupational Exposure</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.2px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.2px;">Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease was identified in a technician who had cut her thumb while handling brain sections of mice infected with adapted BSE 7.5 years earlier. The long incubation period was similar to that of the transfusion-transmitted form of the disease.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.2px;"><br /></span></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2000687" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2000687</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.nejm.org/doi/suppl/10.1056/NEJMc2000687/suppl_file/nejmc2000687_appendix.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.nejm.org/doi/suppl/10.1056/NEJMc2000687/suppl_file/nejmc2000687_appendix.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.2px;">THURSDAY, JULY 02, 2020 </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.2px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.2px;">Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease Diagnosed 7.5 Years after Occupational Exposure</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.2px;"><br /></span></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://vcjd.blogspot.com/2020/07/variant-creutzfeldtjakob-disease.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://vcjd.blogspot.com/2020/07/variant-creutzfeldtjakob-disease.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: start;">Tuesday, June 28, 2022 <br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: start;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: start;">Subclinical infection occurs frequently following low dose exposure to prions by blood transfusion<br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: start;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: start;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bloodprp.blogspot.com/2022/06/subclinical-infection-occurs-frequently.html" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bloodprp.blogspot.com/2022/06/subclinical-infection-occurs-frequently.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">Thursday, October 28, 2021 </span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) TSE Prion Zoonosis, friendly fire, iatrogenic transmission, blood products, sporadic CJD, what if?</span></span><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2021/10/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2021/10/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a></span></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: start;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: start;"><div>FRIDAY, JULY 15, 2022 </div><div><br /></div><div>Texas Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Positives Increase By 8 to 369 TOTAL Confirmed To Date </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/07/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/07/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="yiv5696746399SubmissionTitle" id="yiv5696746399ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr. <span style="font-size: 10pt;">TUESDAY, JUNE 28, 2022 </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div class="yiv4848119171ydpdae107dbyiv9013864483ydpaf2c30dyiv3924727773aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div class="yiv4848119171ydpdae107dbyiv9013864483ydpaf2c30dyiv3924727773aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv4848119171ydpdae107dbyiv9013864483ydpaf2c30dyiv3924727773aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv4848119171aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv4848119171aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv4848119171aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="background-color: white;"><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="background-color: white;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv4848119171aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv4848119171aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv4848119171aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="margin-bottom: 24pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><div class="yiv4848119171MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0cm;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div><br /></div><div>TAHC PROPOSES CHANGES TO VOLUNTARY CWD PROGRAM CHAPTER 40, CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE SINGELTARY SUBMISSION JUNE 28, 2022</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/06/tahc-proposes-changes-to-voluntary-cwd.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/06/tahc-proposes-changes-to-voluntary-cwd.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="yiv4848119171aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Control of Chronic Wasting Disease OMB Control Number: 0579-0189 APHIS-2021-0004 Singeltary Submission</span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002</a></span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Docket No. APHIS-2018-0011 Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification</span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003</a></span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a></span></div><div><br /></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="yiv4848119171MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">***> TEXAS HISTORY OF CWD <***</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Singeltary telling TAHC, that CWD was waltzing into Texas from WSMR around Trans Pecos region, starting around 2001, 2002, and every year, there after, until New Mexico finally shamed TAHC et al to test where i had been telling them to test for a decade. 2012 cwd was detected first right there where i had been trying to tell TAHC for 10 years. </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">***> Singeltary on Texas Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion History <***</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/08/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/08/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div>FRIDAY, JULY 15, 2022 </div><div><br /></div><div>Texas Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Positives Increase By 8 to 369 TOTAL Confirmed To Date </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/07/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/07/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html</a></div><div><br /></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div class="yiv4848119171aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">MONDAY, JUNE 06, 2022</div><div class="yiv4848119171aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv4848119171aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Pennsylvania CWD TSE Prion disease the number of deer being impacted by Chronic Wasting Disease continues to rise</div><div class="yiv4848119171aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv4848119171aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION PENNSYLVANIA IN GAME FARMS GONE WILD!</div><div class="yiv4848119171aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv4848119171aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CASESCWD - STATUS OF CAPTIVE HERDS Updated May 2022</div><div class="yiv4848119171aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv4848119171aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/06/pennsylvania-cwd-tse-prion-disease.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/06/pennsylvania-cwd-tse-prion-disease.html</a></div><div class="yiv4848119171aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv4848119171aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="background-color: white;"><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="background-color: white;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv4848119171aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv4848119171aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv4848119171aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div>MONDAY, JUNE 20, 2022 </div><div><br /></div><div>Utah CWD confirmed in deer for first time in Salt Lake County and Currently 157 mule deer and 3 elk have tested positive for CWD in Utah </div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/06/utah-cwd-confirmed-in-deer-for-first.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/06/utah-cwd-confirmed-in-deer-for-first.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 18, 2021 </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Utah 131 mule deer and three elk have tested positive for CWD in Utah, to date<br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/08/utah-131-mule-deer-and-three-elk-have.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/08/utah-131-mule-deer-and-three-elk-have.html</a></div></div></div><div class="yiv4848119171aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv4848119171aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div>MONDAY, MAY 02, 2022 </div><div><br /></div><div>Arkansas has detected 1,324 case of CWD TSE Prion in Cervid AS OF 31 MAR 2022<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/05/arkansas-has-detected-1324-case-of-cwd.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/05/arkansas-has-detected-1324-case-of-cwd.html</a></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div><div class="yiv4848119171cxmmr5t8 yiv4848119171oygrvhab yiv4848119171hcukyx3x yiv4848119171c1et5uql yiv4848119171o9v6fnle yiv4848119171ii04i59q" style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px;"><div><span style="color: #050505; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Tuesday, May 03, 2016 </span></div><div><span style="color: #050505; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Arkansas Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion and Elk Restoration Project and Hunkering Down in the BSE Situation Room USDA 1998 </span></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/05/arkansas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/05/arkansas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div class="yiv4848119171SubmissionTitle" id="yiv4848119171ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">MONDAY, MAY 09, 2022 </div><div class="yiv4848119171SubmissionTitle" id="yiv4848119171ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">Michigan MDARD: Chronic Wasting Disease Confirmed in a Farmed White-Tailed Deer from Mecosta County</span></div><div class="yiv4848119171SubmissionTitle" id="yiv4848119171ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/05/michigan-mdard-chronic-wasting-disease.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/05/michigan-mdard-chronic-wasting-disease.html</a></div></div><div class="yiv4848119171SubmissionTitle" id="yiv4848119171ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div class="yiv4848119171SubmissionTitle" id="yiv4848119171ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">THURSDAY, APRIL 14, 2022 </div><div class="yiv4848119171SubmissionTitle" id="yiv4848119171ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Michigan’s 2021 deer seasons included targeted CWD surveillance, 25 positive deer<br /></div><div class="yiv4848119171SubmissionTitle" id="yiv4848119171ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/04/michigans-2021-deer-seasons-included.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/04/michigans-2021-deer-seasons-included.html</a></div><div class="yiv4848119171SubmissionTitle" id="yiv4848119171ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div>FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 18, 2022 </div><div>Michigan Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Update February 2022 </div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/02/michigan-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/02/michigan-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html</a></div></div></div><div class="yiv4848119171SubmissionTitle" id="yiv4848119171ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">MICHIGAN-SPORTSMAN 2002</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.michigan-sportsman.com/threads/sewing-the-seeds-of-cwd-mad-deer-elk-through-feeding-especially-from-animal-protein.23313/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.michigan-sportsman.com/threads/sewing-the-seeds-of-cwd-mad-deer-elk-through-feeding-especially-from-animal-protein.23313/</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">MICHIGAN-SPORTSMAN 2018</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/03/michigan-sportsmancom-bans-terry-s.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/03/michigan-sportsmancom-bans-terry-s.html</a><br /></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div class="yiv4848119171SubmissionTitle" id="yiv4848119171ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">MONDAY, MAY 09, 2022 </div><div class="yiv4848119171SubmissionTitle" id="yiv4848119171ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Ohio 9 ADDITIONAL CWD-POSITIVE DEER CONFIRMED IN WYANDOT, MARION COUNTIES </div><div class="yiv4848119171SubmissionTitle" id="yiv4848119171ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/05/ohio-9-additional-cwd-positive-deer.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/05/ohio-9-additional-cwd-positive-deer.html</a></div><div class="yiv4848119171SubmissionTitle" id="yiv4848119171ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div class="yiv4848119171ydp3b8274yiv7595743957SubmissionTitle" id="yiv4848119171ydp3b8274yiv7595743957ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700;">THURSDAY, APRIL 07, 2022 </span></div><div class="yiv4848119171ydp3b8274yiv7595743957SubmissionTitle" id="yiv4848119171ydp3b8274yiv7595743957ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700;">Ohio Captive Deer Program update Dr. Leeza Bercaw, CWD epidemiologist</span><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv4848119171ydp3b8274yiv7595743957SubmissionTitle" id="yiv4848119171ydp3b8274yiv7595743957ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/04/ohio-captive-deer-program-update-dr.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/04/ohio-captive-deer-program-update-dr.html</a></span></div></div><div class="yiv4848119171SubmissionTitle" id="yiv4848119171ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div class="yiv4848119171SubmissionTitle" id="yiv4848119171ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">MONDAY, MAY 09, 2022 </div><div class="yiv4848119171SubmissionTitle" id="yiv4848119171ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">Colorado CWD TSE Prion Detected in 40 of 54 deer herds, 17 of 42 elk herds, and 2 of 9 moose herds</div><div class="yiv4848119171SubmissionTitle" id="yiv4848119171ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/05/colorado-cwd-tse-prion-detected-in-40.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-size: 10pt;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/05/colorado-cwd-tse-prion-detected-in-40.html</a></div><div class="yiv4848119171SubmissionTitle" id="yiv4848119171ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 12, 2022 <div>COLORADO Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE PrP 2022 UPDATE </div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/02/colorado-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/02/colorado-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html</a></div></div><div class="yiv4848119171SubmissionTitle" id="yiv4848119171ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div class="yiv4848119171MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">WEDNESDAY, APRIL 27, 2022 </span></div><div class="yiv4848119171MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">Missouri MDC reports final CWD results for 2021 deer season with 86 testing positive for CWD</span></div><div class="yiv4848119171MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/04/missouri-mdc-reports-final-cwd-results.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/04/missouri-mdc-reports-final-cwd-results.html</a></span></div><div class="yiv4848119171MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="yiv4848119171MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in;"><div class="yiv4848119171MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0in;">TUESDAY, APRIL 26, 2022</div><div class="yiv4848119171MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0in;">Wyoming Game and Fish lab tests nearly 7,000 CWD samples in 2021 and 831 samples were positive </div><div class="yiv4848119171MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0in;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/04/wyoming-game-and-fish-lab-tests-nearly.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/04/wyoming-game-and-fish-lab-tests-nearly.html</a></div><div class="yiv4848119171MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0in;"><br /></div><div class="yiv4848119171MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0in;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>TUESDAY, JULY 19, 2022 </div><div>Tennessee CWD-Positive Deer Confirmed in Dyer County, Obion County, Lake County Become High-Risk</div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/07/tennessee-cwd-positive-deer-confirmed.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/07/tennessee-cwd-positive-deer-confirmed.html</a></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><span style="color: #202124; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><span style="color: #202124; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">SATURDAY, APRIL 23, 2022 </span></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><span style="color: #202124; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Tennessee TWRA 2 deer in Hardin County Confirmed Chronic wasting disease (CWD)</span></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><span style="color: #202124; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/04/tennessee-twra-2-deer-in-hardin-county.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/04/tennessee-twra-2-deer-in-hardin-county.html</a></span></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>THURSDAY, MARCH 31, 2022 </div><div>North Carolina Wildlife Commission Announces First Chronic Wasting Disease CWD-Positive TSE PrP Deer</div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/03/north-carolina-wildlife-commission.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/03/north-carolina-wildlife-commission.html</a></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>THURSDAY, MAY 19, 2022 </div><div>Maryland DNR reported that 53 WTD sampled within Allegany and Washington counties in 2021 tested positive for chronic wasting disease CWD</div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/05/maryland-dnr-reported-that-53-wtd.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/05/maryland-dnr-reported-that-53-wtd.html</a></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div class="yiv4848119171aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">MONDAY, MARCH 21, 2022 </div><div class="yiv4848119171aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">New Mexico Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE PrP Confirmed February 2022</div><div class="yiv4848119171aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/03/new-mexico-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/03/new-mexico-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html</a></div></div><div class="yiv4848119171aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv4848119171aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv4848119171aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">THURSDAY, MARCH 10, 2022 </div><div class="yiv4848119171aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Mississippi CWD TSE Prion 2022 Samples Shows 38 Positive To Date</div><div class="yiv4848119171aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/03/mississippi-cwd-tse-prion-2022-samples.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/03/mississippi-cwd-tse-prion-2022-samples.html</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>WEDNESDAY, MARCH 09, 2022 </div><div>Virginia Summary DWR’s 2021–2022 deer hunting season CWD surveillance in the Disease Management Areas (DMA) Finds 25 More Positives</div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/03/virginia-summary-dwrs-20212022-deer.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/03/virginia-summary-dwrs-20212022-deer.html</a></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>TUESDAY, MARCH 08, 2022 </div><div>Minnesota Board of Animal Health Report Concurrent Authority Regulating Farmed White-tailed Deer and CWD TSE Prion</div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/03/minnesota-board-of-animal-health-report.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/03/minnesota-board-of-animal-health-report.html</a></div><div><br /></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>SATURDAY, JANUARY 29, 2022 </div><div><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">Minnesota Chronic Wasting Disease CWD PrP 146 WILD Positive To Date</span><br /></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">Minnesota captive cwd to date???</span><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/01/minnesota-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-size: 10pt;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/01/minnesota-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd.html</a><br /></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>TUESDAY, MARCH 08, 2022 </div><div>Alabama Second Case of CWD Confirmed in Northwest </div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/03/alabama-second-case-of-cwd-confirmed-in.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/03/alabama-second-case-of-cwd-confirmed-in.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div>FRIDAY, JANUARY 07, 2022 </div><div>ALABAMA DETECTS FIRST CASE CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION Lauderdale County</div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/01/alabama-detects-first-case-chronic.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/01/alabama-detects-first-case-chronic.html</a></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 23, 2022 </div><div>North Dakota Game and Fish Department reports 26 deer tested positive during the 2021 hunting season </div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/02/north-dakota-game-and-fish-department.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/02/north-dakota-game-and-fish-department.html</a></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div class="yiv4848119171aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 10, 2022 </div><div class="yiv4848119171aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Idaho Fish and Game Commission will consider proposed hunting season changes for Unit 14 in response to five deer and an elk testing positive for Chronic Wasting Disease</div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/02/idaho-fish-and-game-commission-will.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/02/idaho-fish-and-game-commission-will.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="yiv4848119171aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">THURSDAY, JANUARY 13, 2022 </div><div class="yiv4848119171aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">Idaho Two more Chronic Wasting Disease cases detected in cow elk and white-tailed doe in Unit 14</div><div class="yiv4848119171aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/01/idaho-two-more-chronic-wasting-disease.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/01/idaho-two-more-chronic-wasting-disease.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 05, 2022 </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Louisiana, NVSL Confirms first case of CWD TSE PrP in WTD </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/02/louisiana-nvsl-confirms-first-case-of.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/02/louisiana-nvsl-confirms-first-case-of.html</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">SUNDAY, DECEMBER 22, 2019 </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">Illinois CWD TSE Prion 90 CWD-positive deer with 826 confirmed positive Total positives through June 30, 2019</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/12/illinois-cwd-tse-prion-90-cwd-positive.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/12/illinois-cwd-tse-prion-90-cwd-positive.html</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b;">WEDNESDAY, MAY 18, 2022 </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b;">Wisconsin Walworth County Deer Farm Tests Positive for CWD </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/05/wisconsin-walworth-county-deer-farm.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/05/wisconsin-walworth-county-deer-farm.html</a><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div></div></div><div class="yiv4848119171aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv4848119171aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">SUNDAY, MARCH 20, 2022 </div><div class="yiv4848119171aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CASES CWD STATUS OF CAPTIVE HERDS AS OF February 2022</div><div class="yiv4848119171aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/03/chronic-wasting-disease-cases-cwd.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/03/chronic-wasting-disease-cases-cwd.html</a></div><div class="yiv4848119171aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv4848119171aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;">FRIDAY, DECEMBER 31, 2021 </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION END OF YEAR REPORT</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div>MONDAY, NOVEMBER 23, 2020 </div><div>Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Cervid State by State and Global Update November 2020<br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/11/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/11/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a><br /></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="yiv4848119171SubmissionTitle" id="yiv4848119171ctl00_MainContent_SubmissionPreview1_divTitle" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;">SATURDAY, APRIL 30, 2022 <div>H.R.5608 - Chronic Wasting Disease Research and Management Act 117th Congress (2021-2022) Singeltary Submission </div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/04/hr5608-chronic-wasting-disease-research.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/04/hr5608-chronic-wasting-disease-research.html</a></div><div><div class="yiv4848119171aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv4848119171aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">THURSDAY, MARCH 31, 2022 </span><div style="font-size: 10pt;">EFSA ONE Conference 2022 Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE PrP of Cervid and Zoonosis Zoonotic Transmission Singeltary Submission</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2022/03/efsa-one-conference-2022-chronic.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2022/03/efsa-one-conference-2022-chronic.html</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">TUESDAY, MARCH 29, 2022 </span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">OIE Agent causing chronic wasting disease (CWD) TSE Prion of Cervid</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2022/03/oie-agent-causing-chronic-wasting.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2022/03/oie-agent-causing-chronic-wasting.html</a></span></div><div><br /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div class="yiv4848119171aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Tuesday, May 31, 2022 </span></div><div class="yiv4848119171aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">89th General Session of the World Assembly of OIE Delegates image for WOAH General Summit 2022 Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion Discussions and Concerns</span></div><div class="yiv4848119171aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2022/05/89th-general-session-of-world-assembly.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://woahoie.blogspot.com/2022/05/89th-general-session-of-world-assembly.html</a></span></div><div class="yiv4848119171aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv4848119171aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv4848119171MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">TUESDAY, APRIL 26, 2022 </span></div><div class="yiv4848119171MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in Cervids and the Consequences of a Mutable Protein Conformation </span></div><div class="yiv4848119171MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0in;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/04/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-in-cervids.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2022/04/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-in-cervids.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33182925.post-72770668121005258782021-12-27T11:48:00.004-06:002021-12-27T11:48:30.911-06:00RT-QuIC detection of pathological prion protein in subclinical goats following experimental oral transmission of L-type BSE<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">RT-QuIC detection of pathological prion protein in subclinical goats following experimental oral transmission of L-type BSE</span></p><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Alessandra Favole1* , Maria Mazza1 , Antonio D’Angelo2 , Guerino Lombardi3 , Claudia Palmitessa1 , Luana Dell’Atti1 , Giulia Cagnotti2 , Elena Berrone1 , Marina Gallo1 , Tiziana Avanzato1 , Erika Messana1 , Loretta Masoero1 , Pier Luigi Acutis1 , Daniela Meloni1 , Franco Cardone4 , Maria Caramelli1 , Cristina Casalone1 and Cristiano Corona1*</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Abstract</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Objective: The spread of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) agent to small ruminants is still a major issue in the surveillance of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). L-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (L-BSE) is an atypical form of BSE with an unknown zoonotic potential that is transmissible to cattle and small ruminants. Our current knowledge of bovine atypical prion strains in sheep and goat relies only on experimental transmission studies by intracranial inoculation. To assess oral susceptibility of goats to L-BSE, we orally inoculated five goats with cattle L-BSE brain homogenates and investigated pathogenic prion protein (PrPsc) distribution by an ultrasensitive in vitro conversion assay known as Real-Time Quaking Induced Conversion (RT-QuIC).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Results: Despite a prolonged observation period of 80 months, all these animals and the uninfected controls did not develop clinical signs referable to TSEs and tested negative by standard diagnostics. Otherwise, RT-QuIC analysis showed seeding activity in five out of five examined brain samples. PrPsc accumulation was also detected in spinal cord and lymphoreticular system. These results indicate that caprine species are susceptible to L-BSE by oral transmission and that ultrasensitive prion tests deserve consideration to improve the potential of current surveillance systems against otherwise undetectable forms of animal prion infections.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Discussion and conclusions</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Data here presented indicate that caprine species are susceptible to L-BSE after oral administration and are able to produce very low levels of prions in both lymphatic and central nervous tissues as demonstrated by optimized, high-sensitive, RT-QuIC assay.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">At variance with goats intracerebrally infected with L-BSE [4], in this study, no animal developed clinical signs of disease despite prolonged periods of observation, suggesting a comparatively low efficiency of the oral route versus the intracerebral one in L-BSE, a feature that further distinguish this strain from classical BSE [14, 15].</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Interestingly, all goats tested negative by standard diagnostics for PrPsc performed on brainstem. This finding, associated with the low amount of PrPsc detected in different brain areas, suggests a partial strain-specific transmission barrier. Indeed, inoculation of a prion into a new host species can produce prolonged incubation periods and/or subclinical infection [16, 17]. In addition, the lack of clinical signs suggests that naturally L-BSE-infected goats may be asymptomatic similarly to what proposed by Okada et al. for oral L-BSE in cattle [17].</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">In line with previous results [18], RT-QuIC detected lower levels of prions than traditional diagnostic tools. Rapid and confirmatory tests failed to identify any PrPsc in the subclinical animals, while RT-QuIC allowed us to detect misfolded prion protein in multiple brain regions, spinal cord and lymphoreticular system. Studies have established that the rate of fluorescence increase in RTQuIC, while not measuring infectivity, is directly related to the concentration of prions in the sample seeding the reaction [19, 20]. Prolonged lag phases of RT-QuIC reactions indicate relatively low amounts of PrPsc in the examined tissues and may reassure about the possibility of goat to play as silent L-BSE spreaders in natural conditions. However, we believe that prudence must be always adopted when dealing with the risk of prion spread in field conditions as also suggested by recent data by Denkers and colleagues, who showed that the oral route of infection for chronic wasting disease in deer, may be much more efficient than previously thought [21]. Furthermore, although the mere presence of PrPsc is not indicative of a possible infectivity of the tissue, the finding of positivity in the lymphoreticular tissue must alert to the potential distribution of PrPsc in peripheral body regions which may increase the risks for humans. Bioassay of infectivity by inoculation of susceptible animals with brains of these goats may help to clarify this issue.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Based on the results achieved with this prion form and also other animal strains, it would be useful to consider the possibility to enlarge current diagnostic criteria to include, in defined conditions (e.g. very limited amounts of source tissue, or preclinical testing), the application of ultrasensitive diagnostic methods. This will not only improve the sensitivity of our surveillance systems but will also help to protect food chain from accidental spillovers of the agent of L-BSE.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Limitations</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Te primary limitation of this work is that infectivity was not demonstrated by bioassay and the infectious titre was not determined. Terefore, we cannot comment the degree of risk for human.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Despite these limitations, this work specifcally demonstrates prion-seeding activity in tissues of goats orally exposed to L-BSE and provide RT-QuIC as useful method to enhance surveillance of TSEs.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Keywords: Prion, L-BSE, RT-QuIC, Goat, Oral transmission, PrPsc, Ultrasensitive detection</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC8650279&blobtype=pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC8650279&blobtype=pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 8, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Importation of Sheep, Goats, and Certain Other Ruminants AGENCY: Animal APHIA, USDA, FINAL RULE [Docket No. APHIS–2009–0095] RIN 0579–AD10<br /></div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div><div>WTF were they thinking...</div><div><br /></div><div><div>Isolation of Prion with BSE Properties from Farmed Goat</div><div><br /></div><div>John Spiropoulos, Richard Lockey, Rosemary E. Sallis, Linda A. Terry, Leigh Thorne, Thomas M. Holder, Katy E. Beck, and Marion M. Simmons</div><div><br /></div><div>Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are fatal neurodegenerative diseases that include variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans, scrapie in small ruminants, and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle. Scrapie is not considered a public health risk, but BSE has been linked to variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Small ruminants are susceptible to BSE, and in 2005 BSE was identified in a farmed goat in France. We confirm another BSE case in a goat in which scrapie was originally diagnosed and retrospectively identified as suspected BSE. The prion strain in this case was further characterized by mouse bioassay after extraction from formaldehyde-fixed brain tissue embedded in paraffin blocks. Our data show that BSE can infect small ruminants under natural conditions and could be misdiagnosed as scrapie. Surveillance should continue so that another outbreak of this zoonotic transmissible spongiform encephalopathy can be prevented and public health safeguarded.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3311188/pdf/11-0333_finalR.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3311188/pdf/11-0333_finalR.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>***> Our data show that BSE can infect small ruminants under natural conditions and could be misdiagnosed as scrapie<br /></div><div><br /></div><div>wtf were they thinking...</div><div><br /></div><div>OIE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE AND ATYPICAL BSE</div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> AS is considered more likely (subjective probability range 50–66%) that AS is a non-contagious, rather than a contagious, disease.<br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">ATYPICAL SCRAPIE ROUGHLY HAS 50 50 CHANCE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE IS CONTAGIOUS, AS NON-CONTAGIOUS, TAKE YOUR PICK, BUT I SAID IT LONG AGO WHEN USDA OIE ET AL MADE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE A LEGAL TRADING COMODITY, I SAID YOUR PUTTING THE CART BEFORE THE HORSE, AND THAT'S EXACTLY WHAT THEY DID, and it's called in Texas, TEXAS TSE PRION HOLDEM POKER, WHO'S ALL IN $$$<br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div><div>THURSDAY, JULY 8, 2021</div><div><br /></div><div>EFSA Scientific report on the analysis of the 2‐year compulsory intensified monitoring of atypical scrapie</div></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6686</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/07/efsa-scientific-report-on-analysis-of.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/07/efsa-scientific-report-on-analysis-of.html</a></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>***> Our data show that BSE can infect small ruminants under natural conditions and could be misdiagnosed as scrapie<br /></div><div><br /></div><div>wtf were they thinking...</div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">FIRST, LET'S LOOK AT WHAT THE OIE SAYS ABOUT ATYPICAL BSE NOW;</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div><div dir="ltr"><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Many times media portrays atypical BSE strains as a spontaneous or sporadic event caused by old age. Sciences has shown us otherwise. All atypical BSE cases are not sporadic/spontaneous, OIE has recognized this. Atypical BSE is a risk factor for feed, science has shown us this, we must now recognize this risk factor in the FDA 589.2001 BSE feed regulatory system, we must also bring awareness...terry</div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">OIE Conclusions on transmissibility of atypical BSE among cattle</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Given that cattle have been successfully infected by the oral route, at least for L-BSE, it is reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle are exposed to contaminated feed. In addition, based on reports of atypical BSE from several countries that have not had C-BSE, it appears likely that atypical BSE would arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence in old cattle. In the presence of livestock industry practices that would allow it to be recycled in the cattle feed chain, it is likely that some level of exposure and transmission may occur. As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf</a></div></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Annex 7 (contd) AHG on BSE risk assessment and surveillance/March 2019</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">34 Scientific Commission/September 2019</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">3. Atypical BSE</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">The Group discussed and endorsed with minor revisions an overview of relevant literature on the risk of atypical BSE being recycled in a cattle population and its zoonotic potential that had been prepared ahead of the meeting by one expert from the Group. This overview is provided as Appendix IV and its main conclusions are outlined below. With regard to the risk of recycling of atypical BSE, recently published research confirmed that the L-type BSE prion (a type of atypical BSE prion) may be orally transmitted to calves1 . In light of this evidence, and the likelihood that atypical BSE could arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence, the Group was of the opinion that it would be reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle were to be exposed to contaminated feed. Therefore, the recycling of atypical strains in cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">The Group acknowledged the challenges in demonstrating the zoonotic transmission of atypical strains of BSE in natural exposure scenarios. Overall, the Group was of the opinion that, at this stage, it would be premature to reach a conclusion other than that atypical BSE poses a potential zoonotic risk that may be different between atypical strains.</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">4. Definitions of meat-and-bone meal (MBM) and greaves<br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">snip...</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">REFERENCES</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">SNIP...END SEE FULL TEXT;</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; cursor: pointer;"><a href="http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.oie.int/downld/PROC2020/A_SCAD_Sept2019.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">***> Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.<br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">***> As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided. </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">***> This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">***> These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</span></div></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Emerg Infect Dis. 2017 Feb; 23(2): 284–287. doi: 10.3201/eid2302.161416 PMCID: PMC5324790 PMID: 28098532 Oral Transmission of L-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Agent among Cattle Hiroyuki Okada,corresponding author Yoshifumi Iwamaru, Morikazu Imamura, Kohtaro Miyazawa, Yuichi Matsuura, Kentaro Masujin, Yuichi Murayama, and Takashi Yokoyama Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Go to: Abstract To determine oral transmissibility of the L-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) prion, we orally inoculated 16 calves with brain homogenates of the agent. Only 1 animal, given a high dose, showed signs and died at 88 months. These results suggest low risk for oral transmission of the L-BSE agent among cattle.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Keywords: atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy, cattle, L-type, prion, oral transmission, L-BSE, prions and related diseases, zoonoses The epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle is thought to be caused by oral infection through consumption of feed containing the BSE agent (prion). Since 2003, different neuropathologic and molecular phenotypes of BSE have been identified as causing ≈110 cases of atypical BSE worldwide, mainly in aged cattle. Although the etiology and pathogenesis of atypical BSE are not yet fully understood, atypical BSE prions possibly cause sporadic cases of BSE (1).</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">The L-type BSE (L-BSE) prion has been experimentally transmitted to cattle by intracerebral challenge, and the incubation period was is shorter than that for classical BSE (C-BSE) prions (2–6). The origin of transmissible mink encephalopathy in ranch-raised mink is thought to be caused by ingestion of L-BSE–infected material (7). Although L-BSE has been orally transmitted to mouse lemurs (8), it remains to be established whether L-BSE can be transmitted to cattle by oral infection. We therefore investigated the transmissibility of L-BSE by the oral route and tissue distribution of disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) in cattle. All experiments involving animals were performed with the approval of the Animal Ethical Committee and the Animal Care and Use Committee of the National Institute of Animal Health (approval nos. 07–88 and 08–010).</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">snip...</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">The neuroanatomical PrPSc distribution pattern of orally challenged cattle differed somewhat from that described in cattle naturally and intracerebrally challenged with L-BSE (2–6,11,13,14), The conspicuous differences between the case we report and cases of natural and experimental infection are 1) higher amounts of PrPSc in the caudal medulla oblongata and the spinal cord coupled with that in the thalamus and the more rostral brainstem and 2) relatively low amounts of PrPSc in the cerebral cortices and the olfactory bulb. Furthermore, fewer PrPSc deposits in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve may indicate that the parasympathetic retrogressive neuroinvasion pathway does not contribute to transport of the L-BSE prion from the gut to the brain, which is in contrast to the vagus-associated transport of the agent in C-BSE (15). PrPSc accumulation in the extracerebral tissues may be a result of centrifugal trafficking of the L-BSE prion from the central nervous system along somatic or autonomic nerve fibers rather than centripetal propagation of the agent (4,6,9). Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</span></div></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/</a><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Our study clearly confirms, experimentally, the potential risk for interspecies oral transmission of the agent of L-BSE. In our model, this risk appears higher than that for the agent of classical BSE, which could only be transmitted to mouse lemurs after a first passage in macaques (14). We report oral transmission of the L-BSE agent in young and adult primates. Transmission by the IC route has also been reported in young macaques (6,7). A previous study of L-BSE in transgenic mice expressing human PrP suggested an absence of any transmission barrier between cattle and humans for this particular strain of the agent of BSE, in contrast to findings for the agent of classical BSE (9). Thus, it is imperative to maintain measures that prevent the entry of tissues from cattle possibly infected with the agent of L-BSE into the food chain.<br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/</a><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Title: The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Author item Greenlee, Justin item MOORE, S - Orise Fellow item WEST-GREENLEE, M - Iowa State University</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Submitted to: Prion</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Publication Type: Abstract Only</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Publication Acceptance Date: 5/14/2018</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Publication Date: 5/22/2018</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Citation: Greenlee, J.J., Moore, S.J., West Greenlee, M.H. 2018. The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge. Prion 2018, May 22-25, 2018, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Paper No. P98, page 116. Interpretive Summary:</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Technical Abstract: In 2006, a case of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) was reported in a cow with a previously unreported prion protein polymorphism (E211K). The E211K polymorphism is heritable and homologous to the E200K mutation in humans that is the most frequent PRNP mutation associated with familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Although the prevalence of the E211K polymorphism is low, cattle carrying the K211 allele develop H-type BSE with a rapid onset after experimental inoculation by the intracranial route. </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the agents of H-type BSE or H-type BSE associated with the E211K polymorphism transmit to wild type cattle or cattle with the K211 allele after oronasal exposure. </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Wild type (EE211) or heterozygous (EK211) cattle were oronasally inoculated with either H-type BSE from the 2004 US H-type BSE case (n=3) or from the 2006 US H-type case associated with the E211K polymorphism (n=4) using 10% w/v brain homogenates. </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Cattle were observed daily throughout the course of the experiment for the development of clinical signs. </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">At approximately 50 months post-inoculation, one steer (EK211 inoculated with E211K associated H-BSE) developed clinical signs including inattentiveness, loss of body condition, weakness, ataxia, and muscle fasciculations and was euthanized. </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Enzyme immunoassay confirmed that abundant misfolded protein was present in the brainstem, and immunohistochemistry demonstrated PrPSc throughout the brain. </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Western blot analysis of brain tissue from the clinically affected steer was consistent with the E211K H-type BSE inoculum. </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">With the experiment currently at 55 months post-inoculation, no other cattle in this study have developed clinical signs suggestive of prion disease. </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094</a></span></span></div></div><div><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></div><div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>2.3.2. New evidence on the zoonotic potential of atypical BSE and atypical scrapie prion strains</div><div><br /></div><div>PLEASE NOTE;</div><div><br /></div><div>2.3.2. New evidence on the zoonotic potential of atypical BSE and atypical scrapie prion strains</div><div><br /></div><div>Olivier Andreoletti, INRA Research Director, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) – École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), invited speaker, presented the results of two recently published scientific articles of interest, of which he is co-author:</div><div><br /></div><div>‘Radical Change in Zoonotic Abilities of Atypical BSE Prion Strains as Evidenced by Crossing of Sheep Species Barrier in Transgenic Mice’ (MarinMoreno et al., 2020) and ‘The emergence of classical BSE from atypical/Nor98 scrapie’ (Huor et al., 2019).</div><div><br /></div><div>In the first experimental study, H-type and L-type BSE were inoculated into transgenic mice expressing all three genotypes of the human PRNP at codon 129 and into adapted into ARQ and VRQ transgenic sheep mice. The results showed the alterations of the capacities to cross the human barrier species (mouse model) and emergence of sporadic CJD agents in Hu PrP expressing mice: type 2 sCJD in homozygous TgVal129 VRQ-passaged L-BSE, and type 1 sCJD in homozygous TgVal 129 and TgMet129 VRQ-passaged H-BSE. </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.EN-1946" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.EN-1946</a><br /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div><span style="color: #29303b;">3.2.1.2 Non‐cervid domestic species</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">The remarkably high rate of natural CWD transmission in the ongoing NA epidemics raises the question of the risk to livestock grazing on CWD‐contaminated shared rangeland and subsequently developing a novel CWD‐related prion disease. This issue has been investigated by transmitting CWD via experimental challenge to cattle, sheep and pigs and to tg mouse lines expressing the relevant species PrP.</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">For cattle challenged with CWD, PrPSc was detected in approximately 40% of intracerebrally inoculated animals (Hamir et al., 2005, 2006a, 2007). Tg mice expressing bovine PrP have also been challenged with CWD and while published studies have negative outcomes (Tamguney et al., 2009b), unpublished data provided for the purposes of this Opinion indicate that some transmission of individual isolates to bovinised mice is possible (Table 1).</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">In small ruminant recipients, a low rate of transmission was reported between 35 and 72 months post‐infection (mpi) in ARQ/ARQ and ARQ/VRQ sheep intracerebrally challenged with mule deer CWD (Hamir et al., 2006b), while two out of two ARQ/ARQ sheep intracerebrally inoculated with elk CWD developed clinical disease after 28 mpi (Madsen‐Bouterse et al., 2016). However, tg mice expressing ARQ sheep PrP were resistant (Tamguney et al., 2006) and tg mice expressing the VRQ PrP allele were poorly susceptible to clinical disease (Beringue et al., 2012; Madsen‐Bouterse et al., 2016). In contrast, tg mice expressing VRQ sheep PrP challenged with CWD have resulted in highly efficient, life‐long asymptomatic replication of these prions in the spleen tissue (Beringue et al., 2012).</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">A recent study investigated the potential for swine to serve as hosts of the CWD agent(s) by intracerebral or oral challenge of crossbred piglets (Moore et al., 2016b, 2017). Pigs sacrificed at 6 mpi, approximately the age at which pigs reach market weight, were clinically healthy and negative by diagnostic tests, although low‐level CWD agent replication could be detected in the CNS by bioassay in tg cervinised mice. Among pigs that were incubated for up to 73 mpi, some gave diagnostic evidence of CWD replication in the brain between 42 and 72 mpi. Importantly, this was observed also in one orally challenged pig at 64 mpi and the presence of low‐level CWD replication was confirmed by mouse bioassay. The authors of this study argued that pigs can support low‐level amplification of CWD prions, although the species barrier to CWD infection is relatively high and that the detection of infectivity in orally inoculated pigs with a mouse bioassay raises the possibility that naturally exposed pigs could act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity.</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5863" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5863</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>Very low oral exposure to prions of brain or saliva origin can transmit chronic wasting disease</div><div><br /></div><div>Nathaniel D. Denkers ,Clare E. Hoover ,Kristen A. Davenport,Davin M. Henderson,Erin E. McNulty,Amy V. Nalls,Candace K. Mathiason,Edward A. Hoover </div><div><br /></div><div>Published: August 20, 2020</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237410" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237410</a></div><div><br /></div><div>We report that oral exposure to as little as 300 nanograms (ng) of CWD-positive brain or to saliva containing seeding activity equivalent to 300 ng of CWD-positive brain, were sufficient to transmit CWD disease. This was true whether the inoculum was administered as a single bolus or divided as three weekly 100 ng exposures. However, when the 300 ng total dose was apportioned as 10, 30 ng doses delivered over 12 weeks, no infection occurred. While low-dose exposures to prions of brain or saliva origin prolonged the time from inoculation to first detection of infection, once infection was established, we observed no differences in disease pathogenesis. These studies suggest that the CWD minimum infectious dose approximates 100 to 300 ng CWD-positive brain (or saliva equivalent), and that CWD infection appears to conform more with a threshold than a cumulative dose dynamic.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0237410" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0237410</a><br /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Title: Disease-associated prion protein detected in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the agent of chronic wasting disease </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=326166" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=326166</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Title: The agent of chronic wasting disease from pigs is infectious in transgenic mice expressing human PRNP </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Author item MOORE, S - Orise Fellow item Kokemuller, Robyn item WEST-GREENLEE, M - Iowa State University item BALKEMA-BUSCHMANN, ANNE - Friedrich-Loeffler-institut item GROSCHUP, MARTIN - Friedrich-Loeffler-institut item Greenlee, Justin Submitted to: Prion Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 5/10/2018 Publication Date: 5/22/2018 Citation: Moore, S.J., Kokemuller, R.D., West-Greenlee, M.H., Balkema-Buschmann, A., Groschup, M.H., Greenlee, J.J. 2018. The agent of chronic wasting disease from pigs is infectious in transgenic mice expressing human PRNP. Prion 2018, Santiago de Compostela, Spain, May 22-25, 2018. Paper No. WA15, page 44.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Interpretive Summary:</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"> The successful transmission of pig-passaged CWD to Tg40 mice reported here suggests that passage of the CWD agent through pigs results in a change of the transmission characteristics which reduces the transmission barrier of Tg40 mice to the CWD agent. If this biological behavior is recapitulated in the original host species, passage of the CWD agent through pigs could potentially lead to increased pathogenicity of the CWD agent in humans.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">cwd scrapie pigs oral routes </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. <*** </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">>*** Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health. <*** </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;">CONFIDENTIAL</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>LINE TO TAKE</div><div><br /></div><div>3. If questions on pharmaceuticals are raised at the Press conference, the suggested line to take is as follows:- </div><div><br /></div><div> "There are no medicinal products licensed for use on the market which make use of UK-derived porcine tissues with which any hypothetical “high risk" ‘might be associated. The results of the recent experimental work at the CSM will be carefully examined by the CSM‘s Working Group on spongiform encephalopathy at its next meeting.</div><div><br /></div><div>DO Hagger RM 1533 MT Ext 3201</div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">May I, at the outset, reiterate that we should avoid dissemination of papers relating to this experimental finding to prevent premature release of the information. ...</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">3. It is particularly important that this information is not passed outside the Department, until Ministers have decided how they wish it to be handled. ...</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">But it would be easier for us if pharmaceuticals/devices are not directly mentioned at all. ...</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="yiv9814538994cxmmr5t8 yiv9814538994oygrvhab yiv9814538994hcukyx3x yiv9814538994c1et5uql yiv9814538994o9v6fnle" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px;"><div style="font-family: inherit;"><div style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div><div></div><div><div class="yiv9814538994MsoNormal" style="line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"></div></div></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"></span><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div></div><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://www..nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"></span><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </span></div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: monospace; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; white-space: pre;">
</span><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv9814538994aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline..com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span></div><div class="yiv9814538994aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">PRION 2016 TOKYO</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X online</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Taylor & Francis</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline..com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span></div><div class="yiv9814538994aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a></span></div><div class="yiv9814538994aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv9814538994aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1: J Infect Dis 1980 Aug;142(2):205-8</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Oral transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie to nonhuman primates.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Amyx HL, Bacote A, Masters CL, Gajdusek DC.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease of humans and scrapie disease of sheep and goats were transmitted to squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) that were exposed to the infectious agents only by their nonforced consumption of known infectious tissues. The asymptomatic incubation period in the one monkey exposed to the virus of kuru was 36 months; that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was 23 and 27 months, respectively; and that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of scrapie was 25 and 32 months, respectively. Careful physical examination of the buccal cavities of all of the monkeys failed to reveal signs or oral lesions. One additional monkey similarly exposed to kuru has remained asymptomatic during the 39 months that it has been under observation.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">snip...</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The successful transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie by natural feeding to squirrel monkeys that we have reported provides further grounds for concern that scrapie-infected meat may occasionally give rise in humans to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">PMID: 6997404</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Recently the question has again been brought up as to whether scrapie is transmissible to man. This has followed reports that the disease has been transmitted to primates. One particularly lurid speculation (Gajdusek 1977) conjectures that the agents of scrapie, kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and transmissible encephalopathy of mink are varieties of a single "virus". The U.S. Department of Agriculture concluded that it could "no longer justify or permit scrapie-blood line and scrapie-exposed sheep and goats to be processed for human or animal food at slaughter or rendering plants" (ARC 84/77)" The problem is emphasised by the finding that some strains of scrapie produce lesions identical to the once which characterise the human dementias"</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Whether true or not. the hypothesis that these agents might be transmissible to man raises two considerations. First, the safety of laboratory personnel requires prompt attention. Second, action such as the "scorched meat" policy of USDA makes the solution of the acrapie problem urgent if the sheep industry is not to suffer grievously.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">snip...</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">76/10.12/4.6</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Nature. 1972 Mar 10;236(5341):73-4.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Transmission of scrapie to the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis).</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Gajdusek DC.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Nature 236, 73 - 74 (10 March 1972); doi:10.1038/236073a0</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Transmission of Scrapie to the Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis)</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">C. J. GIBBS jun. & D. C. GAJDUSEK</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">SCRAPIE has been transmitted to the cynomolgus, or crab-eating, monkey (Macaca fascicularis) with an incubation period of more than 5 yr from the time of intracerebral inoculation of scrapie-infected mouse brain. The animal developed a chronic central nervous system degeneration, with ataxia, tremor and myoclonus with associated severe scrapie-like pathology of intensive astroglial hypertrophy and proliferation, neuronal vacuolation and status spongiosus of grey matter. The strain of scrapie virus used was the eighth passage in Swiss mice (NIH) of a Compton strain of scrapie obtained as ninth intracerebral passage of the agent in goat brain, from Dr R. L. Chandler (ARC, Compton, Berkshire).</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><span style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px;">TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 07, 2021</span><br /></div></div></div></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div class="yiv9814538994cxmmr5t8 yiv9814538994oygrvhab yiv9814538994hcukyx3x yiv9814538994c1et5uql yiv9814538994o9v6fnle" style="background-color: #f0f2f5; color: #050505; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px;"><div style="font-family: inherit;">Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE OIE, FDA 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS, and Ingestion Therefrom</div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2021/09/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>***> Our data show that BSE can infect small ruminants under natural conditions and could be misdiagnosed as scrapie<br /></div><div><br /></div><div>wtf were they thinking...</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...see full report ;</div><div><br /></div></div></div><div><div>WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 8, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Importation of Sheep, Goats, and Certain Other Ruminants AGENCY: Animal APHIA, USDA, FINAL RULE [Docket No. APHIS–2009–0095] RIN 0579–AD10</div></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/12/importation-of-sheep-goats-and-certain.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/12/importation-of-sheep-goats-and-certain.html</a></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>THURSDAY, DECEMBER 16, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>RT‑QuIC detection of CWD prion seeding activity in white‑tailed deer muscle tissues<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/12/rtquic-detection-of-cwd-prion-seeding.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/12/rtquic-detection-of-cwd-prion-seeding.html</a><br /></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>THURSDAY, DECEMBER 16, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Detection of CWD prions in naturally infected white‑tailed deer fetuses and gestational tissues by PMCA<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/12/detection-of-cwd-prions-in-naturally.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/12/detection-of-cwd-prions-in-naturally.html</a></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33182925.post-5603470424048487672021-09-07T15:53:00.002-05:002021-11-04T11:01:40.895-05:00Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE OIE, FDA 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS, and Ingestion Therefrom<p><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE OIE, FDA 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS, and Ingestion Therefrom</span></p><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">The myth that all atypical </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">BSE TSE Prion disease are </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">sporadic/spontaneous and are not caused by the ingestion of TSE Prion contaminated feed, is just that, a myth, one never proven, and in fact, is not scientific...terry</span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><br /></span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="background-color: transparent;"><div>REPORT OF THE MEETING OF THE OIE AD HOC GROUP ON BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY RISK ASSESSMENT AND SURVEILLANCE</div><div><br /></div><div>Paris, 18-21 March 2019</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div></span></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>3. Atypical BSE</div><div><br /></div><div>The Group discussed and endorsed with minor revisions an overview of relevant literature on the risk of atypical BSE being recycled in a cattle population and its zoonotic potential that had been prepared ahead of the meeting by one expert from the Group. This overview is provided as Appendix IV and its main conclusions are outlined below.</div><div><br /></div><div>With regard to the risk of recycling of atypical BSE, recently published research confirmed that the L-type BSE prion (a type of atypical BSE prion) may be orally transmitted to calves1 . In light of this evidence, and the likelihood that atypical BSE could arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence, the Group was of the opinion that it would be reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle were to be exposed to contaminated feed. Therefore, the recycling of atypical strains in cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided.</div><div><br /></div><div>The Group acknowledged the challenges in demonstrating the zoonotic transmission of atypical strains of BSE in natural exposure scenarios. Overall, the Group was of the opinion that, at this stage, it would be premature to reach a conclusion other than that atypical BSE poses a potential zoonotic risk that may be different between atypical strains. </div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">snip...</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>In contrast, there have not been any substantiated reports of the successful oral transmission of H-BSE in cattle. Initial reports from Dudas et al., 2014 based on RT-QuIC pointed to the possibility of oral transmission following a very high dose (100 grams of brain material), although the individual did not display clinical signs and the findings from standard molecular or immunohistochemical assays were all negative. Investigations are ongoing in an attempt to clarify these findings.</div><div><br /></div><div>Although significant uncertainty remains regarding the origin of C-BSE, several studies involving the serial passage of H-BSE and L-BSE in transgenic and wild-type mice have revealed their potential to lead to the emergence of a C-BSE-like phenotype (Baron et al., 2011; Torres et al., 2011; Bencsik et al., 2013) or other novel strains (Masujin et al., 2016). Whether or not one or both of these atypical strains led to the emergence of C-BSE remains speculative; however, the similarities between transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME), first reported in the USA in 1947 (Hartsough and Burger, 1965), and L-BSE indicate that TME may have been a surrogate indicator for the presence of L-BSE in cattle populations in those countries such as the USA, Canada, Germany, Finland and Russia where outbreaks of TME had been reported decades before C-BSE was first recognised in the United Kingdom in 1986 (Hadlow and Karstad, 1968; Marsh et al., 1991; McKenzie et al., 1996; Baron et al., 2007; Comoy et al., 2013). Although TME was originally thought to have occurred as a result of feeding mink with scrapie infected sheep carcases, oral challenge studies did not confirm this (Marsh et al., 1991). Importantly, in an outbreak reported in the USA in 1985, mink had never been fed sheep products; instead they had been fed on products derived from dead and sick dairy cattle (March et al., 1991). Similarly, from an outbreak in Canada in 1963, mink had reportedly been fed with products derived from cattle but not sheep (Hadlow and Karstad, 1968).</div><div><br /></div><div>Although, as discussed above, the passage of H-BSE or L-BSE has been proposed as a possible explanation for the origin of C-BSE, transformation of L-BSE or H-BSE to C-BSE has not been observed so far in transmission studies in cattle. That being said, it is likely that, compared to various rodent models, an insufficient number of passages have been undertaken.</div><div><br /></div><div>It is worth noting that sheep and goats are susceptible to L-BSE following intracerebral inoculation without lymphoid involvement in most individuals (Simmons et al., 2016; Gielbert et al., 2018; Vallino-Costassa et al., 2018). As discussed by Houston and Andreoletti (2018), C-BSE appears to increase in virulence for humans if it is first passaged in sheep. Whether or not this is the same for atypical strains remains to be determined.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusions on transmissibility of atypical BSE among cattle</div><div><br /></div><div>Given that cattle have been successfully infected by the oral route, at least for L-BSE, it is reasonable to conclude that atypical BSE is potentially capable of being recycled in a cattle population if cattle are exposed to contaminated feed. In addition, based on reports of atypical BSE from several countries that have not had C-BSE, it appears likely that atypical BSE would arise as a spontaneous disease in any country, albeit at a very low incidence in old cattle. In the presence of livestock industry practices that would allow it to be recycled in the cattle feed chain, it is likely that some level of exposure and transmission may occur. As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided. </div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.oie.int/fileadmin/SST/adhocreports/Bovine%20spongiform%20encephalopathy/AN/A_AhG_BSEsurv_RiskAss_Mar2019.pdf</a></div></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.<br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> As a result, since atypical BSE can be reasonably considered to pose a potential background level of risk for any country with cattle, the recycling of both classical and atypical strains in the cattle and broader ruminant populations should be avoided. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>***> This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div><div><br /></div><div>***> These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>Atypical L-type BSE</div><div><br /></div><div>Emerg Infect Dis. 2017 Feb; 23(2): 284–287. doi: 10.3201/eid2302.161416 PMCID: PMC5324790 PMID: 28098532</div><div><br /></div><div>Oral Transmission of L-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Agent among Cattle </div><div><br /></div><div>Hiroyuki Okada,corresponding author Yoshifumi Iwamaru, Morikazu Imamura, Kohtaro Miyazawa, Yuichi Matsuura, Kentaro Masujin, Yuichi Murayama, and Takashi Yokoyama Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Go to: Abstract To determine oral transmissibility of the L-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) prion, we orally inoculated 16 calves with brain homogenates of the agent. Only 1 animal, given a high dose, showed signs and died at 88 months. These results suggest low risk for oral transmission of the L-BSE agent among cattle.</div><div><br /></div><div>Keywords: atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy, cattle, L-type, prion, oral transmission, L-BSE, prions and related diseases, zoonoses The epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle is thought to be caused by oral infection through consumption of feed containing the BSE agent (prion). Since 2003, different neuropathologic and molecular phenotypes of BSE have been identified as causing ≈110 cases of atypical BSE worldwide, mainly in aged cattle. Although the etiology and pathogenesis of atypical BSE are not yet fully understood, atypical BSE prions possibly cause sporadic cases of BSE (1).</div><div><br /></div><div>The L-type BSE (L-BSE) prion has been experimentally transmitted to cattle by intracerebral challenge, and the incubation period was is shorter than that for classical BSE (C-BSE) prions (2–6). The origin of transmissible mink encephalopathy in ranch-raised mink is thought to be caused by ingestion of L-BSE–infected material (7). Although L-BSE has been orally transmitted to mouse lemurs (8), it remains to be established whether L-BSE can be transmitted to cattle by oral infection. We therefore investigated the transmissibility of L-BSE by the oral route and tissue distribution of disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) in cattle. All experiments involving animals were performed with the approval of the Animal Ethical Committee and the Animal Care and Use Committee of the National Institute of Animal Health (approval nos. 07–88 and 08–010).</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>The neuroanatomical PrPSc distribution pattern of orally challenged cattle differed somewhat from that described in cattle naturally and intracerebrally challenged with L-BSE (2–6,11,13,14), The conspicuous differences between the case we report and cases of natural and experimental infection are 1) higher amounts of PrPSc in the caudal medulla oblongata and the spinal cord coupled with that in the thalamus and the more rostral brainstem and 2) relatively low amounts of PrPSc in the cerebral cortices and the olfactory bulb. Furthermore, fewer PrPSc deposits in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve may indicate that the parasympathetic retrogressive neuroinvasion pathway does not contribute to transport of the L-BSE prion from the gut to the brain, which is in contrast to the vagus-associated transport of the agent in C-BSE (15). PrPSc accumulation in the extracerebral tissues may be a result of centrifugal trafficking of the L-BSE prion from the central nervous system along somatic or autonomic nerve fibers rather than centripetal propagation of the agent (4,6,9). Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5324790/</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Our study clearly confirms, experimentally, the potential risk for interspecies oral transmission of the agent of L-BSE. In our model, this risk appears higher than that for the agent of classical BSE, which could only be transmitted to mouse lemurs after a first passage in macaques (14). We report oral transmission of the L-BSE agent in young and adult primates. Transmission by the IC route has also been reported in young macaques (6,7). A previous study of L-BSE in transgenic mice expressing human PrP suggested an absence of any transmission barrier between cattle and humans for this particular strain of the agent of BSE, in contrast to findings for the agent of classical BSE (9). Thus, it is imperative to maintain measures that prevent the entry of tissues from cattle possibly infected with the agent of L-BSE into the food chain.<br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310119/</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Atypical H-type BSE</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div><br /></div><div>Title: The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge</div><div><br /></div><div>Author item Greenlee, Justin item MOORE, S - Orise Fellow item WEST-GREENLEE, M - Iowa State University</div><div><br /></div><div>Submitted to: Prion</div><div><br /></div><div>Publication Type: Abstract Only</div><div><br /></div><div>Publication Acceptance Date: 5/14/2018</div><div><br /></div><div>Publication Date: 5/22/2018</div><div><br /></div><div>Citation: Greenlee, J.J., Moore, S.J., West Greenlee, M.H. 2018. </div><div><br /></div><div>The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge.</div><div><br /></div><div> Prion 2018, May 22-25, 2018, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Paper No. P98, page 116. Interpretive Summary:</div><div><br /></div><div>Technical Abstract: In 2006, a case of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) was reported in a cow with a previously unreported prion protein polymorphism (E211K). The E211K polymorphism is heritable and homologous to the E200K mutation in humans that is the most frequent PRNP mutation associated with familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Although the prevalence of the E211K polymorphism is low, cattle carrying the K211 allele develop H-type BSE with a rapid onset after experimental inoculation by the intracranial route. </div><div><br /></div><div>The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the agents of H-type BSE or H-type BSE associated with the E211K polymorphism transmit to wild type cattle or cattle with the K211 allele after oronasal exposure. </div><div><br /></div><div>Wild type (EE211) or heterozygous (EK211) cattle were oronasally inoculated with either H-type BSE from the 2004 US H-type BSE case (n=3) or from the 2006 US H-type case associated with the E211K polymorphism (n=4) using 10% w/v brain homogenates. </div><div><br /></div><div>Cattle were observed daily throughout the course of the experiment for the development of clinical signs. </div><div><br /></div><div>At approximately 50 months post-inoculation, one steer (EK211 inoculated with E211K associated H-BSE) developed clinical signs including inattentiveness, loss of body condition, weakness, ataxia, and muscle fasciculations and was euthanized. </div><div><br /></div><div>Enzyme immunoassay confirmed that abundant misfolded protein was present in the brainstem, and immunohistochemistry demonstrated PrPSc throughout the brain. </div><div><br /></div><div>Western blot analysis of brain tissue from the clinically affected steer was consistent with the E211K H-type BSE inoculum. </div><div><br /></div><div>With the experiment currently at 55 months post-inoculation, no other cattle in this study have developed clinical signs suggestive of prion disease. </div><div><br /></div><div>This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div><div><br /></div><div>These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353094</a><br /></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">P98 The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Greenlee JJ (1), Moore SJ (1), and West Greenlee MH (2) (1) United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Virus and Prion Research Unit, Ames, IA, United States (2) Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">In 2006, a case of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) was reported in a cow with a previously unreported prion protein polymorphism (E211K). </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">The E211K polymorphism is heritable and homologous to the E200K mutation in humans that is the most frequent PRNP mutation associated with familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Although the prevalence of the E211K polymorphism is low, cattle carrying the K211 allele develop H-type BSE with a rapid onset after experimental inoculation by the intracranial route. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the agents of H-type BSE or H-type BSE associated with the E211K polymorphism transmit to wild type cattle or cattle with the K211 allele after oronasal exposure. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Wild type (EE211) or heterozygous (EK211) cattle were oronasally inoculated with either H-type BSE from the 2004 US Htype BSE case (n=3) or from the 2006 US H-type case associated with the E211K polymorphism (n=4) using 10% w/v brain homogenates. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Cattle were observed daily throughout the course of the experiment for the development of clinical signs. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">At approximately 50 months post-inoculation, one steer (EK211 inoculated with E211K associated H-BSE) developed clinical signs including inattentiveness, loss of body condition, weakness, ataxia, and muscle fasciculations and was euthanized. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Enzyme immunoassay confirmed that abundant misfolded protein was present in the brainstem, and immunohistochemistry demonstrated PrPSc throughout the brain. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Western blot analysis of brain tissue from the clinically affected steer was consistent with the E211K H-type BSE inoculum. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">With the experiment currently at 55 months post-inoculation, no other cattle in this study have developed clinical signs suggestive of prion disease. This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">PRION CONFERENCE 2018 CONFERENCE ABSTRACT</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>Published: 23 June 2011</div><div><br /></div><div>Experimental H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy characterized by plaques and glial- and stellate-type prion protein deposits</div><div><br /></div><div>Hiroyuki Okada, Yoshifumi Iwamaru, Morikazu Imamura, Kentaro Masujin, Yuichi Matsuura, Yoshihisa Shimizu, Kazuo Kasai, Shirou Mohri, Takashi Yokoyama & Stefanie Czub </div><div><br /></div><div>Abstract</div><div><br /></div><div>Atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) has recently been identified in Europe, North America, and Japan. It is classified as H-type and L-type BSE according to the molecular mass of the disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc). To investigate the topographical distribution and deposition patterns of immunolabeled PrPSc, H-type BSE isolate was inoculated intracerebrally into cattle. H-type BSE was successfully transmitted to 3 calves, with incubation periods between 500 and 600 days. Moderate to severe spongiform changes were detected in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices, basal ganglia, thalamus, and brainstem. H-type BSE was characterized by the presence of PrP-immunopositive amyloid plaques in the white matter of the cerebrum, basal ganglia, and thalamus. Moreover, intraglial-type immunolabeled PrPSc was prominent throughout the brain. Stellate-type immunolabeled PrPSc was conspicuous in the gray matter of the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and thalamus, but not in the brainstem. In addition, PrPSc accumulation was detected in the peripheral nervous tissues, such as trigeminal ganglia, dorsal root ganglia, optic nerve, retina, and neurohypophysis. Cattle are susceptible to H-type BSE with a shorter incubation period, showing distinct and distinguishable phenotypes of PrPSc accumulation.</div><div><br /></div><div>SNIP...</div><div><br /></div><div>Discussion This study demonstrated successful intraspecies transmission of H-type BSE characterized by a shorter incubation period as compared with C-type BSE [19]. To the best of our knowledge, thus far, neuropathological and immunohistochemical data for H-type BSE have only been reported from the medulla oblongata at the obex in German, United States, and Swedish field cases [10, 13, 24]. This is related to the fact that only the obex region is sampled for BSE rapid tests and other brain regions are often unavailable due to marked autolysis, limitations in collection infrastructure, or freezing artifacts [10, 13, 24, 25]. This is the first presentation of H-type lesion profiles involving the whole CNS and additional nervous tissues, although of experimentally infected animals.</div><div><br /></div><div>Incubation periods in the cattle challenged with the Canadian H-type BSE (mean period, 18 months) were two months longer than those reported in cattle challenged with German H-type BSE [20]. This difference in incubation periods has several potential explanations, which include differences in agents tested, inoculum titers, and breeding conditions. Infectivity titer issues might be resolved by comparing second-passage infection experiment results.</div><div><br /></div><div>Spongy changes were generally present in the gray matter throughout the brain and spinal cord, but were more conspicuous in the cerebral cortices, thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain. In most brain areas, vacuoles were generally detected in the neuropil and only occasionally in the neurons. The spatial distribution pattern of spongiform changes and immunolabeled PrPSc in the brain of an H-type BSE-infected Zebu, analyzed with N-terminal-specific mAb P4 and C-terminal-specific mAb F99/97.6.1, was similar to that in C-type BSE cases [38]. In natural and experimental C-type BSE cases, spongiform lesions are consistently distributed throughout the brain, but overall, the lesions in the thalamus and brainstem including the midbrain and medulla oblongata at the obex are more severe than those in the cerebral cortices [29, 39]. The results of the present study indicate that the vacuolar lesion score of the H-type BSE-challenged cattle was higher than that of C-type BSE-affected cattle [19, 29, 40, 41]. Moreover, the topographical distribution of PrPSc in the brain of BSE-infected sheep is similar irrespective of the different challenge routes such as intracerebral, intravascular, or intraperitoneal route [42], suggesting common patterns of neuroinvasion and CNS spread [43]. On the contrary, the minor differences detected in the distribution of PrPSc in the brain between deer that are orally and intracerebrally infected with BSE may be due to differences in the routes of infection [44].</div><div><br /></div><div>The immunolabeling patterns of PrPSc in the cattle affected with H-type BSE were characterized by the presence of both PrPSc-positive plaques and intraglial- and stellate-type PrPSc accumulations in the brain. Severe intraneuronal- and intraglial-type PrPSc accumulations as well as plaque-like PrPSc aggregates with the absence of stellate-type PrPSc deposition have been reported in the obex region of H-type BSE-affected animals [10, 13]. These immunohistochemical features were detected in the obex region and coincided with those observed in the present study. However, neither amyloid plaques nor stellate-type PrPSc depositions have been reported in H-type BSE-affected cattle, most likely due to their limitation to the medulla oblongata at the obex [8, 10, 13, 24].</div><div><br /></div><div>Two different types of plaques were found in this study: unicentric and multicentric PrP plaques. Most of these plaques were uniformly immunopositive for PrP, with a dense non-Congophilic core. The plaques that had a pale central core with a Congophilic reaction were less frequent. It has been suggested that Congophilic plaques may correspond with the late stage of plaque formation, whereas non-Congophilic plaques coincide with the early stage of CJD and Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome [45]. The 2 types of PrPSc-positive plaques--unicentric and multicentric--have been described in L-type BSE [5, 19, 46]. Our results indicate that the presence of PrPSc plaques in the forebrain but not in the brainstem is one of the neuropathological features in cattle affected with atypical BSE. In addition, glial-type PrPSc deposition in the white matter throughout the brain seems to be a characteristic feature of H-type BSE in cattle, as supported by identical findings in German and Swedish H-type BSE field cases [10, 13].</div><div><br /></div><div>Extracellular PrPSc was immunolabeled with N-terminal-, core-, and C-terminal-specific antibodies, but intracellular PrPSc did not show immunoreactivity to the N-terminal-specific anti-PrP antibodies [47, 48]. Intracellular PrPSc has markedly diminished immunoreactivity to N-terminal-specific anti-PrP antibodies [47]. However, N-terminal-specific mAb P4, which recognizes an epitope at bovine PrP residues 101-107, showed intraneuronal PrPSc immunolabeling in sheep affected with C-type BSE [47] and in Zebu affected with H-type BSE [38]. These results indicate that the epitope region for either mAb P4 or core-specific anti-PrP antibodies is located upstream of an intracellular truncation site [38, 48]. The differences in intracellular PrPSc truncation sites between sheep scrapie and ovine BSE [47] as well as between C-type BSE and H-type BSE [38] most probably depend on the strain and the tissues and cells [47]. The intensity and patterns of PrPSc immunolabeling varied with the different anti-PrP antibodies used, and the difference in the PrPSc immunohistochemical labeling results might be related to the application of different technical protocols, especially antigen retrieval methods [49–51].</div><div><br /></div><div>The western blot profiles of PrPres for the H-type BSE-challenged cattle and the Canadian H-type BSE-infected brain homogenate used as inoculum were indistinguishable. Results of previous studies prove that H-type BSE isolates have distinct biological and biochemical properties compared with C-type and L-type BSE isolates [3, 52, 53]. The PrPres in H-type BSE, as detected by mAb SAF84 recognizing the C-terminus of PrP, was thought to be composed of 2 fragments with molecular masses of 19 kDa and 10-12 kDa, possessing a different cleavage site in the N-terminal region with PK digestion [53]. The higher molecular mass of the unglycosylated PrPres molecules, which included an additional 10-12 kDa fragment, in the Canadian H-type BSE case was maintained in the challenged animals. These unique molecular features of PrP in H-type BSE are also well preserved in transgenic and wild type mice [16, 53]. In addition, a distinct 10-12 kDa fragment detected with C-terminal-specific antibodies in H-type BSE might be associated with the presence of PrP plaques [53].</div><div><br /></div><div>Although PrPC glycosylation seems to play a critical role in the maintenance of strain-dependent prion neurotropism [54, 55], a recent study has demonstrated that PrPSc glycosylation is not required for the maintenance of strain-specific neurotropisms [56]. Strain-dependent prion neurotropism is currently unknown, but several possibilities have been indicated [56]. Moreover, a local difference in the PrPSc replication rate may be attributed to a high degree of neurotropism in H-type BSE similar to that observed in C-type BSE [57].</div><div><br /></div><div>Since 2003, sporadic and discontinuous occurrence of atypical BSE has been detected in Europe, North America, and Japan. Although, till date, the origin and frequency of atypical BSE is unknown, a high prevalence is found in older cattle over the age of eight years. This is the result of the active surveillance programs using rapid screening tests, with the exception of a Zebu case [38]. It has been reported that H-type BSE can be the result of a naturally occurring, heritable variant caused by glutamic acid/lysine polymorphism at codon 211 of the bovine PRNP gene (E211K) [11, 58]. However, our cases, although experimentally challenged via the intracranial route, and the original Canadian H-type BSE field case [11, 58] developed the disease without the novel mutation E211K within PRNP. Therefore, atypical BSE seemed to be sporadic rather than inherited with a higher risk in fallen stock than in healthy slaughtered cattle [8, 13, 25], suggesting that young adult cattle affected with atypical BSE might be dormant carriers. Further studies are required to determine the epidemiological significance and origin of atypical BSE.</div><div><br /></div><div>The present study demonstrated successful intraspecies transmission of H-type BSE to cattle and the distribution and immunolabeling patterns of PrPSc in the brain of the H-type BSE-challenged cattle. TSE agent virulence can be minimally defined by oral transmission of different TSE agents (C-type, L-type, and H-type BSE agents) [59]. Oral transmission studies with H-type BSE-infected cattle have been initiated and are underway to provide information regarding the extent of similarity in the immunohistochemical and molecular features before and after transmission. In addition, the present data will support risk assessments in some peripheral tissues derived from cattle affected with H-type BSE.</div><div><br /></div><div>References...END</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1297-9716-42-79" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1297-9716-42-79</a></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">2.3.2. New evidence on the zoonotic potential of atypical BSE and atypical scrapie prion strains</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">PLEASE NOTE;</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">2.3.2. New evidence on the zoonotic potential of atypical BSE and atypical scrapie prion strainsNo</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Olivier Andreoletti, INRA Research Director, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) – École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), invited speaker, presented the results of two recently published scientific articles of interest, of which he is co-author: ‘Radical Change in Zoonotic Abilities of Atypical BSE Prion Strains as Evidenced by Crossing of Sheep Species Barrier in Transgenic Mice’ (MarinMoreno et al., 2020) and ‘The emergence of classical BSE from atypical/Nor98 scrapie’ (Huor et al., 2019).</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">In the first experimental study, H-type and L-type BSE were inoculated into transgenic mice expressing all three genotypes of the human PRNP at codon 129 and into adapted into ARQ and VRQ transgenic sheep mice. The results showed the alterations of the capacities to cross the human barrier species (mouse model) and emergence of sporadic CJD agents in Hu PrP expressing mice: type 2 sCJD in homozygous TgVal129 VRQ-passaged L-BSE, and type 1 sCJD in homozygous TgVal 129 and TgMet129 VRQ-passaged H-BSE. </span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.EN-1946" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank"><span style="color: black;">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.EN-1946</span></a></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 17px;">></span><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 17px;">This information gives insight into the genesis of new prion strains. It also supports the hypothesis that TME can originate from feeding mink protein from cattle afflicted with L-BSE providing evidence to support regulatory decisions for non-food animal species.</span><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 17px;"><</span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 17px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 17px; margin-top: 0px;">Research Project: </span><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 17px;"></span><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #0071bc; cursor: pointer; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px;" target="_blank">Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies</a><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 17px;"></span><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; max-width: none;"><strong>Location: <a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/midwest-area/ames/nadc/virus-and-prion-research/" id="yiv4629631200anch_62" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: transparent; color: #0071bc; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">Virus and Prion Research</a></strong></div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 17px;">2020 Annual Report</span><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; max-width: none;"><strong>Objectives</strong><br />Objective 1: Investigate the mechanisms of protein misfolding in prion disease, including the genetic determinants of misfolding of the prion protein, environmental influences on abnormal prion conversion, and environmental influences on protein misfolding as it relates to prion diseases. Objective 2: Investigate the pathobiology of prion strains in natural hosts, including the influence of prion source genotype on interspecies transmission and the pathobiology of atypical transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) and the presence of CWD prion strains in natural hosts by processing field samples through a strain identification program. Subobjective 2.A: Investigate the pathobiology of atypical TSEs. Subobjective 2.B: Investigate the influence of prion source genotype on interspecies transmission. Objective 3: Investigate sampling methodologies for antemortem detection of prion disease, including the utility of blood sampling as a means to assess prion disease status of affected animals and the utility of environmental sampling for monitoring herd prion disease status. Subobjective 3.A: Investigate the utility of blood sampling as a means to assess prion disease status of affected animals. Subobjective 3.B: Investigate the utility of environmental sampling for monitoring herd prion disease status. Objective 4: Determine the association of disease susceptibility or resistance with naturally occurring prion protein genotypes not yet associated with positive cases on infected premises, including genotype associated differences in prion accumulation and excretion, and develop a logic-based decision tree for CWD strain determination. Objective 5: Develop improved live animal test for the detection of CWD-affected cervids, including a sensitive live animal test to detect CWD prions in individual animals, a sensitive live animal screening test for the purpose of determining a herd’s CWD status, and a sensitive deployable CWD test for use by State diagnostic labs.</div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; max-width: none;"><strong>Approach</strong><br />The studies will focus on three animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) agents found in the United States: bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE); scrapie of sheep and goats; and chronic wasting disease (CWD) of deer, elk, and moose. The research will address sites of protein folding and misfolding as it relates to prion disease, accumulation of misfolded protein in the host, routes of infection, and ante mortem diagnostics with an emphasis on controlled conditions and natural routes of infection. Techniques used will include spectroscopic monitoring of protein folding/misfolding, clinical exams, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and biochemical analysis of proteins. The enhanced knowledge gained from this work will help understand the underlying mechanisms of prion disease and mitigate the potential for unrecognized epidemic expansions of these diseases in populations of animals that could either directly or indirectly affect food animals.</div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; max-width: none;"><strong>Progress Report</strong><br />Five of the seven project plan milestones for FY20 were fully met with the remaining two substantially met. Research efforts directed toward meeting Objective 1 of our project plan originally centered around the production of recombinant prion protein from either bacteria or mammalian tissue culture systems and collection of data on the folding and misfolding of the recombinant prion protein produced. The amount of expressed protein from mammalian expression systems was inherently too low to fully accomplish all aspects of the proposed work. Due to this we have altered our research plan but are still able to accomplish the end goal of understanding the influence of metal ions on prion disease using a mutagenesis based approach altering the metal ion binding sites. Due to the long-term nature of Objective 2, the progress status of the objective has not changed. All studies have been initiated and animals are under observation for the development of clinical signs. The animal studies for this objective are long term and will continue until onset of clinical signs. In vitro studies planned in parallel to the animal's studies have similarly been initiated and are ongoing. Objective 3 of the project plan focuses on the detection of disease associated prion protein in body fluids and feces collected from a time course study of chronic wasting disease inoculated animals. At this time sample collection is complete and preliminary methods have been established. Optimization of those methods is nearing completion and the feasibility of using pooled samples to assess overall herd status is being investigated. Objectives 4 and 5 were recently added to the project and work on both is in the preliminary stages.</div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; max-width: none;"><strong>Accomplishments</strong><br />1. Differing genetic backgrounds of prion disease sources do not affect likelihood of disease progression. Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative diseases that affect a wide range of livestock and wildlife. The disease process occurs through the misfolding of a normally occurring protein. A recently developed approach for the detection of this misfolded protein uses a technique referred to as Real-time quaking induced conversion (RT-QulC). RT-QulC amplifies the amount of misfolded protein for detection and has been used to differentiate prion diseases through differences in the rate of misfolding. ARS scientists in Ames, Iowa, completed a study comparing the relative rates of misfolding in RT-QulC from different sources of chronic wasting disease using both human and bank vole prion protein as the substrate for amplification. Regardless of the chronic wasting disease source and genotype, the bank vole substrate was equivalently sensitive indicating the utility of this substrate for the detection of CWD regardless of host or genotype. Similarly, with human prion protein substrate no differences were found indicating that at the level of conversion of the human prion protein to the fibril form conformation all tested CWD isolates are equivalent. From a diagnostic perspective this further justifies the use of bank vole prion protein as a universal substrate and indicates that regardless of genotype of the CWD source the risk to humans is likely the same. Both results provide important information for knowledge based regulatory decisions by state and federal agencies.</div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; max-width: none;">2. Developed an improved enrichment method for amplification-based prion detection. Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative diseases that affect a wide range of livestock and wildlife. The disease process occurs through the misfolding of a normally occurring protein. Detection of this misfolded protein is the only known means by which a prion disease can be diagnosed. A recently developed approach for the detection of this misfolded protein uses a technique referred to as Real-time quaking induced conversion (RT-QulC). RT-QulC amplifies the amount of misfolded protein available for detection but can be inhibited by naturally occurring contaminants in the tissue samples used for the technique. ARS scientists in Ames, Iowa, developed a method to clean the samples prior to analysis and demonstrated the sample cleanup technique enhanced the detection and reduced the time required to assess the results providing additional tools for diagnostic laboratories.</div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; max-width: none;">3. Improved understanding of cross-species transmission of the prion disease transmissible mink encephalopathy. This work specifically evaluated susceptibility of sheep to bovine adapted transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) and evaluated pathobiology of disease. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), or prion diseases, are fatal brain diseases that affect livestock species. Prion diseases have been shown to jump species as exhibited when classical bovine spongiform encephalitis (BSE) infected cattle products were consumed by humans resulting in variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Another example of cross-species transmission results in a disease of farmed mink known as TME. The present study was designed to determine the effect of cross-species transmission of TSEs in livestock on the ability to infect mice expressing the cattle prion protein. ARS scientists in Ames, Iowa, found that passing cattle adapted TME prions from cattle to sheep changed the ability of the prions to infect mice. These results were compared to atypical BSE (L-BSE type) and Classical BSE (C-BSE type). Depending on the genotype of sheep used, the disease in mice appeared similar to either L-BSE or C-BSE. These results indicate a shift in the disease outcome based on transmission through sheep with different genotypes. This information gives insight into the genesis of new prion strains. It also supports the hypothesis that TME can originate from feeding mink protein from cattle afflicted with L-BSE providing evidence to support regulatory decisions for non-food animal species.</div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; max-width: none;">4. Discovery of a novel strain of chronic wasting disease is present in experimentally inoculated LL132 elk. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal disease of deer and elk that causes damaging changes in the brain. The infectious agent is an abnormal protein called a prion that has misfolded from its normal state. Whether or not an elk will get CWD is affected by their genetics. This study evaluated transmission of abnormal prion protein from elk of 3 different genotypes that were infected with CWD to transgenic mice expressing the elk prion protein. Previous work by ARS scientists in Ames, Iowa, demonstrated that there are differences in incubation periods, patterns of abnormal prion accumulation in the brain, and fibril stability features in these different genotypes of elk. This study demonstrates that elk donor genotype-associated differences in relative incubation periods, fibril stability, and lesions in the brain were maintained across first and second passages to mice suggesting that they are different CWD strains that may require different approaches for prevention and eradication. This information is useful to wildlife managers and captive wildlife owners that are selectively breeding animals and could impact future regulations for the control of CWD in the U.S.</div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; max-width: none;">5. Development of in vitro modelling system for chronic wasting disease. Prion diseases are invariably fatal neurologic diseases for which there is no known prevention or cure. Because of long incubation times and knowledge gaps in how the disease progresses, there is not a well-defined model for testing potential cures or preventative measures. ARS scientists in Ames, Iowa, developed an ultrasensitive in vitro modeling system for chronic wasting disease (CWD) infectivity of samples from deer or elk. In the first step, prion agents are cultured on a brain slice derived from a prion-susceptible mouse. In the second step, an in vitro prion amplification technique (Real-Time Quaking Induced Conversion or RT-QuIC) is used to test for infectivity of the slices. This work demonstrated that the slice cultures are able to accumulate CWD prions that could be detected by RT-QuIC and more traditional laboratory methods, such as mouse bioassay and immunohistochemistry. In addition, three compounds with potential anti-prion properties were screened using slice culture and RT-QuIC indicating that this model may be useful in developing potential treatment schemes for prion disease. Because mechanisms of neurodegeneration in prion disease are similar to other protein misfolding diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease, use of this model could have a major impact on improving treatments for other neurodegenerative diseases.</div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 1em; max-width: none;"><strong>Review Publications</strong></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 1em; max-width: none;"><strong><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2020" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2020</a></strong></div><div style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 1em; max-width: none;"><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>we now know that cwd and scrapie, both tse prion disease, transmit to pigs by oral routes, so then we feed pigs back to other livestock animals. wonder where the new camel Prion disease outbreak came from?...terry</div><div><br /></div><div><div>Open Access</div><div><br /></div><div>Published: 31 August 2021</div><div><br /></div><div>Classical BSE prions emerge from asymptomatic pigs challenged with atypical/Nor98 scrapie</div><div><br /></div><div>Belén Marín, Alicia Otero, Séverine Lugan, Juan Carlos Espinosa, Alba Marín-Moreno, Enric Vidal, Carlos Hedman, Antonio Romero, Martí Pumarola, Juan J. Badiola, Juan María Torres, Olivier Andréoletti & Rosa Bolea </div><div><br /></div><div>Scientific Reports volume 11, Article number: 17428 (2021) Cite this article</div><div><br /></div><div>108 Accesses</div><div><br /></div><div>10 Altmetric</div><div><br /></div><div>Metricsdetails</div><div><br /></div><div>Abstract</div><div><br /></div><div>Pigs are susceptible to infection with the classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (C-BSE) agent following experimental inoculation, and PrPSc accumulation was detected in porcine tissues after the inoculation of certain scrapie and chronic wasting disease isolates. However, a robust transmission barrier has been described in this species and, although they were exposed to C-BSE agent in many European countries, no cases of natural transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) infections have been reported in pigs. Transmission of atypical scrapie to bovinized mice resulted in the emergence of C-BSE prions. Here, we conducted a study to determine if pigs are susceptible to atypical scrapie. To this end, 12, 8–9-month-old minipigs were intracerebrally inoculated with two atypical scrapie sources. Animals were euthanized between 22- and 72-months post inoculation without clinical signs of TSE. All pigs tested negative for PrPSc accumulation by enzyme immunoassay, immunohistochemistry, western blotting and bioassay in porcine PrP mice. Surprisingly, in vitro protein misfolding cyclic amplification demonstrated the presence of C-BSE prions in different brain areas from seven pigs inoculated with both atypical scrapie isolates. Our results suggest that pigs exposed to atypical scrapie prions could become a reservoir for C-BSE and corroborate that C-BSE prions emerge during interspecies passage of atypical scrapie.</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>In conclusion, our findings suggest that, although pigs present a strong transmission barrier against the propagation of atypical scrapie, they can propagate low levels of C-BSE prions. The prevalence of atypical scrapie and the presence of infectivity in tissues from atypical scrapie infected sheep are underestimated24,25. Given that pigs have demonstrated being susceptible to other prion diseases, and to propagate prions without showing signs of disease, the measures implemented to ban the inclusion of ruminant proteins in livestock feed must not be interrupted.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-96818-2" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-96818-2</a></div></div><div><br /></div></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div><br /></div><div>Title: Experimental transmission of the chronic wasting disease agent to swine after oral or intracranial inoculation</div><div><br /></div><div>Author item MOORE, SARAH - Orise Fellow item WEST GREENLEE, M - Iowa State University item KONDRU, NAVEEN - Iowa State University item MANNE, SIREESHA - Iowa State University item Smith, Jodi item Kunkle, Robert item KANTHASAMY, ANUMANTHA - Iowa State University item Greenlee, Justin Submitted to: Journal of Virology Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 7/6/2017 Publication Date: 9/12/2017</div><div><br /></div><div>Citation: Moore, S.J., West Greenlee, M.H., Kondru, N., Manne, S., Smith, J.D., Kunkle, R.A., Kanthasamy, A., Greenlee, J.J. 2017. Experimental transmission of the chronic wasting disease agent to swine after oral or intracranial inoculation. Journal of Virology. 91(19):e00926-17. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00926-17" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00926-17</a>.</div><div><br /></div><div>Interpretive Summary: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal disease of wild and captive deer and elk that causes damaging changes in the brain. The infectious agent is an abnormal protein called a prion that has misfolded from its normal state. Whether CWD can transmit to swine is unknown. This study evaluated the potential of pigs to develop CWD after either intracranial or oral inoculation. Our data indicates that swine do accumulate the abnormal prion protein associated with CWD after intracranial or oral inoculation. Further, there was evidence of abnormal prion protein accumulation in lymph nodes. Currently, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from deer or elk. In addition, feral swine could be exposed to infected carcasses in areas where CWD is present in wildlife populations. This information is useful to wildlife managers and individuals in the swine and captive cervid industries. These findings could impact future regulations for the disposal of offal from deer and elk slaughtered in commercial operations. U.S. regulators should carefully consider the new information from this study before relaxing feed ban standards designed to control potentially feed borne prion diseases.</div><div><br /></div><div>Technical Abstract: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a naturally occurring, fatal neurodegenerative disease of cervids. The potential for swine to serve as a host for the agent of chronic wasting disease is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the susceptibility of swine to the CWD agent following oral or intracranial experimental inoculation. Crossbred piglets were assigned to one of three groups: intracranially inoculated (n=20), orally inoculated (n=19), or non-inoculated (n=9). At approximately the age at which commercial pigs reach market weight, half of the pigs in each group were culled ('market weight' groups). The remaining pigs ('aged' groups) were allowed to incubate for up to 73 months post inoculation (MPI). Tissues collected at necropsy were examined for disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) by western blotting (WB), antigen-capture immunoassay (EIA), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in vitro real-time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC). Brain samples from selected pigs were also bioassayed in mice expressing porcine prion protein. Four intracranially inoculated aged pigs and one orally inoculated aged pig were positive by EIA, IHC and/or WB. Using RT-QuIC, PrPSc was detected in lymphoid and/or brain tissue from pigs in all inoculated groups. Bioassay was positive in 4 out of 5 pigs assayed. This study demonstrates that pigs can serve as hosts for CWD, though with scant PrPSc accumulation requiring sensitive detection methods. Detection of infectivity in orally inoculated pigs using mouse bioassay raises the possibility that naturally exposed pigs could act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=339093" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=339093</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>12 September 2017</div><div><br /></div><div>Experimental Transmission of the Chronic Wasting Disease Agent to Swine after Oral or Intracranial Inoculation</div><div><br /></div><div>Authors: S. Jo Moore, M. Heather West Greenlee, Naveen Kondru, Sireesha Manne, Jodi D. Smith, Robert A. Kunkle, Anumantha Kanthasamy, and Justin J. Greenlee </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2202-3054" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2202-3054</a></div><div><br /></div><div>AUTHORS INFO & AFFILIATIONS</div><div><br /></div><div>DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00926-17" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00926-17</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Volume 91, Number 19</div><div><br /></div><div>1 October 2017</div><div><br /></div><div>ABSTRACT</div><div><br /></div><div>Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a naturally occurring, fatal neurodegenerative disease of cervids. The potential for swine to serve as hosts for the agent of CWD is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the susceptibility of swine to the CWD agent following experimental oral or intracranial inoculation. Crossbred piglets were assigned to three groups, intracranially inoculated (n = 20), orally inoculated (n = 19), and noninoculated (n = 9). At approximately the age at which commercial pigs reach market weight, half of the pigs in each group were culled (“market weight” groups). The remaining pigs (“aged” groups) were allowed to incubate for up to 73 months post inoculation (mpi). Tissues collected at necropsy were examined for disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) by Western blotting (WB), antigen capture enzyme immunoassay (EIA), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and in vitro real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC). Brain samples from selected pigs were also bioassayed in mice expressing porcine prion protein. Four intracranially inoculated aged pigs and one orally inoculated aged pig were positive by EIA, IHC, and/or WB. By RT-QuIC, PrPSc was detected in lymphoid and/or brain tissue from one or more pigs in each inoculated group. The bioassay was positive in four out of five pigs assayed. This study demonstrates that pigs can support low-level amplification of CWD prions, although the species barrier to CWD infection is relatively high. However, detection of infectivity in orally inoculated pigs with a mouse bioassay raises the possibility that naturally exposed pigs could act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity. IMPORTANCE We challenged domestic swine with the chronic wasting disease agent by inoculation directly into the brain (intracranially) or by oral gavage (orally). Disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) was detected in brain and lymphoid tissues from intracranially and orally inoculated pigs as early as 8 months of age (6 months post inoculation). Only one pig developed clinical neurologic signs suggestive of prion disease. The amount of PrPSc in the brains and lymphoid tissues of positive pigs was small, especially in orally inoculated pigs. Regardless, positive results obtained with orally inoculated pigs suggest that it may be possible for swine to serve as a reservoir for prion disease under natural conditions.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/JVI.00926-17" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/JVI.00926-17</a></div></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Title: Disease-associated prion protein detected in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the agent of chronic wasting disease </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=326166" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=326166</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Title: The agent of chronic wasting disease from pigs is infectious in transgenic mice expressing human PRNP </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Author item MOORE, S - Orise Fellow item Kokemuller, Robyn item WEST-GREENLEE, M - Iowa State University item BALKEMA-BUSCHMANN, ANNE - Friedrich-Loeffler-institut item GROSCHUP, MARTIN - Friedrich-Loeffler-institut item Greenlee, Justin Submitted to: Prion Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 5/10/2018 Publication Date: 5/22/2018 Citation: Moore, S.J., Kokemuller, R.D., West-Greenlee, M.H., Balkema-Buschmann, A., Groschup, M.H., Greenlee, J.J. 2018. The agent of chronic wasting disease from pigs is infectious in transgenic mice expressing human PRNP. Prion 2018, Santiago de Compostela, Spain, May 22-25, 2018. Paper No. WA15, page 44.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Interpretive Summary:</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"> The successful transmission of pig-passaged CWD to Tg40 mice reported here suggests that passage of the CWD agent through pigs results in a change of the transmission characteristics which reduces the transmission barrier of Tg40 mice to the CWD agent. If this biological behavior is recapitulated in the original host species, passage of the CWD agent through pigs could potentially lead to increased pathogenicity of the CWD agent in humans.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">cwd scrapie pigs oral routes </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. <*** </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">>*** Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health. <*** </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;">Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;">CONFIDENTIAL</div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">EXPERIMENTAL PORCINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>LINE TO TAKE</div><div><br /></div><div>3. If questions on pharmaceuticals are raised at the Press conference, the suggested line to take is as follows:- </div><div><br /></div><div> "There are no medicinal products licensed for use on the market which make use of UK-derived porcine tissues with which any hypothetical “high risk" ‘might be associated. The results of the recent experimental work at the CSM will be carefully examined by the CSM‘s Working Group on spongiform encephalopathy at its next meeting.</div><div><br /></div><div>DO Hagger RM 1533 MT Ext 3201</div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></div></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">While this clearly is a cause for concern we should not jump to the conclusion that this means that pigs will necessarily be infected by bone and meat meal fed by the oral route as is the case with cattle. ...</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031026000118/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/23004001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">we cannot rule out the possibility that unrecognised subclinical spongiform encephalopathy could be present in British pigs though there is no evidence for this: only with parenteral/implantable pharmaceuticals/devices is the theoretical risk to humans of sufficient concern to consider any action.</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822031154/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/10007001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">May I, at the outset, reiterate that we should avoid dissemination of papers relating to this experimental finding to prevent premature release of the information. ...</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052332/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/11005001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">3. It is particularly important that this information is not passed outside the Department, until Ministers have decided how they wish it to be handled. ...</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822052438/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/12002001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">But it would be easier for us if pharmaceuticals/devices are not directly mentioned at all. ...</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030518170213/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/13004001.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Our records show that while some use is made of porcine materials in medicinal products, the only products which would appear to be in a hypothetically ''higher risk'' area are the adrenocorticotrophic hormone for which the source material comes from outside the United Kingdom, namely America China Sweden France and Germany. The products are manufactured by Ferring and Armour. A further product, ''Zenoderm Corium implant'' manufactured by Ethicon, makes use of porcine skin - which is not considered to be a ''high risk'' tissue, but one of its uses is described in the data sheet as ''in dural replacement''. This product is sourced from the United Kingdom.....</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822054419/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/21009001.pdf</a></span></div></div></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 1em; max-width: none;"><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"></span><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div></div><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://www..nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"></span><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </span></div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: monospace; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; white-space: pre;">
</span><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline..com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">PRION 2016 TOKYO</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X online</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Taylor & Francis</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline..com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span face="Verdana, sans-serif" style="line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a></span></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;">234. The European Union Summary Report On Surveillance For The Presence Of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE): The Situation In 2017</span></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;">Angel Ortiz Pelaeza, Valentina Rizzia, Giuseppe Rub, Francesco Ingravalleb and Yves Van der Stedea</span></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;">aUnit on Biological Hazards and Contaminants, Department of Risk Assessment & Scientific Assistance, European Food Safety Authority (EFSA); bBiostatistics, Epidemiology and Risk Analysis (BEAR) Unit. Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale di Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d ’Aosta, Torino (Italia)</span></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;">CONTACT Angel Ortiz Pelaez angel.ortizpelaez@efsa.europa.eu</span></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;">ABSTRACT</span></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;">The European Food Safety Authority publishes a yearly summary of the surveillance activities on transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) in bovine animals, sheep, goats, cervids, and other species, in the European Union (EU), and in Iceland, Norway and Switzerland. Target groups include: animals clinically suspected of being infected by TSE; animals culled under TSE eradication measures; animals with clinical signs at ante-mortem; emergency slaughtered; fallen stock/not slaughtered for human consumption and healthy slaughtered animals for human consumption, for cervids also hunted and road or predator-injured or killed.</span></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;">For the first time since bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) had been reported, no cases of classical BSE were reported world-wide in 2017 [1]. Six atypical BSE cases were reported by Spain (1 H /2 L), France (1 H/1 L) and Ireland (1 L), out of the 1,312,714 cattle tested by 28 EU Member States (MS) and 18,526 tested by three non-MS.</span></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;">In total 431,815 small ruminants were tested in 2017 in the EU. Compared with 2016, there was a 36.2% increase in the number of cases of classical scrapie (CS) in sheep (933), mostly reported by Greece, Spain, Italy and Romania, although over 75% of the cases were sourced in infected flocks. Atypical scrapie (AS) was confirmed in 94 animals. In goats, a decrease of 10% in the number of cases of classical scrapie (567) were reported, 84% in Cyprus. Atypical scrapie was confirmed in nine animals.</span></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;">Ten-year trend analysis showed a statistically significant decrease in the sheep proportion of CS cases per 10,000 tested animals and an increase in goats. For AS, 10-year data did not detect any statistically significant trend in both species.</span></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;">After the discovery of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in Norway in 2016, TSE testing in cervids increased in the EU: 10 MS tested 3,585 cervids (75% in Romania, 98.5% from wildlife), all negative. Norway tested 25,736 deer in 2017, leading to the detection of the first case of CWD in a red deer, nine cases in wild reindeer and one in a wild moose. Following EFSA recommendations, the European Commission introduced a 3-year mandatory surveillance programme for six member states starting on 1 January 2018.</span></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;">By the time of submitting this abstract, CS/AS cases were not yet available, but one new classical BSE case was confirmed in Scotland (2018), one L-type BSE case in Poland (2019) and one case of CWD in a wild moose in Finland in March 2018.</span></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;">KEYWORDS: BSE; scrapie; CWD; EU; surveillance</span></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;">=====</span></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;">134. The transmissible spongiform encephalopathies surveillance in small ruminants in Romania for a period of 10 years Florica Bărbuceanua, Ioana Neghirlab, Theodora Chesnoiub, Cristina Diaconua, Stefania-Felicia Barbuceanuc and G. Predoid</span></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;">aInstitute for Diagnosis and Animal Health Bucharest, București, Romania; bNational Sanitary Veterinary and Food Safety Authority, București, Romania; cFaculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, București, Romania; dFaculty of Veterinary Medicine Bucharest, București, Romania</span></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;">CONTACT Florica Bărbuceanu barbuceanu.florica@idah.ro</span></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;">ABSTRACT</span></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;">The scarpie belongs to the TSE group and is a fatal degenerative disease, affecting the central nervous system of ovine and caprine. There are two types of scrapie: classical and atypical. The classical scrapie affects the animals aged from 2 to 5 years and is very contageous, while the atypical scrapie affects the animals older than 5 years and is considered to have a low degree of infectivity. The aim of this study is to present information on the Romanian TSE Surveillance Program, performed in compliance with the EU Commission and OIE requirements, as well as the TSE test results in small ruminants (animals of the category clinical suspicions, dead animals and animals slaughtered normally) performed in the national net for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, between 2007 and 2017. Between 2007 and 2017 were tested in Romania approximatively 339,643 small ruminants. All the 787 cases of scrapie were confirmed by the TSE NRL (National Reference Laboratory) by immunoblotting and immunohistochemical tests, with the performance of the discriminatory and genotyping testing. All animals diagnosed with scrapie were affected by the classical form. For all suspicion cases, a differential diagnosis was performed against rabies, Aujeszky disease and listeriosis.</span></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;">KEYWORDS: Classical scrapie; Romanian TSE surveillance program; NRL-TSE</span></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px;">=====</span></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">SOURCE REFERENCE PRION CONFERENCE 2019</div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197</a><br /></div></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1: J Infect Dis 1980 Aug;142(2):205-8</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Oral transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie to nonhuman primates.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Amyx HL, Bacote A, Masters CL, Gajdusek DC.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease of humans and scrapie disease of sheep and goats were transmitted to squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) that were exposed to the infectious agents only by their nonforced consumption of known infectious tissues. The asymptomatic incubation period in the one monkey exposed to the virus of kuru was 36 months; that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was 23 and 27 months, respectively; and that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of scrapie was 25 and 32 months, respectively. Careful physical examination of the buccal cavities of all of the monkeys failed to reveal signs or oral lesions. One additional monkey similarly exposed to kuru has remained asymptomatic during the 39 months that it has been under observation.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">snip...</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The successful transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie by natural feeding to squirrel monkeys that we have reported provides further grounds for concern that scrapie-infected meat may occasionally give rise in humans to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">PMID: 6997404</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Recently the question has again been brought up as to whether scrapie is transmissible to man. This has followed reports that the disease has been transmitted to primates. One particularly lurid speculation (Gajdusek 1977) conjectures that the agents of scrapie, kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and transmissible encephalopathy of mink are varieties of a single "virus". The U.S. Department of Agriculture concluded that it could "no longer justify or permit scrapie-blood line and scrapie-exposed sheep and goats to be processed for human or animal food at slaughter or rendering plants" (ARC 84/77)" The problem is emphasised by the finding that some strains of scrapie produce lesions identical to the once which characterise the human dementias"</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Whether true or not. the hypothesis that these agents might be transmissible to man raises two considerations. First, the safety of laboratory personnel requires prompt attention. Second, action such as the "scorched meat" policy of USDA makes the solution of the scrapie problem urgent if the sheep industry is not to suffer grievously.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">snip...</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">76/10.12/4.6</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Nature. 1972 Mar 10;236(5341):73-4.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Transmission of scrapie to the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis).</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Gajdusek DC.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Nature 236, 73 - 74 (10 March 1972); doi:10.1038/236073a0</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Transmission of Scrapie to the Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis)</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">C. J. GIBBS jun. & D. C. GAJDUSEK</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">SCRAPIE has been transmitted to the cynomolgus, or crab-eating, monkey (Macaca fascicularis) with an incubation period of more than 5 yr from the time of intracerebral inoculation of scrapie-infected mouse brain. The animal developed a chronic central nervous system degeneration, with ataxia, tremor and myoclonus with associated severe scrapie-like pathology of intensive astroglial hypertrophy and proliferation, neuronal vacuolation and status spongiosus of grey matter. The strain of scrapie virus used was the eighth passage in Swiss mice (NIH) of a Compton strain of scrapie obtained as ninth intracerebral passage of the agent in goat brain, from Dr R. L. Chandler (ARC, Compton, Berkshire).</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/04/scrapie-and-atypical-scrapie.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/04/scrapie-and-atypical-scrapie.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Wednesday, February 16, 2011</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">IN CONFIDENCE</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">SCRAPIE TRANSMISSION TO CHIMPANZEES</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">IN CONFIDENCE</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: small;"></span><div>reference...</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>RB3.20</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>TRANSMISSION TO CHIMPANZEES</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>1. Kuru and CJD have been successfully transmitted to chimpanzees but scrapie and TME have not.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2. We cannot say that scrapie will not transmit to chimpanzees. There are several scrapie strains and I am not aware that all have been tried (that would have to be from mouse passaged material). Nor has a wide enough range of field isolates subsequently strain typed in mice been inoculated by the appropriate routes (i/c, ilp and i/v) :</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>3. I believe the proposed experiment to determine transmissibility, if conducted, would only show the susceptibility or resistance of the chimpanzee to infection/disease by the routes used and the result could not be interpreted for the predictability of the susceptibility for man. Proposals for prolonged oral exposure of chimpanzees to milk from cattle were suggested a long while ago and rejected.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>4. In view of Dr Gibbs' probable use of chimpazees Mr Wells' comments (enclosed) are pertinent. I have yet to receive a direct communication from Dr Schellekers but before any collaboration or provision of material we should identify the Gibbs' proposals and objectives.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>5. A positive result from a chimpanzee challenged severely would likely create alarm in some circles even if the result could not be interpreted for man. I have a view that all these agents could be transmitted provided a large enough dose by appropriate routes was given and the animals kept long enough. Until the mechanisms of the species barrier are more clearly understood it might be best to retain that hypothesis.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>6. A negative result would take a lifetime to determine but that would be a shorter period than might be available for human exposure and it would still not answer the question regarding mans' susceptibility. In the meantime no doubt the negativity would be used defensively. It would however be counterproductive if the experiment finally became positive. We may learn more about public reactions following next Monday' s meeting.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>R. Bradley</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>23 September 1990</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>CVO (+Mr Wells' comments)</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Dr T W A Little</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Dr B J Shreeve</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>90/9.23/1.1.</div></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506041740/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506041740/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">IN CONFIDENCE CHIMPANZEES</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">CODE 18-77 Reference RB3.46</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Some further information that may assist in decision making has been gained by discussion with Dr Rosalind Ridley.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">She says that careful study of Gajdusek's work shows no increased susceptibility of chimpanzees over New World Monkeys such as Squirrel Monkeys. She does not think it would tell you anything about the susceptibility to man. Also Gajdusek did not, she believes, challenge chimpanzees with scrapie as severely as we did pigs and we know little of that source of scrapie. Comparisons would be difficult. She also would not expect the Home Office to sanction such experiments here unless there was a very clear and important objective that would be important for human health protection. She doubted such a case could be made. If this is the case she thought it would be unethical to do an experiment abroad because we could not do it in our own country.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Retrospectively she feels they should have put up more marmosets than they did. They all remain healthy. They would normally regard the transmission as negative if no disease resulted in five years.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">We are not being asked for a decision but I think that before we made one we should gain as much knowledge as we can. If we decided to proceed we would have to bear any criticisms for many years if there was an adverse view by scientists ormedia. This should not be undertaken lightly. There is already some adverse comment here, I gather, on the pig experiment though that will subside.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">The Gibbs' (as' distinct from Schellekers') study is somewhat different. We are merely supplying material for comparative studies in a laboratory with the greatest experience of human SEs in the world and it has been sanctioned by USDA (though we do not know for certain yet if chimpanzees specifically will be used). This would keep it at a lower profile than if we conducted such an experiment in the UK or Europe.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">I consider we must have very powerful and defendable objectives to go beyond Gibbs' proposed experiments and should not initiate others just because an offer has been made.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Scientists have a responsibility to seek other methods of investigative research other than animal experimentation. At present no objective has convinced me we need to do research using Chimpanzees - a species in need of protection. Resisting such proposals would enable us to communicate that information to the scientist and the public should the need arise. A line would have been drawn.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">CVO cc Dr T Dr B W A Little Dr B J Shreeve</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">R Bradley</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">26 September 1990</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">90/9.26/3.2</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506041605/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/26003001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506041605/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/26003001.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">this is tse prion political theater here, i.e. what i call TSE PRION POKER...tss</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20031028205208/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/28002001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20031028205208/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/08/28002001.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030822170317/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/11/01005001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030822170317/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/11/01005001.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div>3. Prof. A. Robertson gave a brief account of BSE. The US approach was to accord it a very low profile indeed. Dr. A Thiermann showed the picture in the ''Independent'' with cattle being incinerated and thought this was a fanatical incident to be avoided in the US at all costs.<br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>snip...</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div><div>PAGE 26</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Transmission Studies</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Mule deer transmissions of CWD were by intracerebral inoculation and compared with natural cases {the following was written but with a single line marked through it ''first passage (by this route)}....TSS</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>resulted in a more rapidly progressive clinical disease with repeated episodes of synocopy ending in coma. One control animal became affected, it is believed through contamination of inoculum (?saline). Further CWD transmissions were carried out by Dick Marsh into ferret, mink and squirrel monkey. Transmission occurred in ALL of these species with the shortest incubation period in the ferret.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>The occurrence of CWD must be viewed against the contest of the locations in which it occurred. It was an incidental and unwelcome complication of the respective wildlife research programmes. Despite its subsequent recognition as a new disease of cervids, therefore justifying direct investigation, no specific research funding was forthcoming. The USDA veiwed it as a wildlife problem and consequently not their province! ...page 26. <br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>snip...see;</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>IN CONFIDENCE</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>PERCEPTIONS OF UNCONVENTIONAL SLOW VIRUS DISEASE OF ANIMALS IN THE USA</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>GAH WELLS</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>REPORT OF A VISIT TO THE USA</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>APRIL-MAY 1989</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a></div></div></div><div><br /></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Evidence That Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy Results from Feeding Infected Cattle Over the next 8-10 weeks, approximately 40% of all the adult mink on the farm died from TME. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">snip... </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">The rancher was a ''dead stock'' feeder using mostly (>95%) downer or dead dairy cattle... </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002258/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002258/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf</a> </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506001031/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09a/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506001031/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09a/tab01.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506024922/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1987/06/10004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506024922/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1987/06/10004001.pdf</a> </div></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Pathologist: Carol Richardson</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">85/9.19/1.1</span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090505225826/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1985/09/19001001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090505225826/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1985/09/19001001.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090505225806/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1985/09/19002001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090505225806/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1985/09/19002001.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506014043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1985/09/19003001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506014043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1985/09/19003001.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090505225813/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1985/09/23001001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090505225813/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1985/09/23001001.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: arial, helvetica;">---------------extract 1. of the DFAL "Early days"----------------</span><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div id="yiv4629631200"><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><div style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><div><a href="http://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2008/05/bse-inquiry-draft-factual-account-dfa.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2008/05/bse-inquiry-draft-factual-account-dfa.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><div>31</div><div><br /></div><div>Appendix I VISIT TO USA - OR A E WRATHALL — INFO ON BSE AND SCRAPIE</div><div><br /></div><div>Dr Clark lately of the scrapie Research Unit, Mission Texas has</div><div><br /></div><div>successfully transmitted ovine and caprine scrapie to cattle. The</div><div><br /></div><div>experimental results have not been published but there are plans to do</div><div><br /></div><div>this. This work was initiated in 1978. A summary of it is:-</div><div><br /></div><div>Expt A 6 Her x Jer calves born in 1978 were inoculated as follows with</div><div><br /></div><div>a 2nd Suffolk scrapie passage:-</div><div><br /></div><div>i/c 1ml; i/m, 5ml; s/c 5ml; oral 30ml.</div><div><br /></div><div>1/6 went down after 48 months with a scrapie/BSE-like disease.</div><div><br /></div><div>Expt B 6 Her or Jer or HxJ calves were inoculated with angora Goat</div><div><br /></div><div>virus 2/6 went down similarly after 36 months.</div><div><br /></div><div>Expt C Mice inoculated from brains of calves/cattle in expts A & B were resistant, only 1/20 going down with scrapie and this was the reason given for not publishing.</div><div><br /></div><div>Diagnosis in A, B, C was by histopath. No reports on SAF were given.</div><div><br /></div><div>Dr Warren Foote indicated success so far in eliminating scrapie in offspring from experimentally— (and naturally) infected sheep by ET. He had found difficulty in obtaining embryos from naturally infected sheep (cf SPA).</div><div><br /></div><div>Prof. A Robertson gave a brief accout of BSE. The us approach was to</div><div><br /></div><div>32</div><div><br /></div><div>accord it a very low profile indeed. Dr A Thiermann showed the picture in the "Independent" with cattle being incinerated and thought this was a fanatical incident to be avoided in the US at all costs.</div><div><br /></div><div>BSE was not reported in USA.</div><div><br /></div><div>4. Scrapie incidents (ie affected flocks) have shown a dramatic increase since 1978. In 1953 when the National Control scheme was started there were 10-14 incidents, in 1978 - 1 and in 1988 so far 60.</div><div><br /></div><div>5. Scrapie agent was reported to have been isolated from a solitary fetus.</div><div><br /></div><div>6. A western blotting diagnostic technique (? on PrP) shows some promise.</div><div><br /></div><div>7. Results of a questionnaire sent to 33 states on the subject of the national sheep scrapie programme survey indicated</div><div><br /></div><div>17/33 wished to drop it</div><div><br /></div><div>6/33 wished to develop it</div><div><br /></div><div>8/33 had few sheep and were neutral</div><div><br /></div><div>Information obtained from Dr Wrathall‘s notes of a meeting of the u.s.</div><div><br /></div><div>Animal Health Association at Little Rock, Arkansas Nov. 1988.</div><div><br /></div><div>33</div><div><br /></div><div>In Confidence - Perceptions of unconventional slow virus diseases of animals in the USA - APRIL-MAY 1989 - G A H Wells</div><div><br /></div><div>3. Prof. A. Robertson gave a brief account of BSE. The US approach was to accord it a very low profile indeed. Dr. A Thiermann showed the picture in the ''Independent'' with cattle being incinerated and thought this was a fanatical incident to be avoided in the US at all costs. ...</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060307063531/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20060307063531/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a></div></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">VISIT TO USA - DR AE WRATHALL - INFO ON BSE AND SCRAPIE</div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">1. Dr. Clark lately of the Scrapie Research Unit, Mission Texas has successfully transmitted ovine & caprine Scrapie to cattle. The experimental results have not been published but there are plans to do this. This work was initiated in 1978. A summary of it is;</div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">snip...see handwritten notes from this here;</div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/10/00001001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/10/00001001.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090505234344/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/10/00001001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090505234344/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/10/00001001.pdf</a></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: small;">IN CONFIDENCE</div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;">Perceptions of an unconventional slow virus diseases of animals in the U.S.A. G A H Wells</div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;">Report of a Visit to the USA April-May 1989</div><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><a href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080102193705/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-size: small;" target="_blank">http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080102193705/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a></div></div></span></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">THURSDAY, JUNE 25, 2020 </span><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">First Report of the Potential Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)-Related Somatic Mutation E211K of the Prion Protein Gene (PRNP) in Cattle<br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/06/first-report-of-potential-bovine.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/06/first-report-of-potential-bovine.html</a></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div><div>Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: the effect of oral exposure dose on attack rate and incubation period in cattle</div><div><br /></div><div>G. A. H. Wells,1 T. Konold,1 M. E. Arnold,1 A. R. Austin,1 3 S. A. C. Hawkins,1 M. Stack,1 M. M. Simmons,1 Y. H. Lee,2 D. Gavier-Wide´n,3 M. Dawson1 4 and J. W. Wilesmith1 1 Correspondence G. A. H. Wells</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="mailto:g.a.h.wells@vla.defra.gsi.gov.uk" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:g.a.h.wells@vla.defra.gsi.gov.uk">g.a.h.wells@vla.defra.gsi.gov.uk</a></div><div><br /></div><div>1 Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK</div><div><br /></div><div>2 National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Anyang, Republic of Korea</div><div><br /></div><div>3 National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE-75189 Uppsala, Sweden</div><div><br /></div><div>Received 27 July 2006</div><div><br /></div><div>Accepted 18 November 2006</div><div><br /></div><div>The dose–response of cattle exposed to the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) agent is an important component of modelling exposure risks for animals and humans and thereby, the modulation of surveillance and control strategies for BSE. In two experiments calves were dosed orally with a range of amounts of a pool of brainstems from BSE-affected cattle. Infectivity in the pool was determined by end-point titration in mice. Recipient cattle were monitored for clinical disease and, from the incidence of pathologically confirmed cases and their incubation periods (IPs), the attack rate and IP distribution according to dose were estimated. The dose at which 50 % of cattle would be clinically affected was estimated at 0.20 g brain material used in the experiment, with 95 % confidence intervals of 0.04–1.00 g. The IP was highly variable across all dose groups and followed a log-normal distribution, with decreasing mean as dose increased. There was no evidence of a threshold dose at which the probability of infection became vanishingly small, with 1/15 (7 %) of animals affected at the lowest dose (1 mg).</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>DISCUSSION</div><div><br /></div><div>The study has demonstrated that disease in cattle can be produced by oral exposure to as little as 1 mg brain homogenate (¡100.4 RIII mouse i.c./i.p. ID50 units) from clinically affected field cases of BSE and that the limiting dose for infection of calves is lower than this exposure...</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...end</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/docserver/fulltext/jgv/88/4/1363.pdf?expires=1623186112&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=AE3A4C280431A05B70DE66DEC2E841B4" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/docserver/fulltext/jgv/88/4/1363.pdf?expires=1623186112&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=AE3A4C280431A05B70DE66DEC2E841B4</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82421-0#tab2" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/vir.0.82421-0#tab2</a> </div><div><br /></div></div><div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">P04.27</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">Experimental BSE Infection of Non-human Primates: Efficacy of the Oral Route</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">Holznagel, E1; Yutzy, B1; Deslys, J-P2; Lasm�zas, C2; Pocchiari, M3; Ingrosso, L3; Bierke, P4; Schulz-Schaeffer, W5; Motzkus, D6; Hunsmann, G6; L�wer, J1 1Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Germany; 2Commissariat � l�Energie Atomique, France; 3Instituto Superiore di Sanit�, Italy; 4Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease control, Sweden; 5Georg August University, Germany; 6German Primate Center, Germany</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">Background:</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">In 2001, a study was initiated in primates to assess the risk for humans to contract BSE through contaminated food. For this purpose, BSE brain was titrated in cynomolgus monkeys.</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">Aims:</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">The primary objective is the determination of the minimal infectious dose (MID50) for oral exposure to BSE in a simian model, and, by in doing this, to assess the risk for humans. Secondly, we aimed at examining the course of the disease to identify possible biomarkers.</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">Methods:</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">Groups with six monkeys each were orally dosed with lowering amounts of BSE brain: 16g, 5g, 0.5g, 0.05g, and 0.005g. In a second titration study, animals were intracerebrally (i.c.) dosed (50, 5, 0.5, 0.05, and 0.005 mg).</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">Results:</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">In an ongoing study, a considerable number of high-dosed macaques already developed simian vCJD upon oral or intracerebral exposure or are at the onset of the clinical phase. However, there are differences in the clinical course between orally and intracerebrally infected animals that may influence the detection of biomarkers.</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">Conclusions:</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">Simian vCJD can be easily triggered in cynomolgus monkeys on the oral route using less than 5 g BSE brain homogenate. The difference in the incubation period between 5 g oral and 5 mg i.c. is only 1 year (5 years versus 4 years). However, there are rapid progressors among orally dosed monkeys that develop simian vCJD as fast as intracerebrally inoculated animals.</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">The work referenced was performed in partial fulfilment of the study �BSE in primates� supported by the EU (QLK1-2002-01096).</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><a href="http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf</a></span></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://prionconference.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://prionconference.blogspot.com/</a><br /></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">look at the table and you'll see that as little as 1 mg (or 0.001 gm) caused 7% (1 of 14) of the cows to come down with BSE;</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">Risk of oral infection with bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent in primates</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">Corinne Ida Lasm�zas, Emmanuel Comoy, Stephen Hawkins, Christian Herzog, Franck Mouthon, Timm Konold, Fr�d�ric Auvr�, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra-Etchegaray, Nicole Sal�s, Gerald Wells, Paul Brown, Jean-Philippe Deslys Summary The uncertain extent of human exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)--which can lead to variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)--is compounded by incomplete knowledge about the efficiency of oral infection and the magnitude of any bovine-to-human biological barrier to transmission. We therefore investigated oral transmission of BSE to non-human primates. We gave two macaques a 5 g oral dose of brain homogenate from a BSE-infected cow. One macaque developed vCJD-like neurological disease 60 months after exposure, whereas the other remained free of disease at 76 months. On the basis of these findings and data from other studies, we made a preliminary estimate of the food exposure risk for man, which provides additional assurance that existing public health measures can prevent transmission of BSE to man.</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">snip...</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">BSE bovine brain inoculum</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">100 g 10 g 5 g 1 g 100 mg 10 mg 1 mg 0�1 mg 0�01 mg</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">Primate (oral route)* 1/2 (50%)</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">Cattle (oral route)* 10/10 (100%) 7/9 (78%) 7/10 (70%) 3/15 (20%) 1/15 (7%) 1/15 (7%)</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">RIII mice (ic ip route)* 17/18 (94%) 15/17 (88%) 1/14 (7%)</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">PrPres biochemical detection</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">The comparison is made on the basis of calibration of the bovine inoculum used in our study with primates against a bovine brain inoculum with a similar PrPres concentration that was</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">inoculated into mice and cattle.8 *Data are number of animals positive/number of animals surviving at the time of clinical onset of disease in the first positive animal (%). The accuracy of</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">bioassays is generally judged to be about plus or minus 1 log. ic ip=intracerebral and int****ritoneal.</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">Table 1: Comparison of transmission rates in primates and cattle infected orally with similar BSE brain inocula</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">Published online January 27, 2005</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa</a></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">It is clear that the designing scientists must</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">also have shared Mr Bradley's surprise at the results because all the dose</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002904/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506002904/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf</a></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;">6. It also appears to me that Mr Bradley's answer (that it would take less than say 100 grams) was probably given with the benefit of hindsight; particularly if one considers that later in the same answer Mr Bradley expresses his surprise that it could take as little of 1 gram of brain to cause BSE by the oral route within the same species. This information did not become available until the "attack rate" experiment had been completed in 1995/96. This was a titration experiment designed to ascertain the infective dose. A range of dosages was used to ensure that the actual result was within both a lower and an upper limit within the study and the designing scientists would not have expected all the dose levels to trigger infection. The dose ranges chosen by the most informed scientists at that time ranged from 1 gram to three times one hundred grams. It is clear that the designing scientists must have also shared Mr Bradley's surprise at the results because all the dose levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.</span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #202020; font-size: 13px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506004507/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506004507/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf</a></span></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>RESEARCH ARTICLE</div><div><br /></div><div>Very low oral exposure to prions of brain or saliva origin can transmit chronic wasting disease</div><div><br /></div><div>Nathaniel D. Denkers1☯, Clare E. Hoover2☯, Kristen A. DavenportID3, Davin M. Henderson1, Erin E. McNultyID1, Amy V. Nalls1, Candace K. Mathiason1, Edward A. HooverID1*</div><div><br /></div><div>1 Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Prion Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America, 2 AstraZeneca Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America, 3 Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America ☯ These authors contributed equally to this work. * <a href="mailto:Edward.hoover@colostate.edu" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:Edward.hoover@colostate.edu">Edward.hoover@colostate.edu</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Abstract</div><div><br /></div><div>The minimum infectious dose required to induce CWD infection in cervids remains unknown, as does whether peripherally shed prions and/or multiple low dose exposures are important factors in CWD transmission. With the goal of better understand CWD infection in nature, we studied oral exposures of deer to very low doses of CWD prions and also examined whether the frequency of exposure or prion source may influence infection and pathogene- sis. We orally inoculated white-tailed deer with either single or multiple divided doses of pri- ons of brain or saliva origin and monitored infection by serial longitudinal tissue biopsies spanning over two years. We report that oral exposure to as little as 300 nanograms (ng) of CWD-positive brain or to saliva containing seeding activity equivalent to 300 ng of CWD- positive brain, were sufficient to transmit CWD disease. This was true whether the inoculum was administered as a single bolus or divided as three weekly 100 ng exposures. However, when the 300 ng total dose was apportioned as 10, 30 ng doses delivered over 12 weeks, no infection occurred. While low-dose exposures to prions of brain or saliva origin prolonged the time from inoculation to first detection of infection, once infection was established, we observed no differences in disease pathogenesis. These studies suggest that the CWD min- imum infectious dose approximates 100 to 300 ng CWD-positive brain (or saliva equivalent), and that CWD infection appears to conform more with a threshold than a cumulative dose dynamic.</div><div><br /></div><div>Snip...</div><div><br /></div><div>Discussion</div><div><br /></div><div>As CWD expands across North America and Scandinavia, how this disease is transmitted so efficiently remains unclear, given the low concentrations of prions shed in secretions and excretions [13, 14]. The present studies demonstrated that a single oral exposure to as little as 300nmg of CWD-positive brain or equivalent saliva can initiate infection in 100% of exposed white-tailed deer. However, distributing this dose as 10, 30 ng exposures failed to induce infec- tion. Overall, these results suggest that the minimum oral infectious exposure approaches 100 to 300 ng of CWD-positive brain equivalent. These dynamics also invite speculation as to whether potential infection co-factors, such as particle binding [46, 47] or compromises in mucosal integrity may influence infection susceptibility, as suggested from two studies in rodent models [48, 49].</div><div><br /></div><div>Few studies in rodent models have explored oral infection with murine or hamster adapted scrapie by assessing the same total dose administered as a single bolus vs. the same bolus divided into fractional, sequential exposures [50–52]. The results reported by Diringer et al. [50] and Jacquemot et al. [52] have indicated that divided-dose exposures were as effective as a single bolus only if the interval between doses was short (1–2 days). In deer, we likewise found that when a total dose of 300 ng of brain was administered as 10 doses divided doses over 12 weeks this exposure failed to induce CWD infection, whereas three weekly 100 ng doses (300 ng total) induced infection. While this latter outcome may have involved an additive dynamic, we cannot exclude that a dose 100 ng alone also may have been sufficient to establish infection. Our conclusions here are unfortunately limited by the absence of a single 100 ng dose group. Additional experiments are needed to further directly compare single vs. divided exposures to strengthen the tenet that establishment of CWD infection is more a threshold than cumulative dose phenomenon.</div><div><br /></div><div>We also sought to examine a relatively unexamined possibility that prions emanating from different tissues and/or cells may possess different capacities to establish infections by mucosal routes. Our results indicated that brain and saliva inocula containing similar levels of prion seeding activity, also had similar infectivity, which did not support our hypothesis that saliva prions may be more infectious by mucosal routes. There are of course, several caveats bearing on this conclusion. These could include: the inherent limits in using an in vitro seeding assay as a surrogate to equate in vivo infectivity, the likelihood that small differences in prion suscep- tibility among deer may be more significant at very low exposure doses, and the greater varia- tion of inoculum uptake and routing through mucosal surfaces associated with the oral route of exposure.</div><div><br /></div><div>The chief correlate we observed between magnitude of infectious dose and disease course was in time from exposure to first detected amplification of prions in tonsil, an event which is closely followed by or concurrent with detection in pharyngeal lymph nodes [41]. Once a threshold dose was established, the subsequent pathogenesis of infection and disease appeared to vary little.</div><div><br /></div><div>In addition to potential cofactors that could influence CWD infectivity, such as particle binding [47] and compromised mucosal integrity [48, 53], there is PRNP genotype, in which polymorphisms at codon 96 of the white-tailed deer are known to affect the temporal dynam- ics of CWD infections [23, 41, 45]. In the present studies, most cohorts of 96GG deer became CWD-positive before 96GS animals in the same exposure group [cohorts 1, 2, 4, 6]. Thus, the low dose studies are consistent with the current concept of delayed conversion rate in PRNP 96GS vs. 96GG white-tailed deer [44].</div><div><br /></div><div>In conclusion, we have attempted to model and better understand CWD infection relative to natural exposure. The results demonstrate: (a) that the minimum CWD oral infectious dose is vastly lower than historical studies used to establish infection; (b) that a direct relationship exists between dose and incubation time to first prion replication detection in tonsils, irrespec- tive of genotype; (c) that a difference was not discernible between brain vs. saliva source prions in ability to establish infection or in resultant disease course; and (d) that the CWD infection process appears to conform more to a threshold dose than an accumulative dose dynamic.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7446902/pdf/pone.0237410.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7446902/pdf/pone.0237410.pdf</a></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: small;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: small;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><div>America BSE 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS, BSE SURVEILLANCE, BSE TESTING, and CJD TSE Prion</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>so far, we have been lucky. to date, with the science at hand, no cwd transmitted to cattle, that has been documented, TO DATE, WITH THE SCIENCE AT HAND, it's not to say it has not already happened, just like with zoonosis of cwd i.e. molecular transmission studies have shown that cwd transmission to humans would look like sporadic cjd, NOT nvCJD or what they call now vCJD. the other thing is virulence and or horizontal transmission. this is very concerning with the recent fact of what seems to be a large outbreak of a new tse prion disease in camels in Africa. there is much concern now with hay, straw, grains, and such, with the cwd tse prion endemic countries USA, Canada. what is of greatest concern is the different strains of cwd, and the virulence there from? this thing (cwd) keeps mutating to different strains, and to different species, the bigger the chance of one of these strains that WILL TRANSMIT TO CATTLE OR HUMANS, and that it is documented (i believe both has already occured imo with scienct to date). with that said, a few things to ponder, and i am still very concerned with, the animal feed. we now know from transmission studies that cwd and scrapie will transmit to pigs by oral routes. the atypical bse strains will transmit by oral routes. i don't mean to keep kicking a mad cow, just look at the science; </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>***> cattle, pigs, sheep, cwd, tse, prion, oh my! </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>***> In contrast, cattle are highly susceptible to white-tailed deer CWD and mule deer CWD in experimental conditions but no natural CWD infections in cattle have been reported (Sigurdson, 2008; Hamir et al., 2006). </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Sheep and cattle may be exposed to CWD via common grazing areas with affected deer but so far, appear to be poorly susceptible to mule deer CWD (Sigurdson, 2008). In contrast, cattle are highly susceptible to white-tailed deer CWD and mule deer CWD in experimental conditions but no natural CWD infections in cattle have been reported (Sigurdson, 2008; Hamir et al., 2006). It is not known how susceptible humans are to CWD but given that the prion can be present in muscle, it is likely that humans have been exposed to the agent via consumption of venison (Sigurdson, 2008). Initial experimental research suggests that human susceptibility to CWD is low and there may be a robust species barrier for CWD transmission to humans (Sigurdson, 2008), however the risk appetite for a public health threat may still find this level unacceptable. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/733407/DEFRA_QRA_TSE_in_cervids_June2018_v1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/733407/DEFRA_QRA_TSE_in_cervids_June2018_v1.pdf</a> </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/08/susceptibility-of-cattle-to-agent-of.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/08/susceptibility-of-cattle-to-agent-of.html</a> </div><div><br /></div><div><div>Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div><br /></div><div>Title: Limited amplification of chronic wasting disease prions in the peripheral tissues of intracerebrally inoculated cattle</div><div><br /></div><div>Author item HALEY, NICHOLAS - Kansas State University item SIEPKER, CHRISTOPHER - Kansas State University item Greenlee, Justin item RICHT, JÜRGEN - Kansas State University Submitted to: Journal of General Virology Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 3/30/2016 Publication Date: 1/7/2016</div><div><br /></div><div>Citation: Haley, N.J., Siepker, C., Greenlee, J.J., Richt, J.A. 2016. Limited amplification of chronic wasting disease prions in the peripheral tissues of intracerebrally inoculated cattle. Journal of General Virology. 97:1720-1724.</div><div><br /></div><div>Interpretive Summary: Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD), a fatal neurodegenerative disease that occurs in farmed and wild cervids (deer and elk) of North America, is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE). TSEs are caused by infectious proteins called prions that are resistant to various methods of decontamination and environmental degradation. Cattle could be exposed to chronic wasting disease (CWD) by contact with infected farmed or free-ranging cervids. The purpose of this study was to use an in vitro amplification method called real time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC) to assess tissues from cattle inoculated with CWD for low levels of prions not detected by traditional diagnostic methods such as western blot and immunohistochemistry. This study reports that prions were identified by RT-QuIC only in cattle that were confirmed positive by traditional methods. However, prions were rarely identified in some peripheral tissues such as mesenteric lymph node, tonsil, or nasal turbinate that were not considered positive by traditional methods. These results suggest that cattle experimentally inoculated with CWD may have some limited amount of prion infectivity outside of the brain and spinal cord that may represent a previously unrecognized risk for transmission. This information could have an impact on regulatory officials developing plans to reduce or eliminate TSEs and farmers with concerns about ranging cattle on areas where CWD may be present.</div><div><br /></div><div>Technical Abstract: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease, classified as a prion disease or transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) similar to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Cervids affected by CWD accumulate an abnormal protease resistant prion protein throughout the central nervous system (CNS), as well as in both lymphatic and excretory tissues – an aspect of prion disease pathogenesis not observed in cattle with BSE. Using seeded amplification through real time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC), we investigated whether the bovine host or prion agent was responsible for this aspect of TSE pathogenesis. We blindly examined numerous central and peripheral tissues from cattle inoculated with CWD for prion seeding activity. Seeded amplification was readily detected in the CNS, though rarely observed in peripheral tissues, with a limited distribution similar to that of BSE prions in cattle. This seems to indicate that prion peripheralization in cattle is a host-driven characteristic of TSE infection. </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=325925" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=325925</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Title: Experimental transmission of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (scrapie, chronic wasting disease, transmissible mink encephalopathy) to cattle and their differentiation from bovine spongiform encephalopathy</div><div><br /></div><div>Author item Hamir, Amirali item CUTLIP, RANDALL item MILLER, JANICE item Kunkle, Robert item Richt, Juergen item Greenlee, Justin item Nicholson, Eric item Kehrli Jr, Marcus Submitted to: World Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians Publication Type: Proceedings</div><div><br /></div><div>Publication Acceptance Date: 8/10/2007 Publication Date: 11/11/2007</div><div><br /></div><div>Citation: Hamir, A.N., Cutlip, R.C., Miller, J.M., Kunkle, R.A., Richt, J.A., Greenlee, J.J., Nicholson, E.M., Kehrli, Jr., M.E. 2007. Experimental transmission of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (scrapie, chronic wasting disease, transmissible mink encephalopathy) to cattle and their differentiation from bovine spongiform encephalopathy. In: Proceedings of the World Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians 13th International Symposium, November 11-14, 2007, Melbourne, Australia. p. 29. Interpretive Summary:</div><div><br /></div><div>Technical Abstract: Introduction: Experimental cross-species transmission of TSE agents provides valuable information for identification of potential host ranges of known TSEs. This report provides a synopsis of TSE (scrapie, CWD, TME) transmission studies that have been conducted in cattle and compares these findings to those seen in animals with BSE. Materials & Methods: Generally 6-month-old bull calves were obtained and assigned to inoculated and control groups. Inoculated calves were housed in a Biosafety Level 2 isolation barn at the National Animal Disease Center (NADC), Ames, Iowa. Calves were inoculated intracerebrally with 1 ml of a 10% TSE brain inoculum. Results: Results of various TSE cattle experiments with intracerebral inoculation of scrapie, CWD and TME are shown in tabular form (Table 1). Table 1. Comparison of experimental scrapie, chronic wasting disease (CWD) and transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) in cattle inoculated by the intracerebral route during first passage of the inocula. Abnormal CNS signs: Scrapie. Anorexia, weight loss, leg and back stiffness. Some showed incoordination and posterior weakness. Eventual severe lethargy. CWD. Anorexia, weight loss, occasional aimless circling, listlessness and excited by loud noises. TME. Variable hyperexcitability with occasional falling to the ground. Some showing circling and aggressive behavior. Incubation (survival) time: Scrapie. 14 – 18 months. CWD. 23 – 63 months. TME. 13 – 16 months. Attack rate: Scrapie. 100%. CWD. CWD from mule deer: 38%. CWD from elk: 86%. TME. 100% Histopatholgic lesions: Scrapie. Some vacuolation and central of chromatolysis of neurons. CWD. Isolated vacuolated neurons, a few degenerate axons, and a mild astrocytosis. TME. Extensive vacuolation of neuronal perikarya and neuropil. Presence of mild multifocal gliosis. Western blot (brainstem): Scrapie. All three isoforms of PrP**res present. CWD. All three isoforms of PrP**res seen. TME. All three isoforms of PrP**res seen. Immunohistochemistry: PrP**res in lymphoreticular tissues: Scrapie. Not present. CWD. Not present. TME. Not present. PrP**res in CNS: Scrapie. Present within perikaryon and processes of neurons. CWD. Multifocal distribution with labeling primarily in glial cells (astrocytes). TME. Diffusely present and usually evenly distributed in neuropil. Conclusions: 1. All three TSEs agents (scrapie, CWD and TME) are capable of propagating in cattle tissues when administered intracerebrally. 2. All three TSEs can be distinguished from each other and from BSE when inoculated intracerebrally by histopathology, immunohistochemistry and Western blot techniques.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=212439" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=212439</a><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Title: EXPERIMENTAL SECOND PASSAGE OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE (CWD(MULE DEER)) AGENT TO CATTLE</div><div><br /></div><div>Author item Hamir, Amirali item Kunkle, Robert item MILLER, JANICE item Greenlee, Justin item Richt, Juergen</div><div><br /></div><div>Submitted to: Journal of Comparative Pathology Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: 7/25/2005 Publication Date: 1/1/2006</div><div><br /></div><div>Citation: Hamir, A.N., Kunkle, R.A., Miller, J.M., Greenlee, J.J., Richt, J.A. 2006. Experimental second passage of chronic wasting disease (CWD(mule deer)) agent to cattle. Journal of Comparative Pathology. 134(1):63-69.</div><div><br /></div><div>Interpretive Summary: To compare the findings of experimental first and second passage of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cattle, 6 calves were inoculated into the brain with CWD-mule deer agent previously (first) passaged in cattle. Two other uninoculated calves served as controls. Beginning 10-12 months post inoculation (PI), all inoculates lost appetite and weight. Five animals subsequently developed clinical signs of central nervous system (CNS) abnormality. By 16.5 months PI, all cattle had been euthanized because of poor prognosis. None of the animals showed microscopic lesions of spongiform encephalopathy (SE) but the CWD agent was detected in their CNS tissues by 2 laboratory techniques (IHC and WB). These findings demonstrate that inoculated cattle amplify CWD agent but also develop clinical CNS signs without manifestation of microscopic lesions of SE. This situation has also been shown to occur following inoculation of cattle with another TSE agent, namely, sheep scrapie. The current study confirms previous work that indicates that the diagnostic tests currently used for confirmation of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in the U.S. would detect CWD in cattle, should it occur naturally. Furthermore, it raises the possibility of distinguishing CWD from BSE in cattle due to the absence of microscopic lesions and a unique multifocal distribution of PrPres, as demonstrated by IHC, which in this study, appears to be more sensitive than the WB.</div><div><br /></div><div>Technical Abstract: To compare clinicopathological findings of first and second passage of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cattle, a group of calves (n=6) were intracerebrally inoculated with CWD-mule deer agent previously (first) passaged in cattle. Two other uninoculated calves served as controls. Beginning 10-12 months post inoculation (PI), all inoculates lost appetite and lost weight. Five animals subsequently developed clinical signs of central nervous system (CNS) abnormality. By 16.5 months PI, all cattle had been euthanized because of poor prognosis. None of the animals showed microscopic lesions of spongiform encephalopathy (SE) but PrPres was detected in their CNS tissues by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blot (WB) techniques. These findings demonstrate that intracerebrally inoculated cattle not only amplify CWD PrPres but also develop clinical CNS signs without manifestation of morphologic lesions of SE. This situation has also been shown to occur following inoculation of cattle with another TSE agent, scrapie. The current study confirms previous work that indicates the diagnostic techniques currently used for confirmation of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in the U.S. would detect CWD in cattle, should it occur naturally. Furthermore, it raises the possibility of distinguishing CWD from BSE in cattle due to the absence of neuropathologic lesions and a unique multifocal distribution of PrPres, as demonstrated by IHC, which in this study, appears to be more sensitive than the WB.</div><div><br /></div></div><div><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=178318" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=178318</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>FRIDAY, AUGUST 27, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Cattle are highly susceptible to white-tailed deer CWD and mule deer CWD in experimental conditions<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/08/cattle-are-highly-susceptible-to-white.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/08/cattle-are-highly-susceptible-to-white.html</a></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div dir="ltr" style="background-color: white;"><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: small;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Friday, December 14, 2012 </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012 </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">snip..... </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law. Animals considered at high risk for CWD include: </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones and </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from the USA to GB can not be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">It may constitute a small percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin processed animal proteins that were imported from US into GB in 2011. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a __greater than negligible risk___ that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer and/or elk protein is imported into GB. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">There is uncertainty associated with this estimate given the lack of data on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being imported in these products.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">snip..... </span><br clear="none" /></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">36% in 2007 (Almberg et al., 2011). In such areas, population declines of deer of up to 30 to 50% have been observed (Almberg et al., 2011). In areas of Colorado, the prevalence can be as high as 30% (EFSA, 2011). The clinical signs of CWD in affected adults are weight loss and behavioural changes that can span weeks or months (Williams, 2005). In addition, signs might include excessive salivation, behavioural alterations including a fixed stare and changes in interaction with other animals in the herd, and an altered stance (Williams, 2005). These signs are indistinguishable from cervids experimentally infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Given this, if CWD was to be introduced into countries with BSE such as GB, for example, infected deer populations would need to be tested to differentiate if they were infected with CWD or BSE to minimise the risk of BSE entering the human food-chain via affected venison. snip..... The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008). </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">snip..... </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with CWD prion. snip..... In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing, footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible... For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant uncertainty associated with these estimates. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">snip..... </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists and returning GB residents. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">s</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">nip..... </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">***> READ THIS VERY, VERY, CAREFULLY, AUGUST 1997 MAD COW FEED BAN WAS A SHAM, AS I HAVE STATED SINCE 1997! 3 FAILSAFES THE FDA ET AL PREACHED AS IF IT WERE THE GOSPEL, IN TERMS OF MAD COW BSE DISEASE IN USA, AND WHY IT IS/WAS/NOT A PROBLEM FOR THE USA, and those are; </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">BSE TESTING (failed terribly and proven to be a sham) </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">BSE SURVEILLANCE (failed terribly and proven to be a sham) </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">BSE 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS (another colossal failure, and proven to be a sham) </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">these are facts folks. trump et al just admitted it with the feed ban. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">see; </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">FDA Reports on VFD Compliance </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">John Maday </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">August 30, 2019 09:46 AM VFD-Form 007 (640x427) </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Before and after the current Veterinary Feed Directive rules took full effect in January, 2017, the FDA focused primarily on education and outreach. ( John Maday ) Before and after the current Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD) rules took full effect in January, 2017, the FDA focused primarily on education and outreach to help feed mills, veterinarians and producers understand and comply with the requirements. Since then, FDA has gradually increased the number of VFD inspections and initiated enforcement actions when necessary. On August 29, FDA released its first report on inspection and compliance activities. The report, titled “Summary Assessment of Veterinary Feed Directive Compliance Activities Conducted in Fiscal Years 2016 – 2018,” is available online.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><a href="https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>FDA Reports on VFD Compliance</div><div><br /></div><div>John Maday</div><div><br /></div><div>August 30, 2019 09:46 AM VFD-Form 007 (640x427)</div><div><br /></div><div>Before and after the current Veterinary Feed Directive rules took full effect in January, 2017, the FDA focused primarily on education and outreach. ( John Maday )</div><div><br /></div><div>Before and after the current Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD) rules took full effect in January, 2017, the FDA focused primarily on education and outreach to help feed mills, veterinarians and producers understand and comply with the requirements. Since then, FDA has gradually increased the number of VFD inspections and initiated enforcement actions when necessary.</div><div><br /></div><div>On August 29, FDA released its first report on inspection and compliance activities. The report, titled “Summary Assessment of Veterinary Feed Directive Compliance Activities Conducted in Fiscal Years 2016 – 2018,” is available online.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Overall, the FDA reports a high level of compliance across the affected livestock-industry sectors.</div><div><br /></div><div>In fiscal year 2016, FDA began a small, three-part pilot inspection program that began with inspectors visiting feed distributors to review randomly selected VFD documents. The inspectors then selected one VFD at the distributor and conducted further inspections of the veterinarian and producer (client) named on that VFD.</div><div><br /></div><div>In fiscal years 2017 and 2018, FDA continued those three-part inspections and expanded the program to include state feed regulatory partners. In fiscal year 2017, state personnel inspected VFD distributors and reviewed selected VFDs for compliance with the requirements. In 2018, those state inspectors began conducting three-part inspections, similar to those conducted by the FDA investigators. With state inspectors contributing, the number of VFD inspections increased from 57 in 2016 to 130 in 2017 and 269 during 2018.</div><div><br /></div><div>Of the 269 inspections during 2018, 230 required no action, 38 indicated voluntary action and just one indicated official enforcement action.</div><div><br /></div><div>Key findings in the report include:</div><div><br /></div><div>Distributors (2018)</div><div><br /></div><div>Distributor had notified FDA of their intent to distribute VFD feeds -- 94.8%</div><div><br /></div><div>Distributors who distributed a VFD feed that complied with the terms of the VFD -- 91.5%</div><div><br /></div><div>Distributors who manufacture VFD feed: Drug inventory or production records showed the correct amount of drug was added to the feed for the VFD reviewed -- 96.7%</div><div><br /></div><div>Distributors who manufacture VFD feed: Labels and formulas matched the VFD reviewed -- 91.0%</div><div><br /></div><div>Distributor’s VFD feed labels contained the VFD caution statement -- 77.2%</div><div><br /></div><div>Veterinarians</div><div><br /></div><div>Veterinarians had an active license in the state where the VFD feed authorized on the VFD order(s) is being fed -- 100%</div><div><br /></div><div>VFDs included veterinarians’ electronic or written signature -- 98.6%</div><div><br /></div><div>VFDs included the withdrawal time, special instructions, and/or cautionary statements -- 95.3%</div><div><br /></div><div>Producers</div><div><br /></div><div>Client did not feed VFD feed beyond the expiration date on the VFD -- 100%</div><div><br /></div><div>Client fed VFD feed to the animals authorized on the VFD (number, species, and/or production class) -- 100%</div><div><br /></div><div>Client fed VFD feed for the duration identified on the VFD -- 100%</div><div><br /></div><div>Client complied with the special instructions on the VFD -- 100%</div><div><br /></div><div>FDA issued just one warning letter following inspections during fiscal year 2018, for a feed mill that “adulterated and misbranded VFD feed by distributing VFD feed to other distributors without first receiving an acknowledgment letter, in addition to adulterating and misbranding medicated and non-medicated feed for other reasons.”</div><div><br /></div><div>In its report, FDA reminds stakeholders that VFD medicated feeds must be used in according to the approved conditions of use and must be under the oversight of a licensed veterinarian and consistent with a lawful VFD order. The agency intends to continue monitoring compliance, and to provide education, but FDA will also use enforcement strategies when voluntary compliance with the VFD final rule requirements is not achieved.</div><div><br /></div><div>See the full summary report from FDA.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>For more on the VFD rules and compliance, see these articles from <a href="http://bovinevetonline.com/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">BovineVetOnline.com</a>.</div><div><br /></div><div>VFD Audits: What to Expect</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.bovinevetonline.com/article/vfd-audits-what-expect-0" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.bovinevetonline.com/article/vfd-audits-what-expect-0</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>VFD Audits: Start with the Feed Distributor</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.bovinevetonline.com/article/vfd-audits-start-feed-distributor" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.bovinevetonline.com/article/vfd-audits-start-feed-distributor</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>FDA Draft Guidance Updates VFD Q&A</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.bovinevetonline.com/article/fda-draft-guidance-updates-vfd-qa" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.bovinevetonline.com/article/fda-draft-guidance-updates-vfd-qa</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.bovinevetonline.com/article/fda-reports-vfd-compliance?fbclid=IwAR3ejswwNoiWH7sVww_gEwiFcyoG7MzI2iZUMPU9wHK3OJKXpdy4di5A4dk" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.bovinevetonline.com/article/fda-reports-vfd-compliance?fbclid=IwAR3ejswwNoiWH7sVww_gEwiFcyoG7MzI2iZUMPU9wHK3OJKXpdy4di5A4dk</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20201222181302/https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20201222181302/https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20190912060441/https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20190912060441/https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20191217045515/https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20191217045515/https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/fda-reports-on-vfd-compliance.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/fda-reports-on-vfd-compliance.html</a></div></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 1, 2019 </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">***> FDA Reports on VFD Compliance </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/fda-reports-on-vfd-compliance.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/fda-reports-on-vfd-compliance.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">TUESDAY, APRIL 18, 2017 </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">***> EXTREME USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED LOOP HOLE STILL EXIST, AND PRICE OF POKER GOES UP *** </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><a href="http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2017/04/extreme-usa-fda-part-589-tse-prion-feed.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2017/04/extreme-usa-fda-part-589-tse-prion-feed.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 26, 2019 </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Veterinary Biologics Guideline 3.32E: Guideline for minimising the risk of introducing transmissible spongiform encephalopathy prions and other infectious agents through veterinary biologics<br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/veterinary-biologics-guideline-332e.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/veterinary-biologics-guideline-332e.html</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">U.S.A. 50 STATE BSE MAD COW CONFERENCE CALL Jan. 9, 2001</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">Subject: BSE--U.S. 50 STATE CONFERENCE CALL Jan. 9, 2001</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">Date: Tue, 9 Jan 2001 16:49:00 -0800</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">To: <a href="mailto:BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de">BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">snip...</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">[host Richard Barns] and now a question from Terry S. Singeltary of CJD Watch.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">[TSS] yes, thank you, U.S. cattle, what kind of guarantee can you give for serum or tissue donor herds?</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">[no answer, you could hear in the back ground, mumbling and 'we can't. have him ask the question again.]</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">[host Richard] could you repeat the question?</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">[TSS] U.S. cattle, what kind of guarantee can you give for serum or tissue donor herds?</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">[not sure whom ask this] what group are you with?</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">[TSS] CJD Watch, my Mom died from hvCJD and we are tracking CJD world-wide.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">[not sure who is speaking] could you please disconnect Mr. Singeltary</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">[TSS] you are not going to answer my question?</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">[not sure whom speaking] NO</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">snip...see full archive and more of this;</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://protect2.fireeye.com/v1/url?k=56309245-0a71f6f2-56325e8f-002590f4ce32-f388444e395b325d&q=1&e=eaae77dc-9ea7-4996-b8cd-e6a0b004c974&u=https%3A%2F%2Furldefense.proofpoint.com%2Fv2%2Furl%3Fu%3Dhttp-3A__tseac.blogspot.com_2011_02_usa-2D50-2Dstate-2Dbse-2Dmad-2Dcow-2Dconference.html%26d%3DDwMFaQ%26c%3DGSntNbUav5AC0JJIyPOufmfQT3u3zI7UKdoVzPd-7og%26r%3DWUkrqFfyTINKdEKan1fw3ykVVZIC_CPt4oXXzPtT-cw%26m%3DPZ-nUcomhuQHG7d2Ik9AWSDfvzWvkaGQjLOa4gBnbo4%26s%3Dx2cnB1oAu0wlCoSkJw2E9RyLDr40LMuYR6jLH3CFP7M%26e%3D" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">3.2.1.2 Non‐cervid domestic species</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">The remarkably high rate of natural CWD transmission in the ongoing NA epidemics raises the question of the risk to livestock grazing on CWD‐contaminated shared rangeland and subsequently developing a novel CWD‐related prion disease. This issue has been investigated by transmitting CWD via experimental challenge to cattle, sheep and pigs and to tg mouse lines expressing the relevant species PrP.</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">For cattle challenged with CWD, PrPSc was detected in approximately 40% of intracerebrally inoculated animals (Hamir et al., 2005, 2006a, 2007). Tg mice expressing bovine PrP have also been challenged with CWD and while published studies have negative outcomes (Tamguney et al., 2009b), unpublished data provided for the purposes of this Opinion indicate that some transmission of individual isolates to bovinised mice is possible (Table 1).</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">In small ruminant recipients, a low rate of transmission was reported between 35 and 72 months post‐infection (mpi) in ARQ/ARQ and ARQ/VRQ sheep intracerebrally challenged with mule deer CWD (Hamir et al., 2006b), while two out of two ARQ/ARQ sheep intracerebrally inoculated with elk CWD developed clinical disease after 28 mpi (Madsen‐Bouterse et al., 2016). However, tg mice expressing ARQ sheep PrP were resistant (Tamguney et al., 2006) and tg mice expressing the VRQ PrP allele were poorly susceptible to clinical disease (Beringue et al., 2012; Madsen‐Bouterse et al., 2016). In contrast, tg mice expressing VRQ sheep PrP challenged with CWD have resulted in highly efficient, life‐long asymptomatic replication of these prions in the spleen tissue (Beringue et al., 2012).</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">A recent study investigated the potential for swine to serve as hosts of the CWD agent(s) by intracerebral or oral challenge of crossbred piglets (Moore et al., 2016b, 2017). Pigs sacrificed at 6 mpi, approximately the age at which pigs reach market weight, were clinically healthy and negative by diagnostic tests, although low‐level CWD agent replication could be detected in the CNS by bioassay in tg cervinised mice. Among pigs that were incubated for up to 73 mpi, some gave diagnostic evidence of CWD replication in the brain between 42 and 72 mpi. Importantly, this was observed also in one orally challenged pig at 64 mpi and the presence of low‐level CWD replication was confirmed by mouse bioassay. The authors of this study argued that pigs can support low‐level amplification of CWD prions, although the species barrier to CWD infection is relatively high and that the detection of infectivity in orally inoculated pigs with a mouse bioassay raises the possibility that naturally exposed pigs could act as a reservoir of CWD infectivity.</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5863" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5863</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/08/susceptibility-of-cattle-to-agent-of.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/08/susceptibility-of-cattle-to-agent-of.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/06/first-report-of-potential-bovine.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/06/first-report-of-potential-bovine.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div><div>Inspection conclusions are reported as Official Action Indicated (OAI), Voluntary Action Indicated (VAI), or No Action Indicated (NAI).</div><div><br /></div><div>An OAI inspection classification occurs when significant objectionable conditions or practices were found and regulatory sanctions are warranted in order to address the establishment's lack of compliance with the regulation. An example of an OAI inspection classification would be findings of manufacturing procedures insufficient to ensure that ruminant feed is not contaminated with prohibited material. Inspections classified as OAI will be promptly re‐ inspected following the regulatory sanctions, in order to determine whether adequate corrective actions have been implemented.</div></div><div><br /></div><div>A VAI inspection classification occurs when objectionable conditions or practices were found that do not meet the threshold of regulatory significance, but do warrant advisory actions to inform the establishment of findings that should be voluntarily corrected. Inspections classified as VAI usually occur as a result of more technical violations of the Ruminant Feed Ban. Examples could include things such as minor recordkeeping lapses and conditions involving non‐ruminant feeds.</div><div><div><br /></div><div>FDA BSE/Ruminant Feed Inspections Firms Inventory Report Official Action Indicated OAI</div><div><br /></div><div>Data reported as of: 10/30/2021 Search by: Firm Type = AF; Decision = OAI; Sort by: HOME_DISTRICT, STATE, NAME Perform new search</div><div><br /></div><div>Displaying records 1 to 1 of 1 records</div><div><br /></div><div>FDA District Firm Id (FEI) Firm Name Street Address City State Zip Code Opr. Status Firm Type(s) Prgm Risk Last BSE Insp Date Last BSE Dist. Dcsn** Handles Feed for Rum. Animals?</div><div><br /></div><div>CIN-DO 3010039727 Magnus International Group 679 Hardy Rd Painesville OH 44077-4574 OPR AF, DR, OT, RE HP 04/23/2018 OAI Y</div><div><br /></div><div>https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/BSEInspect/view/bse_results.cfm</div><div><br /></div><div>=====</div><div><br /></div><div>FDA BSE/Ruminant Feed Inspections Firms Inventory Report</div><div><br /></div><div>Data reported as of: 10/30/2021 Search by: Firm Type = DR; Decision = OAI; Sort by: HOME_DISTRICT, STATE, NAME Perform new search</div><div><br /></div><div>Displaying records 1 to 3 of 3 records</div><div><br /></div><div>FDA District Firm Id (FEI) Firm Name Street Address City State Zip Code Opr. Status Firm Type(s) Prgm Risk Last BSE Insp Date Last BSE Dist. Dcsn** Handles Feed for Rum. Animals?</div><div><br /></div><div>CIN-DO 3010039727 Magnus International Group 679 Hardy Rd Painesville OH 44077-4574 OPR AF, DR, OT, RE HP 04/23/2018 OAI Y</div><div><br /></div><div>PHI-DO 2516585 Erie Crawford Coop Assn 515 Erie Street Saegertown PA 16433 OPR DR, NL, TH DP 11/08/2018 OAI Y</div><div><br /></div><div>PHI-DO 2520300 Musguire Milling & Feed Company 101 Colfax Street Enon Valley PA 16120 OPR DR, NL, TH DP 08/19/2016 OAI Y</div><div><br /></div><div>https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/BSEInspect/view/bse_results.cfm</div><div><br /></div><div>=====</div><div><br /></div><div>FDA BSE/Ruminant Feed Inspections Firms Inventory Report</div><div><br /></div><div>Data reported as of: 10/30/2021 Search by: Firm Type = NL; Decision = OAI; Sort by: HOME_DISTRICT, STATE, NAME Perform new search</div><div><br /></div><div>Displaying records 1 to 2 of 2 records</div><div><br /></div><div>FDA District Firm Id (FEI) Firm Name Street Address City State Zip Code Opr. Status Firm Type(s) Prgm Risk Last BSE Insp Date Last BSE Dist. Dcsn** Handles Feed for Rum. Animals?</div><div><br /></div><div>PHI-DO 2516585 Erie Crawford Coop Assn 515 Erie Street Saegertown PA 16433 OPR DR, NL, TH DP 11/08/2018 OAI Y</div><div><br /></div><div>PHI-DO 2520300 Musguire Milling & Feed Company 101 Colfax Street Enon Valley PA 16120 OPR DR, NL, TH DP 08/19/2016 OAI Y</div><div><br /></div><div>https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/BSEInspect/view/bse_results.cfm</div><div><br /></div><div>=====</div><div><br /></div><div>FDA BSE/Ruminant Feed Inspections Firms Inventory Report</div><div><br /></div><div>Data reported as of: 10/30/2021 Search by: Firm Type = OT; Decision = OAI; Sort by: HOME_DISTRICT, STATE, NAME Perform new search</div><div><br /></div><div>Displaying records 1 to 1 of 1 records</div><div><br /></div><div>FDA District Firm Id (FEI) Firm Name Street Address City State Zip Code Opr. Status Firm Type(s) Prgm Risk Last BSE Insp Date Last BSE Dist. Dcsn** Handles Feed for Rum. Animals?</div><div><br /></div><div>CIN-DO 3010039727 Magnus International Group 679 Hardy Rd Painesville OH 44077-4574 OPR AF, DR, OT, RE HP 04/23/2018 OAI Y</div><div><br /></div><div>https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/BSEInspect/view/bse_results.cfm</div><div><br /></div><div>=====</div><div><br /></div><div>FDA BSE/Ruminant Feed Inspections Firms Inventory Report</div><div><br /></div><div>Data reported as of: 10/30/2021 Search by: Firm Type = RE; Decision = OAI; Sort by: HOME_DISTRICT, STATE, NAME Perform new search</div><div><br /></div><div>Displaying records 1 to 1 of 1 records</div><div><br /></div><div>FDA District Firm Id (FEI) Firm Name Street Address City State Zip Code Opr. Status Firm Type(s) Prgm Risk Last BSE Insp Date Last BSE Dist. Dcsn** Handles Feed for Rum. Animals?</div><div><br /></div><div>CIN-DO 3010039727 Magnus International Group 679 Hardy Rd Painesville OH 44077-4574 OPR AF, DR, OT, RE HP 04/23/2018 OAI Y</div><div><br /></div><div>https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/BSEInspect/view/bse_results.cfm</div><div><br /></div><div>===== </div><div><br /></div><div>FDA BSE/Ruminant Feed Inspections Firms Inventory Report</div><div><br /></div><div>Data reported as of: 10/30/2021 Search by: Firm Type = TH; Decision = OAI; Sort by: HOME_DISTRICT, STATE, NAME Perform new search</div><div><br /></div><div>Displaying records 1 to 2 of 2 records</div><div><br /></div><div>FDA District Firm Id (FEI) Firm Name Street Address City State Zip Code Opr. Status Firm Type(s) Prgm Risk Last BSE Insp Date Last BSE Dist. Dcsn** Handles Feed for Rum. Animals?</div><div><br /></div><div>PHI-DO 2516585 Erie Crawford Coop Assn 515 Erie Street Saegertown PA 16433 OPR DR, NL, TH DP 11/08/2018 OAI Y</div><div><br /></div><div>PHI-DO 2520300 Musguire Milling & Feed Company 101 Colfax Street Enon Valley PA 16120 OPR DR, NL, TH DP 08/19/2016 OAI Y</div><div><br /></div><div>https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/BSEInspect/view/bse_results.cfm</div><div><br /></div><div>===== </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/BSEInspect/view/bse_results.cfm" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/BSEInspect/view/bse_results.cfm</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>VOLUNTARY ACTION INDICATED VAI</div><div><br /></div><div>there are to many BSE VAI to list, from my count, there were 359 VAI, so for anyone interested, go to excel;</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/BSEInspect/bseinspections.csv" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/BSEInspect/bseinspections.csv</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>ONE DECADE POST MAD COW FEED BAN OF AUGUST 1997...2007</div><div><br /></div><div>2007</div><div> </div><div>10,000,000 POUNDS REASON Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.</div><div> </div><div>2007</div><div> </div><div>Date: March 21, 2007 at 2:27 pm PST</div><div> </div><div>RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINES -- CLASS II PRODUCT</div><div> </div><div>Bulk cattle feed made with recalled Darling's 85% Blood Meal, Flash Dried, Recall # V-024-2007 CODE Cattle feed delivered between 01/12/2007 and 01/26/2007 RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Pfeiffer, Arno, Inc, Greenbush,</div><div>WI. by conversation on February 5, 2007.</div><div> </div><div>Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div> </div><div>REASON Blood meal used to make cattle feed was recalled because it was cross- contaminated with prohibited bovine meat and bone meal that had been manufactured on common equipment and labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.</div><div> </div><div>VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 42,090 lbs. DISTRIBUTION WI</div><div> </div><div>___________________________________</div><div> </div><div>PRODUCT Custom dairy premix products: MNM ALL PURPOSE Pellet, HILLSIDE/CDL Prot- Buffer Meal, LEE, M.-CLOSE UP PX Pellet, HIGH DESERT/ GHC LACT Meal, TATARKA, M CUST PROT Meal, SUNRIDGE/CDL PROTEIN Blend, LOURENZO, K PVM DAIRY Meal, DOUBLE B DAIRY/GHC LAC Mineral, WEST PIONT/GHC CLOSEUP Mineral, WEST POINT/GHC LACT Meal, JENKS, J/COMPASS PROTEIN Meal, COPPINI - 8# SPECIAL DAIRY Mix, GULICK, L-LACT Meal (Bulk), TRIPLE J - PROTEIN/LACTATION, ROCK CREEK/GHC MILK Mineral, BETTENCOURT/GHC S.SIDE MK-MN, BETTENCOURT #1/GHC MILK MINR, V&C DAIRY/GHC LACT Meal, VEENSTRA, F/GHC LACT Meal, SMUTNY, A- BYPASS ML W/SMARTA, Recall # V-025-2007</div><div> </div><div>CODE The firm does not utilize a code - only shipping documentation with commodity and weights identified.</div><div> </div><div>RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Rangen, Inc, Buhl, ID, by letters on February 13 and 14, 2007.</div><div> </div><div>Firm initiated recall is complete.</div><div> </div><div>REASON Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.</div><div> </div><div>VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 9,997,976 lbs. DISTRIBUTION ID and NV</div><div> </div><div>END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR MARCH 21, 2007</div><div><br /></div><div>PAGE NOT FOUND</div><div> </div><div><a href="http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</a><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div dir="ltr"><div style="color: #222222;"><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">ALABAMA MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE 2006</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">______________________________ </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">PRODUCT</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">a) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish, Recall # V-100-6;</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">b) Performance Sheep Pell W/Decox/A/N, medicated, net wt. 50 lbs, Recall # V-101-6;</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">c) Pro 40% Swine Conc Meal -- 50 lb, Recall # V-102-6;</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">d) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish Food Medicated, Recall # V-103-6;</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">e) "Big Jim’s" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6;</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">f) CO-OP 40% Hog Supplement Medicated Pelleted, Tylosin 100 grams/ton, 50 lb. bag, Recall # V-105-6;</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">g) Pig Starter Pell II, 18% W/MCDX Medicated 282020, Carbadox -- 0.0055%, Recall # V-106-6;</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">h) CO-OP STARTER-GROWER CRUMBLES, Complete Feed for Chickens from Hatch to 20 Weeks, Medicated, Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate, 25 and 50 Lbs, Recall # V-107-6;</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">i) CO-OP LAYING PELLETS, Complete Feed for Laying Chickens, Recall # 108-6;</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">j) CO-OP LAYING CRUMBLES, Recall # V-109-6;</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">k) CO-OP QUAIL FLIGHT CONDITIONER MEDICATED, net wt 50 Lbs, Recall # V-110-6;</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">l) CO-OP QUAIL STARTER MEDICATED, Net Wt. 50 Lbs, Recall # V-111-6;</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">m) CO-OP QUAIL GROWER MEDICATED, 50 Lbs, Recall # V-112-6</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">CODE</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL, by telephone, fax, email and visit on June 9, 2006. FDA initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">REASON</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">125 tons</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">DISTRIBUTION</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">AL and FL </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">______________________________</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">PRODUCT</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Bulk custom dairy feds manufactured from concentrates, Recall # V-113-6</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">CODE</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">All dairy feeds produced between 2/1/05 and 6/16/06 and containing H. J. Baker recalled feed products.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Vita Plus Corp., Gagetown, MI, by visit beginning on June 21, 2006. Firm initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">REASON</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">The feed was manufactured from materials that may have been contaminated with mammalian protein.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">27,694,240 lbs</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">DISTRIBUTION</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">MI </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">______________________________</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">PRODUCT</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Bulk custom made dairy feed, Recall # V-114-6</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">CODE</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">None</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Burkmann Feeds LLC, Glasgow, KY, by letter on July 14, 2006. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">REASON</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Custom made feeds contain ingredient called Pro-Lak, which may contain ruminant derived meat and bone meal.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">?????</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">DISTRIBUTION</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">KY</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">###</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://data.nber.org/fda/enforcement-report/2006/ucm120413.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://data.nber.org/fda/enforcement-report/2006/ucm120413.htm</a></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">=====</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">PRODUCT </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Bulk Whole Barley, Recall # V-256-2009</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">CODE</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">No code or lot number.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Mars Petcare US, Clinton, OK, by telephone on May 21, 2009. Firm initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">REASON</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Product may have contained prohibited materials without cautionary statement on the label.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">208,820 pounds</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">DISTRIBUTION</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">TX</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 26, 2009</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">###</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/ucm180348.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/ucm180348.htm</a></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALL KY VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE ????? </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Date: August 6, 2006 at 6:19 pm PST </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">PRODUCT Bulk custom made dairy feed, Recall # V-114-6 </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">CODE None </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Burkmann Feeds LLC, Glasgow, KY, by letter on July 14, 2006. </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Firm initiated recall is ongoing. REASON Custom made feeds contain ingredient called Pro-Lak, which may contain ruminant derived meat and bone meal. </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE ????? </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">DISTRIBUTION KY </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">### </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</a></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">MAD COW FEED RECALL USA EQUALS 10,878.06 TONS NATIONWIDE Sun Jul 16, 2006 09:22 71.248.128.67 </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">______________________________ </span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">PRODUCT a) PRO-LAK, bulk weight, Protein Concentrate for Lactating Dairy Animals, Recall # V-079-6; </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">b) ProAmino II, FOR PREFRESH AND LACTATING COWS, net weight 50lb (22.6 kg), Recall # V-080-6; </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">c) PRO-PAK, MARINE & ANIMAL PROTEIN CONCENTRATE FOR USE IN ANIMAL FEED, Recall # V-081-6; </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">d) Feather Meal, Recall # V-082-6 </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">CODE a) Bulk b) None c) Bulk d) Bulk </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER H. J. Baker & Bro., Inc., Albertville, AL, by telephone on June 15, 2006 and by press release on June 16, 2006. </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"> REASON Possible contamination of animal feeds with ruminent derived meat and bone meal.. </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 10,878.06 tons </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">DISTRIBUTION Nationwide</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR July 12, 2006</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">###</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html</a></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Subject: MAD COW FEED BAN WARNING LETTER ISSUED MAY 17, 2006 </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Date: June 27, 2006 at 7:42 am PST Public Health Service Food and Drug Administration</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">New Orleans District 297 Plus Park Blvd. Nashville, TN 37217</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Telephone: 615-781-5380 Fax: 615-781-5391</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">May 17, 2006</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">WARNING LETTER NO.. 2006-NOL-06</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">FEDERAL EXPRESS OVERNIGHT DELIVERY</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Mr. William Shirley, Jr., Owner Louisiana.DBA Riegel By-Products 2621 State Street Dallas, Texas 75204</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Dear Mr. Shirley:</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">On February 12, 17, 21, and 22, 2006, a U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA) investigator inspected your rendering plant, located at 509 Fortson Street, Shreveport, Louisiana. The inspection revealed significant deviations from the requirements set forth in Title 21, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 589.2000 [21 CFR 589.2000], Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed. This regulation is intended to prevent the establishment and amplification of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE). You failed to follow the requirements of this regulation; products being manufactured and distributed by your facility are misbranded within the meaning of Section 403(a)(1) [21 USC 343(a)(1)] of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the Act).</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Our investigation found you failed to provide measures, including sufficient written procedures, to prevent commingling or cross-contamination and to maintain sufficient written procedures [21 CFR 589.2000(e)] because:</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">You failed to use clean-out procedures or other means adequate to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues into animal protein or feeds which may be used for ruminants. For example, your facility uses the same equipment to process mammalian and poultry tissues. However, you use only hot water to clean the cookers between processing tissues from each species. You do not clean the auger, hammer mill, grinder, and spouts after processing mammalian tissues.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">You failed to maintain written procedures specifying the clean-out procedures or other means to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues into feeds which may be used for ruminants.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">As a result . the poultry meal you manufacture may contain protein derived from mammalian tissues prohibited in ruminant feed. Pursuant to 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1)(i), any products containing or may contain protein derived from mammalian tissues must be labeled, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Since you failed to label a product which may contain protein derived from mammalian tissues with the required cautionary statement. the poultry meal is misbranded under Section 403(a)(1) [21 USC 343(a)(1)] of the Act.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">This letter is not intended as an all-inclusive list of violations at your facility. As a manufacturer of materials intended for animal feed use, you are responsible for ensuring your overall operation and the products you manufacture and distribute are in compliance with the law. You should take prompt action to correct these violations, and you should establish a system whereby violations do not recur. Failure to promptly correct these violations may result in regulatory action, such as seizure and/or injunction, without further notice.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">You should notify this office in writing within 15 working days of receiving this letter, outlining the specific steps you have taken to bring your firm into compliance with the law. Your response should include an explanation of each step taken to correct the violations and prevent their recurrence. If corrective action cannot be completed within 15 working days, state the reason for the delay and the date by which the corrections will be completed. Include copies of any available documentation demonstrating corrections have been made.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Your reply should be directed to Mark W. Rivero, Compliance Officer, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2424 Edenborn Avenue, Suite 410, Metairie, Louisiana 70001. If you have questions regarding any issue in this letter, please contact Mr. Rivero at (504) 219-8818, extension 103.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Sincerely,</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">/S</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Carol S. Sanchez Acting District Director New Orleans District </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/foi/warning_letters/g5883d.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/foi/warning_letters/g5883d.htm</a></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">PLEASE NOTE, THE FDA URLS FOR OLD WARNING LETTERS ARE OBSOLETE AND DO NOT WORK IN MOST CASES.. I LOOKED UP THE OLD ONE ABOVE AND FOUND IT, BUT HAVE NOT DONE THAT FOR THE OTHERS TO FOLLOW. THE DATA IS VALID THOUGH! </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Subject: MAD COW PROTEIN IN COMMERCE USA 2006 RECALL UPDATE </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr." <[log in to unmask]> </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Reply-To: SAFETY <[log in to unmask]> </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Date: Mon, 9 Oct 2006 14:10:37 -0500 </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALL USA SEPT 6, 2006 1961.72 TONS </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">IN COMMERCE AL, TN, AND WV </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Date: September 6, 2006 at 7:58 am PST</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">PRODUCT a) EVSRC Custom dairy feed, Recall # V-130-6; b) Performance Chick Starter, Recall # V-131-6; c) Performance Quail Grower, Recall # V-132-6; d) Performance Pheasant Finisher, Recall # V-133-6. CODE None RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Donaldson & Hasenbein/dba J&R Feed Service, Inc., Cullman, AL, by telephone on June 23, 2006 and by letter dated July 19, 2006. </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Firm initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">REASON Dairy and poultry feeds were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 477.72 tons </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">DISTRIBUTION AL</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">______________________________</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">snip...</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html</a></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"> Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALLS ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 9, 2006 KY, LA, MS, AL, GA, AND TN 11,000+ TONS </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Date: August 16, 2006 at 9:19 am PST RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE - CLASS II</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">______________________________</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">snip...</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">______________________________</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">PRODUCT Bulk custom dairy pre-mixes, Recall # V-120-6 </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">CODE None </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Ware Milling Inc., Houston, MS, by telephone on June 23, 2006. Firm initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">REASON Possible contamination of dairy animal feeds with ruminant derived meat and bone meal..</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 350 tons DISTRIBUTION AL and MS</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">______________________________</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">PRODUCT </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">a) Tucker Milling, LLC Tm 32% Sinking Fish Grower, #2680-Pellet, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-121-6; </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">b) Tucker Milling, LLC #31120, Game Bird Breeder Pellet, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-122-6; </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">c) Tucker Milling, LLC #31232 Game Bird Grower, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-123-6; </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">d) Tucker Milling, LLC 31227-Crumble, Game Bird Starter, BMD Medicated, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-124-6; </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">e) Tucker Milling, LLC #31120, Game Bird Breeder, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-125-6; </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">f) Tucker Milling, LLC #30230, 30 % Turkey Starter, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-126-6; </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">g) Tucker Milling, LLC #30116, TM Broiler Finisher, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-127-6 </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">CODE All products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/20/2006 </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Recalling Firm: Tucker Milling LLC, Guntersville, AL, by telephone and visit on June 20, 2006, and by letter on June 23, 2006. Manufacturer: H. J. Baker and Brothers Inc., Stamford, CT. Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">REASON Poultry and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein were not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 7,541-50 lb bags</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">DISTRIBUTION AL, GA, MS, and TN</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 9, 2006</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">###</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html</a></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"> Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALL AL AND FL VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 TONS</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006 </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Date: August 6, 2006 at 6:16 pm PST </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">PRODUCT </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">a) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish, Recall # V-100-6; </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">b) Performance Sheep Pell W/Decox/A/N, medicated, net wt. 50 lbs, Recall # V-101-6; </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">c) Pro 40% Swine Conc Meal -- 50 lb, Recall # V-102-6; d) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish Food Medicated, Recall # V-103-6; </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">e) "Big Jim's" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6; </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">f) CO-OP 40% Hog Supplement Medicated Pelleted, Tylosin 100 grams/ton, 50 lb. bag, Recall # V-105-6; </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">g) Pig Starter Pell II, 18% W/MCDX Medicated 282020, Carbadox -- 0.0055%, Recall # V-106-6; </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">h) CO-OP STARTER-GROWER CRUMBLES, Complete Feed for Chickens from Hatch to 20 Weeks, Medicated, Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate, 25 and 50 Lbs, Recall # V-107-6; </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">i) CO-OP LAYING PELLETS, Complete Feed for Laying Chickens, Recall # 108-6; </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">j) CO-OP LAYING CRUMBLES, Recall # V-109-6; </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">k) CO-OP QUAIL FLIGHT CONDITIONER MEDICATED, net wt 50 Lbs, Recall # V-110-6; </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">l) CO-OP QUAIL STARTER MEDICATED, Net Wt. 50 Lbs, Recall # V-111-6; </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">m) CO-OP QUAIL GROWER MEDICATED, 50 Lbs, Recall # V-112-6 </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">CODE </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006 RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL, by telephone, fax, email and visit on June 9, 2006. FDA initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">REASON Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 tons DISTRIBUTION AL and FL</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">###</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</a></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"> MAD COW FEED RECALL USA EQUALS 10,878.06 TONS NATIONWIDE Sun Jul 16, 2006 09:22 71.248..128.67</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">______________________________</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">PRODUCT </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">a) PRO-LAK, bulk weight, Protein Concentrate for Lactating Dairy Animals, Recall # V-079-6; </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">b) ProAmino II, FOR PREFRESH AND LACTATING COWS, net weight 50lb (22.6 kg), Recall # V-080-6; </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">c) PRO-PAK, MARINE & ANIMAL PROTEIN CONCENTRATE FOR USE IN ANIMAL FEED, Recall # V-081-6; </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">d) Feather Meal, Recall # V-082-6 </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">CODE a) Bulk b) None c) Bulk d) Bulk </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER H. J. Baker & Bro., Inc., Albertville, AL, by telephone on June 15, 2006 and by press release on June 16, 2006. </div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">Firm initiated recall is ongoing.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">REASON Possible contamination of animal feeds with ruminent derived meat and bone meal.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 10,878.06 tons</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">DISTRIBUTION Nationwide</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR July 12, 2006</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;">###</div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html</a></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Product Details</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Product Description:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">CalDensity Black Label, CalDensity White Label with HA, packaged in white plastic 5, 15, 25, 40, 60 lb pails with plastic liner and white plastic lid. Reason for Recall:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">During an FDA inspection it was found that the CalDensity Black label and CalDensity White Label with HA product containers did not include the precautionary statement DO NOT FEED TO CATTLE OR OTHER RUMINANTS</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Product Quantity: 50,935 lbs</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Recall Number: V-209-2012</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Code Information: 042009, 051009, 061209, 071509, 091009, 011510, 030310, 031610, 052610, 092410, 120110, 011211, 020111, 030911, 050111, 071111 & 090111. Classification: Class II Event Details</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Event ID: 61880</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Voluntary / Mandated:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Voluntary: Firm Initiated</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Product Type:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Veterinary</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Initial Firm Notification of Consignee or Public:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">E-Mail</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Status:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Terminated</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Distribution Pattern:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Nationwide distribution: AL, AR, AZ, CA, CO, FL, GA, IA, ID, IL, KY, LA, MD, MI, MN, MO, MS, NC, NE, NJ, NM, NY, OH, OK, PA, SC, TX, UT, VA, WA & WV. No shipments were made to foreign countries including Canada.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Recalling Firm:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Process Managers LLC</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">485 Gawthrope Dr </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Winchester, KY 40391-8910</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">United States</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Recall Initiation Date:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">1/6/2012</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Center Classification Date:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">9/7/2012</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Date Terminated:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">1/24/2014</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/ires/index.cfm#tabNav_advancedSearch" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/ires/index.cfm#tabNav_advancedSearch </a></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Product Details</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Product Description:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Regular Chicken 50# Ingredients: Corn, Wheat, Oats, Oyster shells, Medium Grit, CCC, ADS, Plant Protein Products, Animal Protein Products, Processed Grain By-Products, Roughage Products, Animal Fat procession with DHA, etc</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Reason for Recall:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">During an FDA sample collection, the firms 50# Regular Chicken Feed was found to contain mammalian protein. The label does not contain the warning statement.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Product Quantity:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">5400lbs (50lb bags)</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Recall Number:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">V-137-2013</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Code Information:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">8/6/2012</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Classification:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Class III</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Event Details</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Event ID:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">63743</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Voluntary / Mandated:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Voluntary: Firm Initiated</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Product Type:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Veterinary</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Initial Firm Notification of Consignee or Public:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Other</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Status:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Terminated</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Distribution Pattern:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Midland MI area only.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Recalling Firm:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Cohoons Elevator Inc.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">802 Townsend St </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Midland, MI 48640-5362</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">United States</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Recall Initiation Date:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">11/21/2012</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Center Classification Date:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">2/8/2013</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Date Terminated:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">2/12/2013</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><a href="https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/ires/index.cfm#tabNav_advancedSearch" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/ires/index.cfm#tabNav_advancedSearch</a></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">V. Use in animal feed of material from deer and elk NOT considered at high risk for CWD </div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">FDA continues to consider materials from deer and elk NOT considered at high risk for CWD to be acceptable for use in NON-RUMINANT animal feeds in accordance with current agency regulations, 21 CFR 589.2000. </div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Deer and elk not considered at high risk include: </div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">(1) deer and elk from areas not declared by State officials to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones; and </div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">(2) deer and elk that were not at some time during the 60-month period immediately before the time of slaughter in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal.</div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://www.fda.gov/downloads/animalveterinary/guidancecomplianceenforcement/guidanceforindustry/ucm052506.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/downloads/animalveterinary/guidancecomplianceenforcement/guidanceforindustry/ucm052506.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv4316332692aolmail_aolmail_AOLWebSuite yiv4316332692aolmail_aolmail_AOLWebSuiteM3"><div id="yiv4316332692aolmail_aolmail_AOLMsgPart_2_7a7e328d-d8bb-4cda-8d02-161612af1947"><div class="yiv4316332692aolmail_aolmail_aolReplacedBody"><div class="yiv4316332692aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_center" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; height: auto; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><div class="yiv4316332692aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_center" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; height: auto; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><div class="yiv4316332692aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_center" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; height: auto; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;">2017 Section 21 C.F.R. 589.2000, Animal Proteins Prohibited in Ruminant Feed</div></span></div></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><h1 class="yiv4316332692aolmail_head1_body" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; color: #612e00; font-family: arial; font-size: 27px; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #484138; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;">Subject: MICHIGAN FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OAI UPDATE BREACH APRIL 4, 2017</span></span></h1><h1 class="yiv4316332692aolmail_head1_body" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; color: #612e00; font-family: arial; font-size: 27px; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #484138; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></span></h1><h1 class="yiv4316332692aolmail_head1_body" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; color: #612e00; font-family: arial; font-size: 27px; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #484138; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;">MICHIGAN FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEEDVIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OAI UPDATE BREACH APRIL 4, 2017</span></span></h1><h1 class="yiv4316332692aolmail_head1_body" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; color: #612e00; font-family: arial; font-size: 27px; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #484138; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></span></h1><h1 class="yiv4316332692aolmail_head1_body" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; color: #612e00; font-family: arial; font-size: 27px; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #484138; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;">FDA BSE/Ruminant Feed Inspections Firms Inventory </span></span></h1><h1 class="yiv4316332692aolmail_head1_body" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; color: #612e00; font-family: arial; font-size: 27px; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #484138; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></span></h1><h1 class="yiv4316332692aolmail_head1_body" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; color: #612e00; font-family: arial; font-size: 27px; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #484138; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;">11998 DET-DO MI 48846-847 OPR 4/4/2017 OAI </span></span></h1><div><span style="color: #484138;"><span style="font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></span></div><h1 class="yiv4316332692aolmail_head1_body" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; color: #612e00; font-family: arial; font-size: 27px; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #484138; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></span></h1><h1 class="yiv4316332692aolmail_head1_body" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; color: #612e00; font-family: arial; font-size: 27px; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><a href="http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/BSEInspect/bseinspections.csv" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/BSEInspect/bseinspections.csv </a></h1><h1 class="yiv4316332692aolmail_head1_body" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; color: #612e00; font-family: arial; font-size: 27px; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #484138; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></span></h1><h1 class="yiv4316332692aolmail_head1_body" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; color: #612e00; font-family: arial; font-size: 27px; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #484138; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></span></h1><h1 class="yiv4316332692aolmail_head1_body" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; color: #612e00; font-family: arial; font-size: 27px; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #484138; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;">NAI = NO ACTION INDICATED</span></span></h1><h1 class="yiv4316332692aolmail_head1_body" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; color: #612e00; font-family: arial; font-size: 27px; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #484138; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></span></h1><h1 class="yiv4316332692aolmail_head1_body" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; color: #612e00; font-family: arial; font-size: 27px; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #484138; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;">OAI = OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED</span></span></h1><h1 class="yiv4316332692aolmail_head1_body" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; color: #612e00; font-family: arial; font-size: 27px; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #484138; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></span></h1><h1 class="yiv4316332692aolmail_head1_body" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; color: #612e00; font-family: arial; font-size: 27px; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #484138; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;">VAI = VOLUNTARY ACTION INDICATED</span></span></h1><h1 class="yiv4316332692aolmail_head1_body" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; color: #612e00; font-family: arial; font-size: 27px; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #484138; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></span></h1><h1 class="yiv4316332692aolmail_head1_body" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; color: #612e00; font-family: arial; font-size: 27px; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #484138; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;">RTS = REFERRED TO STATE</span></span></h1><h1 class="yiv4316332692aolmail_head1_body" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; color: #612e00; font-family: arial; font-size: 27px; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #484138; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></span></h1><h1 class="yiv4316332692aolmail_head1_body" style="background-image: none; border-style: none; color: #612e00; font-family: arial; font-size: 27px; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; height: auto; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative;"><span style="color: #484138; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;">OAI (Official Action Indicated) when inspectors find significant objectionable conditions or practices and believe that regulatory sanctions are warranted to address the establishment’s lack of compliance with the regulation. An example of an OAI classification would be findings of manufacturing procedures insufficient to ensure that ruminant feed is not contaminated with prohibited material. Inspectors will promptly re-inspect facilities classified OAI after regulatory sanctions have been applied to determine whether the corrective actions are adequate to address the objectionable conditions...end...TSS</span></span></h1></div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">TUESDAY, APRIL 18, 2017 </span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">*** EXTREME USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED LOOP HOLE STILL EXIST, AND PRICE OF POKER GOES UP ***</span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2017/04/extreme-usa-fda-part-589-tse-prion-feed.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2017/04/extreme-usa-fda-part-589-tse-prion-feed.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">TUESDAY, JANUARY 17, 2017 </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEEDVIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OAI UPDATE 2016 to 2017 BSE TSE PRION</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2017/01/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2017/01/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a></div></div></div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">FY 2016 Inspectional Observation Summaries</div><div style="font-size: small;"><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4132 21 CFR 589.2000(d)(1) Protein blenders, feed manufacturers, distributors Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, *** 2</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4131 21 CFR 589.2000(c)(1)(i) Renderers Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear a label containing the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, *** 1</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><a href="https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/ucm531890.htm#Veterinary%20Medicine" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/ucm531890.htm#Veterinary Medicine</a></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">FY 2015 Inspectional Observation Summaries</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4132 21 CFR 589.2000(d)(1) Protein blenders, feed manufacturers, distributors Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, *** 2</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><a href="https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm481432.htm#Veterinary%20Medicine" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm481432.htm#Veterinary Medicine</a></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">FY 2014 Inspectional Observation Summaries</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4146 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) Written clean-out procedures Failure to maintain written clean-out procedures to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, *** 2</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4131 21 CFR 589.2000(c)(1)(i) Renderers Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear a label containing the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, *** 1</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4132 21 CFR 589.2000(d)(1) Protein blenders, feed manufacturers, distributors Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, *** 1</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4145 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) Use of clean-out procedures Failure to use clean-out procedures or other means adequate to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, *** 1</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><a href="https://www.fda.gov/iceci/inspections/ucm424098.htm#Veterinary%20Medicine" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/iceci/inspections/ucm424098.htm#Veterinary Medicine</a></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">FY 2013 Inspectional Observation Summaries</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4131 21 CFR 589.2000(c)(1)(i) 5 Renderers Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear a label containing the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4132 21 CFR 589.2000(d)(1) 5 Protein blenders, feed manufacturers, distributors Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4145 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) 1 Use of clean-out procedures Failure to use clean-out procedures or other means adequate to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4146 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) 1 Written clean-out procedures Failure to maintain written clean-out procedures to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">FY 2012 Inspectional Observation Summaries</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4131 21 CFR 589.2000(c)(1)(i) 5 Renderers Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear a label containing the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4132 21 CFR 589.2000(d)(1) 4 Protein blenders, feed manufacturers, distributors Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><a href="https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm326984.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm326984.htm</a></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">FY 2011 Inspectional Observation Summaries</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4132 21 CFR 589.2000(d)(1) 5 Protein blenders, feed manufacturers, distributors Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants."Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4131 21 CFR 589.2000(c)(1)(i) 4 Renderers Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear a label containing the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants."Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4146 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) 1 Written clean-out procedures Failure to maintain written clean-out procedures to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><a href="https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm327135.htm#vet" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm327135.htm#vet</a></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">FY 2010 Inspectional Observation Summaries</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4131 21 CFR 589.2000(c)(1)(i) 3 Renderers Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear a label containing the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, *** 4132 21 CFR 589.2000(d)(1) 3 Protein blenders, feed manufacturers, distributors Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4146 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) 1 Written clean-out procedures Failure to maintain written clean-out procedures to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><a href="https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm255532.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm255532.htm</a></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">FY 2009 Inspectional Observation Summaries</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4132 21 CFR 589.2000(d)(1) 10 Protein blenders, feed manufacturers, distributors Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4146 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) 4 Written clean-out procedures Failure to maintain written clean-out procedures to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4145 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) 3 Use of clean-out procedures Failure to use clean-out procedures or other means adequate to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><a href="https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm255534.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm255534.htm</a></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">FY 2008 Inspectional Observation Summaries</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4132 21 CFR 589.2000(d)(1) 7 Protein blenders, feed manufacturers, distributors Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4145 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) 1 Use of clean-out procedures Failure to use clean-out procedures or other means adequate to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, *** 4146 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) 1 Written clean-out procedures Failure to maintain written clean-out procedures to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><a href="https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm255535.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm255535.htm</a></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">FY 2007 Inspectional Observation Summaries</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4132 21 CFR 589.2000(d)(1) 3 Protein blenders, feed manufacturers, distributors Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4146 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) 3 Written clean-out procedures Failure to maintain written clean-out procedures to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4131 21 CFR 589.2000(c)(1)(i) 2 Renderers Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear a label containing the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4145 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) 1 Use of clean-out procedures Failure to use clean-out procedures or other means adequate to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><a href="https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm255536.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm255536.htm</a></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">FY 2006 Inspectional Observation Summaries</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4132 21 CFR 589.2000(d)(1) 6 Protein blenders, feed manufacturers, distributors Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants."Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4146 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) 5 Written clean-out procedures Failure to maintain written clean-out procedures to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4145 21 CFR 589.2000(e)(1) 4 Use of clean-out procedures Failure to use clean-out procedures or other means adequate to prevent carryover of protein derived from mammalian tissues to animal protein or feeds that may be used for ruminants. Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">4131 21 CFR 589.2000(c)(1)(i) 2 Renderers Products that contain or may contain prohibited material fail to bear a label containing the caution statement, "Do not feed to cattle or other ruminants." Specifically, ***</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><a href="https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm255537.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/Inspections/ucm255537.htm </a></div><div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">*** PLEASE SEE THIS URGENT UPDATE ON CWD AND FEED ANIMAL PROTEIN ***</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Sunday, March 20, 2016</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Docket No. FDA-2003-D-0432 (formerly 03D-0186) Use of Material from Deer and Elk in Animal Feed ***UPDATED MARCH 2016*** Singeltary Submission</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/GuidanceComplianceEnforcement/GuidanceforIndustry/UCM052506.pdf?source=govdelivery&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery</a></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">SEE MAD COW FEED VIOLATIONS AFER MAD COW FEED VIOLATIONS ;</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2003-d-0432-formerly-03d.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2016/03/docket-no-fda-2003-d-0432-formerly-03d.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Saturday, July 23, 2016</span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY BSE TSE PRION SURVEILLANCE, TESTING, AND SRM REMOVAL UNITED STATE OF AMERICA UPDATE JULY 2016</span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Tuesday, July 26, 2016</span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion UPDATE JULY 2016</span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Monday, June 20, 2016</span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Specified Risk Materials SRMs BSE TSE Prion Program</span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; line-height: 1.22em;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">WEDNESDAY, APRIL 24, 2019 </span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">USDA Announces Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Detection Aug 29, 2018 A Review of Science 2019</span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html</a></div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Tuesday, April 19, 2016</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Docket No. FDA-2013-N-0764 for Animal Feed Regulatory Program Standards Singeltary Comment Submission</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2003-D-0432-0011" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=FDA-2003-D-0432-0011</a></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">17 years post mad cow feed ban August 1997 </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Monday, October 26, 2015 </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OIA UPDATE October 2015 </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Tuesday, December 23, 2014 </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEEDVIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OAI UPDATE DECEMBER 2014 BSE TSE PRION </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2014/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a></div><div><br /></div></div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">16 years post mad cow feed ban August 1997 2013 </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Sunday, December 15, 2013 </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OIA UPDATE DECEMBER 2013 UPDATE </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/12/fda-part-589-substances-prohibited-from.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Saturday, August 29, 2009</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">FOIA REQUEST FEED RECALL 2009 Product may have contained prohibited materials Bulk Whole Barley, Recall # V-256-2009</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/08/foia-request-feed-recall-2009-product.html</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"> Friday, September 4, 2009</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">FOIA REQUEST ON FEED RECALL PRODUCT 429,128 lbs. feed for ruminant animals may have been contaminated with prohibited material Recall # V-258-2009</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/09/foia-request-on-feed-recall-product.html</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Thursday, March 19, 2009</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">MILLIONS AND MILLIONS OF POUNDS OF MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE USA WITH ONGOING 12 YEARS OF DENIAL NOW, WHY IN THE WORLD DO WE TO TALK ABOUT THIS ANYMORE $$$</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/03/millions-and-millions-of-pounds-of-mad.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/03/millions-and-millions-of-pounds-of-mad.html</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2009/10/cvm-annual-report-fiscal-year-2008.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2009/10/cvm-annual-report-fiscal-year-2008.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div>MONDAY, OCTOBER 25, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Prion Infectivity and PrPBSE in the Peripheral and Central Nervous System of Cattle 8 Months Post Oral BSE Challenge<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/10/prion-infectivity-and-prpbse-in.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/10/prion-infectivity-and-prpbse-in.html</a></div></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>Working Document on Camel Prion Disease (CPrD) 14/09/2020</div><div><br /></div><div>Content: I. Introduction II. Camel prion disease III. Case definition IV. Epidemiological surveillance V. Biosafety VI. Capacity building VII. Early warning and response VIII. Risk factors IX. Knowledge Gaps X. References</div><div><br /></div><div>I. Introduction</div><div><br /></div><div>Camel prion disease (CPrD) is the last disease described in the family of prion diseases [1]. To date, it has been recognized only in Middle East of Algeria and in the neighboring region of Tunisia [2]. However, there are no known other initiatives of prion diseases surveillance in camels worldwide. CPrD might actually be limited to the already known geographic area in North Africa or spread undetected in other Countries, as a consequence of the movements of dromedaries along trans-Saharan commercial routes, the import/export trade flows of living animals and the traditional extensive and nomadic rearing systems.</div><div><br /></div><div>According to the discussions in recent meetings of REMESA and OIE which indicated the need to extend the knowledge on CPrD spread in Countries where camels are extensively reared and considered as a part of the domestic livestock [3], and according to the initiative from CAMENET member countries to assess the risk in the CAMENET region, this working document aims to provide countries with the main technical and scientific knowledge necessary to implement surveillance programs on camel prion disease in its own territory. Basic information contained in this document may also be helpful for the possible design of contingency plans.</div><div><br /></div><div>The present working document is an 'alive' document. It should be regularly reviewed and updated as further information becomes available.</div><div><br /></div><div>II. Camel prion disease1</div><div><br /></div><div>Camel prion disease (CPrD) was diagnosed in 2018 in three adult camels showing clinical signs at the ante-mortem inspection at an abattoir in the region of Ouargla (Algeria) [1]. According to the published report symptoms suggesting prion disease occurred in 3.1% of dromedaries brought for slaughter to the Ouargla abattoir in 2015–2016. More recently, in 2019, the same disease was reported in the region of Tataouine (Tunisia) [2]. CPrD adds to the group of animal prion diseases, </div><div><br /></div><div>1 Modified from the OIE Bulletin: <a href="https://oiebulletin.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/OIE-NewsDecember-2019-Camel-priondisease.pdf?utm_source=World+Organisation+for+Animal+Health+%E2%80%93+OIE+Bulletin&utm_c%20ampaign=388d499799-%20EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2019_12_05_09_06&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_7694a173d1-%20388d499799-54758659" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://oiebulletin.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/OIE-NewsDecember-2019-Camel-priondisease.pdf?utm_source=World+Organisation+for+Animal+Health+%E2%80%93+OIE+Bulletin&utm_c ampaign=388d499799- EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2019_12_05_09_06&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_7694a173d1- 388d499799-54758659</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://oiebulletin.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/OIE-News-December-2019-Camel-prion-disease.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://oiebulletin.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/OIE-News-December-2019-Camel-prion-disease.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>including scrapie in sheep and goats, chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervids and Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle. As of today, very limited epidemiological information is available about the prevalence, geographical distribution and mode of transmission of the disease.</div><div><br /></div><div>The involvement of lymphoid tissue in prion replication, observed both in the Algerian and Tunisian cases [1,2], is suggestive of a peripheral pathogenesis, which is thought to be a prerequisite for prion shedding into the environment. As with other animal prion diseases, such as scrapie and CWD, in which lymphoid tissues are extensively involved and horizontal transmission occurs efficiently under natural conditions, the detection of prion proteins in lymph nodes is suggestive of the infectious nature of CPrD and concurs to hypothesize the potential impact of CPrD on animal health. No evidence is currently available with which to argue for the relevance of CPrD for human health. However, no absolute species barrier exists in prion diseases and minimizing the exposure of humans to prion-infected animal products is an essential aspect of public health protection.</div><div><br /></div><div>The worldwide camel population is ~35 million head, 88% of which is found in Africa [4]. The camel farming system is evolving rapidly, and these animals represent vital sources of meat, milk and transportation for millions of people living in the most arid regions of the world. This makes it necessary to assess the risk for animal and human health and to develop evidence-based policies to control and limit the spread of the disease in animals, and to minimize human exposure. As a first step, the awareness of Veterinary Services about CPrD and its diagnostic capacity needs to be improved in all countries where dromedaries are part of the domestic livestock.</div><div><br /></div><div>Since the first description of CPrD, the OIE promoted discussions on the impact of this new disease through the OIE Scientific Commission for Animal Diseases (Scientific Commission). It evaluated if CPrD should be considered an ‘emerging disease’ based on the criteria listed in the Terrestrial Animal Health Code. The OIE Scientific Commission noted that limited surveillance data were available on the prevalence of CPrD and that the evidence was not enough to measure, at that time, the impact of the disease on animal or public health. Therefore, it was concluded that, with the current knowledge, CPrD did not currently meet the criteria to be considered an emerging disease.</div><div><br /></div><div>Nonetheless, it was emphasized that CPrD should be considered as a new disease not to be overlooked and called for the collection of further scientific evidence through research and surveillance in the affected countries and in countries with dromedary camel populations to measure the impact of the disease. As new scientific evidence becomes available, the OIE Scientific Commission will reassess whether this disease should be considered as an emerging disease. At the regional level, CPrD was first discussed in the 18th Joint Permanent Committee of the Mediterranean Animal Health Network (REMESA) held in Cairo, Egypt, in June 2019 and at the 15th Conference of the OIE Regional Commission for the Middle East in November. During this conference, the CAMENET launched a wide-ranging proposal for training, coordinated surveillance and research on CPrD. In addition, the ERFAN (Enhancing Research for Africa Network), a platform aimed at enhancing scientific cooperation between Africa and Italy, during its 2nd ERFAN meeting for North Africa, presented a project on CPrD with the objective of increasing CPrD coordinated surveillance in North Africa.</div><div><br /></div><div>The OIE, through its Reference Laboratories for prion diseases, and by involving the above scientific initiatives, is keeping a close watch on the evolution of the disease to gather scientific evidence and to allow a proper and more thorough assessment of the risk associated with this novel disease.</div><div><br /></div><div>III. Case definition</div></div><div><br /></div><div>snip...see;</div><div><br /></div><div><div>Tuesday, April 27, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Working Document on Camel Prion Disease (CPrD) 14/09/2020<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2021/04/working-document-on-camel-prion-disease.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2021/04/working-document-on-camel-prion-disease.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>TUESDAY, JUNE 8, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>***> Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: the effect of oral exposure dose on attack rate and incubation period in cattle<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/06/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-effect.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/06/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-effect.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div><div><div><br /></div><div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: small;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: small;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> AS is considered more likely (subjective probability range 50–66%) that AS is a non-contagious, rather than a contagious, disease.<br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">ATYPICAL SCRAPIE ROUGHLY HAS 50 50 CHANCE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE IS CONTAGIOUS, AS NON-CONTAGIOUS, TAKE YOUR PICK, BUT I SAID IT LONG AGO WHEN USDA OIE ET AL MADE ATYPICAL SCRAPIE A LEGAL TRADING COMODITY, I SAID YOUR PUTTING THE CART BEFORE THE HORSE, AND THAT'S EXACTLY WHAT THEY DID, and it's called in Texas, TEXAS TSE PRION HOLDEM POKER, WHO'S ALL IN $$$<br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div><div>THURSDAY, JULY 8, 2021</div><div><br /></div><div>EFSA Scientific report on the analysis of the 2‐year compulsory intensified monitoring of atypical scrapie</div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/07/efsa-scientific-report-on-analysis-of.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/07/efsa-scientific-report-on-analysis-of.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">MONDAY, JUNE 28, 2021 </span><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>BSE can propagate in sheep co‑infected or pre‑infected with scrapie<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/06/bse-can-propagate-in-sheep-coinfected.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/06/bse-can-propagate-in-sheep-coinfected.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">THURSDAY, DECEMBER 31, 2020 </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Autoclave treatment of the classical scrapie agent US No. 13-7 and experimental inoculation to susceptible VRQ/ARQ sheep via the oral route results in decreased transmission efficiency<br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2020/12/autoclave-treatment-of-classical.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2020/12/autoclave-treatment-of-classical.html</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">WEDNESDAY, MAY 29, 2019 </span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***> Incomplete inactivation of atypical scrapie following recommended autoclave decontamination procedures </span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">USDA HERE'S YOUR SIGN!</span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://nor-98.blogspot.com/2019/05/incomplete-inactivation-of-atypical.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://nor-98.blogspot.com/2019/05/incomplete-inactivation-of-atypical.html</a> </span></div></div></div></div><div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div><div>SATURDAY, AUGUST 16, 2008</div><div><br /></div><div>Qualitative Analysis of BSE Risk Factors in the United States February 13, 2000 at 3:37 pm PST (BSE red book)</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2008/08/qualitative-analysis-of-bse-risk.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2008/08/qualitative-analysis-of-bse-risk.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div align="left" class="yiv4629631200aolmail_envelope" style="float: none;"><div style="color: #333333; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">Sunday, January 10, 2021 </span></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission June 17, 2019</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">Greetings APHIS et al, </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">I would kindly like to comment on APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], and my comments are as follows, with the latest peer review and transmission studies as references of evidence.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">THE OIE/USDA BSE Minimal Risk Region MRR is nothing more than free pass to import and export the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion disease. December 2003, when the USDA et al lost it's supposedly 'GOLD CARD' ie BSE FREE STATUS (that was based on nothing more than not looking and not finding BSE), once the USA lost it's gold card BSE Free status, the USDA OIE et al worked hard and fast to change the BSE Geographical Risk Statuses i.e. the BSE GBR's, and replaced it with the BSE MRR policy, the legal tool to trade mad cow type disease TSE Prion Globally. The USA is doing just what the UK did, when they shipped mad cow disease around the world, except with the BSE MRR policy, it's now legal. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">Also, the whole concept of the BSE MRR policy is based on a false pretense, that atypical BSE is not transmissible, and that only typical c-BSE is transmissible via feed. This notion that atypical BSE TSE Prion is an old age cow disease that is not infectious is absolutely false, there is NO science to show this, and on the contrary, we now know that atypical BSE will transmit by ORAL ROUTES, but even much more concerning now, recent science has shown that Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion in deer and elk which is rampant with no stopping is sight in the USA, and Scrapie TSE Prion in sheep and goat, will transmit to PIGS by oral routes, this is our worst nightmare, showing even more risk factors for the USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">The FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban has failed terribly bad, and is still failing, since August 1997. there is tonnage and tonnage of banned potential mad cow feed that went into commerce, and still is, with one decade, 10 YEARS, post August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban, 2007, with 10,000,000 POUNDS, with REASON, Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement. you can see all these feed ban warning letters and tonnage of mad cow feed in commerce, year after year, that is not accessible on the internet anymore like it use to be, you can see history of the FDA failure August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban here, but remember this, we have a new outbreak of TSE Prion disease in a new livestock species, the camel, and this too is very worrisome.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">WITH the OIE and the USDA et al weakening the global TSE prion surveillance, by not classifying the atypical Scrapie as TSE Prion disease, and the notion that they want to do the same thing with typical scrapie and atypical BSE, it's just not scientific.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">WE MUST abolish the BSE MRR policy, go back to the BSE GBR risk assessments by country, and enhance them to include all strains of TSE Prion disease in all species. With Chronic Wasting CWD TSE Prion disease spreading in Europe, now including, Norway, Finland, Sweden, also in Korea, Canada and the USA, and the TSE Prion in Camels, the fact the the USA is feeding potentially CWD, Scrapie, BSE, typical and atypical, to other animals, and shipping both this feed and or live animals or even grains around the globe, potentially exposed or infected with the TSE Prion. this APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], under it's present definition, does NOT show the true risk of the TSE Prion in any country. as i said, it's nothing more than a legal tool to trade the TSE Prion around the globe, nothing but ink on paper.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;">AS long as the BSE MRR policy stays in effect, TSE Prion disease will continued to be bought and sold as food for both humans and animals around the globe, and the future ramifications from friendly fire there from, i.e. iatrogenic exposure and transmission there from from all of the above, should not be underestimated. ... </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://beta.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0087-0002" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://beta.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0087-0002</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/06/aphis-concurrence-with-oie-risk.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/06/aphis-concurrence-with-oie-risk.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>Sunday, January 10, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission June 17, 2019<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://oieusdabseprp.blogspot.com/2021/01/aphis-concurrence-with-oie-risk.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://oieusdabseprp.blogspot.com/2021/01/aphis-concurrence-with-oie-risk.html</a></div></div></div></div><div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt;"><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt;"><div style="background-color: #fff3db;"><div style="background-color: white;"><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Owens, Julie </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. [<a href="mailto:flounder9@verizon.net" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:flounder9@verizon.net">flounder9@verizon.net</a>] </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Sent: Monday, July 24, 2006 1:09 PM To: FSIS RegulationsComments </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Subject: [Docket No. FSIS-2006-0011] FSIS Harvard Risk Assessment of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Page 1 of 98 8/3/2006 </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Greetings FSIS, I would kindly like to comment on the following ;<br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.230.8886&rep=rep1&type=pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.230.8886&rep=rep1&type=pdf</a><br /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018- 0087] Singeltary Submission [Federal Register Volume 84, Number 116 (Monday, June 17, 2019)] [Notices] [Pages 28001-28002] From the Federal Register Online via the Government Publishing Office [<a href="http://www.gpo.gov/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">www.gpo.gov</a>] [FR Doc No: 2019-12654] </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">----------------------------------------------------------------------- </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy AGENCY: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA. ACTION: Notice. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">SUMMARY: We are advising the public of our preliminary concurrence with the World Organization for Animal Health's (OIE) bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) risk designation for Nicaragua. The OIE recognizes this region as being of negligible risk for BSE. We are taking this action based on our review of information supporting the OIE's risk designation for this region.<br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div class="yiv4629631200yuRUbf" style="color: #202124; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.58; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://www.reginfo.gov/public/do/DownloadDocument?objectID=54003900" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: #1a0dab; cursor: pointer; outline: 0px;" target="_blank"><h3 class="yiv4629631200LC20lb yiv4629631200DKV0Md" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 5px 0px 0px;">Untitled - Reginfo.gov</h3> <div class="yiv4629631200TbwUpd yiv4629631200NJjxre" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px;"><cite class="yiv4629631200iUh30 yiv4629631200Zu0yb yiv4629631200qLRx3b yiv4629631200tjvcx" style="color: #202124; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;">https://www.reginfo.gov<span class="yiv4629631200dyjrff yiv4629631200qzEoUe" style="color: #5f6368;"> › DownloadDocument</span></cite></div></a><div class="yiv4629631200B6fmyf" style="min-height: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><div class="yiv4629631200TbwUpd" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-top: 1px;"><cite class="yiv4629631200iUh30 yiv4629631200Zu0yb yiv4629631200qLRx3b yiv4629631200tjvcx" style="font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; line-height: 1.3; padding-top: 1px;"><span class="yiv4629631200dyjrff yiv4629631200qzEoUe" style="color: #5f6368;"></span></cite></div><div class="yiv4629631200eFM0qc" style="display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 2px; padding-top: 1px; visibility: visible;"><span class="yiv4629631200ZGwO7 yiv4629631200C0kchf yiv4629631200NaCKVc yiv4629631200VDgVie" style="border-radius: 2px; border: 1px solid rgb(235, 235, 235); color: #4d5156; cursor: auto; display: inline-block; font-size: 10px; letter-spacing: 0.75px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px 2px 3px; min-height: 14px; padding: 0px 4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">PDF</span></div></div></div><div class="yiv4629631200IsZvec" style="color: #4d5156; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.58; max-width: 48em;"><div class="yiv4629631200VwiC3b yiv4629631200yXK7lf yiv4629631200MUxGbd yiv4629631200yDYNvb yiv4629631200lyLwlc yiv4629631200lEBKkf" style="margin-bottom: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="yiv4629631200MUxGbd yiv4629631200wuQ4Ob yiv4629631200WZ8Tjf" style="color: #70757a; margin-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Jan 13, 2015 — </span>Page <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">1</span> of 2 <a href="http://regulations.gov/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">regulations.gov</a>. Comment from <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">Terry Singeltary</span> Sr. ... overtook the <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">BSE</span> GBR <span style="color: #5f6368; font-weight: bold;">risk</span> assessments for each country, and then.</div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.reginfo.gov/public/do/DownloadDocument?objectID=54003900" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.reginfo.gov/public/do/DownloadDocument?objectID=54003900</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div><div><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;">$$$***> Why is USDA "only" BSE TSE Prion testing 25,000 samples a year? <***$$$ <br /></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">THURSDAY, AUGUST 20, 2020 </div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">Why is USDA "only" BSE TSE Prion testing 25,000 samples a year?</div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/08/why-is-usda-only-bse-tse-prion-testing.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/08/why-is-usda-only-bse-tse-prion-testing.html</a></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">WEDNESDAY, MARCH 24, 2021 <br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 2020 IMPACT REPORT BSE TSE Prion Testing and Surveillance MIA<br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/usda-animal-and-plant-health-inspection.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/usda-animal-and-plant-health-inspection.html</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 2, 2020</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">EFSA Evaluation of public and animal health risks in case of a delayed post-mortem inspection in ungulates EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) ADOPTED: 21 October 2020</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">i wonder if a 7 month delay on a suspect BSE case in Texas is too long, on a 48 hour turnaround, asking for a friend???</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2020/12/efsa-evaluation-of-public-and-animal.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2020/12/efsa-evaluation-of-public-and-animal.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><div>MONDAY, NOVEMBER 30, 2020 </div><div><br /></div><div>***> REPORT OF THE MEETING OF THE OIE SCIENTIFIC COMMISSION FOR ANIMAL DISEASES Paris, 9–13 September 2019 BSE, TSE, PRION</div><div><br /></div><div>see updated concerns with atypical BSE from feed and zoonosis...terry</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/11/report-of-meeting-of-oie-scientific.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/11/report-of-meeting-of-oie-scientific.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><h2 class="yiv4629631200date-header" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 23, 2020</span></span></h2><div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv4629631200date-posts"><div class="yiv4629631200post-outer"><div class="yiv4629631200post yiv4629631200hentry yiv4629631200uncustomized-post-template" style="margin: 8px 0px 24px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a name="3781343997501907466" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: underline;"></a></span></span><h3 class="yiv4629631200post-title yiv4629631200entry-title" itemprop="name" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">BSE research project final report 2005 to 2008 SE1796 SID5</span></span></h3></div></div></div></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">***>As a result, using more sensitive diagnostic assays, we were able to diagnose BSE positive cattle from the years 1997-1999 inclusive that were originally negative by vacuolation. From these data we have estimated that approximately 3% of the total suspect cases submitted up until the year 1999 were mis-diagnosed. <br /></span></div><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br /></span></div><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">YOU know, Confucius is confused again LOL, i seem to have remembered something in line with this here in the USA...</span></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div>BSE research project final report 2005 to 2008 SE1796 SID5<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/bse-research-project-final-report-2005.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/bse-research-project-final-report-2005.html</a></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/fda-reports-on-vfd-compliance.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/fda-reports-on-vfd-compliance.html</a></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: inherit;"><span style="color: #333333;"><i><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">RE-Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics of BSE in Canada</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Posted by flounder on 19 May 2010 at 21:21 GMT</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Greetings,</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">>>> The occurrence of atypical cases of BSE in countries such as Canada with low BSE prevalence and transmission risk argues for the occurrence of sporadic forms of BSE worldwide. <<<</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">In my opinion ;</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">THE statement above is about as non-scientific as a statement can be. There is no proof what-so-ever that any of the atypical BSE cases or atypical scrapie cases anywhere on the globe was a spontaneous case without any route and source of the TSE agent. This is a myth. The USDA and the OIE are trying to make the atypical BSE cases and they have already made the atypical Scrapie cases a legal trading commodity, without any transmission studies first confirming that in fact these atypical TSE will not transmit via feed. I suppose it is a human transmission study in progress. IT's like what happened in England with c-BSE and the transmission to humans via nvCJD never happened to the OIE and the USDA. Canada does not have a low prevalence of BSE either, they have a high prevalence. WHO knows about North America ? it's just that the U.S.A. try's much harder at concealing cases of mad cow disease. THIS was proven with the first stumbling and staggering mad cow in Texas, that was Wisk away to be rendered without any test at all. Then, you had the second case of mad cow disease that the USDA et al was almost as successful with as the first one, but the O.I.G. stepped in and demanded testing over seas, this after many scientist around the globe spoke out. Finally, after an act of Congress, the second case of mad cow disease in Texas was confirmed. all this was done for a reason, and that reason was the OIE USDA BSE MRR policy. Again, This study reeks of TRADE policy wrangling. There is NO proof that the atypical TSE are spontaneous. please show me these transmission studies ? on the other hand, we now know that the L-type atypical BSE is much more virulent than the typical C-BSE, and we now know that the H-type atypical BSE will transmit to humans. WHY can it not be that these atypical cases are simply from feed that had different strains of TSE ? WHY is it that no one will comment on the studies that was suppose to show infectivity of tissues from atypical BSE ? WHY is it I had to file a FOIA on that issue? L-type atypical BSE (BASE) is more virulent than classical BSE, has a lymphotropic phenotype, and displays a modest transmission barrier in our humanized mice. BSE-H is also transmissible in our humanized Tg mice. SEE Liuting Qing1, Wenquan Zou1, Cristina Casalone2, Martin Groschup3, Miroslaw Polak4, Maria Caramelli2, Pierluigi Gambetti1, Juergen Richt5, Qingzhong Kong1 et al 2009 ;</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Atypical BSE, BSE, and other human and animal TSE in North America Update October 19, 2009</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">snip...</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">I ask Professor Kong ;</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Thursday, December 04, 2008 3:37 PM</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Subject: RE: re--Chronic Wating Disease (CWD) and Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathies (BSE): Public Health Risk Assessment</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">IS the h-BSE more virulent than typical BSE as well, or the same as cBSE, or less virulent than cBSE? just curious.....</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Professor Kong reply ;</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">.....snip</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">As to the H-BSE, we do not have sufficient data to say one way or another, but we have found that H-BSE can infect humans. I hope we could publish these data once the study is complete. Thanks for your interest.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Best regards, Qingzhong Kong, PhD Associate Professor Department of Pathology Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, OH 44106 USA </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">P.4.23 Transmission of atypical BSE in humanized mouse models</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Liuting Qing1, Wenquan Zou1, Cristina Casalone2, Martin Groschup3, Miroslaw Polak4, Maria Caramelli2, Pierluigi Gambetti1, Juergen Richt5, Qingzhong Kong1 1Case Western Reserve University, USA; 2Instituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale, Italy; 3Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany; 4National Veterinary Research Institute, Poland; 5Kansas State University (Previously at USDA National Animal Disease Center), USA</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Background: Classical BSE is a world-wide prion disease in cattle, and the classical BSE strain (BSE-C) has led to over 200 cases of clinical human infection (variant CJD). Atypical BSE cases have been discovered in three continents since 2004; they include the L-type (also named BASE), the H-type, and the first reported case of naturally occurring BSE with mutated bovine PRNP (termed BSE-M). The public health risks posed by atypical BSE were argely undefined.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Objectives: To investigate these atypical BSE types in terms of their transmissibility and phenotypes in humanized mice.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Methods: Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were inoculated with several classical (C-type) and atypical (L-, H-, or Mtype) BSE isolates, and the transmission rate, incubation time, characteristics and distribution of PrPSc, symptoms, and histopathology were or will be examined and compared.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Results: Sixty percent of BASE-inoculated humanized mice became infected with minimal spongiosis and an average incubation time of 20-22 months, whereas only one of the C-type BSE-inoculated mice developed prion disease after more than 2 years. Protease-resistant PrPSc in BASE-infected humanized Tg mouse brains was biochemically different from bovine BASE or sCJD. PrPSc was also detected in the spleen of 22% of BASE-infected humanized mice, but not in those infected with sCJD. Secondary transmission of BASE in the humanized mice led to a small reduction in incubation time. The atypical BSE-H strain is also transmissible with distinct phenotypes in the humanized mice, but no BSE-M transmission has been observed so far.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Discussion: Our results demonstrate that BASE is more virulent than classical BSE, has a lymphotropic phenotype, and displays a modest transmission barrier in our humanized mice. BSE-H is also transmissible in our humanized Tg mice. The possibility of more than two atypical BSE strains will be discussed.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Supported by NINDS NS052319, NIA AG14359, and NIH AI 77774. </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.prion2009.com/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.prion2009.com/</a>...</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">see full text ;</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogs/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogs</a>...</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">14th International Congress on Infectious Diseases H-type and L-type Atypical BSE January 2010 (special pre-congress edition)</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">18.173 page 189</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Experimental Challenge of Cattle with H-type and L-type Atypical BSE</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">A. Buschmann1, U. Ziegler1, M. Keller1, R. Rogers2, B. Hills3, M.H. Groschup1. 1Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany, 2Health Canada, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Products & Food Branch, Ottawa, Canada, 3Health Canada, Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Secretariat, Ottawa, Canada</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Background: After the detection of two novel BSE forms designated H-type and L-type atypical BSE the question of the pathogenesis and the agent distribution of these two types in cattle was fully open. From initial studies of the brain pathology, it was already known that the anatomical distribution of L-type BSE differs from that of the classical type where the obex region in the brainstem always displays the highest PrPSc concentrations. In contrast in L-type BSE cases, the thalamus and frontal cortex regions showed the highest levels of the pathological prion protein, while the obex region was only weakly involved.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Methods:We performed intracranial inoculations of cattle (five and six per group) using 10%brainstemhomogenates of the two German H- and L-type atypical BSE isolates. The animals were inoculated under narcosis and then kept in a free-ranging stable under appropriate biosafety conditions. At least one animal per group was killed and sectioned in the preclinical stage and the remaining animals were kept until they developed clinical symptoms. The animals were examined for behavioural changes every four weeks throughout the experiment following a protocol that had been established during earlier BSE pathogenesis studies with classical BSE.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Results and Discussion: All animals of both groups developed clinical symptoms and had to be euthanized within 16 months. The clinical picture differed from that of classical BSE, as the earliest signs of illness were loss of body weight and depression. However, the animals later developed hind limb ataxia and hyperesthesia predominantly and the head. Analysis of brain samples from these animals confirmed the BSE infection and the atypical Western blot profile was maintained in all animals. Samples from these animals are now being examined in order to be able to describe the pathoge esis and agent distribution for these novel BSE types.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Conclusions: A pilot study using a commercially avaialble BSE rapid test ELISA revealed an essential restriction of PrPSc to the central nervous system for both atypical BSE forms. A much more detailed analysis for PrPSc and infectivity is still ongoing.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.isid.org/14th_" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.isid.org/14th_</a>...</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://ww2.isid.org/Downl" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://ww2.isid.org/Downl</a>...</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.isid.org/publi" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.isid.org/publi</a>...</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">14th ICID International Scientific Exchange Brochure - Final Abstract Number: ISE.114</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Session: International Scientific Exchange</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Transmissible Spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) animal and human TSE in North America update October 2009</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">T. Singeltary Bacliff, TX, USA</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Background: An update on atypical BSE and other TSE in North America. Please remember, the typical U.K. c-BSE, the atypical l-BSE (BASE), and h-BSE have all been documented in North America, along with the typical scrapie's, and atypical Nor-98 Scrapie, and to date, 2 different strains of CWD, and also TME. All these TSE in different species have been rendered and fed to food producing animals for humans and animals in North America (TSE in cats and dogs ?), and that the trading of these TSEs via animals and products via the USA and Canada has been immense over the years, decades.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Methods: 12 years independent research of available data</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Results: I propose that the current diagnostic criteria for human TSEs only enhances and helps the spreading of human TSE from the continued belief of the UKBSEnvCJD only theory in 2009. With all the science to date refuting it, to continue to validate this old myth, will only spread this TSE agent through a multitude of potential routes and sources i.e. consumption, medical i.e., surgical, blood, dental, endoscopy, optical, nutritional supplements, cosmetics etc.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Conclusion: I would like to submit a review of past CJD surveillance in the USA, and the urgent need to make all human TSE in the USA a reportable disease, in every state, of every age group, and to make this mandatory immediately without further delay. The ramifications of not doing so will only allow this agent to spread further in the medical, dental, surgical arena's. Restricting the reporting of CJD and or any human TSE is NOT scientific. Iatrogenic CJD knows NO age group, TSE knows no boundaries. I propose as with Aguzzi, Asante, Collinge, Caughey, Deslys, Dormont, Gibbs, Gajdusek, Ironside, Manuelidis, Marsh, et al and many more, that the world of TSE Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy is far from an exact science, but there is enough proven science to date that this myth should be put to rest once and for all, and that we move forward with a new classification for human and animal TSE that would properly identify the infected species, the source species, and then the route.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://ww2.isid.org/Downl" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://ww2.isid.org/Downl</a>...</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Wednesday, February 24, 2010</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Transmissible Spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) animal and human TSE in North America 14th ICID International Scientific Exchange Brochure -</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://transmissiblespong/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespong</a>...</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">TSE</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://transmissiblespong/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespong</a>...</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">URGENT DATA ON ATYPICAL BSE RISK FACTORS TO HUMANS AND ANIMALS OIE REFUSE TO ACKNOWLEDGE $</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">position: Post Doctoral Fellow</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Atypical BSE in Cattle</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Closing date: December 24, 2009</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Anticipated start date: January/February 2010</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Employer: Canadian and OIE Reference Laboratories for BSE CFIA Lethbridge Laboratory, Lethbridge/Alberta</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">snip...</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">To date the OIE/WAHO assumes that the human and animal health standards set out in the BSE chapter for classical BSE (C-Type) applies to all forms of BSE which include the H-type and L-type atypical forms. This assumption is scientifically not completely justified and accumulating evidence suggests that this may in fact not be the case. Molecular characterization and the spatial distribution pattern of histopathologic lesions and immunohistochemistry (IHC) signals are used to identify and characterize atypical BSE. Both the L-t pe and H-type atypical cases display significant differences in the conformation and spatial accumulation of the disease associated prion protein (PrPSc) in brains of afflicted cattle. Transmission studies in bovine transgenic and wild type mouse models support that the atypical BSE types might be unique strains because they have different incubation times and lesion profiles when compared to C-type BSE. When L-type BSE was inoculated into ovine transgenic mice and Syrian hamster the resulting molecular fingerprint had changed, either in the first or a subsequent passage, from L-type into C-type BSE. In addition, non-human primates are specifically susceptible for atypical BSE as demonstrated by an approximately 50% shortened incubation time for L-type BSE as compared to C-type. Considering the current scientific information available, it cannot be assumed that these different BSE types pose the same human health risks as C-type BSE or that these risks are mitigated by the same protective measures.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.prionetcanada/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.prionetcanada</a>....</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Sunday, April 4, 2010</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">USDA AND OIE OUT OF TOUCH WITH RISK FACTOR ON ATYPICAL TSE</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://bseusa.blogspot.co/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bseusa.blogspot.co</a>...</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">IN FACT, the fumbling and bumbling the USDA and FDA et al did with the infamous 2004 enhanced BSE surveillance program was so BAD, one of the leading scientist for the NIH/CDC et al on prions, Dr. Paul Brown was quoted as saying ;</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">"The fact the Texas cow showed up fairly clearly implied the existence of other undetected cases," Dr. Paul Brown, former medical director of the National Institutes of Health's Laboratory for Central Nervous System Studies and an expert on mad cow-like diseases, told United Press International. "The question was, 'How many?' and we still can't answer that." Brown, who is preparing a scientific paper based on the latest two mad cow cases to estimate the maximum number of infected cows that occurred in the United States, said he has "absolutely no confidence in USDA tests before one year ago" because of the agency's reluctance to retest the Texas cow that initially tested positive. USDA officials finally retested the cow and confirmed it was infected seven months later, but only at the insistence of the agency's inspector general. "Everything they did on the Texas cow makes everything USDA did before 2005 suspect," Brown said. ...</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">snip...end</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">see FULL TEXT HERE ;</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Wednesday, May 19, 2010</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics of BSE in Canada</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogs/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogs</a>...</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">No competing interests declared.</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=info:doi/10.1371/annotation/4f9be886-69fe-4c7c-922b-85b0ecbe6d53" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=info:doi/10.1371/annotation/4f9be886-69fe-4c7c-922b-85b0ecbe6d53</a><br /></div></i></span></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><em style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: inherit;"><br /></em></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><em style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: inherit;">PLOS ONE Journal </em><br /></div></div></div><div><div id="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_AOLMsgPart_2_231efb16-bece-4be2-9555-8828489cb794"><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolReplacedBody"><div id="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_AOLMsgPart_2_076c3e68-3f1c-492a-b84c-fa586eb49e44"><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolReplacedBody"><div id="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_AOLMsgPart_2_314a32af-6aac-473d-8dc2-78ba9131e347"><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolReplacedBody"><div id="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_AOLMsgPart_2_162e08c0-024f-424d-bebb-66f89d627450"><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolReplacedBody"><div id="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_AOLMsgPart_2_55d0d5c6-e95d-4ef2-81fc-d72be9f7a63c"><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolReplacedBody"><div id="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_AOLMsgPart_2_268b3d40-d03f-4bd8-817c-0b0a21454b9b"><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolReplacedBody"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure </span></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr., 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMT</span></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;">***however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE.<br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" />***Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc detection by PMCA only.<br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" />*** IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure ***<br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610</a></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">*** Singeltary reply ; Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics of BSE in Canada Singeltary reply ;</span><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"> </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action;jsessionid=635CE9094E0EA15D5362B7D7B809448C?root=7143" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action;jsessionid=635CE9094E0EA15D5362B7D7B809448C?root=7143</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>THURSDAY, AUGUST 19, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>TME to cattle equal atypical L-type BSE USA, madcow origin, what if?<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/08/tme-to-cattle-equal-atypical-l-type-bse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/08/tme-to-cattle-equal-atypical-l-type-bse.html</a></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;">Saturday, August 14, 2010</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;">BSE Case Associated with Prion Protein Gene Mutation (g-h-BSEalabama) and VPSPr PRIONPATHY</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;">(see mad cow feed in COMMERCE IN ALABAMA...TSS)</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/2010/08/bse-case-associated-with-prion-protein.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/2010/08/bse-case-associated-with-prion-protein.html</a><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;">2009 UPDATE ON ALABAMA AND TEXAS MAD COWS 2005 and 2006</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2006/08/bse-atypical-texas-and-alabama-update.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2006/08/bse-atypical-texas-and-alabama-update.html</a><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">***> Wednesday, January 23, 2019 </div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">***> CFIA SFCR Guidance on Specified risk material (SRM) came into force on January 15, 2019 <***</div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2019/01/cfia-sfcr-guidance-on-specified-risk.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2019/01/cfia-sfcr-guidance-on-specified-risk.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;">TUESDAY, JANUARY 5, 2021 </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Exploration of genetic factors resulting in abnormal disease in cattle experimentally challenged with bovine spongiform encephalopathy<br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/01/exploration-of-genetic-factors.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/01/exploration-of-genetic-factors.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div><span style="font-size: x-small;">TUESDAY, AUGUST 17, 2021 </span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;">EU Feed ban Commission authorises use of certain animal proteins, risk another mad cow type outbreak</span><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/08/eu-feed-ban-commission-authorises-use.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/08/eu-feed-ban-commission-authorises-use.html</a></span></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 4, 2021 </span></span></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">Brazil Confirms TWO More Cases of Mad Cow Disease BSE States of Mato Grosso and Minas Gerais </span></span><br /></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></span></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/09/brazil-confirms-two-more-cases-of-mad.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/09/brazil-confirms-two-more-cases-of-mad.html</a></span></span></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div>MONDAY, APRIL 19, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>OIE WAHIS Spain confirm bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/04/oie-wahis-spain-confirm-bovine.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/04/oie-wahis-spain-confirm-bovine.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: small;">THURSDAY, JANUARY 7, 2021 </span></div><div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: small;">Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, Spain OIE</span><br /></div><div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #222222; font-size: small;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-spain.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-spain.html</a></span></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">TUESDAY, MAY 26, 2020 </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Ireland OIE Atypical BSE H-type </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2020/05/ireland-oie-atypical-bse-h-type.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2020/05/ireland-oie-atypical-bse-h-type.html</a></span></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div>WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 5, 2020 </div><div><br /></div><div>Switzerland OIE Bovine spongiform encephalopathy atypical BSE type L TSE Prion<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/02/switzerland-oie-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/02/switzerland-oie-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div></div></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br /></div><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>SATURDAY, MARCH 13, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Canada's application for negligible risk status for BSE passes an important milestone?<br /></div><div><br /></div><div>does not pass the smell test...tss</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/canadas-application-for-negligible-risk.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/canadas-application-for-negligible-risk.html</a></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div><div>TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 17, 2020 </div><div><br /></div><div>The European Union summary report on surveillance for the presence of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) in 2019 First published 17 November 2020<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2020/11/the-european-union-summary-report-on.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2020/11/the-european-union-summary-report-on.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="line-height: 1.22em;">WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 28, 2020 </span></div><div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="line-height: 1.22em;">EFSA Annual report of the Scientific Network on BSE-TSE 2020 Singeltary Submission<br /></span></div><div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></span></div><div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2020/10/efsa-annual-report-of-scientific.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2020/10/efsa-annual-report-of-scientific.html</a></span></div></div><div><br /></div><div>THURSDAY, AUGUST 19, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>TME to cattle equal atypical L-type BSE USA, madcow origin, what if?<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/08/tme-to-cattle-equal-atypical-l-type-bse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/08/tme-to-cattle-equal-atypical-l-type-bse.html</a></div><div><br /></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 12, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Transmission of the atypical/Nor98 scrapie agent to Suffolk sheep with VRQ/ARQ, ARQ/ARQ, and ARQ/ARR genotypes<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/02/transmission-of-atypicalnor98-scrapie.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/02/transmission-of-atypicalnor98-scrapie.html</a></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 03, 2021 <div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Scrapie TSE Prion United States of America a Review February 2021 Singeltary et al</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/02/scrapie-tse-prion-united-states-of.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/02/scrapie-tse-prion-united-states-of.html</a></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 4, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Guidance for reporting 2021 surveillance data on Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) </div><div><br /></div><div>APPROVED: 1 February 2021</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/02/guidance-for-reporting-2021.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/02/guidance-for-reporting-2021.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div>SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 5, 2021 <div><br /></div><div>Recognition of the Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Risk Status of Members Adapted Procedure, May 2020</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/09/recognition-of-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/09/recognition-of-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div>CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div><p class="yiv6890527800MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14.6667px;">Fri, Sep 3, 2021 5:02 pm</span></p><p class="yiv6890527800MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14.6667px;"><br /></span></p><p class="yiv6890527800MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14.6667px;">comments comments@tahc.texas.govHide</span></p><p class="yiv6890527800MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14.6667px;"><br /></span></p><p class="yiv6890527800MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14.6667px;">To Terry Singeltary flounder9@verizon.net</span></p><p class="yiv6890527800MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14.6667px;"><br /></span></p><p class="yiv6890527800MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14.6667px;">Cc comments comments@tahc.texas.gov</span></p><p class="yiv6890527800MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14.6667px;"><br /></span></p><p class="yiv6890527800MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14.6667px;">Mr. Singeltary,</span></p><p class="yiv6890527800MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14.6667px;"><br /></span></p><p class="yiv6890527800MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14.6667px;">This email is to acknowledge receipt of your proposed rule comments. Thank you for your interest and participation in the Texas Animal Health Commission’s rulemaking process.</span></p><p class="yiv6890527800MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14.6667px;"><br /></span></p><p class="yiv6890527800MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14.6667px;">Sincerely,</span></p><p class="yiv6890527800MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14.6667px;"><br /></span></p><p class="yiv6890527800MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14.6667px;">Amanda </span></p><p class="yiv6890527800MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14.6667px;"><br /></span></p><p class="yiv6890527800MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14.6667px;">Amanda Bernhard</span></p><p class="yiv6890527800MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14.6667px;"><br /></span></p><p class="yiv6890527800MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14.6667px;">Assistant to the Executive Director</span></p><p class="yiv6890527800MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14.6667px;"><br /></span></p><p class="yiv6890527800MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14.6667px;">Texas Animal Health Commission</span></p><p class="yiv6890527800MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14.6667px;"><br /></span></p><p class="yiv6890527800MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14.6667px;">512-719-0704</span></p><p class="yiv6890527800MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14.6667px;"><br /></span></p><p class="yiv6890527800MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14.6667px;">www.tahc.texas.gov </span></p></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 14px;">***> 1st and foremost your biggest problem is 'VOLUNTARY'! AS with the BSE 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS, especially since it is still voluntary with cervid, knowing full well that cwd and scrapie will transmit to pigs by oral route. VOLUNTARY DOES NOT WORK! all animal products should be banned and be made mandatory, and the herd certification program should be mandatory, or you don't move cervid. IF THE CWD HERD CERTIFICATION IS NOT MANDATORY, it will be another colossal tse prion failure from the start.</span><br clear="none" style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><br clear="none" style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 14px;">***> 2nd USA should declare a Declaration of Extraordinary Emergency due to CWD, and all exports of cervid and cervid products must be stopped internationally, and there should be a ban of interstate movement of cervid, until a live cwd test is available.</span><br clear="none" style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><br clear="none" style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 14px;">***> 3rd Captive Farmed cervid ESCAPEES should be made mandatory to report immediately, and strict regulations for those suspect cwd deer that just happen to disappear. IF a cervid escapes and is not found, that farm should be indefinitely shut down, all movement, until aid MIA cervid is found, and if not ever found, that farm shut down permanently.</span><br clear="none" style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><br clear="none" style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 14px;">***> 4th Captive Farmed Cervid, INDEMNITY, NO MORE Federal indemnity program, or what i call, ENTITLEMENT PROGRAM for game farm industry. NO MORE BAIL OUTS FROM TAX PAYERS. if the captive industry can't buy insurance to protect not only themselves, but also their customers, and especially the STATE, from Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion or what some call mad deer disease and harm therefrom, IF they can't afford to buy that insurance that will cover all of it, then they DO NOT GET A PERMIT to have a game farm for anything. This CWD TSE Prion can/could/has caused property values to fall from some reports in some places. roll the dice, how much is a state willing to lose?</span><br clear="none" style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><br clear="none" style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 14px;">***> 5th QUARANTINE OF ALL FARMED CAPTIVE, BREEDERS, URINE, ANTLER, VELVET, SPERM, OR ANY FACILITY, AND THEIR PRODUCTS, that has been confirmed to have Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion, the QUARANTINE should be for 21 years due to science showing what scrapie can do. 5 years is NOT near long enough. see; Infectious agent of sheep scrapie may persist in the environment for at least 16 to 21 years.</span><br clear="none" style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><br clear="none" style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 14px;">***> 6th America BSE 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS CWD TSE Prion</span><br clear="none" style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><br clear="none" style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 14px;">***> 7TH TRUCKING TRANSPORTING CERVID CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE TSE PRION VIOLATING THE LACEY ACT</span><br clear="none" style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><br clear="none" style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 14px;">***> 8TH ALL CAPTIVE FARMING CERVID OPERATIONS MUST BE INSURED TO PAY FOR ANY CLEAN UP OF CWD AND QUARANTINE THERE FROM FOR THE STATE, NO MORE ENTITLEMENT PROGRAM FOR CERVID GAME FARMING PAY TO PLAY FOR CWD TSE PRION OFF THE TAX PAYERS BACK.</span><br clear="none" style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><br clear="none" style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 14px;">***> 9TH ANY STATE WITH DOCUMENTED CWD, INTERSTATE, NATIONAL, AND INTERNATIONAL MOVEMENT OF ALL CERVID, AND ALL CERVID PRODUCTS MUST BE HALTED!</span><br clear="none" style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><br clear="none" style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 14px;">***> 10TH BAN THE SALE OF STRAW BRED BUCKS AND ALL CERVID SEMEN AND URINE PRODUCTS</span><br clear="none" style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><br clear="none" style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 14px;">***> 11th ALL CAPTIVE FARMED CERVID AND THEIR PRODUCTS MUST BE CWD TSE PRION TESTED ANNUALLY AND BEFORE SALE FOR CWD TSE PRION</span><br clear="none" style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><br clear="none" style="color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 14px;">SEE FULL SCIENCE REFERENCES AND REASONINGS ;</span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 14px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Control of Chronic Wasting Disease OMB Control Number: 0579-0189 APHIS-2021-0004 Singeltary Submission</span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/comment/APHIS-2021-0004-0002</a></span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2021-0004-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Docket No. APHIS-2018-0011 Chronic Wasting Disease Herd Certification</span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0011-0003</a></span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0011-0003/attachment_1.pdf</a></span></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>5 or 6 years quarantine is NOT LONG ENOUGH FOR CWD TSE PRION !!!</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>QUARANTINE NEEDS TO BE 21 YEARS FOR CWD TSE PRION !</div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div>FRIDAY, APRIL 30, 2021 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Should Property Evaluations Contain Scrapie, CWD, TSE PRION Environmental Contamination of the land?<br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div class="yiv5298438515aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">***> Confidential!!!!</span></span></div><div class="yiv5298438515aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5298438515aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">***> As early as 1992-3 there had been long studies conducted on small pastures containing scrapie infected sheep at the sheep research station associated with the Neuropathogenesis Unit in Edinburgh, Scotland. Whether these are documented...I don't know. But personal recounts both heard and recorded in a daily journal indicate that leaving the pastures free and replacing the topsoil completely at least 2 feet of thickness each year for SEVEN years....and then when very clean (proven scrapie free) sheep were placed on these small pastures.... the new sheep also broke out with scrapie and passed it to offspring. I am not sure that TSE contaminated ground could ever be free of the agent!! A very frightening revelation!!!</span></span></div><div class="yiv5298438515aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div class="yiv5298438515aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 16px;">---end personal email---end...tss</span></span></div></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/04/should-property-evaluations-contain.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/04/should-property-evaluations-contain.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><p class="yiv6890527800MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;"><span face="sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt;">WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 11, 2021 </span></p></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><p class="yiv6890527800MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;"><span face="sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><p class="yiv6890527800MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;"><span face="sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt;">TAHC Chapter 40, Chronic Wasting Disease Terry Singeltary Comment Submission</span></p></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><p class="yiv6890527800MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;"><span face="sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></div><div><p class="yiv6890527800MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;"><span face="sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/08/tahc-chapter-40-chronic-wasting-disease.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/08/tahc-chapter-40-chronic-wasting-disease.html</a></span></p><p class="yiv6890527800MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;"><br /></p><div>TUESDAY, AUGUST 31, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>TEXAS CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION HAS CONFIRMED 260 CASES TO DATE</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/08/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/08/texas-chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse.html</a></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 03, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Wisconsin Outagamie County Deer Farm Tests Positive for CWD<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/09/wisconsin-outagamie-county-deer-farm.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/09/wisconsin-outagamie-county-deer-farm.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 01, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Wisconsin Langlade County Deer Farm Tests Positive for CWD<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/09/wisconsin-langlade-county-deer-farm.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/09/wisconsin-langlade-county-deer-farm.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 01, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Michigan CWD TSE Prion 211 Cases To Date<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/09/michigan-cwd-tse-prion-211-cases-to-date.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/09/michigan-cwd-tse-prion-211-cases-to-date.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12px;">TUESDAY, AUGUST 31, 2021 </span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12px;">TENNESSEE CWD TSE PRION CONFIRMED TO DATE 1300 POSITIVES IN 3 YEARS</span></span><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #333333; font-size: 12px;">''TURNS OUT WE HAVE A LOT OF IT, OVER A PRETTY BROAD AREA''</span><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/08/tennessee-cwd-tse-prion-confirmed-to.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/08/tennessee-cwd-tse-prion-confirmed-to.html</a></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 10pt;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 25, 2021 </span></div><div dir="ltr"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Arkansas CWD TSE Prion 1113 CONFIRMED TO DATE JUST TIP OF ICEBERG </span></div><div dir="ltr"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Public Meeting Mississippi, AR VIDEO </span></div><div dir="ltr"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/08/arkansas-cwd-tse-prion-1113-confirmed.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/08/arkansas-cwd-tse-prion-1113-confirmed.html</a><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div>TUESDAY, AUGUST 17, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Pennsylvania HUNTERS SHOULD BE AWARE OF ENHANCED CWD PROTECTIONS 08/17/2021<br /></div><div><br /></div><div>To date, CWD has been found in 727 deer. <br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/08/pennsylvania-hunters-should-be-aware-of.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/08/pennsylvania-hunters-should-be-aware-of.html</a></div></div></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr">MONDAY, APRIL 26, 2021 </div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr">Missouri MDC REPORTS FINAL CWD RESULTS FOR 2020-2021 44 POSITIVE WITH TOTAL TO DATE 206 CONFIRMED<br /></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/04/missouri-mdc-reports-final-cwd-results.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/04/missouri-mdc-reports-final-cwd-results.html</a></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><div>WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 18, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Mississippi CWD TSE Prion Confirmed 82 Positives (Since February 2018) With Suspect Positive 1<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/08/mississippi-cwd-tse-prion-confirmed-82.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/08/mississippi-cwd-tse-prion-confirmed-82.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div dir="ltr"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12px;">MONDAY, AUGUST 30, 2021 </span></div><div dir="ltr"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12px;">MONTANA CWD TSE PRION UPDATE What's new for chronic wasting disease (CWD) management for 2021</span><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/08/montana-cwd-tse-prion-update-whats-new.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/08/montana-cwd-tse-prion-update-whats-new.html</a></span></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div dir="ltr"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12px;">MONDAY, AUGUST 30, 2021 </span></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12px;">North Dakota CWD Big Game Transport Rules, Hunting Big Game Over Bait, 26 deer have tested positive to date</span></span><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br /></span></span></div><div dir="ltr"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/08/north-dakota-cwd-big-game-transport.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/08/north-dakota-cwd-big-game-transport.html</a></span></div></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr">SUNDAY, AUGUST 15, 2021 <div><br /></div><div>New Mexico CWD TEST RESULTS 1/19/2021 update</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/08/new-mexico-cwd-test-results-1192021.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/08/new-mexico-cwd-test-results-1192021.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div>FRIDAY, AUGUST 13, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Ohio Annual Deer Program Summary Spring 2021 CWD TSE Prion Update<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/08/ohio-annual-deer-program-summary-spring.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/08/ohio-annual-deer-program-summary-spring.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>FRIDAY, AUGUST 13, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>West Virginia DNR CWD TSE Prion CWD has been found in 451 white-tailed deer to date </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/08/west-virginia-dnr-cwd-tse-prion-cwd-has.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/08/west-virginia-dnr-cwd-tse-prion-cwd-has.html</a></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 18, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Utah 131 mule deer and three elk have tested positive for CWD in Utah, to date<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/08/utah-131-mule-deer-and-three-elk-have.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/08/utah-131-mule-deer-and-three-elk-have.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="color: #29303b;"><div id="yiv5867866454"><div><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: small;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Sent: Fri, Aug 27, 2021 11:08 am</span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span><div class="yiv5867866454yqt2985290361" id="yiv5867866454yqtfd84575"><br clear="none" />Subject: Chronic Wasting Disease from pigs is infectious in transgenic mice expressing human PRNP<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv5867866454yqt2985290361" id="yiv5867866454yqtfd96589"><div dir="ltr">FRIDAY, AUGUST 27, 2021 <br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr">Chronic Wasting Disease from pigs is infectious in transgenic mice expressing human PRNP<br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/08/chronic-wasting-disease-from-pigs-is.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/08/chronic-wasting-disease-from-pigs-is.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr"><a href="https://madporcinedisease.blogspot.com/2021/08/the-agent-of-chronic-wasting-disease.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://madporcinedisease.blogspot.com/2021/08/the-agent-of-chronic-wasting-disease.html</a></div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr"><div style="font-family: arial;">FRIDAY, AUGUST 27, 2021 </div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial;">Cattle are highly susceptible to white-tailed deer CWD and mule deer CWD in experimental conditions<br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/08/cattle-are-highly-susceptible-to-white.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2021/08/cattle-are-highly-susceptible-to-white.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">SUNDAY, DECEMBER 20, 2020 </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Second passage of chronic wasting disease of mule deer in sheep compared to classical scrapie after intracranial inoculation<br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/12/second-passage-of-chronic-wasting.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/12/second-passage-of-chronic-wasting.html</a></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>THURSDAY, DECEMBER 19, 2019 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>TSE surveillance statistics exotic species and domestic cats Update December 2019</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2019/12/tse-surveillance-statistics-exotic.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2019/12/tse-surveillance-statistics-exotic.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">***> CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE TSE PRP HUMANS ZOONOSIS ZOONOTIC <***</span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div>WHAT WE HAVE HERE, IS A LACK OF COMMUNICATION!</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>seems to me we might have another zoonotic tse prion disease, OR multiple new tse prion zoonotic diseases, that no one wants to talk about, and that's bad...terry</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>i thought i might share some news about cwd zoonosis that i got, that i cannot share or post to the public yet, i promised for various reasons, one that it will cause a shit storm for sure, but it was something i really already knew from previous studies, but, i was told that ;<div><br clear="none" /></div><div>==================<br clear="none" /><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12px;">''As you can imagine, 2 and 5 (especially 5) may raise alarms. The evidence we have for 4 are not as strong or tight as I would like to have. At this point, please do not post any of the points publicly yet, but you can refer to points 1-3 in private discussions and all 5 points when discussing with relevant public officials to highlight the long-term risks of CWD zoonosis.''</span><br clear="none" /></div><div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12px;">====================</span></div><div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12px;">so, i figure your as about as official as it gets, and i think this science is extremely important for you to know and to converse about with your officials. it's about to burn a whole in my pocket. this is about as close as it will ever get for cwd zoonosis to be proven in my time, this and what Canada Czub et al found with the Macaques, plus an old study from cjd surveillance unit back that showed cjd and a 9% increase in risk from folks that eat venison, i will post all this below for your files Sir. i remember back in the BSE nvCJD days, from when the first BSE case in bovine was confirmed around 1984 maybe 83, i forget the good vets named that screwed it up first, Carol something, but from 83ish to 95 96 when nvCJD was linked to humans from BSE in cattle, so that took 10 to 15 years. hell, at that rate, especially with Texas and cwd zoonsis, hell, i'll be dead before it's official, if ever, so here ya go Sir. there was a grant study on cwd zoonosis that had been going on for some time, i followed it over the years, then the grant date for said study had expired, so, i thought i would write the good Professor about said study i.e. Professor Kong, CWRU et al. i will post the grant study abstract first, and then after that, what reply i got back, about said study that i was told not to post/publish...</span></span></div><div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12px;">CWD ZOONOSIS GRANT FIRST;</span></span></div><div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12px;">===============</span></span></div><div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 12px;"></span></span><div>Cervid to human prion transmission</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Kong, Qingzhong </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div> Abstract Prion disease is transmissible and invariably fatal. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease affecting deer, elk and moose, and it is a widespread and expanding epidemic affecting 22 US States and 2 Canadian provinces so far. CWD poses the most serious zoonotic prion transmission risks in North America because of huge venison consumption (>6 million deer/elk hunted and consumed annually in the USA alone), significant prion infectivity in muscles and other tissues/fluids from CWD-affected cervids, and usually high levels of individual exposure to CWD resulting from consumption of the affected animal among often just family and friends. However, we still do not know whether CWD prions can infect humans in the brain or peripheral tissues or whether clinical/asymptomatic CWD zoonosis has already occurred, and we have no essays to reliably detect CWD infection in humans. We hypothesize that: (1) The classic CWD prion strain can infect humans at low levels in the brain and peripheral lymphoid tissues; (2) The cervid-to-human transmission barrier is dependent on the cervid prion strain and influenced by the host (human) prion protein (PrP) primary sequence; (3) Reliable essays can be established to detect CWD infection in humans; and (4) CWD transmission to humans has already occurred. We will test these hypotheses in 4 Aims using transgenic (Tg) mouse models and complementary in vitro approaches. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Aim 1 will prove that the classical CWD strain may infect humans in brain or peripheral lymphoid tissues at low levels by conducting systemic bioassays in a set of humanized Tg mouse lines expressing common human PrP variants using a number of CWD isolates at varying doses and routes. Experimental human CWD samples will also be generated for Aim 3. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Aim 2 will test the hypothesis that the cervid-to-human prion transmission barrier is dependent on prion strain and influenced by the host (human) PrP sequence by examining and comparing the transmission efficiency and phenotypes of several atypical/unusual CWD isolates/strains as well as a few prion strains from other species that have adapted to cervid PrP sequence, utilizing the same panel of humanized Tg mouse lines as in Aim 1. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Aim 3 will establish reliable essays for detection and surveillance of CWD infection in humans by examining in details the clinical, pathological, biochemical and in vitro seeding properties of existing and future experimental human CWD samples generated from Aims 1-2 and compare them with those of common sporadic human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) prions. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Aim 4 will attempt to detect clinical CWD-affected human cases by examining a significant number of brain samples from prion-affected human subjects in the USA and Canada who have consumed venison from CWD-endemic areas utilizing the criteria and essays established in Aim 3. The findings from this proposal will greatly advance our understandings on the potential and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for CWD zoonosis and potentially discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Public Health Relevance There are significant and increasing human exposure to cervid prions because chronic wasting disease (CWD, a widespread and highly infectious prion disease among deer and elk in North America) continues spreading and consumption of venison remains popular, but our understanding on cervid-to-human prion transmission is still very limited, raising public health concerns. This proposal aims to define the zoonotic risks of cervid prions and set up and apply essays to detect CWD zoonosis using mouse models and in vitro methods. The findings will greatly expand our knowledge on the potentials and characteristics of cervid prion transmission in humans, establish reliable essays for such infections and may discover the first case(s) of CWD infection in humans.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div> Funding Agency Agency National Institute of Health (NIH) Institute National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Type Research Project (R01) Project # 1R01NS088604-01A1 Application # 9037884 Study Section Cellular and Molecular Biology of Neurodegeneration Study Section (CMND) Program Officer Wong, May Project Start 2015-09-30 Project End 2019-07-31 Budget Start 2015-09-30 Budget End 2016-07-31 Support Year 1 Fiscal Year 2015 Total Cost $337,507 Indirect Cost $118,756</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>snip... </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #0563c1; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-01A1#panel-abstract</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Professor Kongs reply to me just this month about above grant study that has NOT been published in peer reveiw yet...</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>=================================</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div>Here is a brief summary of our findings:</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>snip...can't post, made a promise...tss</div></div><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv5867866454yqt0436007372" id="yiv5867866454yqt66981"><div class="yiv5867866454gmail_quote"><div class="yiv5867866454gmail_attr" dir="ltr">On Sat, Apr 3, 2021 at 12:19 PM Terry Singeltary <<a href="mailto:flounder9@verizon.net" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:flounder9@verizon.net">flounder9@verizon.net</a>> wrote:</div><div class="yiv5867866454gmail_attr" dir="ltr"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv5867866454gmail_attr" dir="ltr">snip...</div><div class="yiv5867866454gmail_attr" dir="ltr"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv5867866454gmail_attr" dir="ltr">end...tss</div><div class="yiv5867866454gmail_attr" dir="ltr"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv5867866454gmail_attr" dir="ltr">==============</div></div></div></div><div><br clear="none" /></div></div><div>CWD ZOONOSIS THE FULL MONTY TO DATE</div><div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;">International Conference on Emerging Diseases, Outbreaks & Case Studies & 16th Annual Meeting on Influenza March 28-29, 2018 | Orlando, USA</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Qingzhong Kong</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease prions from cervids</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease in cervids (mule deer, white-tailed deer, American elk, moose, and reindeer). It has become an epidemic in North America, and it has been detected in the Europe (Norway) since 2016. The widespread CWD and popular hunting and consumption of cervid meat and other products raise serious public health concerns, but questions remain on human susceptibility to CWD prions, especially on the potential difference in zoonotic potential among the various CWD prion strains. We have been working to address this critical question for well over a decade. We used CWD samples from various cervid species to inoculate transgenic mice expressing human or elk prion protein (PrP). We found infectious prions in the spleen or brain in a small fraction of CWD-inoculated transgenic mice expressing human PrP, indicating that humans are not completely resistant to CWD prions; this finding has significant ramifications on the public health impact of CWD prions. The influence of cervid PrP polymorphisms, the prion strain dependence of CWD-to-human transmission barrier, and the characterization of experimental human CWD prions will be discussed.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Speaker Biography Qingzhong Kong has completed his PhD from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst and Post-doctoral studies at Yale University. He is currently an Associate Professor of Pathology, Neurology and Regenerative Medicine. He has published over 50 original research papers in reputable journals (including Science Translational Medicine, JCI, PNAS and Cell Reports) and has been serving as an Editorial Board Member on seven scientific journals. He has multiple research interests, including public health risks of animal prions (CWD of cervids and atypical BSE of cattle), animal modeling of human prion diseases, mechanisms of prion replication and pathogenesis, etiology of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD) in humans, normal cellular PrP in the biology and pathology of multiple brain and peripheral diseases, proteins responsible for the α-cleavage of cellular PrP, as well as gene therapy and DNA vaccination.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="mailto:qxk2@case.edu" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:qxk2@case.edu">qxk2@case.edu</a> </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>SUNDAY, JULY 25, 2021 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>North American and Norwegian Chronic Wasting Disease prions exhibit different potential for interspecies transmission and zoonotic risk </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>''Our data suggest that reindeer and red deer from Norway could be the most transmissible CWD prions to other mammals, whereas North American CWD prions were more prone to generate human prions in vitro.''</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/north-american-and-norwegian-chronic.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/north-american-and-norwegian-chronic.html</a></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">MONDAY, JULY 19, 2021 <br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">***> U Calgary researchers at work on a vaccine against a fatal infectious disease affecting deer and potentially people<br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html</a></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">BSE aka MAD COW DISEASE, was first discovered in 1984, and it took until 1995 to finally admit that BSE was causing nvCJD, the rest there is history, but that science is still evolving i.e. science now shows that indeed atypical L-type BSE, atypical Nor-98 Scrapie, and typical Scrapie are all zoonosis, zoonotic for humans, there from. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">HOW long are we going to wait for Chronic Wasting Disease, CWD TSE Prion of Cervid, and zoonosis, zoonotic tranmission to humans there from?</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Studies have shown since 1994 that humans are susceptible to CWD TSE Prion, so, what's the hold up with making CWD a zoonotic zoonosis disease, the iatrogenic transmissions there from is not waiting for someone to make a decision.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">P190 Human prion disease mortality rates by occurrence of chronic wasting disease in freeranging cervids, United States</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Abrams JY (1), Maddox RA (1), Schonberger LB (1), Person MK (1), Appleby BS (2), Belay ED (1)</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Background</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease of deer and elk that has been identified in freeranging cervids in 23 US states. While there is currently no epidemiological evidence for zoonotic transmission through the consumption of contaminated venison, studies suggest the CWD agent can cross the species barrier in experimental models designed to closely mimic humans. We compared rates of human prion disease in states with and without CWD to examine the possibility of undetermined zoonotic transmission.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Methods</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Death records from the National Center for Health Statistics, case records from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, and additional state case reports were combined to create a database of human prion disease cases from 2003-2015. Identification of CWD in each state was determined through reports of positive CWD tests by state wildlife agencies. Age- and race-adjusted mortality rates for human prion disease, excluding cases with known etiology, were determined for four categories of states based on CWD occurrence: highly endemic (>16 counties with CWD identified in free-ranging cervids); moderately endemic (3-10 counties with CWD); low endemic (1-2 counties with CWD); and no CWD states. States were counted as having no CWD until the year CWD was first identified. Analyses stratified by age, sex, and time period were also conducted to focus on subgroups for which zoonotic transmission would be more likely to be detected: cases <55 years old, male sex, and the latter half of the study (2010-2015).</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Results</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Highly endemic states had a higher rate of prion disease mortality compared to non-CWD states (rate ratio [RR]: 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01 - 1.23), as did low endemic states (RR: 1.15, 95% CI = 1.04 - 1.27). Moderately endemic states did not have an elevated mortality rate (RR: 1.05, 95% CI = 0.93 - 1.17). In age-stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates among the <55 year old population were elevated for moderately endemic states (RR: 1.57, 95% CI = 1.10 – 2.24) while mortality rates were elevated among those ≥55 for highly endemic states (RR: 1.13, 95% CI = 1.02 - 1.26) and low endemic states (RR: 1.16, 95% CI = 1.04 - 1.29). In other stratified analyses, prion disease mortality rates for males were only elevated for low endemic states (RR: 1.27, 95% CI = 1.10 - 1.48), and none of the categories of CWD-endemic states had elevated mortality rates for the latter time period (2010-2015).</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Conclusions</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">While higher prion disease mortality rates in certain categories of states with CWD in free-ranging cervids were noted, additional stratified analyses did not reveal markedly elevated rates for potentially sensitive subgroups that would be suggestive of zoonotic transmission. Unknown confounding factors or other biases may explain state-by-state differences in prion disease mortality.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">=====</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">P172 Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Prion Disease</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Wang H(1), Cohen M(1), Appleby BS(1,2)</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">(1) University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio (2) National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Cleveland, Ohio.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Prion disease is a fatal progressive neurodegenerative disease due to deposition of an abnormal protease-resistant isoform of prion protein. Typical symptoms include rapidly progressive dementia, myoclonus, visual disturbance and hallucinations. Interestingly, in patients with prion disease, the abnormal protein canould also be found in the peripheral nervous system. Case reports of prion deposition in peripheral nerves have been reported. Peripheral nerve involvement is thought to be uncommon; however, little is known about the exact prevalence and features of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">We reviewed autopsy-proven prion cases from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center that were diagnosed between September 2016 to March 2017. We collected information regarding prion protein diagnosis, demographics, comorbidities, clinical symptoms, physical exam, neuropathology, molecular subtype, genetics lab, brain MRI, image and EMG reports. Our study included 104 patients. Thirteen (12.5%) patients had either subjective symptoms or objective signs of peripheral neuropathy. Among these 13 patients, 3 had other known potential etiologies of peripheral neuropathy such as vitamin B12 deficiency or prior chemotherapy. Among 10 patients that had no other clear etiology, 3 (30%) had familial CJD. The most common sCJD subtype was MV1-2 (30%), followed by MM1-2 (20%). The Majority of cases wasere male (60%). Half of them had exposure to wild game. The most common subjective symptoms were tingling and/or numbness of distal extremities. The most common objective finding was diminished vibratory sensation in the feet. Half of them had an EMG with the findings ranging from fasciculations to axonal polyneuropathy or demyelinating polyneuropathy.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Our study provides an overview of the pattern of peripheral neuropathy in patients with prion disease. Among patients with peripheral neuropathy symptoms or signs, majority has polyneuropathy. It is important to document the baseline frequency of peripheral neuropathy in prion diseases as these symptoms may become important when conducting surveillance for potential novel zoonotic prion diseases.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">=====</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">P177 PrP plaques in methionine homozygous Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Abrams JY (1), Schonberger LB (1), Cali I (2), Cohen Y (2), Blevins JE (2), Maddox RA (1), Belay ED (1), Appleby BS (2), Cohen ML (2)</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">(1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Background</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is widely believed to originate from de novo spontaneous conversion of normal prion protein (PrP) to its pathogenic form, but concern remains that some reported sporadic CJD cases may actually be caused by disease transmission via iatrogenic processes. For cases with methionine homozygosity (CJD-MM) at codon 129 of the PRNP gene, recent research has pointed to plaque-like PrP deposition as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission for a subset of cases. This phenotype is theorized to originate from specific iatrogenic source CJD types that comprise roughly a quarter of known CJD cases.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Methods</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">We reviewed scientific literature for studies which described PrP plaques among CJD patients with known epidemiological links to iatrogenic transmission (receipt of cadaveric human grown hormone or dura mater), as well as in cases of reported sporadic CJD. The presence and description of plaques, along with CJD classification type and other contextual factors, were used to summarize the current evidence regarding plaques as a potential marker of iatrogenic transmission. In addition, 523 cases of reported sporadic CJD cases in the US from January 2013 through September 2017 were assessed for presence of PrP plaques.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Results</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">We identified four studies describing 52 total cases of CJD-MM among either dura mater recipients or growth hormone recipients, of which 30 were identified as having PrP plaques. While sporadic cases were not generally described as having plaques, we did identify case reports which described plaques among sporadic MM2 cases as well as case reports of plaques exclusively in white matter among sporadic MM1 cases. Among the 523 reported sporadic CJD cases, 0 of 366 MM1 cases had plaques, 2 of 48 MM2 cases had kuru plaques, and 4 of 109 MM1+2 cases had either kuru plaques or both kuru and florid plaques. Medical chart review of the six reported sporadic CJD cases with plaques did not reveal clinical histories suggestive of potential iatrogenic transmission.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Conclusions</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">PrP plaques occur much more frequently for iatrogenic CJD-MM cases compared to sporadic CJDMM cases. Plaques may indicate iatrogenic transmission for CJD-MM cases without a type 2 Western blot fragment. The study results suggest the absence of significant misclassifications of iatrogenic CJD as sporadic. To our knowledge, this study is the first to describe grey matter kuru plaques in apparently sporadic CJD-MM patients with a type 2 Western blot fragment.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">=====</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">P180 Clinico-pathological analysis of human prion diseases in a brain bank series</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Ximelis T (1), Aldecoa I (1,2), Molina-Porcel L (1,3), Grau-Rivera O (4), Ferrer I (5), Nos C (6), Gelpi E (1,7), Sánchez-Valle R (1,4)</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">(1) Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobanc-Hospital ClÃnic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain (2) Pathological Service of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (3) EAIA Trastorns Cognitius, Centre Emili Mira, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain (4) Department of Neurology of Hospital ClÃnic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (5) Institute of Neuropathology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona (6) General subdirectorate of Surveillance and Response to Emergencies in Public Health, Department of Public Health in Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain (7) Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Background and objective:</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">The Neurological Tissue Bank (NTB) of the Hospital Clínic-Institut d‘Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain is the reference center in Catalonia for the neuropathological study of prion diseases in the region since 2001. The aim of this study is to analyse the characteristics of the confirmed prion diseases registered at the NTB during the last 15 years.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Methods:</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">We reviewed retrospectively all neuropathologically confirmed cases registered during the period January 2001 to December 2016.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Results:</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">176 cases (54,3% female, mean age: 67,5 years and age range: 25-86 years) of neuropathological confirmed prion diseases have been studied at the NTB. 152 cases corresponded to sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), 10 to genetic CJD, 10 to Fatal Familial Insomnia, 2 to GerstmannSträussler-Scheinker disease, and 2 cases to variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr). Within sCJD subtypes the MM1 subtype was the most frequent, followed by the VV2 histotype.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Clinical and neuropathological diagnoses agreed in 166 cases (94%). The clinical diagnosis was not accurate in 10 patients with definite prion disease: 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Fronto-temporal dementia (FTD), 1 Niemann-Pick‘s disease, 1 Lewy Body‘s Disease, 2 Alzheimer‘s disease, 1 Cortico-basal syndrome and 2 undetermined dementia. Among patients with VPSPr, 1 had a clinical diagnosis of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and the other one with FTD.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Concomitant pathologies are frequent in older age groups, mainly AD neuropathological changes were observed in these subjects.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Discussion:</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">A wide spectrum of human prion diseases have been identified in the NTB being the relative frequencies and main characteristics like other published series. There is a high rate of agreement between clinical and neuropathological diagnoses with prion diseases. These findings show the importance that public health has given to prion diseases during the past 15 years. Continuous surveillance of human prion disease allows identification of new emerging phenotypes. Brain tissue samples from these donors are available to the scientific community. For more information please visit:</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.clinicbiobanc.org/banc-teixits-neurologics/mostres/en_index.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">=====</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">P192 Prion amplification techniques for the rapid evaluation of surface decontamination procedures</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Bruyere-Ostells L (1), Mayran C (1), Belondrade M (1), Boublik Y (2), Haïk S (3), Fournier-Wirth C (1), Nicot S (1), Bougard D (1)</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">(1) Pathogenesis and control of chronic infections, Etablissement Français du Sang, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (2) Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. (3) Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Aims:</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) or prion diseases are a group of incurable and always fatal neurodegenerative disorders including Creutzfeldt-Jakob diseases (CJD) in humans. These pathologies include sporadic (sCJD), genetic and acquired (variant CJD) forms. By the past, sCJD and vCJD were transmitted by different prion contaminated biological materials to patients resulting in more than 400 iatrogenic cases (iCJD). The atypical nature and the biochemical properties of the infectious agent, formed by abnormal prion protein or PrPTSE, make it particularly resistant to conventional decontamination procedures. In addition, PrPTSE is widely distributed throughout the organism before clinical onset in vCJD and can also be detected in some peripheral tissues in sporadic CJD. Risk of iatrogenic transmission of CJD by contaminated medical device remains thus a concern for healthcare facilities. Bioassay is the gold standard method to evaluate the efficacy of prion decontamination procedures but is time-consuming and expensive. Here, we propose to compare in vitro prion amplification techniques: Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) and Real-Time Quaking Induced Conversion (RT-QuIC) for the detection of residual prions on surface after decontamination.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Methods:</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Stainless steel wires, by mimicking the surface of surgical instruments, were proposed as a carrier model of prions for inactivation studies. To determine the sensitivity of the two amplification techniques on wires (Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC), steel wires were therefore contaminated with serial dilutions of brain homogenates (BH) from a 263k infected hamster and from a patient with sCJD (MM1 subtype). We then compared the different standard decontamination procedures including partially and fully efficient treatments by detecting the residual seeding activity on 263K and sCJD contaminated wires. We completed our study by the evaluation of marketed reagents endorsed for prion decontamination.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Results:</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">The two amplification techniques can detect minute quantities of PrPTSE adsorbed onto a single wire. 8/8 wires contaminated with a 10-6 dilution of 263k BH and 1/6 with the 10-8 dilution are positive with Surf-PMCA. Similar performances were obtained with Surf-QuIC on 263K: 10/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilution and 1/8 wires contaminated with 10-8 dilution are positive. Regarding the human sCJD-MM1 prion, Surf-QuIC allows us to detect 16/16 wires contaminated with 10-6 dilutions and 14/16 with 10-7 . Results obtained after decontamination treatments are very similar between 263K and sCJD prions. Efficiency of marketed treatments to remove prions is lower than expected.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Conclusions:</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Surf-PMCA and Surf-QuIC are very sensitive methods for the detection of prions on wires and could be applied to prion decontamination studies for rapid evaluation of new treatments. Sodium hypochlorite is the only product to efficiently remove seeding activity of both 263K and sCJD prions.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">=====</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>WA2 Oral transmission of CWD into Cynomolgus macaques: signs of atypical disease, prion conversion and infectivity in macaques and bio-assayed transgenic mice</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Schatzl HM (1, 2), Hannaoui S (1, 2), Cheng Y-C (1, 2), Gilch S (1, 2), Beekes M (3), SchulzSchaeffer W (4), Stahl-Hennig C (5) and Czub S (2, 6)</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>(1) University of Calgary, Calgary Prion Research Unit, Calgary, Canada (2) University of Calgary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Calgary, Canada, (3) Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany, (4) University of Homburg/Saar, Homburg, Germany, (5) German Primate Center, Goettingen, Germany, (6) Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), Lethbridge, Canada.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>To date, BSE is the only example of interspecies transmission of an animal prion disease into humans. The potential zoonotic transmission of CWD is an alarming issue and was addressed by many groups using a variety of in vitro and in vivo experimental systems. Evidence from these studies indicated a substantial, if not absolute, species barrier, aligning with the absence of epidemiological evidence suggesting transmission into humans. Studies in non-human primates were not conclusive so far, with oral transmission into new-world monkeys and no transmission into old-world monkeys. Our consortium has challenged 18 Cynomolgus macaques with characterized CWD material, focusing on oral transmission with muscle tissue. Some macaques have orally received a total of 5 kg of muscle material over a period of 2 years. After 5-7 years of incubation time some animals showed clinical symptoms indicative of prion disease, and prion neuropathology and PrPSc deposition were found in spinal cord and brain of euthanized animals. PrPSc in immunoblot was weakly detected in some spinal cord materials and various tissues tested positive in RT-QuIC, including lymph node and spleen homogenates. To prove prion infectivity in the macaque tissues, we have intracerebrally inoculated 2 lines of transgenic mice, expressing either elk or human PrP. At least 3 TgElk mice, receiving tissues from 2 different macaques, showed clinical signs of a progressive prion disease and brains were positive in immunoblot and RT-QuIC. Tissues (brain, spinal cord and spleen) from these and preclinical mice are currently tested using various read-outs and by second passage in mice. Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were so far negative for clear clinical prion disease (some mice >300 days p.i.). In parallel, the same macaque materials are inoculated into bank voles. Taken together, there is strong evidence of transmissibility of CWD orally into macaques and from macaque tissues into transgenic mouse models, although with an incomplete attack rate. The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology. Our ongoing studies will show whether the transmission of CWD into macaques and passage in transgenic mice represents a form of non-adaptive prion amplification, and whether macaque-adapted prions have the potential to infect mice expressing human PrP. The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>See also poster P103</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.<br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>=====</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>WA16 Monitoring Potential CWD Transmission to Humans</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Belay ED</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>The spread of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in animals has raised concerns about increasing human exposure to the CWD agent via hunting and venison consumption, potentially facilitating CWD transmission to humans. Several studies have explored this possibility, including limited epidemiologic studies, in vitro experiments, and laboratory studies using various types of animal models. Most human exposures to the CWD agent in the United States would be expected to occur in association with deer and elk hunting in CWD-endemic areas. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collaborated with state health departments in Colorado, Wisconsin, and Wyoming to identify persons at risk of CWD exposure and to monitor their vital status over time. Databases were established of persons who hunted in Colorado and Wyoming and those who reported consumption of venison from deer that later tested positive in Wisconsin. Information from the databases is periodically cross-checked with mortality data to determine the vital status and causes of death for deceased persons. Long-term follow-up of these hunters is needed to assess their risk of development of a prion disease linked to CWD exposure.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>=====</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>P166 Characterization of CJD strain profiles in venison consumers and non-consumers from Alberta and Saskatchewan</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Stephanie Booth (1,2), Lise Lamoureux (1), Debra Sorensen (1), Jennifer L. Myskiw (1,2), Megan Klassen (1,2), Michael Coulthart (3), Valerie Sim (4)</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>(1) Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg (2) Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg (3) Canadian CJD Surveillance System, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (4) Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is spreading rapidly through wild cervid populations in the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. While this has implications for tourism and hunting, there is also concern over possible zoonotic transmission to humans who eat venison from infected deer. Whilst there is no evidence of any human cases of CWD to date, the Canadian CJD Surveillance System (CJDSS) in Canada is staying vigilant. When variant CJD occurred following exposure to BSE, the unique biochemical fingerprint of the pathologic PrP enabled a causal link to be confirmed. However, we cannot be sure what phenotype human CWD prions would present with, or indeed, whether this would be distinct from that see in sporadic CJD. Therefore we are undertaking a systematic analysis of the molecular diversity of CJD cases of individuals who resided in Alberta and Saskatchewan at their time of death comparing venison consumers and non-consumers, using a variety of clinical, imaging, pathological and biochemical markers. Our initial objective is to develop novel biochemical methodologies that will extend the baseline glycoform and genetic polymorphism typing that is already completed by the CJDSS. Firstly, we are reviewing MRI, EEG and pathology information from over 40 cases of CJD to select clinically affected areas for further investigation. Biochemical analysis will include assessment of the levels of protease sensitive and resistant prion protein, glycoform typing using 2D gel electrophoresis, testing seeding capabilities and kinetics of aggregation by quaking-induced conversion, and determining prion oligomer size distributions with asymmetric flow field fractionation with in-line light scattering. Progress and preliminary data will be presented. Ultimately, we intend to further define the relationship between PrP structure and disease phenotype and establish a baseline for the identification of future atypical CJD cases that may arise as a result of exposure to CWD.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>=====</div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Source Prion Conference 2018 Abstracts</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/07/oral-transmission-of-cwd-into.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div><div>Volume 24, Number 8—August 2018 Research Susceptibility of Human Prion Protein to Conversion by Chronic Wasting Disease Prions</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Marcelo A. BarriaComments to Author , Adriana Libori, Gordon Mitchell, and Mark W. Head Author affiliations: National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (M.A. Barria, A. Libori, M.W. Head); National and OIE Reference Laboratory for Scrapie and CWD, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (G. Mitchell)</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Abstract Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a contagious and fatal neurodegenerative disease and a serious animal health issue for deer and elk in North America. The identification of the first cases of CWD among free-ranging reindeer and moose in Europe brings back into focus the unresolved issue of whether CWD can be zoonotic like bovine spongiform encephalopathy. We used a cell-free seeded protein misfolding assay to determine whether CWD prions from elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer in North America can convert the human prion protein to the disease-associated form. We found that prions can convert, but the efficiency of conversion is affected by polymorphic variation in the cervid and human prion protein genes. In view of the similarity of reindeer, elk, and white-tailed deer in North America to reindeer, red deer, and roe deer, respectively, in Europe, a more comprehensive and thorough assessment of the zoonotic potential of CWD might be warranted.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>snip...</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Discussion Characterization of the transmission properties of CWD and evaluation of their zoonotic potential are important for public health purposes. Given that CWD affects several members of the family Cervidae, it seems reasonable to consider whether the zoonotic potential of CWD prions could be affected by factors such as CWD strain, cervid species, geographic location, and Prnp–PRNP polymorphic variation. We have previously used an in vitro conversion assay (PMCA) to investigate the susceptibility of the human PrP to conversion to its disease-associated form by several animal prion diseases, including CWD (15,16,22). The sensitivity of our molecular model for the detection of zoonotic conversion depends on the combination of 1) the action of proteinase K to degrade the abundant human PrPC that constitutes the substrate while only N terminally truncating any human PrPres produced and 2) the presence of the 3F4 epitope on human but not cervid PrP. In effect, this degree of sensitivity means that any human PrPres formed during the PMCA reaction can be detected down to the limit of Western blot sensitivity. In contrast, if other antibodies that detect both cervid and human PrP are used, such as 6H4, then newly formed human PrPres must be detected as a measurable increase in PrPres over the amount remaining in the reaction product from the cervid seed. Although best known for the efficient amplification of prions in research and diagnostic contexts, the variation of the PMCA method employed in our study is optimized for the definitive detection of zoonotic reaction products of inherently inefficient conversion reactions conducted across species barriers. By using this system, we previously made and reported the novel observation that elk CWD prions could convert human PrPC from human brain and could also convert recombinant human PrPC expressed in transgenic mice and eukaryotic cell cultures (15).</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>A previous publication suggested that mule deer PrPSc was unable to convert humanized transgenic substrate in PMCA assays (23) and required a further step of in vitro conditioning in deer substrate PMCA before it was able to cross the deer–human molecular barrier (24). However, prions from other species, such as elk (15) and reindeer affected by CWD, appear to be compatible with the human protein in a single round of amplification (as shown in our study). These observations suggest that different deer species affected by CWD could present differing degrees of the olecular compatibility with the normal form of human PrP.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>The contribution of the polymorphism at codon 129 of the human PrP gene has been extensively studied and is recognized as a risk factor for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (4). In cervids, the equivalent codon corresponds to the position 132 encoding methionine or leucine. This polymorphism in the elk gene has been shown to play an important role in CWD susceptibility (25,26). We have investigated the effect of this cervid Prnp polymorphism on the conversion of the humanized transgenic substrate according to the variation in the equivalent PRNP codon 129 polymorphism. Interestingly, only the homologs methionine homozygous seed–substrate reactions could readily convert the human PrP, whereas the heterozygous elk PrPSc was unable to do so, even though comparable amounts of PrPres were used to seed the reaction. In addition, we observed only low levels of human PrPres formation in the reactions seeded with the homozygous methionine (132 MM) and the heterozygous (132 ML) seeds incubated with the other 2 human polymorphic substrates (129 MV and 129 VV). The presence of the amino acid leucine at position 132 of the elk Prnp gene has been attributed to a lower degree of prion conversion compared with methionine on the basis of experiments in mice made transgenic for these polymorphic variants (26). Considering the differences observed for the amplification of the homozygous human methionine substrate by the 2 polymorphic elk seeds (MM and ML), reappraisal of the susceptibility of human PrPC by the full range of cervid polymorphic variants affected by CWD would be warranted.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>In light of the recent identification of the first cases of CWD in Europe in a free-ranging reindeer (R. tarandus) in Norway (2), we also decided to evaluate the in vitro conversion potential of CWD in 2 experimentally infected reindeer (18). Formation of human PrPres was readily detectable after a single round of PMCA, and in all 3 humanized polymorphic substrates (MM, MV, and VV). This finding suggests that CWD prions from reindeer could be more compatible with human PrPC generally and might therefore present a greater risk for zoonosis than, for example, CWD prions from white-tailed deer. A more comprehensive comparison of CWD in the affected species, coupled with the polymorphic variations in the human and deer PRNP–Prnp genes, in vivo and in vitro, will be required before firm conclusions can be drawn. Analysis of the Prnp sequence of the CWD reindeer in Norway was reported to be identical to the specimens used in our study (2). This finding raises the possibility of a direct comparison of zoonotic potential between CWD acquired in the wild and that produced in a controlled laboratory setting. (Table).</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>The prion hypothesis proposes that direct molecular interaction between PrPSc and PrPC is necessary for conversion and prion replication. Accordingly, polymorphic variants of the PrP of host and agent might play a role in determining compatibility and potential zoonotic risk. In this study, we have examined the capacity of the human PrPC to support in vitro conversion by elk, white-tailed deer, and reindeer CWD PrPSc. Our data confirm that elk CWD prions can convert the human PrPC, at least in vitro, and show that the homologous PRNP polymorphisms at codon 129 and 132 in humans and cervids affect conversion efficiency. Other species affected by CWD, particularly caribou or reindeer, also seem able to convert the human PrP. It will be important to determine whether other polymorphic variants found in other CWD-affected Cervidae or perhaps other factors (17) exert similar effects on the ability to convert human PrP and thus affect their zoonotic potential.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Dr. Barria is a research scientist working at the National CJD Research and Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh. His research has focused on understanding the molecular basis of a group of fatal neurologic disorders called prion diseases.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Acknowledgments We thank Aru Balachandran for originally providing cervid brain tissues, Abigail Diack and Jean Manson for providing mouse brain tissue, and James Ironside for his critical reading of the manuscript at an early stage.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>This report is independent research commissioned and funded by the United Kingdom’s Department of Health Policy Research Programme and the Government of Scotland. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Department of Health or the Government of Scotland.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Author contributions: The study was conceived and designed by M.A.B. and M.W.H. The experiments were conducted by M.A.B. and A.L. Chronic wasting disease brain specimens were provided by G.M. The manuscript was written by M.A.B. and M.W.H. All authors contributed to the editing and revision of the manuscript.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/8/16-1888_article</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ed.ac.uk/clinical-brain-sciences/news/news-jul-dec-2018/cwd-prions-human-conversion</a><br clear="none" /></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Prion 2017 Conference Abstracts</span></div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px;">First evidence of intracranial and peroral transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) into Cynomolgus macaques: a work in progress Stefanie Czub1, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2, Christiane Stahl-Hennig3, Michael Beekes4, Hermann Schaetzl5 and Dirk Motzkus6 1 </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px;">University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine/Canadian Food Inspection Agency; 2Universitatsklinikum des Saarlandes und Medizinische Fakultat der Universitat des Saarlandes; 3 Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen; 4 Robert-Koch-Institut Berlin; 5 University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; 6 presently: Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center; previously: Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen </span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px;">This is a progress report of a project which started in 2009. </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px;">21 cynomolgus macaques were challenged with characterized CWD material from white-tailed deer (WTD) or elk by intracerebral (ic), oral, and skin exposure routes. Additional blood transfusion experiments are supposed to assess the CWD contamination risk of human blood product. Challenge materials originated from symptomatic cervids for ic, skin scarification and partially per oral routes (WTD brain). Challenge material for feeding of muscle derived from preclinical WTD and from preclinical macaques for blood transfusion experiments. We have confirmed that the CWD challenge material contained at least two different CWD agents (brain material) as well as CWD prions in muscle-associated nerves. </span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px;">Here we present first data on a group of animals either challenged ic with steel wires or per orally and sacrificed with incubation times ranging from 4.5 to 6.9 years at postmortem. Three animals displayed signs of mild clinical disease, including anxiety, apathy, ataxia and/or tremor. In four animals wasting was observed, two of those had confirmed diabetes. All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals. Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuiC) and PET-blot assays to further substantiate these findings are on the way, as well as bioassays in bank voles and transgenic mice. </span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px;">At present, a total of 10 animals are sacrificed and read-outs are ongoing. Preclinical incubation of the remaining macaques covers a range from 6.4 to 7.10 years. Based on the species barrier and an incubation time of > 5 years for BSE in macaques and about 10 years for scrapie in macaques, we expected an onset of clinical disease beyond 6 years post inoculation. </span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px;">PRION 2017 DECIPHERING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS ABSTRACTS REFERENCE</span></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 23, 2019 </div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion and THE FEAST 2003 CDC an updated review of the science 2019</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 04, 2014 </div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">Six-year follow-up of a point-source exposure to CWD contaminated venison in an Upstate New York community: risk behaviours and health outcomes 2005–2011</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">Authors, though, acknowledged the study was limited in geography and sample size and so it couldn't draw a conclusion about the risk to humans. They recommended more study. Dr. Ermias Belay was the report's principal author but he said New York and Oneida County officials are following the proper course by not launching a study. "There's really nothing to monitor presently. No one's sick," Belay said, noting the disease's incubation period in deer and elk is measured in years. "</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html</a> </div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">Transmission Studies</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">Mule deer transmissions of CWD were by intracerebral inoculation and compared with natural cases {the following was written but with a single line marked through it ''first passage (by this route)}....TSS</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">resulted in a more rapidly progressive clinical disease with repeated episodes of synocopy ending in coma. One control animal became affected, it is believed through contamination of inoculum (?saline). Further CWD transmissions were carried out by Dick Marsh into ferret, mink and squirrel monkey. Transmission occurred in ALL of these species with the shortest incubation period in the ferret.</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">snip.... </div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">Prion Infectivity in Fat of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease▿ </div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">Brent Race#, Kimberly Meade-White#, Richard Race and Bruce Chesebro* + Author Affiliations</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">In mice, prion infectivity was recently detected in fat. Since ruminant fat is consumed by humans and fed to animals, we determined infectivity titers in fat from two CWD-infected deer. Deer fat devoid of muscle contained low levels of CWD infectivity and might be a risk factor for prion infection of other species. </div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full</a> </div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">Prions in Skeletal Muscles of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease </div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">Here bioassays in transgenic mice expressing cervid prion protein revealed the presence of infectious prions in skeletal muscles of CWD-infected deer, demonstrating that humans consuming or handling meat from CWD-infected deer are at risk to prion exposure. </div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long</a> </div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">*** now, let’s see what the authors said about this casual link, personal communications years ago, and then the latest on the zoonotic potential from CWD to humans from the TOKYO PRION 2016 CONFERENCE.</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">see where it is stated NO STRONG evidence. so, does this mean there IS casual evidence ???? “Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans”</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">From: TSS </div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">Subject: CWD aka MAD DEER/ELK TO HUMANS ???</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">Date: September 30, 2002 at 7:06 am PST</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">From: "Belay, Ermias"</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">To: Cc: "Race, Richard (NIH)" ; ; "Belay, Ermias"</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">Sent: Monday, September 30, 2002 9:22 AM</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">Subject: RE: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">Dear Sir/Madam,</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">In the Archives of Neurology you quoted (the abstract of which was attached to your email), we did not say CWD in humans will present like variant CJD.. That assumption would be wrong. I encourage you to read the whole article and call me if you have questions or need more clarification (phone: 404-639-3091). Also, we do not claim that "no-one has ever been infected with prion disease from eating venison." Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans in the article you quoted or in any other forum is limited to the patients we investigated.</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">Ermias Belay, M.D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">-----Original Message-----</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">From: Sent: Sunday, September 29, 2002 10:15 AM</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">To: <a href="mailto:rr26k@nih.gov" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:rr26k@nih.gov">rr26k@nih.gov</a>; <a href="mailto:rrace@niaid.nih.gov" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:rrace@niaid.nih.gov">rrace@niaid.nih.gov</a>; <a href="mailto:ebb8@CDC.GOV" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:ebb8@CDC.GOV">ebb8@CDC.GOV</a></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">Subject: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">Sunday, November 10, 2002 6:26 PM .......snip........end..............TSS</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">Thursday, April 03, 2008</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease 2008 1: Vet Res. 2008 Apr 3;39(4):41 A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease Sigurdson CJ.</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">snip...</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">*** twenty-seven CJD patients who regularly consumed venison were reported to the Surveillance Center***,</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">snip... full text ; </div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html</a> </div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people. </div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span face="Roboto, sans-serif">sporadic, spontaneous CJD, 85%+ of all human TSE, </span><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">did</span><span face="Roboto, sans-serif"> not just happen. never in scientific literature has this been proven.</span></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">if one looks up the word sporadic or spontaneous at pubmed, you will get a laundry list of disease that are classified in such a way;</div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">sporadic = 54,983 hits <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic</a></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">spontaneous = 325,650 hits <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous</a></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">key word here is 'reported'. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can't, and it's as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it's being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. ...terry </div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people.<br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">key word here is ‘reported’. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can’t, and it’s as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it’s being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. …terry</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">*** These results would seem to suggest that CWD does indeed have zoonotic potential, at least as judged by the compatibility of CWD prions and their human PrPC target. Furthermore, extrapolation from this simple in vitro assay suggests that if zoonotic CWD occurred, it would most likely effect those of the PRNP codon 129-MM genotype and that the PrPres type would be similar to that found in the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1).***</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: inherit; color: #222222; cursor: pointer; transition: all 0s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys</a></div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: inherit; color: #222222; cursor: pointer; transition: all 0s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true</a></div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: inherit; color: #222222; cursor: pointer; transition: all 0s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article</a></div></div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;">CWD TSE PRION AND ZOONOTIC, ZOONOSIS, POTENTIAL</div><div style="font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span face="helvetica, arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2129; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;">Subject: Re: DEER SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY SURVEY & HOUND STUDY </span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span face="helvetica, arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2129; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span face="helvetica, arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2129; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;">Date: Fri, 18 Oct 2002 23:12:22 +0100 </span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span face="helvetica, arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2129; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span face="helvetica, arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2129; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;">From: Steve Dealler </span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span face="helvetica, arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2129; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span face="helvetica, arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2129; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Organization: Netscape Online member </span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span face="helvetica, arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2129; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span face="helvetica, arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2129; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;">To: BSE-L@ References: <3daf5023 .4080804="" <a href="http://wt.net/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">wt.net</a>=""></span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span face="helvetica, arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2129; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span face="helvetica, arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2129; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;">Dear Terry,</span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span face="helvetica, arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2129; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span face="helvetica, arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2129; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;">An excellent piece of review as this literature is desparately difficult to get back from Government sites.</span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span face="helvetica, arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2129; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span face="helvetica, arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2129; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;">What happened with the deer was that an association between deer meat eating and sporadic CJD was found in about 1993. The evidence was not great but did not disappear after several years of asking CJD cases what they had eaten. I think that the work into deer disease largely stopped because it was not helpful to the UK industry...and no specific cases were reported. Well, if you dont look adequately like they are in USA currenly then you wont find any!</span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span face="helvetica, arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2129; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span face="helvetica, arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1d2129; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;">Steve Dealler =============== </span></span></div><div style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><a href="https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html</a></div><div style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;">''The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''<br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;">CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM THIRD ANNUAL REPORT AUGUST 1994</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;">Consumption of venison and veal was much less widespread among both cases and controls. For both of these meats there was evidence of a trend with increasing frequency of consumption being associated with increasing risk of CJD. (not nvCJD, but sporadic CJD...tss) These associations were largely unchanged when attention was restricted to pairs with data obtained from relatives. ...</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;">Table 9 presents the results of an analysis of these data.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;">There is STRONG evidence of an association between ‘’regular’’ veal eating and risk of CJD (p = .0.01).</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;">Individuals reported to eat veal on average at least once a year appear to be at 13 TIMES THE RISK of individuals who have never eaten veal.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;">There is, however, a very wide confidence interval around this estimate. There is no strong evidence that eating veal less than once per year is associated with increased risk of CJD (p = 0.51).</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;">The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;">There is some evidence that risk of CJD INCREASES WITH INCREASING FREQUENCY OF LAMB EATING (p = 0.02).</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;">The evidence for such an association between beef eating and CJD is weaker (p = 0.14). When only controls for whom a relative was interviewed are included, this evidence becomes a little STRONGER (p = 0.08).</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;">snip...</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;">It was found that when veal was included in the model with another exposure, the association between veal and CJD remained statistically significant (p = < 0.05 for all exposures), while the other exposures ceased to be statistically significant (p = > 0.05).</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;">snip...</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;">In conclusion, an analysis of dietary histories revealed statistical associations between various meats/animal products and INCREASED RISK OF CJD. When some account was taken of possible confounding, the association between VEAL EATING AND RISK OF CJD EMERGED AS THE STRONGEST OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS STATISTICALLY. ...</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;">snip...</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;">In the study in the USA, a range of foodstuffs were associated with an increased risk of CJD, including liver consumption which was associated with an apparent SIX-FOLD INCREASE IN THE RISK OF CJD. By comparing the data from 3 studies in relation to this particular dietary factor, the risk of liver consumption became non-significant with an odds ratio of 1.2 (PERSONAL COMMUNICATION, PROFESSOR A. HOFMAN. ERASMUS UNIVERSITY, ROTTERDAM). (???...TSS)</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;">snip...see full report ;</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-size: 14px;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050043/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/08/00004001.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050007/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/10/00003001.pdf</a></div></div><div style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506050244/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/07/00001001.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="background-color: #fef9f5; color: #121212; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.22em;">Stephen Dealler is a consultant medical microbiologist</span><span style="background-color: #fef9f5; color: #121212; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif" style="line-height: 1.22em;"> </span></span><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #121212; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.22em;"> <a href="mailto:deal@airtime.co.uk" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:deal@airtime.co.uk">deal@airtime.co.uk</a> </span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif" style="color: #121212; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;">BSE Inquiry Steve Dealler</div><div style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;">Management In Confidence</div><div style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;">BSE: Private Submission of Bovine Brain Dealler</div><div style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;">snip...see full text;</div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2019</div><div style="font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">***> MAD DOGS AND ENGLISHMEN BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, CJD, TSE PRION A REVIEW 2019</div><div style="font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://bseinquiry..blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">***> ''<span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 14px;">The association between venison eating and risk of CJD shows similar pattern, with regular venison eating associated with a 9 FOLD INCREASE IN RISK OF CJD (p = 0.04).''</span></div></div></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: white;"><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="background-color: white;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv5867866454aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">***> In conclusion, sensory symptoms and loss of reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome can be explained by neuropathological changes in the spinal cord. We conclude that the sensory symptoms and loss of lower limb reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome is due to pathology in the caudal spinal cord. <***</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***> The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology.<*** </span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD. <***</span></div></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***> All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals.<*** </span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids.'' Scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (II) <***</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><a href="https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html</a></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;"><div style="color: black; font-family: arial;"><div><div>North American and Norwegian Chronic Wasting Disease prions exhibit different potential for interspecies transmission and zoonotic risk</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Sandra Pritzkow1,*, Damian Gorski1,*, Frank Ramirez1 , Glenn C. Telling2 , Sylvie L. Benestad3 and Claudio Soto1,#</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>1 Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's disease and related Brain disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Texas, USA 2 Prion Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA 3 Norwegian Veterinary Institute, OIE Reference Laboratory for CWD, Oslo, Norway.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Summary: We investigated the in vitro spillover and zoonotic potential of CWD from various cervid species. Our results suggest that Norway CWD prions have a higher potential to infect other animals, but NorthAmerican CWD appear more prone to generate human prions.</div></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>The current evidence for CWD transmission to humans is controversial; indeed, while transgenic mice expressing human PrP did not develop disease when challenged with CWD prions in various laboratories [6-8, 41], experimental inoculation of CWD into squirrel monkeys produced disease [9, 10]. Studies in macaques, which are phylogenetically closer to humans than squirrel monkeys [45] have shown mixed results. A study from Czub and colleagues found that CWD prions can induce disease and pathologic abnormalities typical of prion disease in macaques exposed to CWD prions, even by oral inoculation of muscle tissue from cervids affected by CWD [46]. However, a different study found no evidence for prion disease in macaques inoculated with CWD [47]. To assess the cervid/human species barrier, we previously used PMCA to determine prion replication in vitro. We found that, after stabilization by successive passages in deer PrPC, PrPSc from CWD infected deer can convert human PrPC into a novel form of PrPSc [13]. Our current study to evaluate in vitro zoonotic potential of various CWD prions showed that although the cervid/human barrier is large, we were able to observe generation of human PrPSc with some specific CWD strains in a second round of PMCA (Fig. 5). The three North American CWD isolates were capable to sustain generation of human PrPSc, with white-tailed deer showing the highest efficiency. Conversely, none of the three Norway CWD isolates generated any detectable PrPSc signal up to the second round of PMCA. This data suggest that North American CWD prions might be of a greater risk to humans than the infected animals in Northern Europe. We speculate that these differences might be due to Norwegian CWD being less stable prion strains as compared to North American CWD, which have had longer time to replicate in cervids and become stabilized through many rounds of natural infection. Our findings may provide important information to understand the diversity of natural CWD prion strains in different animals across distinct geographical areas and their consequences for the spillover into other animal species, including humans.<br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://academic.oup.com/jid/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/infdis/jiab385/6327572?redirectedFrom=fulltext" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://academic.oup.com/jid/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/infdis/jiab385/6327572?redirectedFrom=fulltext</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial;"><div>MONDAY, JULY 19, 2021 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>U Calgary researchers at work on a vaccine against a fatal infectious disease affecting deer and potentially people<br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/u-calgary-researchers-at-work-on.html</a></div></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial;"><div>TUESDAY, JULY 13, 2021</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Chronic Wasting Disease and the Canadian Agriculture and Agri-food Sectors Current Knowledge Risks and Policy Options</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>''The science is progressing on the possibility of transmission of CWD to humans through oral transmission, but the complete assessment of this possibility remains to be done.''</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/chronic-wasting-disease-and-canadian.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/07/chronic-wasting-disease-and-canadian.html</a></div></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;">MONDAY, DECEMBER 16, 2019 <br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion aka mad cow type disease in cervid Zoonosis Update<br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;">***> ''In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids.'' Scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (II) <***<br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;">What if?<br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;"><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a></div></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px;"><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div class="yiv5867866454yqt3924989209" id="yiv5867866454yqt29531" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div class="yiv5867866454WordSection1"><div id="yiv5867866454"><div style="margin-bottom: 24pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><div><div class="yiv5867866454MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span face="sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt;">TUESDAY, MAY 11, 2021 </span></div></div><div><div class="yiv5867866454MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span face="sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></div></div><div><div class="yiv5867866454MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span face="sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt;">A Unique Presentation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in a Patient Consuming Deer Antler Velvet</span></div></div><div class="yiv5867866454MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span face="sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv5867866454MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Conclusion</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">We believe that our patient’s case of CJD is highly suspicious for cervid etiology given the circumstances of the case as well as the strong evidence of plausibility reported in published literature. This is the first known case of CJD in a patient who had consumed deer antler velvet. Despite the confirmed diagnosis of CJD, a causal relationship between the patient’s disease and his consumption of deer antler velvet cannot be definitively concluded.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Supplemental data including molecular tissue sample analysis and autopsy findings could yield further supporting evidence. Given this patient’s clinical resemblance to CBD and the known histological similarities of CBD with CJD, clinicians should consider both diseases in the differential diagnosis of patients with a similarly esoteric presentation. Regardless of the origin of this patient’s disease, it is clear that the potential for prion transmission from cervids to humans should be further investigated by the academic community with considerable urgency. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://thescipub.com/pdf/ajidsp.2021.43.48.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">''We believe that our patient’s case of CJD is highly suspicious for cervid etiology given the circumstances of the case as well as the strong evidence of plausibility reported in published literature. This is the first known case of CJD in a patient who had consumed deer antler velvet. Despite the confirmed diagnosis of CJD, a causal relationship between the patient’s disease and his consumption of deer antler velvet cannot be definitively concluded.''</div></div><div><div class="yiv5867866454MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span face="sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></div></div><div><div class="yiv5867866454MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span face="sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2021/05/a-unique-presentation-of-creutzfeldt.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2021/05/a-unique-presentation-of-creutzfeldt.html</a></span></div><div class="yiv5867866454MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv5867866454MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">ABOUT that deer antler spray and CWD TSE PRION...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">I have been screaming this since my neighbors mom died from cjd, and she had been taking a supplement that contained bovine brain, bovine eyeball, and other SRMs specified risk materials, the most high risk for mad cow disease.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">just saying...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">I made a submission to the BSE Inquiry long ago during the BSE Inquiry days, and they seemed pretty interested.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Sender: "Patricia Cantos"</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">To: "Terry S Singeltary Sr. (E-mail)"</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Subject: Your submission to the Inquiry</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Date: Fri, 3 Jul 1998 10:10:05 +0100</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">3 July 1998</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Mr Terry S Singeltary Sr.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">E-Mail: Flounder at <a href="http://wt.net/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">wt.net</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Ref: E2979</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Dear Mr Singeltary,</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Thank you for your E-mail message of the 30th of June 1998 providing the Inquiry with your further comments.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Thank you for offering to provide the Inquiry with any test results on the nutritional supplements your mother was taking before she died.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">As requested I am sending you our general Information Pack and a copy of the Chairman's letter. Please contact me if your system cannot read the attachments.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Regarding your question, the Inquiry is looking into many aspects of the scientific evidence on BSE and nvCJD. I would refer you to the transcripts of evidence we have already heard which are found on our internet site at ;</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://www.bse.org.uk/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.bse.org.uk</a>.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Could you please provide the Inquiry with a copy of the press article you refer to in your e-mail? If not an approximate date for the article so that we can locate it?</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">In the meantime, thank you for you comments. Please do not hesitate to contact me on...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...end...tss</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">everyone I tell this too gets it screwed up...MY MOTHER WAS NOT TAKING THOSE SUPPLEMENTS IPLEX (that I ever knew of). this was my neighbors mother that died exactly one year _previously_ and to the day of sporadic CJD that was diagnosed as Alzheimer’s at first. my mother died exactly a year later from the Heidenhain Variant of Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease hvCJD, and exceedingly rare strains of the ever growing sporadic CJD’s. _both_ cases confirmed. ...kind regards, terry</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">TSEs i.e. mad cow disease's BSE/BASE and NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">IPLEX, mad by standard process;</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">vacuum dried bovine BRAIN, bone meal, bovine EYE, veal Bone, bovine liver powder, bovine adrenal, vacuum dried bovine kidney, and vacuum dried porcine stomach.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">also;</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">what about potential mad cow candy bars ?</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">see their potential mad cow candy bar list too...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">THESE are just a few of MANY of just this ONE COMPANY...TSS</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION CENTER FOR BIOLOGICS EVALUATION AND RESEARCH</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES ADVISORY COMMITTEE</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Friday, January 19, 2001 snip...</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">17 But I think that we could exhibit some quite</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">18 reasonable concern about blood donors who are taking dietary</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">19 supplements that contain a certain amount of unspecified-</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">20 origin brain, brain-related, brain and pituitary material.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">21 If they have done this for more than a sniff or something</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">22 like that, then, perhaps, they should be deferred as blood</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">23 donors.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">24 That is probably worse than spending six months in</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">25 the U.K.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">1/19/01</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">3681t2.rtf(845) page 501</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/cber01.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/cber01.htm</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Mar03/031403/96N-0417-EC-2.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Mar03/031403/96N-0417-EC-2.htm</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_07.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_07.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">see full text ;</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"> </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/03/chronic-wasting-disease-prions-in-elk.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2009/03/chronic-wasting-disease-prions-in-elk.html</a></div></div><div class="yiv5867866454MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div class="yiv5867866454MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Saturday, May 1, 2021 </span></div><div class="yiv5867866454MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div class="yiv5867866454MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Clinical Use of Improved Diagnostic Testing for Detection of Prion Disease</span></div><div class="yiv5867866454MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv5867866454MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://prionprp.blogspot.com/2021/05/clinical-use-of-improved-diagnostic.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;" target="_blank">https://prionprp.blogspot.com/2021/05/clinical-use-of-improved-diagnostic.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><p class="yiv7153116436MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;"><span face="sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt;">TUESDAY, MAY 11, 2021 </span></p></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><p class="yiv7153116436MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;"><span face="sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><p class="yiv7153116436MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;"><span face="sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt;">A Unique Presentation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in a Patient Consuming Deer Antler Velvet</span></p></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><p class="yiv7153116436MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;"><span face="sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><p class="yiv7153116436MsoNormal" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; padding: 0px;"><span face="sans-serif" style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2021/05/a-unique-presentation-of-creutzfeldt.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2021/05/a-unique-presentation-of-creutzfeldt.html</a></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div><br /></div><div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Thursday, July 29, 2021 </span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">TSE PRION OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE VIA ANIMAL OR HUMAN, iatrogenic transmission, nvCJD or sCJD, what if? </span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><a href="https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2021/07/tse-prion-occupational-exposure-via.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2021/07/tse-prion-occupational-exposure-via.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div>Wednesday, July 28, 2021 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent;">France issues moratorium on prion research after fatal brain disease strikes two lab workers</span></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent;"><a href="https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2021/07/france-issues-moratorium-on-prion.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2021/07/france-issues-moratorium-on-prion.html</a></span></div></div><br clear="none" /><div class="yiv4629631200yqt7677479116" id="yiv4629631200yqt76653"><div id="yiv4629631200" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><div class="yiv4629631200yqt1940986870" id="yiv4629631200yqtfd17333"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span><div id="yiv4629631200"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><div>TUESDAY, AUGUST 03, 2021 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>USA Tables of Cases Examined National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center Cases Examined July 9th, 2021</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2021/08/usa-tables-of-cases-examined-national.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2021/08/usa-tables-of-cases-examined-national.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div align="left" class="yiv4629631200aolmail_envelope" style="float: none;"><div style="color: #333333; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv4629631200aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div class="yiv4629631200yqt3924989209" id="yiv4629631200yqt29531" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><div class="yiv4629631200WordSection1"><div id="yiv4629631200"><div style="margin-bottom: 24pt; margin-top: 6pt;"><div class="yiv4629631200MsoNormal" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 14.65pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">JOHN CORNYN TEXAS UNITED STATES SENATE WASHINGTON, DC 20510-4305 April 26,2005</span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Terry Singeltary</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">P.O. Box </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Bacliff, Texas 77518</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Dear Mr. Singeltary:</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">In response to your recent request for my assistance, I have contacted the National Institutes of Health. I will write you again as soon as I receive a reply. I appreciate having the opportunity to represent you in the United States Senate and to be of service in this matter.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Sincerely,</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">JOHN CORNYN United States Senator JC:djl </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">=============== </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">JOHN CORNYN TEXAS UNITED STATES SENATE WASHINGTON, DC 20510-4305</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">May 18,2005</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Mr. Terry Singeltary</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">P.O. Box </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Bacliff, Texas 77518</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Dear Mr. Singeltary:</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Enclosed is the reply I received from the Department of Health and Human Services in response to my earlier inquiry on your behalf. I hope this will be useful to you. I appreciate having the opportunity to represent you in the United States Senate. Thank you for taking time to contact me. Sincerely,</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">JOHN CORNYN United States Senate JC:djl Enclosure</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES National Institutes of Health National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke NINDS Building 31, Room 8A52 31 Center Dr., MSC 2540 Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2540 Phone: 301-496-9746 Fax: 301-496-0296 Email: [log in to unmask]</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">May 10, 2005</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">The Honorable John Cornyn United States Senator Occidental Tower5005 LBJ Freeway, Suite 1150Dallas, Texas 75244-6199</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Dear Senator Cornyn:</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Your letter to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) forwarding correspondence from Mr. Terry S. Singeltary, Sr., has been forwarded to me for reply. Mr. Singeltary is concerned about the preservation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) brain samples that have been maintained by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Intramural Research program for many years. I am sorry to learn that Mr. Singeltary's mother died of CJD and can certainly understand his desire that any tissues that could help investigators unravel the puzzle of this deadly disease are preserved. I hope he will be pleased to learn that all the brains and other tissues with potential to help scientists learn about CJD are, and will continue to be, conserved. (The tissues that are discarded are those that have either decayed to an extent that renders them no longer appropriate for research or those for which we do not have sufficient identification.) The purpose of gathering these brains and tissues is to help scientists learn about CJD. To that end, some of the NINDS-held samples are distributed to investigators who can demonstrate that they have a compelling research or public health need for such materials. For example, samples have been transferred to NIH grantee Dr. Pierluigi Gambetti, who heads the National Prion Diseases Pathology Surveillance Center at Case Western Reserve University in Ohio and works with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to monitor all cases of CJD in the United States. Dr. Gambetti studies the tissues to learn about the formation, physical and chemical properties, and pathogenic mechanisms of prion proteins, which are believed to be involved inthe cause of CJD. Samples have also been transferred to Dr. David Asher, at the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, for use in assessing a potential diagnostic test for CJD.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Page 2 - The Honorable John Cornyn</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">in closing, we know that donating organs and tissue from loved ones is a very difficult and personal choice that must often be made at the most stressful of times. We at the NINDS are grateful to those stalwart family members who make this choice in the selfless hope that it will help others afflicted with CJD. We also know the invaluable contribution such donations make to the advancement of medical science, and we are dedicated to the preservation of all of the tissue samples that can help in our efforts to overcome CJD.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">I hope this information is helpful to you in responding to Mr. Singeltary. Sincerely,</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Story C. Landis, Ph.D. Director, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">snip...see full text;</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__creutzfeldt-2Djakob-2Ddisease.blogspot.com_2009_08_cjdstraight-2Dtalk-2Dwithjames.html&d=DwMFaQ&c=sWW_bEwW_mLyN3Kx2v57Q8e-CRbmiT9yOhqES_g_wVY&r=M3R_1RzzxXIy_rKL8kDj5qTTqScMTmeKM6Fs0ETE5PE&m=thrEXb7xk2rpY5-BuWGCTz1FDueo0HVG1cSa01pIEkI&s=uLtG7Z0krV4fGFhUn64AAYxhTkWmZacSzc3Tjo_WTKs&e=" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2009/08/cjdstraight-talk-withjames.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.upi.com_Science-5FNews_2005_05_31_NIH-2Dsays-2Dit-2Dwill-2Dpreserve-2DCJD-2Dbrains_67711117574761_&d=DwMFaQ&c=sWW_bEwW_mLyN3Kx2v57Q8e-CRbmiT9yOhqES_g_wVY&r=M3R_1RzzxXIy_rKL8kDj5qTTqScMTmeKM6Fs0ETE5PE&m=thrEXb7xk2rpY5-BuWGCTz1FDueo0HVG1cSa01pIEkI&s=vfOPCZdiH5ZUWXkd-lZNQ9tL1EV5oBjBZLZpltiiRVc&e=" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2005/05/31/NIH-says-it-will-preserve-CJD-brains/67711117574761/</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Singeltary, Sr et al. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">JAMA.2001; 285: 733-734. Vol. 285 No. 6, February 14, 2001 JAMA </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">To the Editor: In their Research Letter, Dr Gibbons and colleagues1 reported that the annual US death rate due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has been stable since 1985. These estimates, however, are based only on reported cases, and do not include misdiagnosed or preclinical cases. It seems to me that misdiagnosis alone would drastically change these figures. An unknown number of persons with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in fact may have CJD, although only a small number of these patients receive the postmortem examination necessary to make this diagnosis. Furthermore, only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies should be reportable nationwide and internationally.. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Terry S. Singeltary, Sr Bacliff, Tex 1. Gibbons RV, Holman RC, Belay ED, Schonberger LB. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States: 1979-1998. JAMA. 2000;284:2322-2323. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1031186" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1031186</a></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div dir="ltr" id="yiv4629631200AppleMailSignature"><div id="yiv4629631200"><div id="yiv4629631200"><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><div id="yiv4629631200"><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><div id="yiv4629631200"><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><div class="yiv4629631200yqt0083639880" id="yiv4629631200yqt81017"><div id="yiv4629631200"><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div id="yiv4629631200"><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><div class="yiv4629631200yqt0368571074" id="yiv4629631200yqt20793"><div id="yiv4629631200"><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;">doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00715-1 Copyright © 2003 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Newsdesk</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Tracking spongiform encephalopathies in North America</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Xavier Bosch</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Available online 29 July 2003. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Volume 3, Issue 8, August 2003, Page 463 </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">“My name is Terry S Singeltary Sr, and I live in Bacliff, Texas. I lost my mom to hvCJD (Heidenhain variant CJD) and have been searching for answers ever since. What I have found is that we have not been told the truth. CWD in deer and elk is a small portion of a much bigger problem..” </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__www.thelancet.com_journals_laninf_article_PIIS1473309903007151_fulltext&d=DwMFaQ&c=sWW_bEwW_mLyN3Kx2v57Q8e-CRbmiT9yOhqES_g_wVY&r=M3R_1RzzxXIy_rKL8kDj5qTTqScMTmeKM6Fs0ETE5PE&m=thrEXb7xk2rpY5-BuWGCTz1FDueo0HVG1cSa01pIEkI&s=K9KDEZmNQ6xGUNwEZcGFBDm_k3Es_TVMHFFCUw6nTgw&e=" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473309903007151/fulltext</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__download.thelancet..com_pdfs_journals_1473-2D3099_PIIS1473309903007151.pdf&d=DwMFaQ&c=sWW_bEwW_mLyN3Kx2v57Q8e-CRbmiT9yOhqES_g_wVY&r=M3R_1RzzxXIy_rKL8kDj5qTTqScMTmeKM6Fs0ETE5PE&m=thrEXb7xk2rpY5-BuWGCTz1FDueo0HVG1cSa01pIEkI&s=VHsWFHLvFzcPgXM6UyvRvVfLjKKyv1IWKNDgOKXtQP4&e=" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://download.thelancet..com/pdfs/journals/1473-3099/PIIS1473309903007151.pdf</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">January 28, 2003; 60 (2) VIEWS & REVIEWS</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">RE-Monitoring the occurrence of emerging forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States Terry S. Singeltary, retired (medically) </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Published March 26, 2003</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">26 March 2003</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Terry S. Singeltary, retired (medically) CJD WATCH</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">I lost my mother to hvCJD (Heidenhain Variant CJD). I would like to comment on the CDC's attempts to monitor the occurrence of emerging forms of CJD. Asante, Collinge et al [1] have reported that BSE transmission to the 129-methionine genotype can lead to an alternate phenotype that is indistinguishable from type 2 PrPSc, the commonest sporadic CJD. However, CJD and all human TSEs are not reportable nationally. CJD and all human TSEs must be made reportable in every state and internationally. I hope that the CDC does not continue to expect us to still believe that the 85%+ of all CJD cases which are sporadic are all spontaneous, without route/source. We have many TSEs in the USA in both animal and man. CWD in deer/elk is spreading rapidly and CWD does transmit to mink, ferret, cattle, and squirrel monkey by intracerebral inoculation. With the known incubation periods in other TSEs, oral transmission studies of CWD may take much longer. Every victim/family of CJD/TSEs should be asked about route and source of this agent. To prolong this will only spread the agent and needlessly expose others. In light of the findings of Asante and Collinge et al, there should be drastic measures to safeguard the medical and surgical arena from sporadic CJDs and all human TSEs. I only ponder how many sporadic CJDs in the USA are type 2 PrPSc?</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=http-3A__n.neurology.org_content_re-2Dmonitoring-2Doccurrence-2Demerging-2Dforms-2Dcreutzfeldt-2Djakob-2Ddisease-2Dunited-2Dstates&d=DwMFaQ&c=sWW_bEwW_mLyN3Kx2v57Q8e-CRbmiT9yOhqES_g_wVY&r=M3R_1RzzxXIy_rKL8kDj5qTTqScMTmeKM6Fs0ETE5PE&m=thrEXb7xk2rpY5-BuWGCTz1FDueo0HVG1cSa01pIEkI&s=ECfK2rPX1divioKVJUTJ5GW5aj4ljYeco_KjpL0nJQc&e=" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://n.neurology.org/content/re-monitoring-occurrence-emerging-forms-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-united-states</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">SPORADIC CJD LAYING ODDS</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__link.springer.com_chapter_10.1007_0-2D387-2D21755-2DX-5F14&d=DwMFaQ&c=sWW_bEwW_mLyN3Kx2v57Q8e-CRbmiT9yOhqES_g_wVY&r=M3R_1RzzxXIy_rKL8kDj5qTTqScMTmeKM6Fs0ETE5PE&m=thrEXb7xk2rpY5-BuWGCTz1FDueo0HVG1cSa01pIEkI&s=fdQMAfzTITgiscukZ18P3Lp1PVZrhPzOlOutdue0HQw&e=" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/0-387-21755-X_14</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">In brief</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">BMJ 2000; 320 doi: <a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__doi.org_10.1136_bmj.320.7226.8_b&d=DwMFaQ&c=sWW_bEwW_mLyN3Kx2v57Q8e-CRbmiT9yOhqES_g_wVY&r=M3R_1RzzxXIy_rKL8kDj5qTTqScMTmeKM6Fs0ETE5PE&m=thrEXb7xk2rpY5-BuWGCTz1FDueo0HVG1cSa01pIEkI&s=CG6Uqj4XnTqguGARMNrue37vAQNLowSj8pu-TYdqmzM&e=" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.320.7226.8/b</a> (Published 01 January 2000)</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Cite this as: BMJ 2000;320:8</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Rapid Response:</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">02 January 2000</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Terry S Singeltary</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">retired</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">U.S. Scientist should be concerned with a CJD epidemic in the U.S., as well... In reading your short article about 'Scientist warn of CJD epidemic' news in brief Jan. 1, 2000. I find the findings in the PNAS old news, made famous again. Why is the U.S. still sitting on their butts, ignoring the facts? We have the beginning of a CJD epidemic in the U.S., and the U.S. Gov. is doing everything in it's power to conceal it.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">The exact same recipe for B.S.E. existed in the U.S. for years and years. In reading over the Qualitative Analysis of BSE Risk Factors-1, this is a 25 page report by the USDA:APHIS:VS. It could have been done in one page. The first page, fourth paragraph says it all;</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">"Similarities exist in the two countries usage of continuous rendering technology and the lack of usage of solvents, however, large differences still remain with other risk factors which greatly reduce the potential risk at the national level."</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Then, the next 24 pages tries to down-play the high risks of B.S.E. in the U.S., with nothing more than the cattle to sheep ratio count, and the geographical locations of herds and flocks. That's all the evidence they can come up with, in the next 24 pages.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Something else I find odd, page 16;</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">"In the United Kingdom there is much concern for a specific continuous rendering technology which uses lower temperatures and accounts for 25 percent of total output. This technology was _originally_ designed and imported from the United States. However, the specific application in the production process is _believed_ to be different in the two countries."</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">A few more factors to consider, page 15;</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">"Figure 26 compares animal protein production for the two countries. The calculations are based on slaughter numbers, fallen stock estimates, and product yield coefficients. This approach is used due to variation of up to 80 percent from different reported sources. At 3.6 million tons, the United States produces 8 times more animal rendered product than the United Kingdom."</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">"The risk of introducing the BSE agent through sheep meat and bone meal is more acute in both relative and absolute terms in the United Kingdom (Figures 27 and 28). Note that sheep meat and bone meal accounts for 14 percent, or 61 thousand tons, in the United Kingdom versus 0.6 percent or 22 thousand tons in the United States. For sheep greater than 1 year, this is less than one-tenth of one percent of the United States supply."</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">"The potential risk of amplification of the BSE agent through cattle meat and bone meal is much greater in the United States where it accounts for 59 percent of total product or almost 5 times more than the total amount of rendered product in the United Kingdom."</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Considering, it would only take _one_ scrapie infected sheep to contaminate the feed. Considering Scrapie has run rampant in the U.S. for years, as of Aug. 1999, 950 scrapie infected flocks. Also, Considering only one quarter spoonful of scrapie infected material is lethal to a cow.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Considering all this, the sheep to cow ration is meaningless. As I said, it's 24 pages of B.S.e.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">To be continued...</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Bacliff, Texas USA</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Competing interests: No competing interests</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.bmj.com_rapid-2Dresponse_2011_10_28_us-2Dscientist-2Dshould-2Dbe-2Dconcerned-2Dcjd-2Depidemic-2Dus-2Dwell&d=DwMFaQ&c=sWW_bEwW_mLyN3Kx2v57Q8e-CRbmiT9yOhqES_g_wVY&r=M3R_1RzzxXIy_rKL8kDj5qTTqScMTmeKM6Fs0ETE5PE&m=thrEXb7xk2rpY5-BuWGCTz1FDueo0HVG1cSa01pIEkI&s=k3wyeAUSTVpHnEdPHz2rnY9iHIYSwEXRH9Tf_fTXuaM&e=" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/us-scientist-should-be-concerned-cjd-epidemic-us-well</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Rapid response to:</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">US scientists develop a possible test for BSE</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">15 November 1999</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Terry S Singeltary</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">NA</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">BMJ 1999; 319 doi: <a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__doi.org_10.1136_bmj.319.7220.1312b&d=DwMFaQ&c=sWW_bEwW_mLyN3Kx2v57Q8e-CRbmiT9yOhqES_g_wVY&r=M3R_1RzzxXIy_rKL8kDj5qTTqScMTmeKM6Fs0ETE5PE&m=thrEXb7xk2rpY5-BuWGCTz1FDueo0HVG1cSa01pIEkI&s=vqaEZ1owbqYs2wPin07coqHCdoVNtYDthshnZ6dWji4&e=" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.319.7220.1312b</a> (Published 13 November 1999)</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Cite this as: BMJ 1999;319:1312</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Article Related content Article metrics </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Rapid responses </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Response Rapid Response: Re: vCJD in the USA * BSE in U.S. In reading the recent article in the BMJ about the potential BSE tests being developed in the U.S. and Bart Van Everbroeck reply. It does not surprize me, that the U.S. has been concealing vCJD. There have been people dying from CJD, with all the symptoms and pathological findings that resemble U.K. vCJD for some time. It just seems that when there is one found, they seem to change the clarical classification of the disease, to fit their agenda. I have several autopsies, stating kuru type amyloid plaques, one of the victims was 41 years of age. Also, my Mom died a most hideous death, Heidenhain Variant Creutzfeldt Jakob disease. Her symptoms resemble that of all the U.K. vCJD victims. She would jerk so bad at times, it would take 3 of us to hold her down, while she screamed "God, what's wrong with me, why can't I stop this." 1st of symptoms to death, 10 weeks, she went blind in the first few weeks. But, then they told me that this was just another strain of sporadic CJD. They can call it what ever they want, but I know what I saw, and what she went through. Sporadic, simply means, they do not know. My neighbors Mom also died from CJD. She had been taking a nutritional supplement which contained the following; vacuum dried bovine BRAIN, bone meal, bovine EYE, veal bone, bovine liver powder, bovine adrenal, vacuum dried bovine kidney, and vacuum dried porcine stomach. As I said, this woman taking these nutritional supplements, died from CJD. The particular batch of pills that was located, in which she was taking, was tested. From what I have heard, they came up negative, for the prion protein. But, in the same breath, they said their testing, may not have been strong enough to pick up the infectivity. Plus, she had been taking these type pills for years, so, could it have come from another batch?</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">CWD is just a small piece of a very big puzzle. I have seen while deer hunting, deer, squirrels and birds, eating from cattle feed troughs where they feed cattle, the high protein cattle by products, at least up until Aug. 4, 1997.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">So why would it be so hard to believe that this is how they might become infected with a TSE. Or, even by potentially infected land. It's been well documented that it could be possible, from scrapie. Cats becoming infected with a TSE. Have you ever read the ingredients on the labels of cat and dog food? But, they do not put these tissues from these animals in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, nutritional supplements, hGH, hPG, blood products, heart valves, and the many more products that come from bovine, ovine, or porcine tissues and organs. So, as I said, this CWD would be a small piece of a very big puzzle. But, it is here, and it most likely has killed. You see, greed is what caused this catastrophe, rendering and feeding practices. But, once Pandora's box was opened, the potential routes of infection became endless.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">No BSE in the U.S.A.? I would not be so sure of that considering that since 1990;</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Since 1990 the U.S. has raised 1,250,880,700 cattle;</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Since 1990 the U.S. has ONLY checked 8,881 cattle brains for BSE, as of Oct. 4, 1999;</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">There are apprx. 100,000 DOWNER cattle annually in the U.S., that up until Aug. 4, 1997 went to the renders for feed;</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Scrapie running rampant for years in the U.S., 950 infected FLOCKS, as of Aug. 1999;</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Our feeding and rendering practices have mirrored that of the U.K. for years, some say it was worse. Everything from the downer cattle, to those scrapie infected sheep, to any roadkill, including the city police horse and the circus elephant went to the renders for feed and other products for consumption. Then they only implemented a partial feed ban on Aug. 4, 1997, but pigs, chickens, dogs, and cats, and humans were exempt from that ban. So they can still feed pigs and chickens those potentially TSE tainted by-products, and then they can still feed those by-products back to the cows. I believe it was Dr. Joe Gibbs, that said, the prion protein, can survive the digestinal track. So you have stopped nothing. It was proven in Oprah Winfrey's trial, that Cactus Cattle feeders, sent neurologically ill cattle, some with encephalopathy stamped on the dead slips, were picked up and sent to the renders, along with sheep carcasses. Speaking of autopsies, I have a stack of them, from CJD victims. You would be surprised of the number of them, who ate cow brains, elk brains, deer brains, or hog brains.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">I believe all these TSE's are going to be related, and originally caused by the same greedy Industries, and they will be many. Not just the Renders, but you now see, that they are re-using medical devices that were meant for disposal. Some medical institutions do not follow proper auto- claving procedures (even Olympus has put out a medical warning on their endescopes about CJD, and the fact you cannot properly clean these instruments from TSE's), and this is just one product. Another route of infection.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Regardless what the Federal Government in the U.S. says. It's here, I have seen it, and the longer they keep sweeping it under the rug and denying the fact that we have a serious problem, one that could surpass aids (not now, but in the years to come, due to the incubation period), they will be responsible for the continued spreading of this deadly disease.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">It's their move, it's CHECK, but once CHECKMATE has been called, how many thousands or millions, will be at risk or infected or even dead. You can't play around with these TSE's. I cannot stress that enough. They are only looking at body bags, and the fact the count is so low. But, then you have to look at the fact it is not a reportable disease in most states, mis-diagnosis, no autopsies performed. The fact that their one-in-a- million theory is a crude survey done about 5 years ago, that's a joke, under the above circumstances. A bad joke indeed........</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">The truth will come, but how many more have to die such a hideous death. It's the Government's call, and they need to make a serious move, soon. This problem, potential epidemic, is not going away, by itself.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Bacliff, Texas 77518 USA</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="mailto:flounder@wt.net" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:flounder@wt.net">flounder@wt.net</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Competing interests: No competing interests</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.bmj.com_content_319_7220_1312.3&d=DwMFaQ&c=sWW_bEwW_mLyN3Kx2v57Q8e-CRbmiT9yOhqES_g_wVY&r=M3R_1RzzxXIy_rKL8kDj5qTTqScMTmeKM6Fs0ETE5PE&m=thrEXb7xk2rpY5-BuWGCTz1FDueo0HVG1cSa01pIEkI&s=m7x_o-c64k7GWvvqHAUxkJXsN9sOrgLZdQBb8wNpCn0&e=" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.bmj.com/content/319/7220/1312.3</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 12px;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33182925.post-46809765985845940532021-06-01T14:47:00.001-05:002021-06-01T14:47:10.776-05:00The ultrastructure of infectious L-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy prions constrains molecular models<p><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The ultrastructure of infectious L-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy prions constrains molecular models</span></p><div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Razieh Kamali-Jamil, Ester Vázquez-Fernández, Brian Tancowny, Vineet Rathod, Sara Amidian, Xiongyao Wang, Xinli Tang, Andrew Fang, Assunta Senatore, Simone Hornemann, Sandor Dudas, Adriano Aguzzi, Howard S. Young, Holger Wille </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Published: June 1, 2021https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009628</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">This is an uncorrected proof.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Abstract</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a prion disease of cattle that is caused by the misfolding of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) into an infectious conformation (PrPSc). PrPC is a predominantly α-helical membrane protein that misfolds into a β-sheet rich, infectious state, which has a high propensity to self-assemble into amyloid fibrils. Three strains of BSE prions can cause prion disease in cattle, including classical BSE (C-type) and two atypical strains, named L-type and H-type BSE. To date, there is no detailed information available about the structure of any of the infectious BSE prion strains. In this study, we purified L-type BSE prions from transgenic mouse brains and investigated their biochemical and ultrastructural characteristics using electron microscopy, image processing, and immunogold labeling techniques. By using phosphotungstate anions (PTA) to precipitate PrPSc combined with sucrose gradient centrifugation, a high yield of proteinase K-resistant BSE amyloid fibrils was obtained. A morphological examination using electron microscopy, two-dimensional class averages, and three-dimensional reconstructions revealed two structural classes of L-type BSE amyloid fibrils; fibrils that consisted of two protofilaments with a central gap and an average width of 22.5 nm and one-protofilament fibrils that were 10.6 nm wide. The one-protofilament fibrils were found to be more abundant compared to the thicker two-protofilament fibrils. Both fibrillar assemblies were successfully decorated with monoclonal antibodies against N- and C-terminal epitopes of PrP using immunogold-labeling techniques, confirming the presence of polypeptides that span residues 100–110 to 227–237. The fact that the one-protofilament fibrils contain both N- and C-terminal PrP epitopes constrains molecular models for the structure of the infectious conformer in favour of a compact four-rung β-solenoid fold.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Author summary</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), also called “mad cow disease,” is a deadly neurodegenerative disease in cattle. BSE is caused by PrPSc, which is an aberrantly folded conformer of a normal protein in the host. PrPSc is an infectious protein and also referred to as a prion. BSE prions exist in three variants or strains: C-type BSE prions, which caused the epizootic “mad cow disease” outbreak, and two atypical forms L-type and H-type BSE prions, named according to their migration patterns during gel electrophoresis. For our investigations, we isolated L-type BSE prions from transgenic mouse brains and analyzed these samples using transmission electron microscopy and three-dimensional reconstruction techniques. Our study revealed that L-type BSE prions assemble into one- and two-protofilament containing amyloid fibrils and that the width of the two-protofilament fibrils is approximately twice that of one-protofilament fibrils. In addition, we labeled the L-type BSE fibrils at the ultrastructural level using specific anti-prion protein antibodies that recognize epitopes at both ends of the molecule. Our data agree with the previously proposed four-rung β-solenoid model for the structure of infectious PrPSc.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1009628&fbclid=IwAR1asgOhVtRvzHwW-nZwK57osrB_XBA6sX3gObYdnNGzs7XRAd5OpBZuFCI#abstract0" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1009628&fbclid=IwAR1asgOhVtRvzHwW-nZwK57osrB_XBA6sX3gObYdnNGzs7XRAd5OpBZuFCI#abstract0</a><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1009628&fbclid=IwAR1asgOhVtRvzHwW-nZwK57osrB_XBA6sX3gObYdnNGzs7XRAd5OpBZuFCI" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1009628&fbclid=IwAR1asgOhVtRvzHwW-nZwK57osrB_XBA6sX3gObYdnNGzs7XRAd5OpBZuFCI</a></div><div><br /></div></div><div><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1009628&type=printable" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1009628&type=printable</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>APPROVED: 1 February 2021</div><div><br /></div><div>doi:10.2903/sp.efsa.2021.EN-6441</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.efsa.europa.eu/publications" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">www.efsa.europa.eu/publications</a> EFSA Supporting publication 2021:EN-6441</div><div><br /></div><div>Guidance for reporting 2021 surveillance data on Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE)</div><div><br /></div><div>European Food Safety Authority (EFSA),</div><div><br /></div><div>Angel Ortiz Pelaez, Alexandra Papanikolaou and Anca-Violeta Stoicescu</div><div><br /></div><div>Abstract</div><div><br /></div><div>This guidance is specifically aimed at guiding the reporting of information to EFSA under the framework of Regulation (EC) No 999/2001. The technical aspects for the reporting of surveillance data on Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in bovine animals, scrapie and genotyping in small ruminants (sheep and goats) and Chronic Wasting Disease in cervids are covered. The guidance explains the individual data elements of the Standard Sample Description version 2 (SSD2) model which are relevant for the data collection on Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies. This guidance is intended to support the reporting countries in data transmission using eXtensible Markup Language (XML) data file transfer through the Data Collection Framework according to the protocol described in the EFSA Guidance on Data Exchange version 2 (GDE2).</div><div><br /></div><div>© European Food Safety Authority, 2021</div><div><br /></div><div>Key words: transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE), bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), chronic wasting disease (CWD), scrapie, surveillance, data collection, data model</div><div><br /></div><div>Requestor: EFSA</div><div><br /></div><div>Question number: EFSA-Q-2020-00713</div><div><br /></div><div>Correspondence: <a href="mailto:zoonoses_support@efsa.europa.eu" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">zoonoses_support@efsa.europa.eu</a></div><div><br /></div><div>Summary</div><div><br /></div><div>Data collection is an important task of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and a fundamental component of risk assessment (Articles 22 and 23 of Regulation (EC) No 178/2002). EFSA receives a large volume of data from Member States (MSs) and other reporting countries in support of its risk assessments and as part of their legal obligations as per the European Union legislation. The Regulation (EC) No 999/2001 lays down the framework for the surveillance and reporting of the data collected for Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) in bovine, ovine, caprine animals, cervids and in animals other than bovine, ovine, caprine and cervids by the MSs. The reporting of data on TSE surveillance is mandatory according to the part I.A, Chapter B.I Annex III of Regulation (EC) 999/2001.</div><div><br /></div><div>This guidance covers the technical aspects for the reporting of surveillance data on Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in bovine animals, scrapie and genotyping in small ruminants (sheep and goats) and Chronic Wasting Disease in cervids and TSE in other species. Specific guidelines are given in order to support the reporting countries in data transmission using eXtensible Markup Language (XML) data file transfer. The objective is to explain in detail the individual data elements that are included in the EFSA Standard Sample Description version 2 data model to be used for the XML data transmission through the Data Collection Framework according to the protocol described in the EFSA Guidance on Data Exchange version 2.</div><div><br /></div><div>snip...see full text 48 pages;</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/scientific_output/en6441.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/scientific_output/en6441.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 4, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Guidance for reporting 2021 surveillance data on Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) </div><div><br /></div><div>APPROVED: 1 February 2021</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/02/guidance-for-reporting-2021.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2021/02/guidance-for-reporting-2021.html</a> </div></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">2.3.2. New evidence on the zoonotic potential of atypical BSE and atypical scrapie prion strains</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">Olivier Andreoletti, INRA Research Director, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) – École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), invited speaker, presented the results of two recently published scientific articles of interest, of which he is co-author: ‘Radical Change in Zoonotic Abilities of Atypical BSE Prion Strains as Evidenced by Crossing of Sheep Species Barrier in Transgenic Mice’ (MarinMoreno et al., 2020) and ‘The emergence of classical BSE from atypical/Nor98 scrapie’ (Huor et al., 2019).</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">In the first experimental study, H-type and L-type BSE were inoculated into transgenic mice expressing all three genotypes of the human PRNP at codon 129 and into adapted into ARQ and VRQ transgenic sheep mice. The results showed the alterations of the capacities to cross the human barrier species (mouse model) and emergence of sporadic CJD agents in Hu PrP expressing mice: type 2 sCJD in homozygous TgVal129 VRQ-passaged L-BSE, and type 1 sCJD in homozygous TgVal 129 and TgMet129 VRQ-passaged H-BSE.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.EN-1946" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.EN-1946</a></div></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="color: black;">SATURDAY, MAY 29, 2021</div><div style="color: black;"><br /></div><div style="color: black;">Second passage of chronic wasting disease of mule deer to sheep by intracranial inoculation compared to classical scrapie</div><div style="color: black;"><br /></div><div style="color: black;">''Given the results of this study, current diagnostic techniques would be unlikely to distinguish CWD in sheep from scrapie in sheep if cross-species transmission occurred naturally.''</div><div style="color: black;"><br /></div><div style="color: black;"><a href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/05/second-passage-of-chronic-wasting.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/05/second-passage-of-chronic-wasting.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div>WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 03, 2021 <div><br /></div><div>Scrapie TSE Prion United States of America a Review February 2021 Singeltary et al</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/02/scrapie-tse-prion-united-states-of.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2021/02/scrapie-tse-prion-united-states-of.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>TUESDAY, JANUARY 5, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>Exploration of genetic factors resulting in abnormal disease in cattle experimentally challenged with bovine spongiform encephalopathy<br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/01/exploration-of-genetic-factors.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/01/exploration-of-genetic-factors.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission</span><br /><br />June 17, 2019<br /><br /><div id="yiv1779797984"><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission</span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Greetings APHIS et al, </span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">I would kindly like to comment on APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], and my comments are as follows, with the latest peer review and transmission studies as references of evidence.</span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">THE OIE/USDA BSE Minimal Risk Region MRR is nothing more than free pass to import and export the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion disease. December 2003, when the USDA et al lost it's supposedly 'GOLD CARD' ie BSE FREE STATUS (that was based on nothing more than not looking and not finding BSE), once the USA lost it's gold card BSE Free status, the USDA OIE et al worked hard and fast to change the BSE Geographical Risk Statuses i.e. the BSE GBR's, and replaced it with the BSE MRR policy, the legal tool to trade mad cow type disease TSE Prion Globally. The USA is doing just what the UK did, when they shipped mad cow disease around the world, except with the BSE MRR policy, it's now legal. </span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Also, the whole concept of the BSE MRR policy is based on a false pretense, that atypical BSE is not transmissible, and that only typical c-BSE is transmissible via feed. This notion that atypical BSE TSE Prion is an old age cow disease that is not infectious is absolutely false, there is NO science to show this, and on the contrary, we now know that atypical BSE will transmit by ORAL ROUTES, but even much more concerning now, recent science has shown that Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion in deer and elk which is rampant with no stopping is sight in the USA, and Scrapie TSE Prion in sheep and goat, will transmit to PIGS by oral routes, this is our worst nightmare, showing even more risk factors for the USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban. </span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban has failed terribly bad, and is still failing, since August 1997. there is tonnage and tonnage of banned potential mad cow feed that went into commerce, and still is, with one decade, 10 YEARS, post August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban, 2007, with 10,000,000 POUNDS, with REASON, Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement. you can see all these feed ban warning letters and tonnage of mad cow feed in commerce, year after year, that is not accessible on the internet anymore like it use to be, you can see history of the FDA failure August 1997 FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED ban here, but remember this, we have a new outbreak of TSE Prion disease in a new livestock species, the camel, and this too is very worrisome.</span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">WITH the OIE and the USDA et al weakening the global TSE prion surveillance, by not classifying the atypical Scrapie as TSE Prion disease, and the notion that they want to do the same thing with typical scrapie and atypical BSE, it's just not scientific.</span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">WE MUST abolish the BSE MRR policy, go back to the BSE GBR risk assessments by country, and enhance them to include all strains of TSE Prion disease in all species. With Chronic Wasting CWD TSE Prion disease spreading in Europe, now including, Norway, Finland, Sweden, also in Korea, Canada and the USA, and the TSE Prion in Camels, the fact the the USA is feeding potentially CWD, Scrapie, BSE, typical and atypical, to other animals, and shipping both this feed and or live animals or even grains around the globe, potentially exposed or infected with the TSE Prion. this APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087], under it's present definition, does NOT show the true risk of the TSE Prion in any country. as i said, it's nothing more than a legal tool to trade the TSE Prion around the globe, nothing but ink on paper.</span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">AS long as the BSE MRR policy stays in effect, TSE Prion disease will continued to be bought and sold as food for both humans and animals around the globe, and the future ramifications from friendly fire there from, i.e. iatrogenic exposure and transmission there from from all of the above, should not be underestimated. ...</span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://beta.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0087-0002" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://beta.regulations.gov/document/APHIS-2018-0087-0002</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://downloads.regulations.gov/APHIS-2018-0087-0002/attachment_1.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/06/aphis-concurrence-with-oie-risk.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/06/aphis-concurrence-with-oie-risk.html</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">2021 Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion End of Year Report 2020</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">CJD FOUNDATION VIRTUAL CONFERENCE CJD Foundation Research Grant Recipient Reports Panel 2 Nov 3, 2020</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">zoonotic potential of PMCA-adapted CWD PrP 96SS inoculum</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://youtu.be/VfazuR7cjMc?t=1992" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://youtu.be/VfazuR7cjMc?t=1992</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">4 different CWD strains, and these 4 strains have different potential to induce any folding of the human prion protein. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://youtu.be/VfazuR7cjMc?t=2019" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://youtu.be/VfazuR7cjMc?t=2019</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">***> PIGS, WILD BOAR, CWD <***</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">***> POPULATIONS OF WILD BOARS IN THE UNITED STATES INCREASING SUPSTANTUALLY AND IN MANY AREAS WE CAN SEE A HIGH DENSITY OF WILD BOARS AND HIGH INCIDENT OF CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">HYPOTHOSIS AND SPECIFIC AIMS</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">HYPOTHOSIS </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">BSE, SCRAPIE, AND CWD, EXPOSED DOMESTIC PIGS ACCUMULATE DIFFERENT QUANTITIES AND STRAINS OF PRIONS IN PERIPHERAL TISSUES, EACH ONE OF THEM WITH PARTICULAR ZOONOTIC POTENTIALS</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://youtu.be/VfazuR7cjMc" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://youtu.be/VfazuR7cjMc</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">Final Report – CJD Foundation Grant Program A. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">Project Title: Systematic evaluation of the zoonotic potential of different CWD isolates. Principal Investigator: Rodrigo Morales, PhD.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://cjdfoundation.org/sites/default/files/grant-downloads/Final%20Report%20-%20CJD%20Foundation%20-%20Morales.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://cjdfoundation.org/sites/default/files/grant-downloads/Final%20Report%20-%20CJD%20Foundation%20-%20Morales.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">Systematic evaluation of the zoonotic potential of different CWD isolates. Rodrigo Morales, PhD Assistant Professor Protein Misfolding Disorders lab Mitchell Center for Alzheimer’s disease and Related Brain Disorders Department of Neurology University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Washington DC. July 14th, 2018</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">Conclusions and Future Directions • We have developed a highly sensitive and specific CWD-PMCA platform to be used as a diagnostic tool. • Current PMCA set up allow us to mimic relevant prion inter-species transmission events. • Polymorphic changes at position 96 of the prion protein apparently alter strain properties and, consequently, the zoonotic potential of CWD isolates. • Inter-species and inter-polymorphic PrPC → PrPSc conversions further increase the spectrum of CWD isolates possibly present in nature. • CWD prions generated in 96SS PrPC substrate apparently have greater inter-species transmission potentials. • Future experiments will explore the zoonotic potential of CWD prions along different adaptation scenarios, including inter-species and inter-polymorphic.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://cjdfoundation.org/files/Conf2018/Rodrigo%20Morales%202018.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://cjdfoundation.org/files/Conf2018/Rodrigo%20Morales%202018.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CzQKemJRBlE&list=PLGXRDfDPg57yTYvn6tifH13NrSiLjv1d7&index=7&t=0s" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CzQKemJRBlE&list=PLGXRDfDPg57yTYvn6tifH13NrSiLjv1d7&index=7&t=0s</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">Title: Disease-associated prion protein detected in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the agent of chronic wasting disease </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">Author item MOORE, SARAH - Orise Fellow item Kunkle, Robert item KONDRU, NAVEEN - Iowa State University item MANNE, SIREESHA - Iowa State University item SMITH, JODI - Iowa State University item KANTHASAMY, ANUMANTHA - Iowa State University item WEST GREENLEE, M - Iowa State University item Greenlee, Justin Submitted to: Prion Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 3/15/2017 Publication Date: N/A Citation: N/A Interpretive Summary:</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">Technical Abstract: Aims: Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a naturally-occurring, fatal neurodegenerative disease of cervids. We previously demonstrated that disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) can be detected in the brain and retina from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent. In that study, neurological signs consistent with prion disease were observed only in one pig: an intracranially challenged pig that was euthanized at 64 months post-challenge. The purpose of this study was to use an antigen-capture immunoassay (EIA) and real-time quaking-induced conversion (QuIC) to determine whether PrPSc is present in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged with the CWD agent. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">Methods: At two months of age, crossbred pigs were challenged by the intracranial route (n=20), oral route (n=19), or were left unchallenged (n=9). At approximately 6 months of age, the time at which commercial pigs reach market weight, half of the pigs in each group were culled (<6 month challenge groups). The remaining pigs (>6 month challenge groups) were allowed to incubate for up to 73 months post challenge (mpc). The retropharyngeal lymph node (RPLN) was screened for the presence of PrPSc by EIA and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The RPLN, palatine tonsil, and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) from 6-7 pigs per challenge group were also tested using EIA and QuIC. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=326166" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=326166</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">Research Project: Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">Title: The agent of chronic wasting disease from pigs is infectious in transgenic mice expressing human PRNP </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">Author item MOORE, S - Orise Fellow item Kokemuller, Robyn item WEST-GREENLEE, M - Iowa State University item BALKEMA-BUSCHMANN, ANNE - Friedrich-Loeffler-institut item GROSCHUP, MARTIN - Friedrich-Loeffler-institut item Greenlee, Justin Submitted to: Prion Publication Type: Abstract Only Publication Acceptance Date: 5/10/2018 Publication Date: 5/22/2018 Citation: Moore, S.J., Kokemuller, R.D., West-Greenlee, M.H., Balkema-Buschmann, A., Groschup, M.H., Greenlee, J.J. 2018. The agent of chronic wasting disease from pigs is infectious in transgenic mice expressing human PRNP. Prion 2018, Santiago de Compostela, Spain, May 22-25, 2018. Paper No. WA15, page 44.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">Interpretive Summary:</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">Technical Abstract: We have previously shown that the chronic wasting disease (CWD) agent from white-tailed deer can be transmitted to domestic pigs via intracranial or oral inoculation although with low attack rates and restricted PrPSc accumulation. The objective of this study was to assess the potential for cross-species transmission of pig-passaged CWD using bioassay in transgenic mice. Transgenic mice expressing human (Tg40), bovine (TgBovXV) or porcine (Tg002) PRNP were inoculated intracranially with 1% brain homogenate from a pig that had been intracranially inoculated with a pool of CWD from white-tailed deer. This pig developed neurological clinical signs, was euthanized at 64 months post-inoculation, and PrPSc was detected in the brain. Mice were monitored daily for clinical signs of disease until the end of the study. Mice were considered positive if PrPSc was detected in the brain using an enzyme immunoassay (EIA). In transgenic mice expressing porcine prion protein the average incubation period was 167 days post-inoculation (dpi) and 3/27 mice were EIA positive (attack rate = 11%). All 3 mice were found dead and clinical signs were not noted prior to death. One transgenic mouse expressing bovine prion protein was euthanized due to excessive scratching at 617 dpi and 2 mice culled at the end of the study at 700 dpi were EIA positive resulting in an overall attack rate of 3/16 (19%). None of the transgenic mice expressing human prion protein that died or were euthanized up to 769 dpi were EIA positive and at study end point at 800 dpi 2 mice had positive EIA results (overall attack rate = 2/20 = 10%). The EIA optical density (OD) readings for all positive mice were at the lower end of the reference range (positive mice range, OD = 0.266-0.438; test positive reference range, OD = 0.250-4.000). To the authors’ knowledge, cervid-derived CWD isolates have not been successfully transmitted to transgenic mice expressing human prion protein. The successful transmission of pig-passaged CWD to Tg40 mice reported here suggests that passage of the CWD agent through pigs results in a change of the transmission characteristics which reduces the transmission barrier of Tg40 mice to the CWD agent. If this biological behavior is recapitulated in the original host species, passage of the CWD agent through pigs could potentially lead to increased pathogenicity of the CWD agent in humans.</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">cwd scrapie pigs oral routes </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">***> However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. <*** </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">>*** Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health. <*** </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">***> Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">***> Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains. </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Comment from Terry Singeltary</span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; min-height: 13.8px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Posted by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service on Jun 19, 2019</span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div><div><div>WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 1, 2020 USDA OIE BSE TSE PRION FDA PART 589 BSE TSE PRION aka MAD COW FEED BAN Failure 2020 UPDATE </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2020/01/usda-oie-bse-tse-prion-fda-part-589-bse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2020/01/usda-oie-bse-tse-prion-fda-part-589-bse.html</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Evidence That Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy Results from Feeding Infected Cattle Over the next 8-10 weeks, approximately 40% of all the adult mink on the farm died from TME. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">snip... </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">The rancher was a ''dead stock'' feeder using mostly (>95%) downer or dead dairy cattle... </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002258/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002258/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf</a> </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506001031/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09a/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506001031/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09a/tab01.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506024922/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1987/06/10004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506024922/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1987/06/10004001.pdf</a> </div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div><div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="background-color: white;"><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="background-color: white;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv6496564879aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv6496564879aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="margin-bottom: 2em; margin-top: 0.5em;"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">WEDNESDAY, MARCH 24, 2021 <br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 2020 IMPACT REPORT BSE TSE Prion Testing and Surveillance MIA<br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/usda-animal-and-plant-health-inspection.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2021/03/usda-animal-and-plant-health-inspection.html</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 2, 2020</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">EFSA Evaluation of public and animal health risks in case of a delayed post-mortem inspection in ungulates EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) ADOPTED: 21 October 2020</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">i wonder if a 7 month delay on a suspect BSE case in Texas is too long, on a 48 hour turnaround, asking for a friend???</div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2020/12/efsa-evaluation-of-public-and-animal.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2020/12/efsa-evaluation-of-public-and-animal.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><div>MONDAY, NOVEMBER 30, 2020 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>***> REPORT OF THE MEETING OF THE OIE SCIENTIFIC COMMISSION FOR ANIMAL DISEASES Paris, 9–13 September 2019 BSE, TSE, PRION</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>see updated concerns with atypical BSE from feed and zoonosis...terry</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/11/report-of-meeting-of-oie-scientific.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/11/report-of-meeting-of-oie-scientific.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 23, 2020 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>BSE research project final report 2005 to 2008 SE1796 SID5<br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/bse-research-project-final-report-2005.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/bse-research-project-final-report-2005.html</a></div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/</a></div><div><br /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">***> MAD CAMEL DISEASE OR CPD CAMEL PRION DISEASE <***</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div>Tuesday, April 27, 2021 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Working Document on Camel Prion Disease (CPrD) 14/09/2020<br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2021/04/working-document-on-camel-prion-disease.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2021/04/working-document-on-camel-prion-disease.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">THURSDAY, DECEMBER 17, 2020 </div><div style="font-size: 10pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">THE MAD COW BSE TSE PRION THAT STOLE CHRISTMAS DECEMBER 2003, WHAT REALLY HAPPENED, A REVIEW 2020 </div><div style="font-size: 10pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/the-mad-cow-bse-tse-prion-that-stole.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/the-mad-cow-bse-tse-prion-that-stole.html</a></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: #29303b;">I URGE EVERYONE TO READ IN FULL, THE OIE REPORT 2019 ABOUT ATYPICAL BSE TSE PRION, SRMs, SBOs, and feed...tss</div><div style="color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b;"><span style="font-size: small;">''Experts could not rule out other causes due to the difficulty of investigating individual cases. Some constraints are the long incubation period of the disease and the lack of detailed information available from farms at the time of the trace-back investigation.''</span><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b;"><br /></div><div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">Scientists investigate origin of isolated BSE cases </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">The European response to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) after the crisis of the 1980s has significantly reduced prevalence of the disease in cattle. However, isolated cases are still being reported in the EU and for this reason the European Commission asked EFSA to investigate their origin.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">The key measure for controlling BSE in the EU is a ban on the use of animal proteins in livestock feed. This is because BSE can be transmitted to cattle through contaminated feed, mainly in the first year of life.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">Sixty cases of classical BSE have been reported in cattle born after the EU ban was enforced in 2001. None of these animals entered the food chain. Classical BSE is the type of BSE transmissible to humans. The Commission asked EFSA to determine if these cases were caused by contaminated feed or whether they occurred spontaneously, i.e. without an apparent cause.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">EFSA experts concluded that contaminated feed is the most likely source of infection. This is because the infectious agent that causes BSE has the ability to remain active for many years. Cattle may have been exposed to contaminated feed because the BSE infectious agent was present where feed was stored or handled. A second possibility is that contaminated feed ingredients may have been imported from non-EU countries.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">Experts could not rule out other causes due to the difficulty of investigating individual cases. Some constraints are the long incubation period of the disease and the lack of detailed information available from farms at the time of the trace-back investigation.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">EFSA experts made a series of recommendations to maintain and strengthen the EU monitoring and reporting system, and to evaluate new scientific data that become available.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">The European response to BSE</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">The coordinated European response to BSE has succeeded in reducing the prevalence of the disease. Between 2005 and 2015 about 73,000,000 cattle were tested for BSE in the EU, out of which 60 born after the ban tested positive for classical BSE. The number of affected animals rises to 1,259 if cattle born before the ban are included. The number of classical BSE cases has dropped significantly in the EU over time, from 554 cases reported in 2005 to just two in 2015 (both animals born after the ban). Moreover the EU food safety system is designed to prevent the entry of BSE-contaminated meat into the food chain.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/press/news/170713" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/press/news/170713</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small;">MONDAY, NOVEMBER 30, 2020 </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small;">***> REPORT OF THE MEETING OF THE OIE SCIENTIFIC COMMISSION FOR ANIMAL DISEASES Paris, 9–13 September 2019 BSE, TSE, PRION</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small;">see updated concerns with atypical BSE from feed and zoonosis...terry</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/11/report-of-meeting-of-oie-scientific.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/11/report-of-meeting-of-oie-scientific.html</a><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small;">WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 23, 2020 </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small;">BSE research project final report 2005 to 2008 SE1796 SID5</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/bse-research-project-final-report-2005.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/bse-research-project-final-report-2005.html</a><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: #29303b;"><div style="color: black;">TUESDAY, JANUARY 5, 2021 </div><div style="color: black;"><br /></div><div style="color: black;">Exploration of genetic factors resulting in abnormal disease in cattle experimentally challenged with bovine spongiform encephalopathy<br /></div><div style="color: black;"><br /></div><div style="color: black;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/01/exploration-of-genetic-factors.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2021/01/exploration-of-genetic-factors.html</a></div></div></div></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: black; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 26, 2019 </div><div style="color: black; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Veterinary Biologics Guideline 3.32E: Guideline for minimising the risk of introducing transmissible spongiform encephalopathy prions and other infectious agents through veterinary biologics<br /></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/veterinary-biologics-guideline-332e.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/veterinary-biologics-guideline-332e.html</a></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">U.S.A. 50 STATE BSE MAD COW CONFERENCE CALL Jan. 9, 2001</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">Subject: BSE--U.S. 50 STATE CONFERENCE CALL Jan. 9, 2001</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">Date: Tue, 9 Jan 2001 16:49:00 -0800</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">To: <a href="mailto:BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de">BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">snip...</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">[host Richard Barns] and now a question from Terry S. Singeltary of CJD Watch.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">[TSS] yes, thank you, U.S. cattle, what kind of guarantee can you give for serum or tissue donor herds?</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">[no answer, you could hear in the back ground, mumbling and 'we can't. have him ask the question again.]</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">[host Richard] could you repeat the question?</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">[TSS] U.S. cattle, what kind of guarantee can you give for serum or tissue donor herds?</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">[not sure whom ask this] what group are you with?</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">[TSS] CJD Watch, my Mom died from hvCJD and we are tracking CJD world-wide.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">[not sure who is speaking] could you please disconnect Mr. Singeltary</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">[TSS] you are not going to answer my question?</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">[not sure whom speaking] NO</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">snip...see full archive and more of this;</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://protect2.fireeye.com/v1/url?k=56309245-0a71f6f2-56325e8f-002590f4ce32-f388444e395b325d&q=1&e=eaae77dc-9ea7-4996-b8cd-e6a0b004c974&u=https%3A%2F%2Furldefense.proofpoint.com%2Fv2%2Furl%3Fu%3Dhttp-3A__tseac.blogspot.com_2011_02_usa-2D50-2Dstate-2Dbse-2Dmad-2Dcow-2Dconference.html%26d%3DDwMFaQ%26c%3DGSntNbUav5AC0JJIyPOufmfQT3u3zI7UKdoVzPd-7og%26r%3DWUkrqFfyTINKdEKan1fw3ykVVZIC_CPt4oXXzPtT-cw%26m%3DPZ-nUcomhuQHG7d2Ik9AWSDfvzWvkaGQjLOa4gBnbo4%26s%3Dx2cnB1oAu0wlCoSkJw2E9RyLDr40LMuYR6jLH3CFP7M%26e%3D" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html</a></div><div><br /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">*** Singeltary reply ; Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics of BSE in Canada Singeltary reply ;</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/4f9be886-69fe-4c7c-922b-85b0ecbe6d53" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/4f9be886-69fe-4c7c-922b-85b0ecbe6d53</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr., 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMT</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><em style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;">PLOS ONE Journal </em></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div id="yiv1779797984aolmail_aolmail_AOLMsgPart_2_231efb16-bece-4be2-9555-8828489cb794" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv1779797984aolmail_aolmail_aolReplacedBody" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div id="yiv1779797984aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_AOLMsgPart_2_076c3e68-3f1c-492a-b84c-fa586eb49e44" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv1779797984aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolReplacedBody" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div id="yiv1779797984aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_AOLMsgPart_2_314a32af-6aac-473d-8dc2-78ba9131e347" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv1779797984aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolReplacedBody" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div id="yiv1779797984aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_AOLMsgPart_2_162e08c0-024f-424d-bebb-66f89d627450" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv1779797984aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolReplacedBody" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div id="yiv1779797984aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_AOLMsgPart_2_55d0d5c6-e95d-4ef2-81fc-d72be9f7a63c" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv1779797984aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolReplacedBody" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div id="yiv1779797984aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_AOLMsgPart_2_268b3d40-d03f-4bd8-817c-0b0a21454b9b" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv1779797984aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolReplacedBody" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;">IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure </span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr., 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMT</span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;">***however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE.<br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" />***Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc detection by PMCA only.<br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" />*** IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure ***<br /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/5adef4ac-a7e4-46a4-8806-c8533d5c862c" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/5adef4ac-a7e4-46a4-8806-c8533d5c862c</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 23, 2020 </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Idiopathic Brainstem Neuronal Chromatolysis IBNC BSE TSE Prion a Review 2020</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2020/12/idiopathic-brainstem-neuronal.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2020/12/idiopathic-brainstem-neuronal.html</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>***Our transmission study demonstrates that CH 1641-like scrapie is likely to be more virulent than classical scrapie in cattle. </div><div><br /></div><div>In the US, scrapie is reported primarily in sheep homozygous for 136A/171Q (AAQQ) and the disease phenotype is similar to that seen with experimental strain CH1641.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=182469" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=182469</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>***Our transmission study demonstrates that CH 1641-like scrapie is likely to be more virulent than classical scrapie in cattle. </div><div><br /></div><div>P-088 Transmission of experimental CH1641-like scrapie to bovine PrP overexpression mice</div><div><br /></div><div>Kohtaro Miyazawa1, Kentaro Masujin1, Hiroyuki Okada1, Yuichi Matsuura1, Takashi Yokoyama2</div><div><br /></div><div>1Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Japan; 2Department of Planning and General Administration, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO</div><div><br /></div><div>Introduction: Scrapie is a prion disease in sheep and goats. CH1641-lke scrapie is characterized by a lower molecular mass of the unglycosylated form of abnormal prion protein (PrpSc) compared to that of classical scrapie. It is worthy of attention because of the biochemical similarities of the Prpsc from CH1641-like and BSE affected sheep. We have reported that experimental CH1641-like scrapie is transmissible to bovine PrP overexpression (TgBoPrP) mice (Yokoyama et al. 2010). We report here the further details of this transmission study and compare the biological and biochemical properties to those of classical scrapie affected TgBoPrP mice.</div><div><br /></div><div>Methods: The details of sheep brain homogenates used in this study are described in our previous report (Yokoyama et al. 2010). TgBoPrP mice were intracerebrally inoculated with a 10% brain homogenate of each scrapie strain. The brains of mice were subjected to histopathological and biochemical analyses.</div><div><br /></div><div>Results: Prpsc banding pattern of CH1641-like scrapie affected TgBoPrP mice was similar to that of classical scrapie affected mice. Mean survival period of CH1641-like scrapie affected TgBoPrP mice was 170 days at the 3rd passage and it was significantly shorter than that of classical scrapie affected mice (439 days). Lesion profiles and Prpsc distributions in the brains also differed between CH1641-like and classical scrapie affected mice.</div><div><br /></div><div>Conclusion: We succeeded in stable transmission of CH1641-like scrapie to TgBoPrP mice. Our transmission study demonstrates that CH 1641-like scrapie is likely to be more virulent than classical scrapie in cattle.</div><div><br /></div><div>snip... </div><div><br /></div><div>In the US, scrapie is reported primarily in sheep homozygous for 136A/171Q (AAQQ) and the disease phenotype is similar to that seen with experimental strain CH1641.</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=182469" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=182469</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>CH1641</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2019/11/review-update-on-classical-and-atypical.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2019/11/review-update-on-classical-and-atypical.html</a><br /></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">SUNDAY, OCTOBER 11, 2020 </div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">Bovine adapted transmissible mink encephalopathy is similar to L-BSE after passage through sheep with the VRQ/VRQ genotype but not VRQ/ARQ </div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://transmissible-mink-encephalopathy.blogspot.com/2020/10/bovine-adapted-transmissible-mink.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://transmissible-mink-encephalopathy.blogspot.com/2020/10/bovine-adapted-transmissible-mink.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">WEDNESDAY, JULY 31, 2019 </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">The agent of transmissible mink encephalopathy passaged in sheep is similar to BSE-L</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://transmissible-mink-encephalopathy.blogspot.com/2019/07/the-agent-of-transmissible-mink.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissible-mink-encephalopathy.blogspot.com/2019/07/the-agent-of-transmissible-mink.html</a><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 24, 2020 </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">The emergence of classical BSE from atypical/ Nor98 scrapie</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://nor-98.blogspot.com/2020/09/the-emergence-of-classical-bse-from.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://nor-98.blogspot.com/2020/09/the-emergence-of-classical-bse-from.html</a><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 17, 2020 </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">The European Union summary report on surveillance for the presence of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) in 2019 First published 17 November 2020</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2020/11/the-european-union-summary-report-on.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2020/11/the-european-union-summary-report-on.html</a><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 28, 2020 </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">EFSA Annual report of the Scientific Network on BSE-TSE 2020 Singeltary Submission</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2020/10/efsa-annual-report-of-scientific.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2020/10/efsa-annual-report-of-scientific.html</a><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 2, 2020</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">EFSA Evaluation of public and animal health risks in case of a delayed post-mortem inspection in ungulates EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) ADOPTED: 21 October 2020</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">i wonder if a 7 month delay on a suspect BSE case in Texas is too long, on a 48 hour turnaround, asking for a friend???</div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2020/12/efsa-evaluation-of-public-and-animal.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2020/12/efsa-evaluation-of-public-and-animal.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">SUNDAY, OCTOBER 4, 2020 </div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">Cattle Meat and Offal Imported from the United States of America, Canada and Ireland to Japan (Prions) Food Safety Commission of Japan<br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/10/cattle-meat-and-offal-imported-from.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/10/cattle-meat-and-offal-imported-from.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 29, 2020 </div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">ISO's Updated 22442 Animal Tissue Standards — What Changed? TSE Prion!<br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/09/isos-updated-22442-animal-tissue.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/09/isos-updated-22442-animal-tissue.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">THURSDAY, AUGUST 20, 2020 </div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">Why is USDA "only" BSE TSE Prion testing 25,000 samples a year?</div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/08/why-is-usda-only-bse-tse-prion-testing.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/08/why-is-usda-only-bse-tse-prion-testing.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Friday, December 14, 2012 </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012 </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">snip..... </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law. Animals considered at high risk for CWD include: </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones and </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from the USA to GB can not be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">It may constitute a small percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin processed animal proteins that were imported from US into GB in 2011. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a __greater than negligible risk___ that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer and/or elk protein is imported into GB. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">There is uncertainty associated with this estimate given the lack of data on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being imported in these products.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">snip..... </span><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">36% in 2007 (Almberg et al., 2011). In such areas, population declines of deer of up to 30 to 50% have been observed (Almberg et al., 2011). In areas of Colorado, the prevalence can be as high as 30% (EFSA, 2011). The clinical signs of CWD in affected adults are weight loss and behavioural changes that can span weeks or months (Williams, 2005). In addition, signs might include excessive salivation, behavioural alterations including a fixed stare and changes in interaction with other animals in the herd, and an altered stance (Williams, 2005). These signs are indistinguishable from cervids experimentally infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Given this, if CWD was to be introduced into countries with BSE such as GB, for example, infected deer populations would need to be tested to differentiate if they were infected with CWD or BSE to minimise the risk of BSE entering the human food-chain via affected venison. snip..... The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008). </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">snip..... </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with CWD prion. snip..... In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing, footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible... For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant uncertainty associated with these estimates. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">snip..... </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists and returning GB residents. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">s</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">nip..... </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">***> READ THIS VERY, VERY, CAREFULLY, AUGUST 1997 MAD COW FEED BAN WAS A SHAM, AS I HAVE STATED SINCE 1997! 3 FAILSAFES THE FDA ET AL PREACHED AS IF IT WERE THE GOSPEL, IN TERMS OF MAD COW BSE DISEASE IN USA, AND WHY IT IS/WAS/NOT A PROBLEM FOR THE USA, and those are; </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">BSE TESTING (failed terribly and proven to be a sham) </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">BSE SURVEILLANCE (failed terribly and proven to be a sham) </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">BSE 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS (another colossal failure, and proven to be a sham) </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">these are facts folks. trump et al just admitted it with the feed ban. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">see; </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">FDA Reports on VFD Compliance </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">John Maday </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">August 30, 2019 09:46 AM VFD-Form 007 (640x427) </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Before and after the current Veterinary Feed Directive rules took full effect in January, 2017, the FDA focused primarily on education and outreach. ( John Maday ) Before and after the current Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD) rules took full effect in January, 2017, the FDA focused primarily on education and outreach to help feed mills, veterinarians and producers understand and comply with the requirements. Since then, FDA has gradually increased the number of VFD inspections and initiated enforcement actions when necessary. On August 29, FDA released its first report on inspection and compliance activities. The report, titled “Summary Assessment of Veterinary Feed Directive Compliance Activities Conducted in Fiscal Years 2016 – 2018,” is available online.</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><a href="https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download</a><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 1, 2019 </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">***> FDA Reports on VFD Compliance </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/fda-reports-on-vfd-compliance.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/fda-reports-on-vfd-compliance.html</a><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">TUESDAY, APRIL 18, 2017 </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">*** EXTREME USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED LOOP HOLE STILL EXIST, AND PRICE OF POKER GOES UP *** </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><a href="http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2017/04/extreme-usa-fda-part-589-tse-prion-feed.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2017/04/extreme-usa-fda-part-589-tse-prion-feed.html</a></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">MONDAY, MAY 20, 2019 </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Tracking and clarifying differential traits of classical- and atypical L-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy prions after transmission from cattle to cynomolgus monkeys</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/05/tracking-and-clarifying-differential.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/05/tracking-and-clarifying-differential.html</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">SUNDAY, APRIL 14, 2019 </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Estimation of prion infectivity in tissues of cattle infected with atypical BSE by real time-quaking induced conversion assay</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/estimation-of-prion-infectivity-in.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/estimation-of-prion-infectivity-in.html</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">WEDNESDAY, APRIL 24, 2019 </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">USDA Announces Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Detection Aug 29, 2018 A Review of Science 2019</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">THURSDAY, JANUARY 7, 2021 </span><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div><br /></div><div>Atypical Nor-98 Scrapie TSE Prion USA State by State Update January 2021</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://nor-98.blogspot.com/2021/01/atypical-nor-98-scrapie-tse-prion-usa.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://nor-98.blogspot.com/2021/01/atypical-nor-98-scrapie-tse-prion-usa.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 22, 2020 </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">APHIS USDA MORE SCRAPIE ATYPICAL Nor-98 Confirmed USA September 15 2020<br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2020/09/aphis-usda-more-scrapie-atypical-nor-98.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2020/09/aphis-usda-more-scrapie-atypical-nor-98.html</a></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">THURSDAY, DECEMBER 31, 2020 </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Autoclave treatment of the classical scrapie agent US No. 13-7 and experimental inoculation to susceptible VRQ/ARQ sheep via the oral route results in decreased transmission efficiency<br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2020/12/autoclave-treatment-of-classical.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2020/12/autoclave-treatment-of-classical.html</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">WEDNESDAY, MAY 29, 2019 </span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***> Incomplete inactivation of atypical scrapie following recommended autoclave decontamination procedures </span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">USDA HERE'S YOUR SIGN!</span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://nor-98.blogspot.com/2019/05/incomplete-inactivation-of-atypical.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://nor-98.blogspot.com/2019/05/incomplete-inactivation-of-atypical.html</a> </span></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"></span><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </span></div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: monospace; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; white-space: pre;">
</span><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv1779797984aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline..com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span></div><div class="yiv1779797984aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">PRION 2016 TOKYO</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X online</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Taylor & Francis</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline..com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span></div><div class="yiv1779797984aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a></span></div><div class="yiv1779797984aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv1779797984aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1: J Infect Dis 1980 Aug;142(2):205-8</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Oral transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie to nonhuman primates.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Amyx HL, Bacote A, Masters CL, Gajdusek DC.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease of humans and scrapie disease of sheep and goats were transmitted to squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) that were exposed to the infectious agents only by their nonforced consumption of known infectious tissues. The asymptomatic incubation period in the one monkey exposed to the virus of kuru was 36 months; that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was 23 and 27 months, respectively; and that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of scrapie was 25 and 32 months, respectively. Careful physical examination of the buccal cavities of all of the monkeys failed to reveal signs or oral lesions. One additional monkey similarly exposed to kuru has remained asymptomatic during the 39 months that it has been under observation.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">snip...</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The successful transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie by natural feeding to squirrel monkeys that we have reported provides further grounds for concern that scrapie-infected meat may occasionally give rise in humans to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">PMID: 6997404</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Recently the question has again been brought up as to whether scrapie is transmissible to man. This has followed reports that the disease has been transmitted to primates. One particularly lurid speculation (Gajdusek 1977) conjectures that the agents of scrapie, kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and transmissible encephalopathy of mink are varieties of a single "virus". The U.S. Department of Agriculture concluded that it could "no longer justify or permit scrapie-blood line and scrapie-exposed sheep and goats to be processed for human or animal food at slaughter or rendering plants" (ARC 84/77)" The problem is emphasised by the finding that some strains of scrapie produce lesions identical to the once which characterise the human dementias"</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Whether true or not. the hypothesis that these agents might be transmissible to man raises two considerations. First, the safety of laboratory personnel requires prompt attention. Second, action such as the "scorched meat" policy of USDA makes the solution of the acrapie problem urgent if the sheep industry is not to suffer grievously.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">snip...</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">76/10.12/4.6</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Nature. 1972 Mar 10;236(5341):73-4.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Transmission of scrapie to the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis).</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Gajdusek DC.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Nature 236, 73 - 74 (10 March 1972); doi:10.1038/236073a0</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Transmission of Scrapie to the Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis)</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">C. J. GIBBS jun. & D. C. GAJDUSEK</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">SCRAPIE has been transmitted to the cynomolgus, or crab-eating, monkey (Macaca fascicularis) with an incubation period of more than 5 yr from the time of intracerebral inoculation of scrapie-infected mouse brain. The animal developed a chronic central nervous system degeneration, with ataxia, tremor and myoclonus with associated severe scrapie-like pathology of intensive astroglial hypertrophy and proliferation, neuronal vacuolation and status spongiosus of grey matter. The strain of scrapie virus used was the eighth passage in Swiss mice (NIH) of a Compton strain of scrapie obtained as ninth intracerebral passage of the agent in goat brain, from Dr R. L. Chandler (ARC, Compton, Berkshire).</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/04/scrapie-and-atypical-scrapie.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/04/scrapie-and-atypical-scrapie.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Wednesday, February 16, 2011</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">IN CONFIDENCE</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">SCRAPIE TRANSMISSION TO CHIMPANZEES</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">IN CONFIDENCE</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2011/02/in-confidence-scrapie-transmission-to.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2011/02/in-confidence-scrapie-transmission-to.html</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</span></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"></span><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div></div><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://www..nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">BSE PRP History</span></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">***> P.108: Successful oral challenge of adult cattle with classical BSE</span><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Sandor Dudas1,*, Kristina Santiago-Mateo1, Tammy Pickles1, Catherine Graham2, and Stefanie Czub1 1Canadian Food Inspection Agency; NCAD Lethbridge; Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada; 2Nova Scotia Department of Agriculture; Pathology Laboratory; Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Classical Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (C-type BSE) is a feed- and food-borne fatal neurological disease which can be orally transmitted to cattle and humans. Due to the presence of contaminated milk replacer, it is generally assumed that cattle become infected early in life as calves and then succumb to disease as adults. Here we challenged three 14 months old cattle per-orally with 100 grams of C-type BSE brain to investigate age-related susceptibility or resistance. During incubation, the animals were sampled monthly for blood and feces and subjected to standardized testing to identify changes related to neurological disease. At 53 months post exposure, progressive signs of central nervous system disease were observed in these 3 animals, and they were euthanized. Two of the C-BSE animals tested strongly positive using standard BSE rapid tests, however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE. Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc detection by PMCA only. </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***Our study demonstrates susceptibility of adult cattle to oral transmission of classical BSE. </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">We are further examining explanations for the unusual disease presentation in the third challenged animal.</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://prion2015.files..wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals.</span><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">P.86: Estimating the risk of transmission of BSE and scrapie to ruminants and humans by protein misfolding cyclic amplification</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Morikazu Imamura, Naoko Tabeta, Yoshifumi Iwamaru, and Yuichi Murayama</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">National Institute of Animal Health; Tsukuba, Japan</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">To assess the risk of the transmission of ruminant prions to ruminants and humans at the molecular level, we investigated the ability of abnormal prion protein (PrPSc) of typical and atypical BSEs (L-type and H-type) and typical scrapie to convert normal prion protein (PrPC) from bovine, ovine, and human to proteinase K-resistant PrPSc-like form (PrPres) using serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA).</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Six rounds of serial PMCA was performed using 10% brain homogenates from transgenic mice expressing bovine, ovine or human PrPC in combination with PrPSc seed from typical and atypical BSE- or typical scrapie-infected brain homogenates from native host species. In the conventional PMCA, the conversion of PrPC to PrPres was observed only when the species of PrPC source and PrPSc seed matched. However, in the PMCA with supplements (digitonin, synthetic polyA and heparin), both bovine and ovine PrPC were converted by PrPSc from all tested prion strains. On the other hand, human PrPC was converted by PrPSc from typical and H-type BSE in this PMCA condition.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Although these results were not compatible with the previous reports describing the lack of transmissibility of H-type BSE to ovine and human transgenic mice, our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">P.170: Potential detection of oral transmission of H type atypical BSE in cattle using in vitro conversion</span><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***P.170: Potential detection of oral transmission of H type atypical BSE in cattle using in vitro conversion</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Sandor Dudas, John G Gray, Renee Clark, and Stefanie Czub Canadian Food Inspection Agency; Lethbridge, AB Canada</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Keywords: Atypical BSE, oral transmission, RT-QuIC</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">The detection of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) has had a significant negative impact on the cattle industry worldwide. In response, governments took actions to prevent transmission and additional threats to animal health and food safety. While these measures seem to be effective for controlling classical BSE, the more recently discovered atypical BSE has presented a new challenge. To generate data for risk assessment and control measures, we have challenged cattle orally with atypical BSE to determine transmissibility and mis-folded prion (PrPSc) tissue distribution. Upon presentation of clinical symptoms, animals were euthanized and tested for characteristic histopathological changes as well as PrPSc deposition.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">The H-type challenged animal displayed vacuolation exclusively in rostral brain areas but the L-type challenged animal showed no evidence thereof. To our surprise, neither of the animals euthanized, which were displaying clinical signs indicative of BSE, showed conclusive mis-folded prion accumulation in the brain or gut using standard molecular or immunohistochemical assays. To confirm presence or absence of prion infectivity, we employed an optimized real-time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay developed at the Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, USA.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Detection of PrPSc was unsuccessful for brain samples tests from the orally inoculated L type animal using the RT-QuIC. It is possible that these negative results were related to the tissue sampling locations or that type specific optimization is needed to detect PrPSc in this animal. We were however able to consistently detect the presence of mis-folded prions in the brain of the H-type inoculated animal. Considering the negative and inconclusive results with other PrPSc detection methods, positive results using the optimized RT-QuIC suggests the method is extremely sensitive for H-type BSE detection. This may be evidence of the first successful oral transmission of H type atypical BSE in cattle and additional investigation of samples from these animals are ongoing.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.29370" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.29370</a></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/06/prion-2014-typical-and-atypical-bse-and.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/06/prion-2014-typical-and-atypical-bse-and.html</a></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/05/a-comparison-of-classical-and-h-type.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/05/a-comparison-of-classical-and-h-type.html</a></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2017/01/oral-transmission-of-l-type-bovine.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2017/01/oral-transmission-of-l-type-bovine.html</a></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Detection of PrPBSE and prion infectivity in the ileal Peyer’s patch of young calves as early as 2 months after oral challenge with classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy </span><br /></div></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Ivett Ackermann1 , Anne Balkema‑Buschmann1 , Reiner Ulrich2 , Kerstin Tauscher2 , James C. Shawulu1 , Markus Keller1 , Olanrewaju I. Fatola1 , Paul Brown3 and Martin H. Groschup1* </span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Abstract </span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">In classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (C-BSE), an orally acquired prion disease of cattle, the ileal Peyer’s patch (IPP) represents the main entry port for the BSE agent. In earlier C-BSE pathogenesis studies, cattle at 4–6 months of age were orally challenged, while there are strong indications that the risk of infection is highest in young animals. In the present study, unweaned calves aged 4–6 weeks were orally challenged to determine the earli‑ est time point at which newly formed PrPBSE and BSE infectivity are detectable in the IPP. For this purpose, calves were culled 1 week as well as 2, 4, 6 and 8 months post-infection (mpi) and IPPs were examined for BSE infectivity using a bovine PrP transgenic mouse bioassay, and for PrPBSE by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and protein misfolding cyclic amplifcation (PMCA) assays. For the frst time, BSE prions were detected in the IPP as early as 2 mpi by transgenic mouse bioassay and PMCA and 4 mpi by IHC in the follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) of the IPP follicles. These data indi‑ cate that BSE prions propagate in the IPP of unweaned calves within 2 months of oral uptake of the agent.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">In summary, our study demonstrates for the frst time PrPBSE (by PMCA) and prion infectivity (by mouse bioassay) in the ileal Peyer’s patch (IPP) of young calves as early as 2 months after infection. From 4 mpi nearly all calves showed PrPBSE positive IPP follicles (by IHC), even with PrPBSE accumulation detectable in FDCs in some animals. Finally, our results confrm the IPP as the early port of entry for the BSE agent and a site of initial propagation of PrPBSE and infectivity during the early pathogenesis of the disease. Terefore, our study supports the recommendation to remove the last four metres of the small intestine (distal ileum) at slaughter, as designated by current legal requirements for countries with a controlled BSE risk status, as an essential measure for consumer and public health protection.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5738053/pdf/13567_2017_Article_495.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5738053/pdf/13567_2017_Article_495.pdf</a></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">A study comparing preclinical cattle infected naturally with BSE to clinically affected cattle either naturally or experimentally infected with BSE by the oral route found the most abundant PrPSc in the brainstem area (39), which is consistent with ascension to the brain from the gut by sympathetic and parasympathetic projections (40). In our experiment, abundant prions were observed in the brainstem of cattle with clinical signs of BSE, which is similar to the amount in their thalamus or midbrain regions. Interestingly, prions in the brainstem of cattle with clinical evidence of BSE seeded the RT-QuIC reactions faster than any other brain region despite the brainstem area having lower EIA OD values (Table 2) in comparison to other brain regions. This suggests that higher concentrations of prions do not necessarily seed the reaction faster. Perhaps prions of the brainstem exist in a preferred conformation for better conversion despite being present in lower concentrations.</span><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">snip... </span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2017.00242/full" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2017.00242/full</a></span></div></div></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;">The 2004 enhanced BSE surveillance program was so flawed, that one of the top TSE prion Scientist for the CDC, Dr. Paul Brown stated ; Brown, who is preparing a scientific paper based on the latest two mad cow cases to estimate the maximum number of infected cows that occurred in the United States, said he has "absolutely no confidence in USDA tests before one year ago" because of the agency's reluctance to retest the Texas cow that initially tested positive.<br /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;">see ;</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.upi.com/Health_News/2006/03/15/Analysis-What-that-mad-cow-means/UPI-12841142465253/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.upi.com/Health_News/2006/03/15/Analysis-What-that-mad-cow-means/UPI-12841142465253/</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;">CDC - Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy and Variant Creutzfeldt ... Dr. Paul Brown is Senior Research Scientist in the Laboratory of Central Nervous System ... Address for correspondence: Paul Brown, Building 36, Room 4A-05, ...<br /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><a class="yiv1779797984linkified" href="http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol7no1/brown.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol7no1/brown.htm</a></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;">PAUL BROWN COMMENT TO ME ON THIS ISSUE</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;">Tuesday, September 12, 2006 11:10 AM</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;">"Actually, Terry, I have been critical of the USDA handling of the mad cow issue for some years, and with Linda Detwiler and others sent lengthy detailed critiques and recommendations to both the USDA and the Canadian Food Agency."</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;">OR, what the Honorable Phyllis Fong of the OIG found ;</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;">Finding 2 Inherent Challenges in Identifying and Testing High-Risk Cattle Still Remain</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;">IT is of my opinion, that the OIE and the USDA et al, are the soul reason, and responsible parties, for Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE prion diseases, including typical and atypical BSE, typical and atypical Scrapie, and all strains of CWD, and human TSE there from, spreading around the globe. I have lost all confidence of this organization as a regulatory authority on animal disease, and consider it nothing more than a National Trading Brokerage for all strains of animal TSE, just to satisfy there commodity. AS i said before, OIE should hang up there jock strap now, since it appears they will buckle every time a country makes some political hay about trade protocol, commodities and futures. IF they are not going to be science based, they should do everyone a favor and dissolve there organization. JUST because of low documented human body count with nvCJD and the long incubation periods, the lack of sound science being replaced by political and corporate science in relations with the fact that science has now linked some sporadic CJD with atypical BSE and atypical scrapie, and the very real threat of CWD being zoonosis, I believed the O.I.E. has failed terribly and again, I call for this organization to be dissolved... <br /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;">Monday, May 05, 2014</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;">Member Country details for listing OIE CWD 2013 against the criteria of Article 1.2.2., the Code Commission recommends consideration for listing</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/05/member-country-details-for-listing-oie.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/05/member-country-details-for-listing-oie.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;">Friday, December 5, 2014<br /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;">SPECIAL ALERT The OIE recommends strengthening animal disease surveillance worldwide</div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/12/special-alert-oie-recommends.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/12/special-alert-oie-recommends.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.reginfo.gov/public/do/DownloadDocument?objectID=54003900" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.reginfo.gov/public/do/DownloadDocument?objectID=54003900</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><a href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.230.8886&rep=rep1&type=pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.230.8886&rep=rep1&type=pdf</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IFA/03-025IFA-2.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IFA/03-025IFA-2.pdf</a><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;">THURSDAY, JUNE 22, 2017 </span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;">World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) to establish liaison office in College Station, Texas OIE to establish liaison office in College Station, Texas </span><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><a href="http://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2017/06/world-organisation-for-animal-health.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2017/06/world-organisation-for-animal-health.html</a><br /></span></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">MAYBE since the OIE will be closer now, right here in Texas, they will do their job, because the past will tell us, the OIE failed terribly with Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy, and to this day, they still fail in terms of the mad cow type disease. we know now that sporadic CJD is linked to typical and atypical BSE, typical and atypical Scrapie, and to Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion, and to this day the OIE has denied any of this. the dead of every family member can lay that blame directly on the OIE and the USDA et al, imo, and these body bags are mounting as we speak...shame on you!</span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><a href="https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v485/n7398/full/485279b.html#/comments" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v485/n7398/full/485279b.html#/comments</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">MONDAY, JANUARY 4, 2016 </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Long live the OIE, or time to close the doors on a failed entity?<br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2016/01/long-live-oie-or-time-to-close-doors-on.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2016/01/long-live-oie-or-time-to-close-doors-on.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">the OIE BSE TSE Prion policy now, the BSE MRR, legalized the free trading of the TSE Prion disease, humans and animals have now become expendable. ... </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">‘’AS i said before, OIE should hang up there jock strap now, since it appears they will buckle every time a country makes some political hay about trade protocol, commodities and futures. IF they are not going to be science based, they should do everyone a favor and dissolve there organization.’’ </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">IN A NUT SHELL ; </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">(Adopted by the International Committee of the OIE on 23 May 2006) 11. Information published by the OIE is derived from appropriate declarations made by the official Veterinary Services of Member Countries. The OIE is not responsible for inaccurate publication of country disease status based on inaccurate information or changes in epidemiological status or other significant events that were not promptly reported to the Central Bureau, </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><a href="http://www.oie.int/eng/Session2007/RF2006.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.oie.int/eng/Session2007/RF2006.pdf </a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">snip...see ; </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Sunday, October 18, 2015 </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and the Institut Pasteur Cooperating on animal disease and zoonosis research </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2015/10/world-organisation-for-animal-health.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2015/10/world-organisation-for-animal-health.html</a> </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Thursday, December 17, 2015 </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Annual report of the Scientific Network on BSE-TSE 2015 EFSA-Q-2015-00738 10 December 2015 </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><a href="http://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2015/12/annual-report-of-scientific-network-on.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2015/12/annual-report-of-scientific-network-on.html </a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Saturday, December 12, 2015 </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">*** BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY BSE TSE PRION REPORT DECEMBER 14, 2015 </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2015/12/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2015/12/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a> <br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">TUESDAY, AUGUST 9, 2016 </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Concurrence with OIE Risk Designations for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2015-0055]<br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/08/concurrence-with-oie-risk-designations.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/08/concurrence-with-oie-risk-designations.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><div>Saturday, July 23, 2016</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY BSE TSE PRION SURVEILLANCE, TESTING, AND SRM REMOVAL UNITED STATE OF AMERICA UPDATE JULY 2016</span></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Tuesday, July 26, 2016</span></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion UPDATE JULY 2016</span></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Saturday, July 16, 2016</span></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Importation of Sheep, Goats, and Certain Other Ruminants [Docket No. APHIS-2009-0095]RIN 0579-AD10</span></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">WITH great disgust and concern, I report to you that the OIE, USDA, APHIS, are working to further legalize the trading of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Pion disease around the globe.</span></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><span style="font-size: 10pt;">THIS is absolutely insane. it’s USDA INC.</span></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2016/07/importation-of-sheep-goats-and-certain.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2016/07/importation-of-sheep-goats-and-certain.html</a><br clear="none" /></div></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">WEDNESDAY, JUNE 21, 2017 </span><br clear="none" /></div><div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">Docket No. FDA– 2009–N–0505 Agency Information Collection Activities; Proposed Collection; Recordkeeping and Reporting Requirements for Human Food and Cosmetics Manufactured From, Processed With, or Otherwise Containing Material From Cattle<br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2017/06/docket-no-fda-2009n0505-agency.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2017/06/docket-no-fda-2009n0505-agency.html</a></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></div><div><div>Wednesday, March 11, 2015</div><div> </div><div>OIE and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Reinforce Collaboration</div><div> </div><div><a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/03/oie-and-centers-for-disease-control-and.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/03/oie-and-centers-for-disease-control-and.html</a><br /></div><div> </div><div>Friday, April 4, 2014</div><div> </div><div>China, Australia, Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Morocco, Israel, South Africa and Saudi Arabia still retain BSE-related closures</div><div> </div><div><a href="http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2014/04/china-australia-argentina-brazil.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2014/04/china-australia-argentina-brazil.html</a><br /></div><div> </div><div>Thursday, May 30, 2013</div><div> </div><div>World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) has upgraded the United States' risk classification for mad cow disease to "negligible" from "controlled", and risk further exposing the globe to the TSE prion mad cow type disease</div><div> </div><div>U.S. gets top mad-cow rating from international group and risk further exposing the globe to the TSE prion mad cow type disease</div><div> </div><div><a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/05/world-organization-for-animal-health.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/05/world-organization-for-animal-health.html</a><br /></div><div> </div><div><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2013/05/statement-from-agriculture-secretary.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2013/05/statement-from-agriculture-secretary.html</a><br /></div><div> </div><div>The OIE is nothing more than a trading brokerage for the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE prion disease aka mad cow type disease. Frances is still in the midst of a mad cow disease outbreak with atypical BSE cases still growing. mad cow disease is so bad in France, as with the USA, they stopped testing for mad cow disease (France altogether and the USA to figures so low, you would only detect a case of mad cow disease, only by chance).</div><div> </div><div>from the inside looking out ;</div><div> </div><div>Quote: Maybe familirise yourself with the OIE. The primary concern is animal health of the world they are the animal version of the WHO. It is a long way down from that ivory tower but here we go, until pressured by the USA representatives a country could not export animals for 6 years after finding a BSE/BASE positive animal so under the old rules the US would not be able to export anywhere in the world for another 4 1/2 years. Who got the risk levels system put in to allow some trade - your US representatives. You guys want to change rules - OK , but you do not get special rules that only apply to the US. As i have told you before Sand h I market all my own slaughter animals and you know that, so don't do the whole holier than thow act.</div><div> </div><div>With all due respect, it is obvious that you know little about the OIE and how it actually works. Having been to their offices in Paris and talked personally with the Head of the Animal Test Section, you would choke if you knew how many lobby groups attend that office daily. There is a steady stream of paid lobby groups that have one goal in life and that is to sway the Section Heads of each department within the OIE to suit the needs of different jurisdictions around the world, which curiously enough, also includes the USA and Canada. Anyone can go there and chat with them - providing they can provide valid cause to be let in. To say that the only goal of the OIE is animal health is actually only part of their function. They are more than that and my discussions with Dr. Diaz there has showed me that. But to blindly make a statement regarding what they do when you have no idea what they actually do is like eating the skin of the orange and not knowing what is actually under.</div><div> </div><div>Interestingly you state that the US Government applied pressure (to the OIE) I assume and that is a great example of the lobby groups doing their job. So, at the end of the day, one can safely assume that it is the pressure applied by certain influential lobby groups that will determine a likely outcome to an apparent OIE directive. Man alive, isn't it great to live in a democracy wherein the people get to make the choices and not just some "other" interested party or group - say like........Cargill or Tyson for example?</div><div> </div><div>So, one last question, question?</div><div> </div><div>Who wags the tail of that dog?? And for what reason other than one that is purely associated with trade and international agreements and greed?</div><div> </div><div>And you think it is so simply explainable.</div><div> </div><div>end...tss</div><div> </div><div>Subject: UPDATED WHO Guidelines include tissues from Cervidae affected with Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD)</div><div> </div><div>Distribution of infectivity in animal tissue and body fluids</div><div> </div><div>Introduction</div><div> </div><div>A.2.1 The following table (Table A2) presents a guide to the possible presence of TSE infectivity in various tissues and body fluids of cattle (exposed naturally or experimentally and orally to first passage BSE agent), sheep and goats (exposed naturally to scrapie agents and potentially to the BSE agent) irrespective of the stage of incubation. Table A2 has been updated in June 2010 taking account of the updated WHO Guidelines published in 2010 (WHO, 2010).</div><div> </div><div>*** A.2.2 This is the first time that the WHO Guidelines include tissues from Cervidae affected with Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD). CWD has not been reported in Europe despite some surveillance for it and there are no specific regulations in force. Should information on TSE infectivity in CWD be required, for example in regard to Cervidae in zoos or in animals in transit through our ports,*** please see updated 2010 WHO Guidelines.</div><div> </div><div>The inclusion of infectivity data in CWD in these Tables was considered important for three reasons: 1) CWD is continuing its spread to new regions of North America, 2) infectivity has been convincingly demonstrated in several bodily secretions and excretions of infected deer and 3) CWD is the only form of animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) that exists in the wild and, although not presently considered to be an important concern for human, could pose serious problems of control in the future, especially as a potential source of infection in other animal species.</div><div> </div><div><a href="http://www.who.int/bloodproducts/tablestissueinfectivity.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.who.int/bloodproducts/tablestissueinfectivity.pdf</a><br /></div><div> </div><div><a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/209760/Annex_A2_-_Distribution_of_infectivity_in_animal_tissue.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/209760/Annex_A2_-_Distribution_of_infectivity_in_animal_tissue.pdf</a><br /></div><div> </div><div><a href="http://www.who.int/bloodproducts/TSEPUBLISHEDREPORT.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.who.int/bloodproducts/TSEPUBLISHEDREPORT.pdf</a><br /></div><div> </div><div>Monday, May 05, 2014</div><div> </div><div>*** Member Country details for listing OIE CWD 2013 against the criteria of Article 1.2.2., the Code Commission recommends consideration for listing ***</div><div> </div><div><a href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/05/member-country-details-for-listing-oie.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/05/member-country-details-for-listing-oie.html</a></div></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div>MONDAY, JANUARY 04, 2021 </div><div><br /></div><div>NC1209: North American interdisciplinary chronic wasting disease research consortium Singeltary Submission January 2021</div><div><br /></div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/01/nc1209-north-american-interdisciplinary.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/01/nc1209-north-american-interdisciplinary.html</a></div></div><div><br /></div></div></span></div></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.6em; margin: 0px 0px 0.75em;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">Sunday, January 10, 2021 </div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">APHIS Concurrence With OIE Risk Designation for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [Docket No. APHIS-2018-0087] Singeltary Submission June 17, 2019<br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://oieusdabseprp.blogspot.com/2021/01/aphis-concurrence-with-oie-risk.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://oieusdabseprp.blogspot.com/2021/01/aphis-concurrence-with-oie-risk.html</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">SUNDAY, MAY 23, 2021 </span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">TEXAS 267 DIFFERENT SITES HAVE RECEIVED DEER FROM AT LEAST ONE OF THE TWO RECENT CWD POSITIVE FACILITIES </span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/05/texas-267-different-sites-have-received.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2021/05/texas-267-different-sites-have-received.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div><div><br /></div><div><br style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;" /></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33182925.post-13515583113055568752020-12-23T12:52:00.001-06:002020-12-23T12:52:10.430-06:00Idiopathic Brainstem Neuronal Chromatolysis IBNC BSE TSE Prion a Review 2020<p><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">Idiopathic Brainstem Neuronal Chromatolysis IBNC BSE TSE Prion a Review 2020</span></p><div id="yiv7082749183" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Published: 30 September 2008</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Idiopathic Brainstem Neuronal Chromatolysis (IBNC): a novel prion protein related disorder of cattle?</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Martin Jeffrey, Belinda Baquero Perez, Stuart Martin, Linda Terry & Lorenzo González BMC Veterinary Research volume 4, Article number: 38 (2008) Cite this article</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">11k Accesses</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">6 Citations</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">3 Altmetric</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Metricsdetails</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Abstract</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Background</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">The epidemic form of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) is generally considered to have been caused by a single prion strain but at least two strain variants of cattle prion disorders have recently been recognized. An additional neurodegenerative condition, idiopathic brainstem neuronal chromatolysis and hippocampal sclerosis (IBNC), a rare neurological disease of adult cattle, was also recognised in a sub-set of cattle submitted under the BSE Orders in which lesions of BSE were absent. Between the years of 1988 and 1991 IBNC occurred in Scotland with an incidence of 7 cases per 100,000 beef suckler cows over the age of 6 years.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Results</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">When the brains of 15 IBNC cases were each tested by immunohistochemistry, all showed abnormal labelling for prion protein (PrP). Immunohistological labelling for PrP was also present in the retina of a single case available for examination. The pattern of PrP labelling in brain is distinct from that seen in other ruminant prion diseases and is absent from brains with other inflammatory conditions and from normal control brains. Brains of IBNC cattle do not reveal abnormal PrP isoforms when tested by the commercial BioRad or Idexx test kits and do not reveal PrPres when tested by Western blotting using stringent proteinase digestion methods. However, some weakly protease resistant isoforms of PrP may be detected when tissues are examined using mild proteinase digestion techniques.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Discussion This study shows that the novel condition of cattle previously identified as IBNC and recognized from within the BSE suspect submissions, abnormally expresses or accumulates PrP in brain and retina. However, this abnormal PrP is not composed of isoforms that are strongly resistant to protease digestion suggesting that it is not present in the form of large aggregates.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Immunohistochemical demonstration of PrP labelling and increased levels of PrP mRNA have previously been described in adult humans affected with acute vascular disorders, in infants with perinatal hypoxia and experimental infarction of rodents [9]. These findings are considered to represent upregulation of PrP expression which encompasses part of the oxidative stress response of neurons. We have also observed increased PrP in the cytoplasm of neurons undergoing ischaemic degeneration in a variety of sheep encephalopathies. Though ischaemic neuronal degeneration is not a feature of IBNC, nevertheless, the presence of PrP within the cytoplasm of some chromatolytic and degenerate neurons of IBNC affected cattle is consistent with the idea that stressed neurons may respond by increasing PrP expression.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Though present in only two cows, the pattern of PrP accumulation within the granule cell layer of the cerebellum is morphologically similar to that reported by several authors for Nor 98 types of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathy or prion disease of sheep [3, 10]. The PrP accumulation within the plexiform layers of the eye is similar to that of both natural scrapie [11] and of Nor 98 (MJ personal observations). However the majority type of PrP labelling that occurred in all IBNC cases was found within the neuropil, mainly in the rostral neuraxis and cerebrum, the nature of which is previously unreported in cattle or in any other prion disorder. This novel pattern of labelling appears to correspond to a rarefaction or fine microvacuolation of neuropil as seen on standard HE stained sections.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Pathological, biochemical and bioassay data all suggest that the epidemic form of cattle BSE is a single strain. However, recent large scale EU wide surveillance for BSE has led to the unexpected discovery of rare and hitherto unknown prion diseases of cattle. Small numbers of atypical forms of cattle prion diseases have now been recognized from several European countries, in the USA and Japan and can be distinguished by histological, molecular and transmission characteristics [12–14]. Bovine Amyloidotic Spongiform Encephalopathy (BASE) was the first of these novel cattle prion disorders to be recognized and was characterized by the presence of numerous small amyloid deposits of abnormal PrP. It was initially discovered in three aged Italian cattle [1] and has subsequently been transmitted to transgenic mice [13, 14]. A further variant of a cattle prion disease affecting cows between 8 and 15 years was initially recognized in France [2] and has also been transmitted to mice. BSE and these novel cattle prion diseases can be distinguished using biochemical and molecular methods and are now classified as C, H and L type isolates [12]. H type and L type (BASE) isolates are defined according to the higher and lower positions of the unglycosylated PrPres bands in Western blots, respectively, when compared to the position of the corresponding band in classical BSE (C type) isolates [12]. L type cases formerly classified as BASE, have a distinctive glycopattern in which monoglycoslyated PrPres predominates compared to BSE [12, 14]. While IBNC cases are on average older than BSE cases they occupy a similar age class of cattle to that of H and L type cattle prion diseases, but IBNC can be readily distinguished from H, L and C type cattle prion disease by morphologic pathology and by the absence of PrPres under stringent conditions of protease digestion.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Not all abnormal PrPres isoforms detected from brains of animals affected with prion disease are resistant to stringent protease digestion. The PrPres of two sheep of the ARR/ARR PrP genotype affected with a classical scrapie-like disease accumulated unusually protease sensitive isoforms of PrP [15]. Similarly, the transmissible prion disease of sheep known as Nor 98 and related conditions (often referred to as atypical scrapie) also have weakly protease resistant PrPres [3, 16]. Nor 98 does not appear to transmit readily to other sheep under field conditions: it also does not transmit to conventional mice although it does readily transmit disease to one strain of transgenic mouse which substantially over-expresses the VRQ allele of sheep PrP [16, 17]. The transgenic PG14 mouse also has PrPres which is even more readily digested than that found in Nor 98 but this prion protein disorder has not so far been successfully transmitted [18]. The biochemical analyses of limited numbers of IBNC cases clearly shows that highly aggregated forms of protease resistant PrP are not present in brain tissue. However, when the data from the ELISA and immunoblot tests using mild protease digestion are compared with that of normal control material it is possible that smaller aggregates of PrP molecules may be present.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Conclusion</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">The study shows that a distinctive neurological disorder of cattle, which has some clinical similarities to BSE, is associated with abnormal PrP labelling in brain but the pathology and biochemistry of IBNC are distinct from BSE. The study is important either because it raises the possibility of a significant increase in the scope of prion disease or because it demonstrates that widespread and consistent PrP alterations may not be confined to prion diseases. Further studies, including transmission experiments, are needed to establish whether IBNC is a condition in which prion protein is abnormally regulated or it is yet a further example of an infectious cattle prion disease.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Conclusion</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">The present results indicate that there are changes in PrP expression or accumulation in the neurodegenerative cattle disorder known as IBNC. The pathology and biochemistry of IBNC are quite distinct from that of other prion diseases of cattle and other species but the pathology does include grey matter spongiform changes. The transmissibility of this disorder is undetermined. These results are interesting as they show that either the range of prion diseases and associated pathology is still wider than previously thought or that substantial abnormalities of prion protein expression may be associated with brain lesions unconnected with classical prion diseases. Further biochemical and transmission studies are needed to determine which of these possibilities is correct.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-38" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://bmcvetres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-6148-4-38</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: black; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; line-height: 1.22em;"><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.22em;">P.9.21 Molecular characterization of BSE in Canada</div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.22em;">Jianmin Yang1, Sandor Dudas2, Catherine Graham2, Markus Czub3, Tim McAllister1, Stefanie Czub1 1Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, Canada; 2National and OIE BSE Reference Laboratory, Canada; 3University of Calgary, Canada</div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.22em;">Background: Three BSE types (classical and two atypical) have been identified on the basis of molecular characteristics of the misfolded protein associated with the disease. To date, each of these three types have been detected in Canadian cattle. Objectives: This study was conducted to further characterize the 16 Canadian BSE cases based on the biochemical properties of there associated PrPres.</div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.22em;">Methods: Immuno-reactivity, molecular weight, glycoform profiles and relative proteinase K sensitivity of the PrPres from each of the 16 confirmed Canadian BSE cases was determined using modified Western blot analysis.</div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.22em;">Results: Fourteen of the 16 Canadian BSE cases were C type, 1 was H type and 1 was L type. The Canadian H and L-type BSE cases exhibited size shifts and changes in glycosylation similar to other atypical BSE cases. PK digestion under mild and stringent conditions revealed a reduced protease resistance of the atypical cases compared to the C-type cases. N terminal- specific antibodies bound to PrPres from H type but not from C or L type. The C-terminal-specific antibodies resulted in a shift in the glycoform profile and detected a fourth band in the Canadian H-type BSE.</div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.22em;">Discussion: The C, L and H type BSE cases in Canada exhibit molecular characteristics similar to those described for classical and atypical BSE cases from Europe and Japan. This supports the theory that the importation of BSE contaminated feedstuff is the source of C-type BSE in Canada. * It also suggests a similar cause or source for atypical BSE in these countries.</div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.22em;">*** It also suggests a similar cause or source for atypical BSE in these countries. ***</div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.22em;">Discussion: The C, L and H type BSE cases in Canada exhibit molecular characteristics similar to those described for classical and atypical BSE cases from Europe and Japan. *** This supports the theory that the importation of BSE contaminated feedstuff is the source of C-type BSE in Canada. *** It also suggests a similar cause or source for atypical BSE in these countries. ***</div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.22em;">see page 176 of 201 pages...tss</div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/04/mad-cow-disease-usa-4th-case-documented.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2012/04/mad-cow-disease-usa-4th-case-documented.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2009/prion2009_bookofabstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2009/prion2009_bookofabstracts.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2871047/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2871047/</a></div></div></div></div></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">PLOS ONE Journal </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">*** Singeltary reply ; Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics of BSE in Canada Singeltary reply ;</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/4f9be886-69fe-4c7c-922b-85b0ecbe6d53" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/4f9be886-69fe-4c7c-922b-85b0ecbe6d53</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr., 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMT</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">***however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">***Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc detection by PMCA only.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">*** IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure ***</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv7082749183response_body" style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><div style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 18px;">Greetings Plos et al,<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />in reference to;<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />‘’A Naturally Occurring Bovine Tauopathy Is Geographically Widespread in the UK’’<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />I kindly wish to comment please, as follows.<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />I was stunned by this report.<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />This Research Report should have been titled ;<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />‘’It Appears A Naturally Occurring Bovine Tauopathy Is Geographically Widespread in the UK’’<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />>>>Thus IBNC _appears_ to be the first naturally occurring and geographically widespread tauopathy in a species other than humans.<<<<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />>>>IBNC _appear_ to lack intracellular neurofibrillary tangles,<<<<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />>>>Thus IBNC _appears_ to be the first naturally occurring and geographically widespread tauopathy in a species other than humans<<<<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />>>>IBNC appears to be a complex proteinopathy with evidence for additional secondary accumulation of alpha synuclein, ubiquitin, and possibly PrP [5]. <<<<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />>>>however, it appears to represent a naturally-occurring predominantly 3R tauopathy in a non-primate species.<<<<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />>>>In the absence of any specific aetiological cause of IBNC yet identified, and based on the existing epidemiology and presence of P-tau we have considered the possibility that IBNC might also have a significant environmental component. Epidemiological investigations to explore usage of herbicides, insecticides, parasiticides and other chemicals used in agriculture would be helpful in future investigations of IBNC and might provide further insight into some causes of neurodegeneration in man.<<<<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />This is supposition at best in my opinion, and at worse, I will refrain from comment.<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />Too many _appears_ , appears this, appears that.<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />Too many _In the absence of any specific aetiological cause of IBNC yet identified_<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />is this what science has come to?<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />has science become some entwined with corporate special interest, do we change science now?<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />I believe that is far too early to rule out IBNC as a Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE prion disease, either of typical or typical strain.<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />it can be argued that there is potential for Alzheimer’s to be a low dose TSE Prion disease ;<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" /><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=82860" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #303030; cursor: pointer; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=82860">http://www.plosone.org/an...</a><br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />what about horizontal and or vertical transmission of an atypical strain of the BSE TSE prion disease into a low dose that is not detectible with TSE Prion testing to date?<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />what about a completely different strain, another atypical, of the TSE prion disease, to low to detect to date, and I stress to date?<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />to abandon the TSE prion and IBNC link there from would be foolish in my opinion.<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />SEAC, FatPride, BSE Inquiry, have never found a link to pesticides, or OP’s, or metals, as a _cause_, to any TSE prion disease.<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />I have also followed the metals, pesticide debate as a cause for the TSE prion disease. to date, this has proven to be fruitless for any _cause_ of the TSE prion disease. not to say the potential for these factors for one to be more susceptible to a TSE prion from surrounding environmental factors i.e. surrounding TSE prion exposures from the various routes and sources of the TSE prion disease (see metals and pesticide i.e. FatePride towards the bottom). from Mark Purdey and his research, to a farmer with BSE that treated his kids with OP’s for head lice, and nothing scientific to date has confirmed a link to the TSE prion disease as a _cause_.<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />We MUST not abandon transmission studies, and or any link to the TSE prion disease.<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />IT appears, in the absence of any scientific link to any specific herbicides, insecticides, parasiticides and other chemicals to date to IBNC, to just explore other options instead of the transmission studies to prove one way or the other whether or not the IBNC or BBD or whatever you want to call this, while ignoring the existing epidemiology and knowledge of the TSE prion disease with the primitive TSE prion testing to date, it appears all this would be foolish, it appears this would be very questionable, in my opinion. ...<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />Terry S. Singeltary Sr.<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />REFERENCES<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />1992 NEW BRAIN DISORDER 3. WHAT ABOUT REPORTS OF NEW FORM OF BSE ? <a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090114131343/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/10/26001001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #303030; cursor: pointer; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090114131343/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/10/26001001.pdf">http://collections.europa...</a><br clear="none" /><br clear="none" /><em style="line-height: inherit;">THE LINE TO TAKE</em> ON IBNC $$$ 1995 $$$ 1995 page 9 of 14 ; *** 31. Mr. Bradley informed the Committee that the CVO had informed the CMO about the IBNC results and the transmission from retina and he, like the Committee was satisfied that the controls already in place or proposed were adequate. ... <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030327015011/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/06/21005001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #303030; cursor: pointer; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="http://web.archive.org/web/20030327015011/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/06/21005001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/we...</a><br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />IN CONFIDENCE *** BSE ATYPICAL LESION DISTRIBUTION <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20041226015813/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1993/03/14001001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #303030; cursor: pointer; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="http://web.archive.org/web/20041226015813/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1993/03/14001001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/we...</a><br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />BSE: BRAIN STEM NEURONAL CHROMATOLYSIS – ‘’BOVINE BRAIN DISORDER’’ <a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/10/23002001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #303030; cursor: pointer; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/10/23002001.pdf">http://collections.europa...</a><br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />zinc link to cows speculative <a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/10/27002001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #303030; cursor: pointer; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/10/27002001.pdf">http://collections.europa...</a><br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />DRAFT IN CONFIDENCE IDIOPATHIC BRAIN STEM NEURONAL CHROMATOLYSIS AND HIPPOCAMPAL SCLEROSIS (Vet. Rec. 1992, M Jeffrey, J W Wilemsith p359-362 <a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/10/20003001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #303030; cursor: pointer; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/10/20003001.pdf">http://collections.europa...</a><br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />BSE: DISCLOSURE OF INFORMATION AND FORECAST <a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/10/12002001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #303030; cursor: pointer; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20090505194948/http://bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1992/10/12002001.pdf">http://collections.europa...</a><br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />SEAC idiopathic brainstem neuronal chromatolysis IBNC 2009 <a href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20091010132922/http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/102-2.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #303030; cursor: pointer; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20091010132922/http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/102-2.pdf">http://webarchive.nationa...</a> <a href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20091010132922/http://www.seac.gov.uk/minutes/draft102.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #303030; cursor: pointer; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20091010132922/http://www.seac.gov.uk/minutes/draft102.pdf">http://webarchive.nationa...</a><br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />NEW RESULTS ON IDIOPATHIC BRAINSTEM NEURONAL CHROMATOLYSIS "All of the 15 cattle tested showed that the brains had abnormally accumulated PrP" <a href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20091010132922/http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/102-2.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #303030; cursor: pointer; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20091010132922/http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/102-2.pdf">http://webarchive.nationa...</a><br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />Atypical prion proteins and IBNC in cattle DEFRA project code SE1796 FOIA Final report These findings together might suggest an additional family of neurodegenerative diseases where the infectious form of PrP is not readily detected by our current diagnostic tests. IBNC is likely to represent a subset of this group of cattle. Based on these data, our overall conclusion is that a second type of BSE is unlikely to have co-existed at a high prevalence with the classical form in the cattle population during the UK epidemic. <a fg_scanned="1" href="http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=SE1796_8548_FIN.doc" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #303030; cursor: pointer; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=SE1796_8548_FIN.doc">http://randd.defra.gov.uk...</a><br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />Project Documents • Final Report - Annex : Atypical prion proteins in cattle (10064k) • Final Report - SID5 : Atypical prion proteins in cattle (201k) <a fg_scanned="1" href="http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Default.aspx?Menu=Menu&Module=More&Location=None&ProjectID=14257&FromSearch=Y&Publisher=1&SearchText=SE1796&SortString=ProjectCode&SortOrder=Asc&Paging=10#Description" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #303030; cursor: pointer; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Default.aspx?Menu=Menu&Module=More&Location=None&ProjectID=14257&FromSearch=Y&Publisher=1&SearchText=SE1796&SortString=ProjectCode&SortOrder=Asc&Paging=10#Description">http://randd.defra.gov.uk...</a> if links above do not work, see ; <a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/07/atypical-prion-proteins-and-ibnc-in.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #303030; cursor: pointer; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/07/atypical-prion-proteins-and-ibnc-in.html">http://bse-atypical.blogs...</a><br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />ITEM 6 FATEPRIDE (SEAC 97/4) 35. ***However, there was no evidence that environmental factors, including manganese, cause disease. <a href="http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/draft98-1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #303030; cursor: pointer; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/draft98-1.pdf">http://www.seac.gov.uk/pa...</a> <a href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080726154405/http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/draft98-1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #303030; cursor: pointer; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080726154405/http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/draft98-1.pdf">http://webarchive.nationa...</a><br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />FATEPriDE KEY FINDINGS ORGANOPHOSPHATE NO RELATIONSHIP TO CAUSE TSE <a href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080726154822/http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/97-4.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #303030; cursor: pointer; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080726154822/http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/97-4.pdf">http://webarchive.nationa...</a><br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />OP'S MEETING WITH PURDEY <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010614051238/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/02/09001001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #303030; cursor: pointer; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="http://web.archive.org/web/20010614051238/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1994/02/09001001.pdf">http://web.archive.org/we...</a><br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />Copper deficiency in the young bovine results in dramatic decreases in brain copper concentration ***but does not alter brain prion protein biology L. R. Legleiter, J. W. Spears and H. C. Liu Department of Animal Science and Interdepartmental Nutrition Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC <a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18599661" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #303030; cursor: pointer; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18599661">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.g...</a><br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />SEAC 103/1 SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY ADVISORY COMMITTEE Draft minutes of the 102nd meeting held on 4th March 2009 Nobel House, 17 Smith Square, London SW1P 3JR<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" /><a href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110205132946/http://www.seac.gov.uk/minutes/minutes102.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #303030; cursor: pointer; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110205132946/http://www.seac.gov.uk/minutes/minutes102.pdf">http://webarchive.nationa...</a><br clear="none" /><br clear="none" /><a href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110205132946/http://www.seac.gov.uk/minutes/minutes103.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #303030; cursor: pointer; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110205132946/http://www.seac.gov.uk/minutes/minutes103.pdf">http://webarchive.nationa...</a><br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr.<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />Sent: Tuesday, August 13, 2013 3:58 PM<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />To: Science.Advisory.Council@defra.gsi.gov.uk<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />Subject: Idiopathic Brainstem Neuronal Chromatolysis (IBNC): a novel prion protein related disorder of cattle?<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />Greetings Honorable Science Advisory Council et al @ DEFRA,<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />I wish to ask a question about something I have seen no updates on, that concerns me.<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />IDIOPATHIC BRAINSTEM NEURONAL CHROMATOLYSIS IBNC or what I some times call, IBNC BSE.<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />I have seen nothing in the scientific literature updated on this in years, since around 2008, then it was like it fell off the face of the earth ?<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />can you please give me some sort of update on the IBNC BSE science to date ?<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />how many cases of IBNC BSE have been detected ?<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />is there an ongoing surveillance for this the IBNC BSE, and are the BSE test even capable of detecting it ?<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />could the USA and or North America even detect, if they were even looking for it ?<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />latest studies, if any more since "All of the 15 cattle tested showed that the brains had abnormally accumulated PrP" ?<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />thank you,<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />kind regards, terry<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />Research article Idiopathic Brainstem Neuronal Chromatolysis (IBNC): a novel prion protein related disorder of cattle? Martin Jeffrey1*, Belinda Baquero Perez2, Stuart Martin1, Linda Terry2 and Lorenzo González1<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" /><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1746-6148/4/38" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #303030; cursor: pointer; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1746-6148/4/38">http://www.biomedcentral....</a><br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />2015<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />PRION 2015 ORAL AND POSTER CONGRESSIONAL ABSTRACTS<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health.<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />===============<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />O.08: H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism: Clinical and pathologic features in wild-type and E211K cattle following intracranial inoculation<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />S Jo Moore, M Heather West Greenlee, Jodi Smith, Eric Nicholson, Cathy Vrentas, and Justin Greenlee United States Department of Agriculture; Ames, IA USA<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />***This study demonstrates that the phenotype of E211K H-type BSE remains stable when transmitted to cattle without the E211K polymorphism, and exhibits a number of features that differ from classical BSE in both wild-type and E211K cattle.<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />==============<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />P.108: Successful oral challenge of adult cattle with classical BSE<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />Sandor Dudas1,*, Kristina Santiago-Mateo1, Tammy Pickles1, Catherine Graham2, and Stefanie Czub1 1Canadian Food Inspection Agency; NCAD Lethbridge; Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada; 2Nova Scotia Department of Agriculture; Pathology Laboratory; Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />***Our study demonstrates susceptibility of adult cattle to oral transmission of classical BSE. We are further examining explanations for the unusual disease presentation in the third challenged animal.<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />========================<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />P.86: Estimating the risk of transmission of BSE and scrapie to ruminants and humans by protein misfolding cyclic amplification<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />Morikazu Imamura, Naoko Tabeta, Yoshifumi Iwamaru, and Yuichi Murayama National Institute of Animal Health; Tsukuba, Japan<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />Although these results were not compatible with the previous reports describing the lack of transmissibility of H-type BSE to ovine and human transgenic mice, ***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals.<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />================<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />P.136: Mother to offspring transmission of CWD—Detection in fawn tissues using the QuIC assay<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />Amy Nalls, Erin McNulty, Clare Hoover, Jeanette Hayes-Klug, Kelly Anderson, Edward Hoover, and Candace Mathiason Colorado State University; Fort Collins, CO USA<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />***Our findings demonstrate that transmission of prions from mother to offspring can occur, and *** may be underestimated for all prion diseases.<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />===============<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" /><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/programguide1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #303030; cursor: pointer; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/programguide1.pdf">https://prion2015.files.w...</a><br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />ALSO, PLEASE SEE ;<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />31 Jan 2015 at 20:14 GMT<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />*** Ruminant feed ban for cervids in the United States? ***<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />31 Jan 2015 at 20:14 GMT<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" /><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=85351" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #303030; cursor: pointer; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=85351">http://www.plosone.org/an...</a><br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />Saturday, May 30, 2015 PRION 2015 ORAL AND POSTER CONGRESSIONAL ABSTRACTS <a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #303030; cursor: pointer; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf">https://prion2015.files.w...</a><br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />Wednesday, June 10, 2015 Zoonotic Potential of CWD Prions LATE-BREAKING ABSTRACTS <a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #303030; cursor: pointer; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf">https://prion2015.files.w...</a> <a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/programguide1.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #303030; cursor: pointer; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/programguide1.pdf">https://prion2015.files.w...</a><br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />No documents available. Attachments View All (1) Docket No. APHIS-2014-0107 Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Importation of Animals and Animal Products Singeltary Submission View Attachment: <a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=APHIS-2014-0107-0003" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #303030; cursor: pointer; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=APHIS-2014-0107-0003">http://www.regulations.go...</a><br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />Prion-like transmission and spreading of tau pathology Florence Clavaguera1, Jürgen Hench1, Michel Goedert2 and Markus Tolnay1,* DOI: 10.1111/nan.12197 <a fg_scanned="1" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nan.12197/abstract?campaign=wolacceptedarticle" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #303030; cursor: pointer; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nan.12197/abstract?campaign=wolacceptedarticle">http://onlinelibrary.wile...</a><br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />Saturday, October 19, 2013 A comparative study of modified confirmatory techniques and additional immuno-based methods for non-conclusive autolytic Bovine spongiform encephalopathy cases <a href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1746-6148-9-212.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #303030; cursor: pointer; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1746-6148-9-212.pdf">http://www.biomedcentral....</a><br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />spontaneous atypical BSE ??? As of December 2011, around 60 atypical BSE cases have currently been reported in 13 countries, *** with over one third in France. <a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1746-6148/8/74" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #303030; cursor: pointer; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1746-6148/8/74">http://www.biomedcentral....</a><br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />Thursday, July 24, 2014 *** Protocol for further laboratory investigations into the distribution of infectivity of Atypical BSE SCIENTIFIC REPORT OF EFSA New protocol for Atypical BSE investigations <a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2014/07/protocol-for-further-laboratory.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #303030; cursor: pointer; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2014/07/protocol-for-further-laboratory.html">http://bse-atypical.blogs...</a><br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />P.66: Transport of CWD prions in Alberta soils Alsu Kuznetsova1, Debbie McKenzie2, Tariq Siddique1, and Judd Aiken2 1University of Alberta; Department of Renewable Resources; Edmonton, Canada; 2University of Alberta; Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases; Edmonton, Canada<br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />P.161: Prion soil binding may explain efficient horizontal CWD transmission Nathaniel Denkers1, Davin Henderson1, Shannon Bartelt-Hunt2, Jason Bartz3, and Edward Hoover1 1Colorado State University; Fort Collins, Colorado USA; 2University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Omaha, Nebraska USA; 3Creighton University; Omaha, Nebraska USA Conclusion. Silty clay loam exhibits highly efficient prion binding, inferring a durable environmental reservoir, and an efficient mechanism for indirect horizontal CWD transmission. <a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #303030; cursor: pointer; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf">https://prion2015.files.w...</a><br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />Tuesday, June 23, 2015 Report on the monitoring and testing of ruminants for the presence of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) in the EU in 2013 Final version 18 May 2015 <a fg_scanned="1" href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/06/report-on-monitoring-and-testing-of.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #303030; cursor: pointer; line-height: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/06/report-on-monitoring-and-testing-of.html">http://transmissiblespong...</a><br clear="none" /><br clear="none" />end...TSS</div></div><div class="yiv7082749183competing_interests yiv7082749183absent" id="yiv7082749183competing_interests" style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: inherit;">No competing interests declared.</strong></div><div class="yiv7082749183competing_interests yiv7082749183absent" id="yiv7082749183competing_interests" style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: inherit;"><br /></strong></div><div class="yiv7082749183competing_interests yiv7082749183absent" id="yiv7082749183competing_interests" style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: inherit;">see full text;</strong></div><div class="yiv7082749183competing_interests yiv7082749183absent" id="yiv7082749183competing_interests" style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: inherit;"><br /></strong></div><div class="yiv7082749183competing_interests yiv7082749183absent" id="yiv7082749183competing_interests" style="color: #202020; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="line-height: inherit;"><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure </span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr., 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMT</span></div></strong></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/5adef4ac-a7e4-46a4-8806-c8533d5c862c" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comment?id=10.1371/annotation/5adef4ac-a7e4-46a4-8806-c8533d5c862c</a></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 17, 2009 </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">SEAC NEW RESULTS ON IDIOPATHIC BRAINSTEM NEURONAL CHROMATOLYSIS (IBNC) FROM THE VETERINARY LABORATORIES AGENCY (VLA) SEAC 103/1</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY ADVISORY COMMITTEE</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Draft minutes of the 102nd meeting held on 4th March 2009 Nobel House, 17 Smith Square, London SW1P 3JR</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">snip...</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">ITEM 5 – NEW RESULTS ON IDIOPATHIC BRAINSTEM NEURONAL CHROMATOLYSIS (IBNC) FROM THE VETERINARY LABORATORIES AGENCY (VLA)</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">14. Dr Martin Jeffrey (Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA)) presented an overview of a recent publication on Idiopathic Brainstem Neuronal Chromatolysis (IBNC)4. During the period 1987 to 1992, VLA examined the neuropathology of whole brains from all submissions made under the BSE orders in Scotland to look for possible strain variation or mutation of the existing BSE strain or other prion diseases of cattle. During the course of these investigations a small number of cases of IBNC were identified. Abnormally accumulated prion protein was found in the brains of the IBNC cases. Dr Jeffrey suggested that these findings indicate that the range of prion disease pathology may be wider than thought or that abnormalities of prion protein gene expression might be associated with brain lesions unconnected with classical prion diseases.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">15. A member noted that IBNC appears to be a rare disease and the prevalence of IBNC seems not to have increased over time. Dr Jeffrey noted that the detection rate of IBNC is dependent on the design of cattle surveillance and it is possible that cases of IBNC may be missed by current surveillance. Nevertheless, it is likely that IBNC is rare. A member suggested that should transmission </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">3 Truscott, J.E. and Ferguson, N. M. (2008) Control of scrapie in the UK sheep population. Epidemiology and Infection, 8 August 2008, on-line, doi: 10.1017/S0950268808001064. 4Jeffrey et al. (2008) Idiopathic Brainstem Neuronal Chromatolysis (IBNC): a novel prion protein related disorder of cattle? 4, 38.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">experiments using bovinised, ovinised and humanised mice indicate that IBNC is transmissible, the ability of surveillance to detect IBNC should be examined. It would be important to conduct transmission experiments using brains from IBNC cases proven, as far as possible, not to have BSE.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">16. A member asked about whether differential diagnosis was made on BSE suspect cases that subsequently were found not to be BSE. Dr Yvonne Boyd (Defra) noted that currently less than 10% of suspected BSE suspect cases were subsequently confirmed. Defra was funding a research project to examine a number of clinical BSE suspects subsequently found not to be BSE, but routine differential diagnosis was not carried out on all such cases. Dr Jim Hope (VLA) added that such cases were not specifically investigated for the presence of other neurological diseases; only the presence of spongiform change and the properties of the prion protein were assessed. However, obvious differential diagnoses were reported, e.g. meningioencephalitis, if detected.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">17. A member noted that even though prion protein accumulation was evident in IBNC cases, the form of prion protein produced was protease sensitive, indicating that IBNC may not be a form of TSE. Dr Jeffrey explained that, from the biochemical studies conducted, an abnormally folded, but protease sensitive, form of prion protein could not be ruled out.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">18. A member asked if any of the cases of IBNC examined showed evidence of possible co-infection with classical BSE. Dr Jeffrey replied that as the neuropathological lesions of IBNC and BSE differed, co-infection should be detectable. However, no evidence of co-infection had been detected. A member suggested it may be possible to re-examine archived BSE brains for the possibility of IBNC co-infection to establish whether IBNC is indeed a rare disease. Dr Jeffrey noted that as IBNC predominantly affects older cattle, the age of the cattle brains would be a factor in such an investigation.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">19. A member asked if the sequence of the prion protein gene had been studied in the IBNC cases as this can influence the pathogenesis and neuropathology of prion diseases. Dr Jeffrey replied that no detailed studies had been conducted.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">20. A member noted that IBNC appeared to be a neurological condition and therefore the specified risk material controls would confer public health protection should IBNC be zoonotic.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">21. The Chair summarised the discussion, noting that IBNC appears to pose no immediate high risk to human health. It appears to be a rare disease, although current surveillance may miss cases. It cannot be concluded if IBNC is transmissible, or not. Transmission studies using material from IBNC cases proven not to be BSE, that include transgenic mice lines, are important. Studies to investigate whether IBNC is associated with a normal or abnormal form of prion protein could be informative.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">ITEM 6 – UPDATE ON CJD EPIDEMIOLOGY</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">snip...see;</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/103-1.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.seac.gov.uk/papers/103-1.pdf</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2009/11/seac-new-results-on-idiopathic.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2009/11/seac-new-results-on-idiopathic.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Saturday, February 28, 2009</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">NEW RESULTS ON IDIOPATHIC BRAINSTEM NEURONAL CHROMATOLYSIS "All of the 15 cattle tested showed that the brains had abnormally accumulated PrP" 2009</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2009/02/new-results-on-idiopathic-brainstem.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2009/02/new-results-on-idiopathic-brainstem.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Wednesday, October 08, 2008 </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Idiopathic Brainstem Neuronal Chromatolysis (IBNC): a novel prion protein related disorder of cattle?</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2008/10/idiopathic-brainstem-neuronal.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2008/10/idiopathic-brainstem-neuronal.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Identification of Idiopathic Brainstem Neuronal Chromatolysis (IBNC) in group 5 samples</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">One of the 21 samples identified in group 5 was shown to have IBNC following histological investigation (03/00002) (figure 8). Concurrently, we investigated the PrP distribution in known cases of IBNC (Jeffrey et al 2008; “Idiopathic Brainstem Neuronal Chromatolysis (IBNC): a novel prion protein related disorder of cattle?” BMC Vet Res. 2008 Sep 30;4:38. The IHC and histology profile of this case was very similar to that of the known IBNC cases.</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">Investigation of the distribution and molecular characteristics of PrP from known IBNC</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">See also: Idiopathic Brainstem Neuronal Chromatolysis (IBNC): a novel prion protein related disorder of cattle?</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Jeffrey M, Perez BB, Martin S, Terry L, González L.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">BMC Vet Res. 2008 Sep 30;4:38</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">Further investigations demonstrated that 57% the assays performed on the confirmed IBNC samples, using the 0.3 Bio-Rad TeSeE assay (n=42), gave values above those of the test kit control and also the BSE negative brain pool control.</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">Half brains from six IBNC affected animals were retrieved from the TSE archive alongside the brainstem from a seventh animal. The cortex, brainstem, cerebellum and midbrain from these brains were sub-sampled and the adapted Bio-Rad TeSeE EIA, IDEXX Herdchek and Western Blot protocols applied to these tissues, in order to determine whether they could represent a form of atypical BSE. These samples had previously been found to be negative using the commercial Bio-Rad EIA and re-testing using this assay and the IDEXX Herdchek assay confirmed their negative status. When assayed using the adapted Bio-Rad protocol at 0.3µl/ml PK, 24/42 (57%) of the sample assays performed gave values above those of the test kit control and also the BSE negative brain pool control. Values above twice that of the calculated cut-off levels were found for each case but not for each brain site</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">No PrPres was detected when Western blotting these samples at either 20 or 4µl/ml PK but a signal was detected on the gels when blotted at the 0.12 and 0.3µl/ml PK levels. At 0.12µl/ml PK the IBNC samples were indistinguishable from the negative controls but at the 0.3µl/ml level more PrPres was detected in the IBNC cases than in the controls with each of the antibodies tested (SHA31, F99, SAF84 and P4). Illustrations of the F99 blot are shown in the paper. Other data not shown.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">These data suggest that IBNC affected cattle abnormally express or accumulate PrP in brain and that the abnormal PrP is not strongly resistant to protease digestion. The results suggest that either the range of prion diseases is still wider than previously thought or that abnormalities of prion protein expression may be associated with brain lesions unconnected with prion disorders. Biochemical and transmission studies are planned in order to investigate further (under SE2014).</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=SE1796_8548_FIN.doc" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=SE1796_8548_FIN.doc</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Volume/Issue: Volume 56: Issue 1</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Broadening spectrum of bovine spongiform encephalopathies</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">DOI: <a fg_scanned="1" href="https://doi.org/10.1556/amicr.56.2009.1.3" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1556/amicr.56.2009.1.3</a> Page Count: 53–60 Publication Date: 01 Mar 2009 Online Publication Date: 26 Mar 2009 Article Category: Research Article</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Until recently the etiology of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) was considered uniform. The infectious agent was thought to be a single strain of prion (posttranslationally altered form of normal prion protein: PrPSc) retaining its biochemical and biological characteristics during interspecies transmission. However, alternate PrPSc signatures through large-scale screening have recently been detected. In addition, genetic alterations governing susceptibility to prion infection and a mutation (E211K) capable of eliciting spontaneous BSE have been demonstrated. Thus, the spectrum of BSEs have broadened and three PrPSc variants (BSE-C, BSE-H and BSE-L) are now defined. Moreover, a new condition resembling BSE, idiopathic brainstem neuronal chromatolysis (IBNC), has been described that may also turn out to be a prion disease. Since one of the new BSE variants, L-type BSE, proved highly pathogenic detection and further characterization of the new conditions are essential.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">REFERENCES</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://akjournals.com/view/journals/030/56/1/article-p53.xml?body=contentReferences-20485" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://akjournals.com/view/journals/030/56/1/article-p53.xml?body=contentReferences-20485</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://akjournals.com/view/journals/030/56/1/article-p53.xml" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://akjournals.com/view/journals/030/56/1/article-p53.xml</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2015/06/a-naturally-occurring-bovine-tauopathy.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2015/06/a-naturally-occurring-bovine-tauopathy.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>Research Project: Investigation of a PRNP Polymorphism on Susceptibility to Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Location: Virus and Prion Research</div><div><br /></div><div>Project Number: 5030-32000-114-08-S Project Type: Non-Assistance Cooperative Agreement</div><div><br /></div><div>Start Date: Sep 1, 2019 End Date: Aug 31, 2023</div><div><br /></div><div>Objective: Determine the relationship of a genetic polymorphism in the prion protein gene of an Alabama beef cattle herd to atypical L-type BSE.</div><div><br /></div><div>Approach: The research effort being proposed will involve two specific objectives, and include: 1) an evaluation of the genotype of older cattle with this potential phenotype; and, 2) development of a cohort of calves that are homozygous wild-type (R/R), heterozygous (R/T) and homozygous affected (T/T). Specific Objective #2 will be accomplished through selective breeding of R/T genotype cattle at the farm of origin and utilization of advanced reproductive technologies developed by Cooperator. First, estrus synchronization/timed artificial insemination (TAI) techniques on R/T cattle will be performed. Starting in January 2020, between 40-50 cattle with the R/T genotype will be separated from the other members of the herd into distinct breeding groups, and setup for estrus synchronization-TAI using semen from bulls who we already have confirmed have the genetic polymorphism. Following TAI, two clean-up bulls who have been confirmed to possess the R/T genotype will be used to breed 20-25 cows each for a 60-day breeding season. Second, superovulation-embryo transfer or superovulation-in vitro fertilization of select R/T cattle will be performed at Cooperator's facility. One of the cattle to be utilized in the advanced reproductive technologies program is the sole-surviving offspring of the original 2017 Alabama BSE cow.Three (3) cows known to have the R/T genotype will be setup for embryo transfer (ET) or in vitro fertilization (IVF). We anticipate performing ET once monthly or IVF twice monthly on these 3 cows and freezing the resulting high quality grade embryos. Once calves are born either to dams (farm of origin breedings) or recipients (ET or IVF), they will be tested for the PRNP polymorphism and raised with their dams until weaning at approximately 8 months of age when 30 calves (10 each with R/R, R/T, and T/T genotype) will be transferred to USDA-ARS for susceptibility studies.</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=437152" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=437152</a></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div><div><div><div><div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>2009 UPDATE ON ALABAMA AND TEXAS MAD COWS 2005 and 2006</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2006/08/bse-atypical-texas-and-alabama-update.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2006/08/bse-atypical-texas-and-alabama-update.html</a></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">THURSDAY, JULY 20, 2017 </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">USDA OIE Alabama Atypical L-type BASE Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE animal feeds for ruminants rule, 21 CFR 589.200</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2017/07/usda-oie-alabama-atypical-l-type-base.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2017/07/usda-oie-alabama-atypical-l-type-base.html</a></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">LET'S take a closer look at this new prionpathy or prionopathy, and then let's look at the g-h-BSEalabama mad cow. </span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">This new prionopathy in humans? </span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">the genetic makeup is IDENTICAL to the g-h-BSEalabama mad cow, the only _documented_ mad cow in the world to date like this, ......</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">wait, it get's better. this new prionpathy is killing young and old humans, with LONG DURATION from onset of symptoms to death, and the symptoms are very similar to nvCJD victims, OH, and the plaques are very similar in some cases too, bbbut, it's not related to the g-h-BSEalabama cow, </span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">WAIT NOW, it gets even better, the new human prionpathy that they claim is a genetic TSE, has no relation to any gene mutation in that family. daaa, ya think it could be related to that mad cow with the same genetic make-up ??? </span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">there were literally tons and tons of banned mad cow protein in Alabama in commerce, and none of it transmitted to cows, and the cows to humans there from ??? r i g h t $$$ </span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">ALABAMA MAD COW g-h-BSEalabama </span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">In this study, we identified a novel mutation in the bovine prion protein gene (Prnp), called E211K, of a confirmed BSE positive cow from Alabama, United States of America. </span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">This mutation is identical to the E200K pathogenic mutation found in humans with a genetic form of CJD. </span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">This finding represents the first report of a confirmed case of BSE with a potential pathogenic mutation within the bovine Prnp gene. </span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">We hypothesize that the bovine Prnp E211K mutation most likely has caused BSE in "the approximately 10-year-old cow" carrying the E221K mutation. </span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000156" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10..1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000156</a> </span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000156&representation=PDF" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.plospathogens.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000156&representation=PDF</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Saturday, August 14, 2010 </span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">BSE Case Associated with Prion Protein Gene Mutation (g-h-BSEalabama) and VPSPr PRIONPATHY (see mad cow feed in COMMERCE IN ALABAMA...TSS) </span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/2010/08/bse-case-associated-with-prion-protein.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/2010/08/bse-case-associated-with-prion-protein.html</a></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">her healthy calf also carried the mutation (J. A. Richt and S. M. Hall PLoS Pathog. 4, e1000156; 2008). </span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">This raises the possibility that the disease could occasionally be genetic in origin. Indeed, the report of the UK BSE Inquiry in 2000 suggested that the UK epidemic had most likely originated from such a mutation and argued against the scrapierelated assumption. Such rare potential pathogenic PRNP mutations could occur in countries at present considered to be free of BSE, such as Australia and New Zealand. So it is important to maintain strict surveillance for BSE in cattle, with rigorous enforcement of the ruminant feed ban (many countries still feed ruminant proteins to pigs). Removal of specified risk material, such as brain and spinal cord, from cattle at slaughter prevents infected material from entering the human food chain. Routine genetic screening of cattle for PRNP mutations, which is now available, could provide additional data on the risk to the public. Because the point mutation identified in the Alabama animals is identical to that responsible for the commonest type of familial (genetic) CJD in humans, it is possible that the resulting infective prion protein might cross the bovine-human species barrier more easily. Patients with vCJD continue to be identified. The fact that this is happening less often should not lead to relaxation of the controls necessary to prevent future outbreaks. Malcolm A. Ferguson-Smith Cambridge University Department of Veterinary Medicine, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK e-mail:<a href="mailto:maf12@cam.ac.uk" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:maf12@cam.ac.uk">maf12@cam.ac.uk</a> Jürgen A. Richt College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, K224B Mosier Hall, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-5601, USA NATURE|Vol 457|26 February 2009</span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v457/n7233/full/4571079b.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v457/n7233/full/4571079b.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">LET'S take a closer look at this new prionpathy or prionopathy, and then let's look at the g-h-BSEalabama mad cow. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">This new prionopathy in humans? </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">the genetic makeup is IDENTICAL to the g-h-BSEalabama mad cow, the only _documented_ mad cow in the world to date like this, ......</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">wait, it get's better. this new prionpathy is killing young and old humans, with LONG DURATION from onset of symptoms to death, and the symptoms are very similar to nvCJD victims, OH, and the plaques are very similar in some cases too, bbbut, it's not related to the g-h-BSEalabama cow, </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">WAIT NOW, it gets even better, the new human prionpathy that they claim is a genetic TSE, has no relation to any gene mutation in that family. daaa, ya think it could be related to that mad cow with the same genetic make-up ??? </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">there were literally tons and tons of banned mad cow protein in Alabama in commerce, and none of it transmitted to cows, and the cows to humans there from ??? r i g h t $$$ </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">ALABAMA MAD COW g-h-BSEalabama </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">In this study, we identified a novel mutation in the bovine prion protein gene (Prnp), called E211K, of a confirmed BSE positive cow from Alabama, United States of America. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">This mutation is identical to the E200K pathogenic mutation found in humans with a genetic form of CJD. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">This finding represents the first report of a confirmed case of BSE with a potential pathogenic mutation within the bovine Prnp gene. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">We hypothesize that the bovine Prnp E211K mutation most likely has caused BSE in "the approximately 10-year-old cow" carrying the E221K mutation. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000156" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000156</a> </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000156&representation=PDF" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.plospathogens.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000156&representation=PDF</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">Saturday, August 14, 2010 </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">BSE Case Associated with Prion Protein Gene Mutation (g-h-BSEalabama) and VPSPr PRIONPATHY (see mad cow feed in COMMERCE IN ALABAMA...TSS) </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/2010/08/bse-case-associated-with-prion-protein.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/2010/08/bse-case-associated-with-prion-protein.html</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">her healthy calf also carried the mutation (J. A. Richt and S. M. Hall PLoS Pathog. 4, e1000156; 2008). This raises the possibility that the disease could occasionally be genetic in origin. Indeed, the report of the UK BSE Inquiry in 2000 suggested that the UK epidemic had most likely originated from such a mutation and argued against the scrapierelated assumption. Such rare potential pathogenic PRNP mutations could occur in countries at present considered to be free of BSE, such as Australia and New Zealand. So it is important to maintain strict surveillance for BSE in cattle, with rigorous enforcement of the ruminant feed ban (many countries still feed ruminant proteins to pigs). Removal of specified risk material, such as brain and spinal cord, from cattle at slaughter prevents infected material from entering the human food chain. Routine genetic screening of cattle for PRNP mutations, which is now available, could provide additional data on the risk to the public. Because the point mutation identified in the Alabama animals is identical to that responsible for the commonest type of familial (genetic) CJD in humans, it is possible that the resulting infective prion protein might cross the bovine-human species barrier more easily. Patients with vCJD continue to be identified. The fact that this is happening less often should not lead to relaxation of the controls necessary to prevent future outbreaks. Malcolm A. Ferguson-Smith Cambridge University Department of Veterinary Medicine, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK e-mail: <a href="mailto:maf12@cam.ac.uk" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:maf12@cam.ac.uk">maf12@cam.ac.uk</a> Jürgen A. Richt College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, K224B Mosier Hall, Manhattan, Kansas 66506-5601, USA NATURE|Vol 457|26 February 2009</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v457/n7233/full/4571079b.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v457/n7233/full/4571079b.html</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">Thursday, July 24, 2014 </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">*** Protocol for further laboratory investigations into the distribution of infectivity of Atypical BSE SCIENTIFIC REPORT OF EFSA New protocol for Atypical BSE investigations </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2014/07/protocol-for-further-laboratory.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2014/07/protocol-for-further-laboratory.html</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">Saturday, August 14, 2010 </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">BSE Case Associated with Prion Protein Gene Mutation (g-h-BSEalabama) and VPSPr PRIONPATHY </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">(see mad cow feed in COMMERCE IN ALABAMA...TSS) </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/2010/08/bse-case-associated-with-prion-protein.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/2010/08/bse-case-associated-with-prion-protein.html</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="color: black; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">WEDNESDAY, APRIL 24, 2019 </span></div><div style="color: black; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: black; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">***> USDA Announces Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Detection Aug 29, 2018 A Review of Science 2019 <***</span></div><div style="color: black; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: black; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html</a></div><div style="color: black; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">TUESDAY, AUGUST 28, 2018 </span></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">USDA finds BSE infection in Florida cow 08/28/18 6:43 PM</span></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2018/08/usda-finds-bse-infection-in-florida-cow.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://animalhealthreportpriontse..blogspot.com/2018/08/usda-finds-bse-infection-in-florida-cow.html</a></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 29, 2018 </span></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">USDA Announces Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Detection USDA 08/29/2018 10:00 AM EDT</span></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2018/08/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2018/08/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html</a></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 29, 2018 </span></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion Atypical BSE Confirmed Florida Update USA August 28, 2018</span></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/08/transmissible-spongiform-encephalopathy.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/08/transmissible-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><div dir="ltr">THURSDAY, DECEMBER 17, 2020</div><div dir="ltr"> <br /></div><div dir="ltr">THE MAD COW BSE TSE PRION THAT STOLE CHRISTMAS DECEMBER 2003, WHAT REALLY HAPPENED, A REVIEW 2020 <br /></div><div dir="ltr"><br /></div><div dir="ltr"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/the-mad-cow-bse-tse-prion-that-stole.html" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/the-mad-cow-bse-tse-prion-that-stole.html</a></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">WEDNESDAY, JULY 31, 2019 </div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">The agent of transmissible mink encephalopathy passaged in sheep is similar to BSE-L</div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://transmissible-mink-encephalopathy.blogspot.com/2019/07/the-agent-of-transmissible-mink.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissible-mink-encephalopathy.blogspot.com/2019/07/the-agent-of-transmissible-mink.html</a></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;"><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div id="yiv7431519042aolmail_aolmail_AOLMsgPart_2_231efb16-bece-4be2-9555-8828489cb794"><div class="yiv7431519042aolmail_aolmail_aolReplacedBody"><div id="yiv7431519042aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_AOLMsgPart_2_076c3e68-3f1c-492a-b84c-fa586eb49e44"><div class="yiv7431519042aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolReplacedBody"><div id="yiv7431519042aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_AOLMsgPart_2_314a32af-6aac-473d-8dc2-78ba9131e347"><div class="yiv7431519042aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolReplacedBody"><div id="yiv7431519042aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_AOLMsgPart_2_162e08c0-024f-424d-bebb-66f89d627450"><div class="yiv7431519042aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolReplacedBody"><div id="yiv7431519042aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_AOLMsgPart_2_55d0d5c6-e95d-4ef2-81fc-d72be9f7a63c"><div class="yiv7431519042aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolReplacedBody"><div id="yiv7431519042aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_AOLMsgPart_2_268b3d40-d03f-4bd8-817c-0b0a21454b9b"><div class="yiv7431519042aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolReplacedBody"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">O.4.3</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Spread of BSE prions in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) after oral transmission</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Edgar Holznagel1, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2, Barbara Yutzy1, Gerhard Hunsmann3, Johannes Loewer1 1Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Federal Institute for Sera and Vaccines, Germany; 2Department of Neuropathology, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany, 3Department of Virology and Immunology, German Primate Centre, Göttingen, Germany</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Background: BSE-infected cynomolgus monkeys represent a relevant animal model to study the pathogenesis of variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (vCJD).</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Objectives: To study the spread of BSE prions during the asymptomatic phase of infection in a simian animal model.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Methods: Orally BSE-dosed macaques (n=10) were sacrificed at defined time points during the incubation period and 7 orally BSE-dosed macaques were sacrificed after the onset of clinical signs. Neuronal and non-neuronal tissues were tested for the presence of proteinase-K-resistant prion protein (PrPres) by western immunoblot and by paraffin-embedded tissue (PET) blot technique.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Results: In clinically diseased macaques (5 years p.i. + 6 mo.), PrPres deposits were widely spread in neuronal tissues (including the peripheral sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system) and in lymphoid tissues including tonsils. In asymptomatic disease carriers, PrPres deposits could be detected in intestinal lymph nodes as early as 1 year p.i., but CNS tissues were negative until 3 – 4 years p.i. Lumbal/sacral segments of the spinal cord and medulla oblongata were PrPres positive as early as 4.1 years p.i., whereas sympathetic trunk and all thoracic/cervical segments of the spinal cord were still negative for PrPres. However, tonsil samples were negative in all asymptomatic cases.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Discussion: There is evidence for an early spread of BSE to the CNS via autonomic fibres of the splanchnic and vagus nerves indicating that trans-synaptical spread may be a time-limiting factor for neuroinvasion. Tonsils were predominantly negative during the main part of the incubation period indicating that epidemiological vCJD screening results based on the detection of PrPres in tonsil biopsies may mostly tend to underestimate the prevalence of vCJD among humans.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">P.4.23</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Transmission of atypical BSE in humanized mouse models</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Liuting Qing1, Wenquan Zou1, Cristina Casalone2, Martin Groschup3, Miroslaw Polak4, Maria Caramelli2, Pierluigi Gambetti1, Juergen Richt5, Qingzhong Kong1 1Case Western Reserve University, USA; 2Instituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale, Italy; 3Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany; 4National Veterinary Research Institute, Poland; 5Kansas State University (Previously at USDA National Animal Disease Center), USA</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Background: Classical BSE is a world-wide prion disease in cattle, and the classical BSE strain (BSE-C) has led to over 200 cases of clinical human infection (variant CJD). Atypical BSE cases have been discovered in three continents since 2004; they include the L-type (also named BASE), the H-type, and the first reported case of naturally occurring BSE with mutated bovine PRNP (termed BSE-M). The public health risks posed by atypical BSE were largely undefined.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Objectives: To investigate these atypical BSE types in terms of their transmissibility and phenotypes in humanized mice. Methods: Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were inoculated with several classical (C-type) and atypical (L-, H-, or Mtype) BSE isolates, and the transmission rate, incubation time, characteristics and distribution of PrPSc, symptoms, and histopathology were or will be examined and compared.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Results: Sixty percent of BASE-inoculated humanized mice became infected with minimal spongiosis and an average incubation time of 20-22 months, whereas only one of the C-type BSE-inoculated mice developed prion disease after more than 2 years. Protease-resistant PrPSc in BASE-infected humanized Tg mouse brains was biochemically different from bovine BASE or sCJD. PrPSc was also detected in the spleen of 22% of BASE-infected humanized mice, but not in those infected with sCJD. Secondary transmission of BASE in the humanized mice led to a small reduction in incubation time. The atypical BSE-H strain is also transmissible with distinct phenotypes in the humanized mice, but no BSE-M transmission has been observed so far.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Discussion: Our results demonstrate that BASE is more virulent than classical BSE, has a lymphotropic phenotype, and displays a modest transmission barrier in our humanized mice.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">BSE-H is also transmissible in our humanized Tg mice.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">The possibility of more than two atypical BSE strains will be discussed.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Supported by NINDS NS052319, NIA AG14359, and NIH AI 77774.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><a href="http://www.prion2009.com/sites/default/files/Prion2009_Book_of_Abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.prion2009.com/sites/default/files/Prion2009_Book_of_Abstracts.pdf</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">P03.137</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Transmission of BSE to Cynomolgus Macaque, a Non-human Primate; Development of Clinical Symptoms and Tissue Distribution of PrPSC</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Yamakawa, Y1; Ono, F2; Tase, N3; Terao, K3; Tannno, J3; Wada, N4; Tobiume, M5; Sato, Y5; Okemoto-Nakamura, Y1; Hagiwara, K1; Sata, T5 1National Institure of Infectious diseases, Cell biology and Biochemistry, Japan; 2Corporation for Production and Research Laboratory Primates., Japan; 3National Institure of Biomedical Innovation, Tsukuba Primate Reserch Center, Japan; 4Yamauchi Univ., Veterinary Medicine, Japan; 5National Institure of Infectious diseases, Pathology, Japan</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Two of three cynomolgus monkeys developed abnormal neuronal behavioral signs at 30-(#7) and 28-(#10) months after intracerebral inoculation of 200ul of 10% brain homogenates of BSE affected cattle (BSE/JP6). Around 30 months post inoculation (mpi), they developed sporadic anorexia and hyperekplexia with squeal against environmental stimulations such as light and sound. Tremor, myoclonic jerk and paralysis became conspicuous during 32 to 33-mpi, and symptoms become worsened according to the disease progression. Finally, one monkey (#7) fell into total paralysis at 36-mpi. This monkey was sacrificed at 10 days after intensive veterinary care including infusion and per oral supply of liquid food. The other monkey (#10) had to grasp the cage bars to keep an upright posture caused by the sever ataxia. This monkey was sacrificed at 35-mpi. EEG of both monkeys showed diffuse slowing. PSD characteristic for sporadic CJD was not observed in both monkeys. The result of forearm movement test showed the hypofunction that was observed at onset of clinical symptoms. Their cognitive function determined by finger maze test was maintained at the early stage of sideration. However, it was rapidly impaired followed by the disease progression. Their autopsied tissues were immunochemically investigated for the tissue distribution of PrPSc. Severe spongiform change in the brain together with heavy accumulation of PrPSc having the type 2B/4 glycoform profile confirmed successful transmission of BSE to Cynomolgus macaques. Granular and linear deposition of PrPSC was detected by IHC in the CNS of both monkeys. At cerebral cortex, PrPSC was prominently accumulated in the large plaques. Sparse accumulation of PrPSc was detected in several peripheral nerves of #7 but not in #10 monkey, upon the WB analysis. Neither #7 nor #10 monkey accumulated detectable amounts of PrPSc in their lymphatic organs such as tonsil, spleen, adrenal grands and thymus although PrPSc was barely detected in the submandibular lymph node of #7 monkey. Such confined tissue distribution of PrPSc after intracerebral infection with BSE agent is not compatible to that reported on the Cynomolgus macaques infected with BSE by oral or intra-venous (intra-peritoneal) routs, in which PrPSc was accumulated at not only CNS but also widely distributed lymphatic tissues.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">P04.27</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Experimental BSE Infection of Non-human Primates: Efficacy of the Oral Route</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Holznagel, E1; Yutzy, B1; Deslys, J-P2; Lasmézas, C2; Pocchiari, M3; Ingrosso, L3; Bierke, P4; Schulz-Schaeffer, W5; Motzkus, D6; Hunsmann, G6; Löwer, J1 1Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Germany; 2Commissariat à l´Energie Atomique, France; 3Instituto Superiore di Sanità, Italy; 4Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease control, Sweden; 5Georg August University, Germany; 6German Primate Center, Germany</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Background: In 2001, a study was initiated in primates to assess the risk for humans to contract BSE through contaminated food. For this purpose, BSE brain was titrated in cynomolgus monkeys.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Aims: The primary objective is the determination of the minimal infectious dose (MID50) for oral exposure to BSE in a simian model, and, by in doing this, to assess the risk for humans. Secondly, we aimed at examining the course of the disease to identify possible biomarkers.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Methods: Groups with six monkeys each were orally dosed with lowering amounts of BSE brain: 16g, 5g, 0.5g, 0.05g, and 0.005g. In a second titration study, animals were intracerebrally (i.c.) dosed (50, 5, 0.5, 0.05, and 0.005 mg).</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Results: In an ongoing study, a considerable number of high-dosed macaques already developed simian vCJD upon oral or intracerebral exposure or are at the onset of the clinical phase. However, there are differences in the clinical course between orally and intracerebrally infected animals that may influence the detection of biomarkers.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Conclusions: Simian vCJD can be easily triggered in cynomolgus monkeys on the oral route using less than 5 g BSE brain homogenate. The difference in the incubation period between 5 g oral and 5 mg i.c. is only 1 year (5 years versus 4 years). However, there are rapid progressors among orally dosed monkeys that develop simian vCJD as fast as intracerebrally inoculated animals.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">The work referenced was performed in partial fulfilment of the study “BSE in primates“ supported by the EU (QLK1-2002-01096).</span></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><a href="http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2007/abstract_book.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2007/abstract_book.pdf</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Simian vCJD can be easily triggered in cynomolgus monkeys on the oral route using less than 5 g BSE brain homogenate.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">***> P.108: Successful oral challenge of adult cattle with classical BSE</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">Sandor Dudas1,*, Kristina Santiago-Mateo1, Tammy Pickles1, Catherine Graham2, and Stefanie Czub1 1Canadian Food Inspection Agency; NCAD Lethbridge; Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada; 2Nova Scotia Department of Agriculture; Pathology Laboratory; Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">Classical Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (C-type BSE) is a feed- and food-borne fatal neurological disease which can be orally transmitted to cattle and humans. Due to the presence of contaminated milk replacer, it is generally assumed that cattle become infected early in life as calves and then succumb to disease as adults. Here we challenged three 14 months old cattle per-orally with 100 grams of C-type BSE brain to investigate age-related susceptibility or resistance. During incubation, the animals were sampled monthly for blood and feces and subjected to standardized testing to identify changes related to neurological disease. At 53 months post exposure, progressive signs of central nervous system disease were observed in these 3 animals, and they were euthanized. Two of the C-BSE animals tested strongly positive using standard BSE rapid tests, however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE. Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc detection by PMCA only. </span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">***Our study demonstrates susceptibility of adult cattle to oral transmission of classical BSE. </span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">We are further examining explanations for the unusual disease presentation in the third challenged animal.</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://prion2015.files..wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a></span></div></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals.</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">P.86: Estimating the risk of transmission of BSE and scrapie to ruminants and humans by protein misfolding cyclic amplification</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">Morikazu Imamura, Naoko Tabeta, Yoshifumi Iwamaru, and Yuichi Murayama</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">National Institute of Animal Health; Tsukuba, Japan</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">To assess the risk of the transmission of ruminant prions to ruminants and humans at the molecular level, we investigated the ability of abnormal prion protein (PrPSc) of typical and atypical BSEs (L-type and H-type) and typical scrapie to convert normal prion protein (PrPC) from bovine, ovine, and human to proteinase K-resistant PrPSc-like form (PrPres) using serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA).</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">Six rounds of serial PMCA was performed using 10% brain homogenates from transgenic mice expressing bovine, ovine or human PrPC in combination with PrPSc seed from typical and atypical BSE- or typical scrapie-infected brain homogenates from native host species. In the conventional PMCA, the conversion of PrPC to PrPres was observed only when the species of PrPC source and PrPSc seed matched. However, in the PMCA with supplements (digitonin, synthetic polyA and heparin), both bovine and ovine PrPC were converted by PrPSc from all tested prion strains. On the other hand, human PrPC was converted by PrPSc from typical and H-type BSE in this PMCA condition.</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">Although these results were not compatible with the previous reports describing the lack of transmissibility of H-type BSE to ovine and human transgenic mice, our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals.</span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a></span></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">MONDAY, JANUARY 09, 2017 </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Oral Transmission of L-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Agent among Cattle </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">CDC Volume 23, Number 2—February 2017 </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">*** Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">*** Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/23/2/16-1416_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/23/2/16-1416_article</a><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Detection of PrPBSE and prion infectivity in the ileal Peyer’s patch of young calves as early as 2 months after oral challenge with classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Ivett Ackermann1 , Anne Balkema‑Buschmann1 , Reiner Ulrich2 , Kerstin Tauscher2 , James C. Shawulu1 , Markus Keller1 , Olanrewaju I. Fatola1 , Paul Brown3 and Martin H. Groschup1* </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Abstract </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">In classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (C-BSE), an orally acquired prion disease of cattle, the ileal Peyer’s patch (IPP) represents the main entry port for the BSE agent. In earlier C-BSE pathogenesis studies, cattle at 4–6 months of age were orally challenged, while there are strong indications that the risk of infection is highest in young animals. In the present study, unweaned calves aged 4–6 weeks were orally challenged to determine the earli‑ est time point at which newly formed PrPBSE and BSE infectivity are detectable in the IPP. For this purpose, calves were culled 1 week as well as 2, 4, 6 and 8 months post-infection (mpi) and IPPs were examined for BSE infectivity using a bovine PrP transgenic mouse bioassay, and for PrPBSE by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and protein misfolding cyclic amplifcation (PMCA) assays. For the frst time, BSE prions were detected in the IPP as early as 2 mpi by transgenic mouse bioassay and PMCA and 4 mpi by IHC in the follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) of the IPP follicles. These data indi‑ cate that BSE prions propagate in the IPP of unweaned calves within 2 months of oral uptake of the agent.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">In summary, our study demonstrates for the frst time PrPBSE (by PMCA) and prion infectivity (by mouse bioassay) in the ileal Peyer’s patch (IPP) of young calves as early as 2 months after infection. From 4 mpi nearly all calves showed PrPBSE positive IPP follicles (by IHC), even with PrPBSE accumulation detectable in FDCs in some animals. Finally, our results confrm the IPP as the early port of entry for the BSE agent and a site of initial propagation of PrPBSE and infectivity during the early pathogenesis of the disease. Terefore, our study supports the recommendation to remove the last four metres of the small intestine (distal ileum) at slaughter, as designated by current legal requirements for countries with a controlled BSE risk status, as an essential measure for consumer and public health protection.</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5738053/pdf/13567_2017_Article_495.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5738053/pdf/13567_2017_Article_495.pdf</a> </div></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">WE know now, and we knew decades ago, that 5.5 grams of suspect feed in TEXAS was enough to kill 100 cows.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">look at the table and you'll see that as little as 1 mg (or 0.001 gm) caused 7% (1 of 14) of the cows to come down with BSE;</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Risk of oral infection with bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent in primates</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Corinne Ida Lasmézas, Emmanuel Comoy, Stephen Hawkins, Christian Herzog, Franck Mouthon, Timm Konold, Frédéric Auvré, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra-Etchegaray, Nicole Salès, Gerald Wells, Paul Brown, Jean-Philippe Deslys Summary The uncertain extent of human exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)--which can lead to variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)--is compounded by incomplete knowledge about the efficiency of oral infection and the magnitude of any bovine-to-human biological barrier to transmission. We therefore investigated oral transmission of BSE to non-human primates. We gave two macaques a 5 g oral dose of brain homogenate from a BSE-infected cow. One macaque developed vCJD-like neurological disease 60 months after exposure, whereas the other remained free of disease at 76 months. On the basis of these findings and data from other studies, we made a preliminary estimate of the food exposure risk for man, which provides additional assurance that existing public health measures can prevent transmission of BSE to man.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">snip...</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">BSE bovine brain inoculum</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">100 g 10 g 5 g 1 g 100 mg 10 mg 1 mg 0·1 mg 0·01 mg</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Primate (oral route)* 1/2 (50%)</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Cattle (oral route)* 10/10 (100%) 7/9 (78%) 7/10 (70%) 3/15 (20%) 1/15 (7%) 1/15 (7%)</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">RIII mice (ic ip route)* 17/18 (94%) 15/17 (88%) 1/14 (7%)</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">PrPres biochemical detection</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">The comparison is made on the basis of calibration of the bovine inoculum used in our study with primates against a bovine brain inoculum with a similar PrPres concentration that was inoculated into mice and cattle.8 *Data are number of animals positive/number of animals surviving at the time of clinical onset of disease in the first positive animal (%). The accuracy of bioassays is generally judged to be about plus or minus 1 log. ic ip=intracerebral and intraperitoneal.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Table 1: Comparison of transmission rates in primates and cattle infected orally with similar BSE brain inocula</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Published online January 27, 2005</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa</a></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">It is clear that the designing scientists must also have shared Mr Bradley’s surprise at the results because all the dose levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20040523230128/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20040523230128/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">it is clear that the designing scientists must have also shared Mr Bradleyâs surprise at the results because all the dose levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030526212610/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030526212610/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf</a> </span></div></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"> </div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><a href="http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2009/prion2009_bookofabstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2009/prion2009_bookofabstracts.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: x-small;"><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">I ask Professor Kong ;</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Thursday, December 04, 2008 3:37 PM</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Subject: RE: re--Chronic Wating Disease (CWD) and Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathies (BSE): Public Health Risk Assessment</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">IS the h-BSE more virulent than typical BSE as well, or the same as cBSE, or less virulent than cBSE? just curious.....</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Professor Kong reply ;</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">.....snip</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">As to the H-BSE, we do not have sufficient data to say one way or another, but we have found that H-BSE can infect humans. I hope we could publish these data once the study is complete. Thanks for your interest.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Best regards, Qingzhong Kong, PhD Associate Professor Department of Pathology Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, OH 44106 USA </span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">P.4.23 Transmission of atypical BSE in humanized mouse models </span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Liuting Qing1, Wenquan Zou1, Cristina Casalone2, Martin Groschup3, Miroslaw Polak4, Maria Caramelli2, Pierluigi Gambetti1, Juergen Richt5, Qingzhong Kong1 1Case Western Reserve University, USA; 2Instituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale, Italy; 3Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany; 4National Veterinary Research Institute, Poland; 5Kansas State University (Previously at USDA National Animal Disease Center), USA</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Background: Classical BSE is a world-wide prion disease in cattle, and the classical BSE strain (BSE-C) has led to over 200 cases of clinical human infection (variant CJD). Atypical BSE cases have been discovered in three continents since 2004; they include the L-type (also named BASE), the H-type, and the first reported case of naturally occurring BSE with mutated bovine PRNP (termed BSE-M). The public health risks posed by atypical BSE were argely undefined.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Objectives: To investigate these atypical BSE types in terms of their transmissibility and phenotypes in humanized mice.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Methods: Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were inoculated with several classical (C-type) and atypical (L-, H-, or Mtype) BSE isolates, and the transmission rate, incubation time, characteristics and distribution of PrPSc, symptoms, and histopathology were or will be examined and compared.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Results: Sixty percent of BASE-inoculated humanized mice became infected with minimal spongiosis and an average incubation time of 20-22 months, whereas only one of the C-type BSE-inoculated mice developed prion disease after more than 2 years. Protease-resistant PrPSc in BASE-infected humanized Tg mouse brains was biochemically different from bovine BASE or sCJD. PrPSc was also detected in the spleen of 22% of BASE-infected humanized mice, but not in those infected with sCJD. Secondary transmission of BASE in the humanized mice led to a small reduction in incubation time. The atypical BSE-H strain is also transmissible with distinct phenotypes in the humanized mice, but no BSE-M transmission has been observed so far.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Discussion: Our results demonstrate that BASE is more virulent than classical BSE, has a lymphotropic phenotype, and displays a modest transmission barrier in our humanized mice. BSE-H is also transmissible in our humanized Tg mice. The possibility of more than two atypical BSE strains will be discussed.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Supported by NINDS NS052319, NIA AG14359, and NIH AI 77774.</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><a href="http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2009/prion2009_bookofabstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2009/prion2009_bookofabstracts.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">see full text ;</span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2009/10/atypical-bse-bse-and-other-human-and.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2009/10/atypical-bse-bse-and-other-human-and.html</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">P98 The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">Greenlee JJ (1), Moore SJ (1), and West Greenlee MH (2) (1) United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Virus and Prion Research Unit, Ames, IA, United States (2) Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">In 2006, a case of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) was reported in a cow with a previously unreported prion protein polymorphism (E211K). </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">The E211K polymorphism is heritable and homologous to the E200K mutation in humans that is the most frequent PRNP mutation associated with familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">Although the prevalence of the E211K polymorphism is low, cattle carrying the K211 allele develop H-type BSE with a rapid onset after experimental inoculation by the intracranial route. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the agents of H-type BSE or H-type BSE associated with the E211K polymorphism transmit to wild type cattle or cattle with the K211 allele after oronasal exposure. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">Wild type (EE211) or heterozygous (EK211) cattle were oronasally inoculated with either H-type BSE from the 2004 US Htype BSE case (n=3) or from the 2006 US H-type case associated with the E211K polymorphism (n=4) using 10% w/v brain homogenates. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">Cattle were observed daily throughout the course of the experiment for the development of clinical signs. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">At approximately 50 months post-inoculation, one steer (EK211 inoculated with E211K associated H-BSE) developed clinical signs including inattentiveness, loss of body condition, weakness, ataxia, and muscle fasciculations and was euthanized. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">Enzyme immunoassay confirmed that abundant misfolded protein was present in the brainstem, and immunohistochemistry demonstrated PrPSc throughout the brain. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">Western blot analysis of brain tissue from the clinically affected steer was consistent with the E211K H-type BSE inoculum. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">With the experiment currently at 55 months post-inoculation, no other cattle in this study have developed clinical signs suggestive of prion disease. This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">PRION 2018 CONFERENCE ABSTRACT</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">Prion Conference 2018</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 15, 2018 </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">***> The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2018/08/the-agent-of-h-type-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2018/08/the-agent-of-h-type-bovine-spongiform.html</a><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">57 The experiment which might have determined whether BSE and scrapie were caused by the same agent (ie, the feeding of natural scrapie to cattle) was never undertaken in the UK. </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">It was, however, performed in the USA in 1979, when it was shown that cattle inoculated with the scrapie agent endemic in the flock of Suffolk sheep at the United States Department of Agriculture in Mission, Texas, developed a TSE quite unlike BSE. 32 </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">The findings of the initial transmission, though not of the clinical or neurohistological examination, were communicated in October 1988 to Dr Watson, Director of the CVL, following a visit by Dr Wrathall, one of the project leaders in the Pathology Department of the CVL, to the United States Department of Agriculture. 33 </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">The results were not published at this point, since the attempted transmission to mice from the experimental cow brain had been inconclusive. </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">The results of the clinical and histological differences between scrapie-affected sheep and cattle were published in 1995. </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Similar studies in which cattle were inoculated intracerebrally with scrapie inocula derived from a number of scrapie-affected sheep of different breeds and from different States, were carried out at the US National Animal Disease Centre. 34 </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">The results, published in 1994, showed that this source of scrapie agent, though pathogenic for cattle, did not produce the same clinical signs of brain lesions characteristic of BSE..</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">32 Clark, W., Hourrigan, J. and Hadlow, W. (1995) Encephalopathy in Cattle Experimentally Infected with the Scrapie Agent, American Journal of Veterinary Research, 56, 606-12</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">33 YB88/10.00/1.1 </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20040823105233/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/10/00001001.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20040823105233/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/10/00001001.pdf</a></span></div></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Technical Abstract:</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion strains may vary in their ability to transmit to humans and animals. Few experimental studies have been done to provide evidence of differences between U.S. strains of scrapie, which can be distinguished by incubation times in inbred mice, microscopic lesions, immunoreactivity to various antibodies, or molecular profile (electrophoretic mobility and glycoform ratio). Recent work on two U.S. isolates of sheep scrapie supports that at least two distinct strains exist based on differences in incubation time and genotype of sheep affected. One isolate (No. 13-7) inoculated intracerebrally caused scrapie in sheep AA at codon 136 (AA136) and QQ at codon 171 (QQ171) of the prion protein in an average of 19 months post-inoculation (PI) whereas a second isolate (No. x124) caused disease in less than 12 months after oral inoculation in AV136/QQ171 sheep. Striking differences were evident when further strain analysis was done in R111, VM, C57Bl6, and C57Bl6xVM (F1) mice. No. 13-7 did not induce disease in any mouse strain at any time post-inoculation (PI) nor were brain tissues positive by western blot (WB). Positive WB results were obtained from mice inoculated with isolate No. x124 starting at day 380 PI. Incubation times averaged 508, 559, 601, and 633 days PI for RIII, C57Bl6, VM, and F1 mice, respectively. Further passage will be required to characterize these scrapie strains in mice. </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***>This work provides evidence that multiple scrapie strains exist in U.S. sheep. </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=227516" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=227516</a> </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">One of these isolates (TR316211) behaved like the CH1641 isolate, with PrPres features in mice similar to those in the sheep brain. From two other isolates (O100 and O104), two distinct PrPres phenotypes were identified in mouse brains, with either high (h-type) or low (l-type) apparent molecular masses of unglycosylated PrPres, the latter being similar to that observed with CH1641, TR316211, or BSE. Both phenotypes could be found in variable proportions in the brains of the individual mice. In contrast with BSE, l-type PrPres from "CH1641-like" isolates showed lower levels of diglycosylated PrPres. From one of these cases (O104), a second passage in mice was performed for two mice with distinct PrPres profiles. This showed a partial selection of the l-type phenotype in mice infected with a mouse brain with predominant l-type PrPres, and it was accompanied by a significant increase in the proportions of the diglycosylated band. These results are discussed in relation to the diversity of scrapie and BSE strains. </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/full/81/13/7230?view=long&pmid=17442721" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/content/full/81/13/7230?view=long&pmid=17442721</a> </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"> In the US, scrapie is reported primarily in sheep homozygous for 136A/171Q (AAQQ) and the disease phenotype is similar to that seen with experimental strain CH1641. </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=182469" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=182469</a> </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">- 59-</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">P-088 Transmission of experimental CH1641-like scrapie to bovine PrP overexpression mice</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Kohtaro Miyazawa1, Kentaro Masujin1, Hiroyuki Okada1, Yuichi Matsuura1, Takashi Yokoyama2</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">1Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Japan; 2Department of Planning and General Administration, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Introduction: Scrapie is a prion disease in sheep and goats. CH1641-lke scrapie is characterized by a lower molecular mass of the unglycosylated form of abnormal prion protein (PrpSc) compared to that of classical scrapie. It is worthy of attention because of the biochemical similarities of the Prpsc from CH1641-like and BSE affected sheep. We have reported that experimental CH1641-like scrapie is transmissible to bovine PrP overexpression (TgBoPrP) mice (Yokoyama et al. 2010). We report here the further details of this transmission study and compare the biological and biochemical properties to those of classical scrapie affected TgBoPrP mice.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Methods: The details of sheep brain homogenates used in this study are described in our previous report (Yokoyama et al. 2010). TgBoPrP mice were intracerebrally inoculated with a 10% brain homogenate of each scrapie strain. The brains of mice were subjected to histopathological and biochemical analyses.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Results: Prpsc banding pattern of CH1641-like scrapie affected TgBoPrP mice was similar to that of classical scrapie affected mice. Mean survival period of CH1641-like scrapie affected TgBoPrP mice was 170 days at the 3rd passage and it was significantly shorter than that of classical scrapie affected mice (439 days). Lesion profiles and Prpsc distributions in the brains also differed between CH1641-like and classical scrapie affected mice.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Conclusion: We succeeded in stable transmission of CH1641-like scrapie to TgBoPrP mice. Our transmission study demonstrates that CH 1641-like scrapie is likely to be more virulent than classical scrapie in cattle.</span></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://prion2016.org/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://prion2016.org/</a></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Research Project: TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Title: Comparison of two US sheep scrapie isolates supports identification as separate strains</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Authors</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">item Moore, Sarah - item Smith, Jodi item West Greenlee, Mary - item Nicholson, Eric item Richt, Juergen item Greenlee, Justin</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Submitted to: Veterinary Pathology Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal Publication Acceptance Date: December 22, 2015 Publication Date: N/A</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Interpretive Summary: Scrapie is a fatal disease of sheep and goats that causes damaging changes in the brain. The infectious agent is an abnormal protein called a prion that has misfolded from its normal state. Whether or not a sheep will get scrapie is determined primarily by their genetics. Furthermore, different scrapie strains exist that may result in a different expression of disease such as shorter incubation periods, unusual clinical signs, or unique patterns of lesions within the brain. This study evaluated two U.S. scrapie isolates in groups of sheep with varying susceptibilities to scrapie. Our data indicates that there are differences in incubation periods, sheep genotype susceptibilities, and lesion profiles that support designating these scrapie isolates as unique strains. The identification of a new scrapie strain in the United States means that control measures, methods of decontamination, and the potential for transmission to other species may need to be reevaluated. This information is useful to sheep farmers and breeders that are selectively breeding animals with genotypes resistant to the most prevalent strain of scrapie and could impact future regulations for the control of scrapie in the United States. Technical Abstract: Scrapie is a naturally occurring transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) of sheep and goats. There are different strains of sheep scrapie that are associated with unique molecular, transmission, and phenotype characteristics, but very little is known about the potential presence of scrapie strains within sheep in the US. Scrapie strain and PRNP genotype could both affect susceptibility, potential for transmission, incubation period, and control measures required for eliminating scrapie from a flock. Here we evaluate two US scrapie isolates, No. 13-7 and x124, after intranasal inoculation to compare clinical signs, incubation periods (IP), spongiform lesions, and patterns of PrPSc deposition in sheep with scrapie-susceptible PRNP genotypes (QQ171). After inoculation with x124, susceptibility and IP were associated with valine at codon 136 (V136) of the prion protein: VV136 had short IPs (6.9 months), AV136 sheep were 11.9 months, and AA136 sheep did not develop scrapie. All No.13-7 inoculated sheep developed scrapie with IP’s of 20.1 months for AA136 sheep, 22.8 months for AV136 sheep, and 26.7 months for VV136 sheep. Patterns of immunoreactivity in the brain were influenced by challenge isolate and host genotype. Differences in PrPSc profiles versus isolate were most striking when examining brains from sheep with the VV136 genotype. In summary, intranasal inoculation with isolates x124 and No. 13-7 resulted in differences in IP, sheep genotype susceptibility, and PrPSc profile that support designation as separate strains.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Last Modified: 6/6/2016</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=315505" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=315505</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">31</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Appendix I VISIT TO USA - OR A E WRATHALL — INFO ON BSE AND SCRAPIE</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Dr Clark lately of the scrapie Research Unit, Mission Texas has</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">successfully transmitted ovine and caprine scrapie to cattle. The</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">experimental results have not been published but there are plans to do</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">this. This work was initiated in 1978. A summary of it is:-</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Expt A 6 Her x Jer calves born in 1978 were inoculated as follows with</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">a 2nd Suffolk scrapie passage:-</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">i/c 1ml; i/m, 5ml; s/c 5ml; oral 30ml.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">1/6 went down after 48 months with a scrapie/BSE-like disease.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Expt B 6 Her or Jer or HxJ calves were inoculated with angora Goat</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">virus 2/6 went down similarly after 36 months.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Expt C Mice inoculated from brains of calves/cattle in expts A & B were resistant, only 1/20 going down with scrapie and this was the reason given for not publishing.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Diagnosis in A, B, C was by histopath. No reports on SAF were given.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Dr Warren Foote indicated success so far in eliminating scrapie in offspring from experimentally— (and naturally) infected sheep by ET. He had found difficulty in obtaining embryos from naturally infected sheep (cf SPA).</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prof. A Robertson gave a brief accout of BSE. The us approach was to</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">32</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">accord it a very low profile indeed. Dr A Thiermann showed the picture in the "Independent" with cattle being incinerated and thought this was a fanatical incident to be avoided in the US at all costs.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">BSE was not reported in USA.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">4. Scrapie incidents (ie affected flocks) have shown a dramatic increase since 1978. In 1953 when the National Control scheme was started there were 10-14 incidents, in 1978 - 1 and in 1988 so far 60.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">5. Scrapie agent was reported to have been isolated from a solitary fetus.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">6. A western blotting diagnostic technique (? on PrP) shows some promise.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">7. Results of a questionnaire sent to 33 states on the subject of the national sheep scrapie programme survey indicated</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">17/33 wished to drop it</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">6/33 wished to develop it</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">8/33 had few sheep and were neutral</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Information obtained from Dr Wrathall‘s notes of a meeting of the u.s.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Animal Health Association at Little Rock, Arkansas Nov. 1988.</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">33</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">In Confidence - Perceptions of unconventional slow virus diseases of animals in the USA - APRIL-MAY 1989 - G A H Wells</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">3. Prof. A. Robertson gave a brief account of BSE. The US approach was to accord it a very low profile indeed. Dr. A Thiermann showed the picture in the ''Independent'' with cattle being incinerated and thought this was a fanatical incident to be avoided in the US at all costs. ...</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060307063531/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20060307063531/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">also see hand written notes ;</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071019203707/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/10/00001001.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20071019203707/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1988/10/00001001.pdf</a></div></div></div></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">PRION 2017 DECIPHERING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">please see;</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">***Our transmission study demonstrates that CH 1641-like scrapie is likely to be more virulent than classical scrapie in cattle. </span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">In the US, scrapie is reported primarily in sheep homozygous for 136A/171Q (AAQQ) and the disease phenotype is similar to that seen with experimental strain CH1641.</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br /></span></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=182469" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=182469</a><br /></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">***Our transmission study demonstrates that CH 1641-like scrapie is likely to be more virulent than classical scrapie in cattle. </span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">P-088 Transmission of experimental CH1641-like scrapie to bovine PrP overexpression mice</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">Kohtaro Miyazawa1, Kentaro Masujin1, Hiroyuki Okada1, Yuichi Matsuura1, Takashi Yokoyama2</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">1Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Japan; 2Department of Planning and General Administration, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">Introduction: Scrapie is a prion disease in sheep and goats. CH1641-lke scrapie is characterized by a lower molecular mass of the unglycosylated form of abnormal prion protein (PrpSc) compared to that of classical scrapie. It is worthy of attention because of the biochemical similarities of the Prpsc from CH1641-like and BSE affected sheep. We have reported that experimental CH1641-like scrapie is transmissible to bovine PrP overexpression (TgBoPrP) mice (Yokoyama et al. 2010). We report here the further details of this transmission study and compare the biological and biochemical properties to those of classical scrapie affected TgBoPrP mice.</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">Methods: The details of sheep brain homogenates used in this study are described in our previous report (Yokoyama et al. 2010). TgBoPrP mice were intracerebrally inoculated with a 10% brain homogenate of each scrapie strain. The brains of mice were subjected to histopathological and biochemical analyses.</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">Results: Prpsc banding pattern of CH1641-like scrapie affected TgBoPrP mice was similar to that of classical scrapie affected mice. Mean survival period of CH1641-like scrapie affected TgBoPrP mice was 170 days at the 3rd passage and it was significantly shorter than that of classical scrapie affected mice (439 days). Lesion profiles and Prpsc distributions in the brains also differed between CH1641-like and classical scrapie affected mice.</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">Conclusion: We succeeded in stable transmission of CH1641-like scrapie to TgBoPrP mice. Our transmission study demonstrates that CH 1641-like scrapie is likely to be more virulent than classical scrapie in cattle.</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">WS-02</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">Scrapie in swine: A diagnostic challenge</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">Justin J Greenlee1, Robert A Kunkle1, Jodi D Smith1, Heather W. Greenlee2</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">1National Animal Disease Center, US Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States; 2Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">A naturally occurring prion disease has not been recognized in swine, but the agent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy does transmit to swine by experimental routes. Swine are thought to have a robust species barrier when exposed to the naturally occurring prion diseases of other species, but the susceptibility of swine to the agent of sheep scrapie has not been thoroughly tested.</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">Since swine can be fed rations containing ruminant derived components in the United States and many other countries, we conducted this experiment to test the susceptibility of swine to U.S. scrapie isolates by intracranial and oral inoculation. Scrapie inoculum was a pooled 10% (w/v) homogenate derived from the brains of clinically ill sheep from the 4th passage of a serial passage study of the U.S scrapie agent (No. 13-7) through susceptible sheep that were homozygous ARQ at prion protein residues 136, 154, and 171, respectively. Pigs were inoculated intracranially (n=19) with a single 0.75 ml dose or orally (n=24) with 15 ml repeated on 4 consecutive days. Necropsies were done on a subset of animals at approximately six months post inoculation (PI), at the time the pigs were expected to reach market weight. Remaining pigs were maintained and monitored for clinical signs of TSE until study termination at 80 months PI or when removed due to intercurrent disease (primarily lameness). Brain samples were examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC), western blot (WB), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Brain tissue from a subset of pigs in each inoculation group was used for bioassay in mice expressing porcine PRNP.</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">At six-months PI, no evidence of scrapie infection was noted by any diagnostic method. However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more methods: IHC (n=4), WB (n=3), or ELISA (n=5). Interestingly, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study).</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">Swine inoculated with the agent of scrapie by the intracranial and oral routes do not accumulate abnormal prion protein (PrPSc) to a level detectable by IHC or WB by the time they reach typical market age and weight. However, strong support for the fact that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie comes from positive bioassay from both intracranially and orally inoculated pigs and multiple diagnostic methods demonstrating abnormal prion protein in intracranially inoculated pigs with long incubation times.</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">Curriculum Vitae</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;">Dr. Greenlee is Research Veterinary Medical Officer in the Virus and Prion Research Unit at the National Animal Disease Center, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. He applies his specialty in veterinary anatomic pathology to focused research on the intra- and interspecies transmission of prion diseases in livestock and the development of antemortem diagnostic assays for prion diseases. In addition, knockout and transgenic mouse models are used to complement ongoing experiments in livestock species. Dr. Greenlee has publications in a number of topic areas including prion agent decontamination, effects of PRNP genotype on susceptibility to the agent of sheep scrapie, characterization of US scrapie strains, transmission of chronic wasting disease to cervids and cattle, features of H-BSE associated with the E211 K polymorphism, and the development of retinal assessment for antemortem screening for prion diseases in sheep and cattle. Dr. Greenlee obtained his DVM degree and completed the PhD/residency program in Veterinary Pathology at Iowa State University. He is a Diplomate of the American College of Veterinary Pathologists.</span></div><div><span style="color: #29303b;"><br /></span></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2016/05/usda-aphis-national-scrapie-tse-prion.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2016/05/usda-aphis-national-scrapie-tse-prion.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/06/prion-2017-conference-abstract-chronic.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2017/06/prion-2017-conference-abstract-chronic.html</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">*** The discovery of previously unrecognized prion diseases in both humans and animals (i.e., Nor98 in small ruminants) demonstrates that the range of prion diseases might be wider than expected and raises crucial questions about the epidemiology and strain properties of these new forms. We are investigating this latter issue by molecular and biological comparison of VPSPr, GSS and Nor98.</span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">VARIABLY PROTEASE-SENSITVE PRIONOPATHY IS TRANSMISSIBLE ...price of prion poker goes up again $</span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">OR-10: Variably protease-sensitive prionopathy is transmissible in bank voles</span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Romolo Nonno,1 Michele Di Bari,1 Laura Pirisinu,1 Claudia D’Agostino,1 Stefano Marcon,1 Geraldina Riccardi,1 Gabriele Vaccari,1 Piero Parchi,2 Wenquan Zou,3 Pierluigi Gambetti,3 Umberto Agrimi1 1Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Rome, Italy; 2Dipartimento di Scienze Neurologiche, Università di Bologna; Bologna, Italy; 3Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland, OH USA</span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Background. Variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr) is a recently described “sporadic”neurodegenerative disease involving prion protein aggregation, which has clinical similarities with non-Alzheimer dementias, such as fronto-temporal dementia. Currently, 30 cases of VPSPr have been reported in Europe and USA, of which 19 cases were homozygous for valine at codon 129 of the prion protein (VV), 8 were MV and 3 were MM. A distinctive feature of VPSPr is the electrophoretic pattern of PrPSc after digestion with proteinase K (PK). After PK-treatment, PrP from VPSPr forms a ladder-like electrophoretic pattern similar to that described in GSS cases. The clinical and pathological features of VPSPr raised the question of the correct classification of VPSPr among prion diseases or other forms of neurodegenerative disorders. Here we report preliminary data on the transmissibility and pathological features of VPSPr cases in bank voles.</span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Materials and Methods. Seven VPSPr cases were inoculated in two genetic lines of bank voles, carrying either methionine or isoleucine at codon 109 of the prion protein (named BvM109 and BvI109, respectively). Among the VPSPr cases selected, 2 were VV at PrP codon 129, 3 were MV and 2 were MM. Clinical diagnosis in voles was confirmed by brain pathological assessment and western blot for PK-resistant PrPSc (PrPres) with mAbs SAF32, SAF84, 12B2 and 9A2.</span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Results. To date, 2 VPSPr cases (1 MV and 1 MM) gave positive transmission in BvM109. Overall, 3 voles were positive with survival time between 290 and 588 d post inoculation (d.p.i.). All positive voles accumulated PrPres in the form of the typical PrP27–30, which was indistinguishable to that previously observed in BvM109 inoculated with sCJDMM1 cases.</span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">In BvI109, 3 VPSPr cases (2 VV and 1 MM) showed positive transmission until now. Overall, 5 voles were positive with survival time between 281 and 596 d.p.i.. In contrast to what observed in BvM109, all BvI109 showed a GSS-like PrPSc electrophoretic pattern, characterized by low molecular weight PrPres. These PrPres fragments were positive with mAb 9A2 and 12B2, while being negative with SAF32 and SAF84, suggesting that they are cleaved at both the C-terminus and the N-terminus. Second passages are in progress from these first successful transmissions.</span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Conclusions. Preliminary results from transmission studies in bank voles strongly support the notion that VPSPr is a transmissible prion disease. Interestingly, VPSPr undergoes divergent evolution in the two genetic lines of voles, with sCJD-like features in BvM109 and GSS-like properties in BvI109.</span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The discovery of previously unrecognized prion diseases in both humans and animals (i.e., Nor98 in small ruminants) demonstrates that the range of prion diseases might be wider than expected and raises crucial questions about the epidemiology and strain properties of these new forms. We are investigating this latter issue by molecular and biological comparison of VPSPr, GSS and Nor98.</span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/01-Prion6-2-OralPresentations.pdf?nocache=1216084967" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/01-Prion6-2-OralPresentations.pdf?nocache=1216084967</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif;">Tuesday, August 03, 2010</span><br style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif;" /><br style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif;">Variably protease-sensitive prionopathy: A new sporadic disease of the prion protein</span><br style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif;" /><br style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif;" /><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2010/08/variably-protease-sensitive-prionopathy.html" style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #716e6c; cursor: pointer; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif;">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2010/08/variably-protease-sensitive-prionopathy.html</a><br style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif;" /><br style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif;">Monday, August 9, 2010</span><br style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif;" /><br style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif;">Variably protease-sensitive prionopathy: A new sporadic disease of the prion protein or just more PRIONBALONEY ?</span><br style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif;" /><br style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif;" /><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2010/08/variably-protease-sensitive-prionopathy.html" style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #716e6c; cursor: pointer; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif;">http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2010/08/variably-protease-sensitive-prionopathy.html</a><br style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif;" /><br style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif;">***+++***</span><br style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif;" /><br style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif;">Thursday, July 10, 2008</span><br style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif;" /><br style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif;">A Novel Human Disease with Abnormal Prion Protein Sensitive to Protease update July 10, 2008 Friday, June 20, 2008</span><br style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif;" /><br style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif;" /><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/07/novel-human-disease-with-abnormal-prion.html" style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #716e6c; cursor: pointer; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif;">http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/07/novel-human-disease-with-abnormal-prion.html</a><br style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif;" /><br style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif;">Monday, August 9, 2010</span><br style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif;" /><br style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif;">National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center Cases Examined (July 31, 2010)</span><br style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif;" /><br style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif;" /><span style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif;">(please watch and listen to the video and the scientist speaking about atypical BSE and sporadic CJD and listen to Professor Aguzzi)</span><br style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif;" /><br style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif;" /><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2010/08/national-prion-disease-pathology.html" style="background-color: #fff3db; color: #716e6c; cursor: pointer; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif;">http://prionunitusaupdate2008.blogspot.com/2010/08/national-prion-disease-pathology.html</a><br style="background-color: #fff3db; font-family: Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", sans-serif;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 13.3333px;">***>8The sporadic cases include 4020 cases of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), 71 cases of Variably Protease-Sensitive Prionopathy (VPSPr) and 35 cases of sporadic Fatal Insomnia (sFI). <***</span><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small;"><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><div>USA Tables of Cases Examined National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center Cases Examined¹ Updated quarterly.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Last updated on: October 8th, 2020</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Year Total Referrals² Prion Disease Sporadic Familial Iatrogenic vCJD</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>1999 & earlier 382 231 200 27 3 0</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2000 145 102 90 12 0 0</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2001 209 118 110 8 0 0</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2002 241 144 124 18 2 0</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2003 259 160 137 21 2 0</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2004 316 181 164 16 0 1³</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2005 327 178 156 21 1 0</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2006 365 179 159 17 1 2⁴</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2007 374 210 191 19 0 0</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2008 384 221 205 16 0 0</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2009 397 231 210 20 1 0</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2010 401 246 218 28 0 0</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2011 392 238 214 24 0 0</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2012 413 244 221 23 0 0</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2013 416 258 223 34 1 0</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2014 355 208 185 21 1 1⁵</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2015 401 263 243 20 0 0</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2016 396 277 248 29 0 0</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2017 375 266 247 19 0 0</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2018 309 223 204 18 1 0</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2019 422 274 252 21 0 0</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2020 252 159 125 11 1 0</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>TOTAL 75316 46117 41268 4439 14 4</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>1Listed based on the year of death or, if not available, on the year of referral; </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2Cases with suspected prion disease for which brain tissue was submitted; </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>3Disease acquired in the United Kingdom; </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>4Disease acquired in the United Kingdom in one case and in Saudi Arabia in the other; </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>5Disease possibly acquired in a Middle Eastern or Eastern European country; </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>6Includes 12 cases in which the diagnosis is pending, and 19 inconclusive cases; </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>7Includes 24 (1 from 1986, 1 from 2019, 22 from 2020) cases with type determination pending in which the diagnosis of vCJD has been excluded. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>8The sporadic cases include 4020 cases of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), 71 cases of Variably Protease-Sensitive Prionopathy (VPSPr) and 35 cases of sporadic Fatal Insomnia (sFI). </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>9Total does not include 277 Familial cases diagnosed by blood test only.</div></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://case.edu/medicine/pathology/divisions/national-prion-disease-pathology-surveillance-center/resources-professionals/tables-cases-examined" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://case.edu/medicine/pathology/divisions/national-prion-disease-pathology-surveillance-center/resources-professionals/tables-cases-examined</a></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;">SUNDAY, MARCH 10, 2019 </span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;">***> National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center Cases Examined¹ Updated Feb 1, 2019 Variably protease-sensitive prionopathy VPSPr</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://prionunitusaupdate.blogspot.com/2019/03/national-prion-disease-pathology.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://prionunitusaupdate.blogspot.com/2019/03/national-prion-disease-pathology.html</a></span></div></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt;">vpspr, sgss, sffi, TSE, an iatrogenic by-product of gss, ffi, familial type prion disease, what if ???</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Greetings Friends, Neighbors, and Colleagues,</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/01/vpspr-sgss-sffi-tse-iatrogenic-by.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/01/vpspr-sgss-sffi-tse-iatrogenic-by.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Saturday, February 2, 2019 </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">CWD GSS TSE PRION SPINAL CORD, Confucius Ponders, What if?</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">snip... </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"> ***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids.'' Scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (II) <*** </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">REVIEW </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> In conclusion, sensory symptoms and loss of reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome can be explained by neuropathological changes in the spinal cord. We conclude that the sensory symptoms and loss of lower limb reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome is due to pathology in the caudal spinal cord. <***</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology.<*** </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD. <***</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals.<*** </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids.'' Scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (II) <***</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Thursday, March 8, 2018 </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">Familial human prion diseases associated with prion protein mutations Y226X and G131V are transmissible to transgenic mice expressing human prion protein</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2018/03/familial-human-prion-diseases.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2018/03/familial-human-prion-diseases.html</a></div></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div>2020</div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">cwd scrapie pigs oral routes </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. <*** </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">>*** Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health. <*** </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div></div></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">***> Wednesday, January 23, 2019 </div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">***> CFIA SFCR Guidance on Specified risk material (SRM) came into force on January 15, 2019 <***</div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2019/01/cfia-sfcr-guidance-on-specified-risk.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2019/01/cfia-sfcr-guidance-on-specified-risk.html</a></div></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">MONDAY, NOVEMBER 30, 2020 </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> REPORT OF THE MEETING OF THE OIE SCIENTIFIC COMMISSION FOR ANIMAL DISEASES Paris, 9–13 September 2019 BSE, TSE, PRION<***</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> see updated concerns with atypical BSE from feed and zoonosis...terry</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/11/report-of-meeting-of-oie-scientific.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/11/report-of-meeting-of-oie-scientific.html</a></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div dir="ltr" id="yiv7082749183AppleMailSignature"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt;">TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 29, 2020 </span><br clear="none" /></div></div></div></div><div dir="ltr" id="yiv7082749183AppleMailSignature"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">ISO's Updated 22442 Animal Tissue Standards — What Changed? TSE Prion!<br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/09/isos-updated-22442-animal-tissue.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/09/isos-updated-22442-animal-tissue.html</a></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">WEDNESDAY, MAY 29, 2019 </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">Incomplete inactivation of atypical scrapie following recommended autoclave decontamination procedures USDA HERE'S YOUR SIGN!<br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://nor-98.blogspot.com/2019/05/incomplete-inactivation-of-atypical.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://nor-98.blogspot.com/2019/05/incomplete-inactivation-of-atypical.html</a></div></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 28, 2020 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>EFSA Annual report of the Scientific Network on BSE-TSE 2020 Singeltary Submission<br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2020/10/efsa-annual-report-of-scientific.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsaopinionbseanimalprotein.blogspot.com/2020/10/efsa-annual-report-of-scientific.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">2.3.2. New evidence on the zoonotic potential of atypical BSE and atypical scrapie prion strains<br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><span style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;">PLEASE NOTE;</span><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><div>2.3.2. New evidence on the zoonotic potential of atypical BSE and atypical scrapie prion strains</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Olivier Andreoletti, INRA Research Director, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) – École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), invited speaker, presented the results of two recently published scientific articles of interest, of which he is co-author: ‘Radical Change in Zoonotic Abilities of Atypical BSE Prion Strains as Evidenced by Crossing of Sheep Species Barrier in Transgenic Mice’ (MarinMoreno et al., 2020) and ‘The emergence of classical BSE from atypical/Nor98 scrapie’ (Huor et al., 2019).</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>In the first experimental study, H-type and L-type BSE were inoculated into transgenic mice expressing all three genotypes of the human PRNP at codon 129 and into adapted into ARQ and VRQ transgenic sheep mice. The results showed the alterations of the capacities to cross the human barrier species (mouse model) and emergence of sporadic CJD agents in Hu PrP expressing mice: type 2 sCJD in homozygous TgVal129 VRQ-passaged L-BSE, and type 1 sCJD in homozygous TgVal 129 and TgMet129 VRQ-passaged H-BSE.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.EN-1946" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.EN-1946</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.EN-1946" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.EN-1946</a></div></div></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">SUNDAY, OCTOBER 11, 2020 </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Bovine adapted transmissible mink encephalopathy is similar to L-BSE after passage through sheep with the VRQ/VRQ genotype but not VRQ/ARQ </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://transmissible-mink-encephalopathy.blogspot.com/2020/10/bovine-adapted-transmissible-mink.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://transmissible-mink-encephalopathy.blogspot.com/2020/10/bovine-adapted-transmissible-mink.html</a></div></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 24, 2020 </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">The emergence of classical BSE from atypical/ Nor98 scrapie<br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://nor-98.blogspot.com/2020/09/the-emergence-of-classical-bse-from.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://nor-98.blogspot.com/2020/09/the-emergence-of-classical-bse-from.html</a></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #29303b;">FRIDAY, OCTOBER 23, 2020 </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #29303b;">Scrapie TSE Prion Zoonosis Zoonotic, what if?</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="color: #29303b;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2020/10/scrapie-tse-prion-zoonosis-zoonotic.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2020/10/scrapie-tse-prion-zoonosis-zoonotic.html</a></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>THURSDAY, DECEMBER 17, 2020 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Exposure Risk of Chronic Wasting Disease in Humans </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/12/exposure-risk-of-chronic-wasting.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/12/exposure-risk-of-chronic-wasting.html</a></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">USDA FDA MAD COW FEED BAN THAT NEVER WAS, A REVIEW 2020</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">mad cow feed in commerce USA, post mad cow feed ban 1997!</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">10 years post mad cow feed ban August 1997 </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">10,000,000+ LBS. of PROHIBITED BANNED MAD COW FEED I.E. BLOOD LACED MBM IN COMMERCE USA 2007 </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div class="yiv7082749183yqt4409716140" id="yiv7082749183yqt80060"><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">Date: March 21, 2007 at 2:27 pm PST </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINES -- CLASS II PRODUCT </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">Bulk cattle feed made with recalled Darling's 85% Blood Meal, Flash Dried, Recall # V-024-2007 CODE Cattle feed delivered between 01/12/2007 and 01/26/2007 RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Pfeiffer, Arno, Inc, Greenbush, WI. by conversation on February 5, 2007. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">Firm initiated recall is ongoing. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">REASON Blood meal used to make cattle feed was recalled because it was cross- contaminated with prohibited bovine meat and bone meal that had been manufactured on common equipment and labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 42,090 lbs. DISTRIBUTION WI </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">___________________________________ </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">PRODUCT </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">Custom dairy premix products: </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">MNM ALL PURPOSE Pellet, </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">HILLSIDE/CDL Prot- Buffer Meal, </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">LEE, M.-CLOSE UP PX Pellet, </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">HIGH DESERT/ GHC LACT Meal, </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">TATARKA, </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">M CUST PROT Meal, </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">SUNRIDGE/CDL PROTEIN Blend, </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">LOURENZO, K PVM DAIRY Meal, </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">DOUBLE B DAIRY/GHC LAC Mineral, </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">WEST PIONT/GHC CLOSEUP Mineral, </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">WEST POINT/GHC LACT Meal, </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">JENKS, </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">J/COMPASS PROTEIN Meal, </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">COPPINI - 8# SPECIAL DAIRY Mix, </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">GULICK, L-LACT Meal (Bulk), </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">TRIPLE J - PROTEIN/LACTATION, </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">ROCK CREEK/GHC MILK Mineral, </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">BETTENCOURT/GHC S.SIDE MK-MN, </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">BETTENCOURT #1/GHC MILK MINR, </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">V&C DAIRY/GHC LACT Meal, </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">VEENSTRA, F/GHC LACT Meal, </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">SMUTNY, A- BYPASS ML W/SMARTA, </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">Recall # V-025-2007 </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">CODE The firm does not utilize a code - only shipping documentation with commodity and weights identified. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Rangen, Inc, Buhl, ID, by letters on February 13 and 14, 2007. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">Firm initiated recall is complete. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">REASON Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 9,997,976 lbs. </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">DISTRIBUTION ID and NV </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR MARCH 21, 2007 </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm</a></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">______________________________ </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">PRODUCT</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">a) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish, Recall # V-100-6;</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">b) Performance Sheep Pell W/Decox/A/N, medicated, net wt. 50 lbs, Recall # V-101-6;</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">c) Pro 40% Swine Conc Meal -- 50 lb, Recall # V-102-6;</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">d) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish Food Medicated, Recall # V-103-6;</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">e) "Big Jim’s" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6;</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">f) CO-OP 40% Hog Supplement Medicated Pelleted, Tylosin 100 grams/ton, 50 lb. bag, Recall # V-105-6;</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">g) Pig Starter Pell II, 18% W/MCDX Medicated 282020, Carbadox -- 0.0055%, Recall # V-106-6;</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">h) CO-OP STARTER-GROWER CRUMBLES, Complete Feed for Chickens from Hatch to 20 Weeks, Medicated, Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate, 25 and 50 Lbs, Recall # V-107-6;</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">i) CO-OP LAYING PELLETS, Complete Feed for Laying Chickens, Recall # 108-6;</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">j) CO-OP LAYING CRUMBLES, Recall # V-109-6;</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">k) CO-OP QUAIL FLIGHT CONDITIONER MEDICATED, net wt 50 Lbs, Recall # V-110-6;</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">l) CO-OP QUAIL STARTER MEDICATED, Net Wt. 50 Lbs, Recall # V-111-6;</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">m) CO-OP QUAIL GROWER MEDICATED, 50 Lbs, Recall # V-112-6</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">CODE</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL, by telephone, fax, email and visit on June 9, 2006. FDA initiated recall is complete.</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">REASON</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants".</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">125 tons</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">DISTRIBUTION</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">AL and FL </div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">______________________________</div></div></div></div><div class="yiv7082749183yqt4409716140" id="yiv7082749183yqt24800" style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;">snip...too much to list here see;</div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">THURSDAY, DECEMBER 17, 2020 <br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">THE MAD COW BSE TSE PRION THAT STOLE CHRISTMAS DECEMBER 2003, WHAT REALLY HAPPENED, A REVIEW 2020 <br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/the-mad-cow-bse-tse-prion-that-stole.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/the-mad-cow-bse-tse-prion-that-stole.html</a></div></div></div></div><div class="yiv7082749183yqt4409716140" id="yiv7082749183yqt44364" style="font-size: 10pt;"></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="yiv7082749183yqt4409716140" id="yiv7082749183yqt44364" style="font-size: 10pt;"><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Idiopathic Brain Stem Neuronal Chromatolysis (IBNC)</span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> 29. Mr Bradley described the results of transmission studies in mice from brains of two cows with IBNC (paper SEAC 19/8). At the previous meeting of SEAC, and at the review of R&D, it had been announced that there was no clinical observation of a scrapie-like disease in mice: this information had proved to be incorrect for a number of reasons. Of the mice inoculated with brain tissue from the first cow, there had </span></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent;">been mild transient clinical signs. one had shown equivocal lesions of SE but PrP studies had proved negative. From the second cow there were two definite cases of SE though the lesion distribution and incubation period were not the same as seen in mice inoculated with brain from BSE cases or any characterised strain of scrapie. The lesions in these two mice were PrP positive. There was no obvious evidence of any mix up though one possible area of cross-contamination was during the necropsy in the Perth VIC. More evidence would be needed and further transmission studies to validate the results and proposals were put forward for further study. </span></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent;">30. The Committee noted that the results were unusual .. They questioned whether there could be coincidental BSE infection or contamination with scrapie. Dr Tyrrell noted that the feeling of the Committee was that this did not represent a new agent but it was important to be prepared to say something publicly about these findings. A suggested line to take was that these were scientifically unpublishable results but in line with the policy of openness they would be made publicly available and further work done to test their validity. Since the BSE precautions were applied to IBNC cases. human health was protected. Further investigations should be carried out on isolations from brains of IBNC cases with removal of the brain and subsequent handling under strict conditions to avoid the risk of any contamination. </span></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent;">31. Mr Bradley informed the Committee that the CVO had informed the CMO about the IBNC results and the transmission from retina and he. like the Committee was satisfied that the controls already in place or proposed were adequate. Research priorities </span></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent;">32. The Committee reviewed the list of priorities attached at Appendix 2 to the previous minutes. It was agreed that the work on BSE in native-born Portuguese cattle was of higher priority than that on post 1991 BABs with unusual lesions. Although of lower priority. transmission of the BSE isolate from a French cow imported into the UK was of interest, but as with the IBNC cases was compromised because brain removal was not under conditions intended to prevent cross- contamination. A future indigenous French case would be more appropriate. Comparisons with UK BSE might help to give a better understanding of the origin of the BSE outbreak. Whatever the outcome, the results would be interesting. These two items should be promoted to three stars. Dr Kimberlin said he would also like to see higher priority given to transmission of marmoset-passaged BSE as it would give worthwhile information on the stability of the BSE agent after passage in a primate. </span><br clear="none" /></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">33. After some discussion. it was agreed that it was valuable to classify research priorities both on scientific and policy grounds . Research Update </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> 34. Dr Bradley provided an update on NPU transmission studies provided by Dr Taylor and Dr Manson. The information they had provided (attached at Appendix 1) did not give a clear picture but the message appeared to be that some sheep and goats showing positive clinical signs of disease were not being confirmed pathologically and others with positive pathology showed no clinical signs. However the picture was incomplete and confused and would need to be clarified for the next meeting. A summary of updates on other research projects is attached at Appendix 2. Date of next meeting </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> 35. The next meeting will be held at 10.30 am on Friday, g September 1995 in Room 125a Skipton House. </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">6 July 1995 </span></div><div><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506065716/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/06/21005001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506065716/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/06/21005001.pdf</a></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Published: 30 September 2008</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Idiopathic Brainstem Neuronal Chromatolysis (IBNC): a novel prion protein related disorder of cattle?</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Martin Jeffrey, Belinda Baquero Perez, Stuart Martin, Linda Terry & Lorenzo González BMC Veterinary Research volume 4, Article number: 38 (2008) Cite this article</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">11k Accesses</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">6 Citations</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">3 Altmetric</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Metricsdetails</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Abstract</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Background</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The epidemic form of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) is generally considered to have been caused by a single prion strain but at least two strain variants of cattle prion disorders have recently been recognized. An additional neurodegenerative condition, idiopathic brainstem neuronal chromatolysis and hippocampal sclerosis (IBNC), a rare neurological disease of adult cattle, was also recognised in a sub-set of cattle submitted under the BSE Orders in which lesions of BSE were absent. Between the years of 1988 and 1991 IBNC occurred in Scotland with an incidence of 7 cases per 100,000 beef suckler cows over the age of 6 years.</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Results</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">When the brains of 15 IBNC cases were each tested by immunohistochemistry, all showed abnormal labelling for prion protein (PrP). Immunohistological labelling for PrP was also present in the retina of a single case available for examination. The pattern of PrP labelling in brain is distinct from that seen in other ruminant prion diseases and is absent from brains with other inflammatory conditions and from normal control brains. Brains of IBNC cattle do not reveal abnormal PrP isoforms when tested by the commercial BioRad or Idexx test kits and do not reveal PrPres when tested by Western blotting using stringent proteinase digestion methods. However, some weakly protease resistant isoforms of PrP may be detected when tissues are examined using mild proteinase digestion techniques.</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Discussion This study shows that the novel condition of cattle previously identified as IBNC and recognized from within the BSE suspect submissions, abnormally expresses or accumulates PrP in brain and retina. However, this abnormal PrP is not composed of isoforms that are strongly resistant to protease digestion suggesting that it is not present in the form of large aggregates.</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Immunohistochemical demonstration of PrP labelling and increased levels of PrP mRNA have previously been described in adult humans affected with acute vascular disorders, in infants with perinatal hypoxia and experimental infarction of rodents [9]. These findings are considered to represent upregulation of PrP expression which encompasses part of the oxidative stress response of neurons. We have also observed increased PrP in the cytoplasm of neurons undergoing ischaemic degeneration in a variety of sheep encephalopathies. Though ischaemic neuronal degeneration is not a feature of IBNC, nevertheless, the presence of PrP within the cytoplasm of some chromatolytic and degenerate neurons of IBNC affected cattle is consistent with the idea that stressed neurons may respond by increasing PrP expression.</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Though present in only two cows, the pattern of PrP accumulation within the granule cell layer of the cerebellum is morphologically similar to that reported by several authors for Nor 98 types of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathy or prion disease of sheep [3, 10]. The PrP accumulation within the plexiform layers of the eye is similar to that of both natural scrapie [11] and of Nor 98 (MJ personal observations). However the majority type of PrP labelling that occurred in all IBNC cases was found within the neuropil, mainly in the rostral neuraxis and cerebrum, the nature of which is previously unreported in cattle or in any other prion disorder. This novel pattern of labelling appears to correspond to a rarefaction or fine microvacuolation of neuropil as seen on standard HE stained sections.</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Pathological, biochemical and bioassay data all suggest that the epidemic form of cattle BSE is a single strain. However, recent large scale EU wide surveillance for BSE has led to the unexpected discovery of rare and hitherto unknown prion diseases of cattle. Small numbers of atypical forms of cattle prion diseases have now been recognized from several European countries, in the USA and Japan and can be distinguished by histological, molecular and transmission characteristics [12–14]. Bovine Amyloidotic Spongiform Encephalopathy (BASE) was the first of these novel cattle prion disorders to be recognized and was characterized by the presence of numerous small amyloid deposits of abnormal PrP. It was initially discovered in three aged Italian cattle [1] and has subsequently been transmitted to transgenic mice [13, 14]. A further variant of a cattle prion disease affecting cows between 8 and 15 years was initially recognized in France [2] and has also been transmitted to mice. BSE and these novel cattle prion diseases can be distinguished using biochemical and molecular methods and are now classified as C, H and L type isolates [12]. H type and L type (BASE) isolates are defined according to the higher and lower positions of the unglycosylated PrPres bands in Western blots, respectively, when compared to the position of the corresponding band in classical BSE (C type) isolates [12]. L type cases formerly classified as BASE, have a distinctive glycopattern in which monoglycoslyated PrPres predominates compared to BSE [12, 14]. While IBNC cases are on average older than BSE cases they occupy a similar age class of cattle to that of H and L type cattle prion diseases, but IBNC can be readily distinguished from H, L and C type cattle prion disease by morphologic pathology and by the absence of PrPres under stringent conditions of protease digestion.</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Not all abnormal PrPres isoforms detected from brains of animals affected with prion disease are resistant to stringent protease digestion. The PrPres of two sheep of the ARR/ARR PrP genotype affected with a classical scrapie-like disease accumulated unusually protease sensitive isoforms of PrP [15]. Similarly, the transmissible prion disease of sheep known as Nor 98 and related conditions (often referred to as atypical scrapie) also have weakly protease resistant PrPres [3, 16]. Nor 98 does not appear to transmit readily to other sheep under field conditions: it also does not transmit to conventional mice although it does readily transmit disease to one strain of transgenic mouse which substantially over-expresses the VRQ allele of sheep PrP [16, 17]. The transgenic PG14 mouse also has PrPres which is even more readily digested than that found in Nor 98 but this prion protein disorder has not so far been successfully transmitted [18]. The biochemical analyses of limited numbers of IBNC cases clearly shows that highly aggregated forms of protease resistant PrP are not present in brain tissue. However, when the data from the ELISA and immunoblot tests using mild protease digestion are compared with that of normal control material it is possible that smaller aggregates of PrP molecules may be present.</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Conclusion</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The study shows that a distinctive neurological disorder of cattle, which has some clinical similarities to BSE, is associated with abnormal PrP labelling in brain but the pathology and biochemistry of IBNC are distinct from BSE. The study is important either because it raises the possibility of a significant increase in the scope of prion disease or because it demonstrates that widespread and consistent PrP alterations may not be confined to prion diseases. Further studies, including transmission experiments, are needed to establish whether IBNC is a condition in which prion protein is abnormally regulated or it is yet a further example of an infectious cattle prion disease.</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Conclusion</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The present results indicate that there are changes in PrP expression or accumulation in the neurodegenerative cattle disorder known as IBNC. The pathology and biochemistry of IBNC are quite distinct from that of other prion diseases of cattle and other species but the pathology does include grey matter spongiform changes. The transmissibility of this disorder is undetermined. These results are interesting as they show that either the range of prion diseases and associated pathology is still wider than previously thought or that substantial abnormalities of prion protein expression may be associated with brain lesions unconnected with classical prion diseases. Further biochemical and transmission studies are needed to determine which of these possibilities is correct.</span></div><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /><div id="yiv7082749183"><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506065716/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/06/21005001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506065716/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/06/21005001.pdf</a></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><div>1985</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent;">Evidence That Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy Results from Feeding Infected Cattle Over the next 8-10 weeks, approximately 40% of all the adult mink on the farm died from TME. </span></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent;">snip... </span></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="background-color: transparent;">The rancher was a ''dead stock'' feeder using mostly (>95%) downer or dead dairy cattle... </span><br clear="none" /></div><div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002258/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002258/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09/tab05.pdf</a> </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506001031/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09a/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506001031/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m09a/tab01.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506024922/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1987/06/10004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506024922/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1987/06/10004001.pdf</a></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">''Further investigations should be carried out on isolations from brains of IBNC cases with removal of the brain and subsequent handling under strict conditions to avoid the risk of any contamination.''<br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">this dog don't hunt no more, same old song and dance;</div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div>gotton so screwed up, by not being able to tell a sheep brain from a cow brain;</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>© DEFRA 2002 Item 3- Scrapie Brain pool experiments- Update on current position and audits of samples 3.1 Members were updated on experiments conducted at the Institute of Animal Health (IAH) to examine a pool of scrapie brains collected in the early 1990 s for evidence of BSE. SEAC had previously recommended that the material should be examined by DNA analysis to assess whether the pooled brain material may have been contaminated with bovine tissue. The Laboratory of the Government Chemist (LGC) had been asked to perform the work. Their results were completely unexpected as the analysis detected only bovine material in the sample. SEAC had intended to meet on the 19 October to Agreed version consider the experiment in detail. However, in view of the result, the meeting was cancelled.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/bse-publications/seac/mins21-11-01.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/bse-publications/seac/mins21-11-01.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div> Executive Summary An audit of the sample handling procedures at IAH-E was carried out on 24 October 2001 at the request of the Department of the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), by a team of two UKAS auditors. The scope of the audit was limited to the traceability of cow and sheep brain samples used in several experiments relating to transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) agents. In particular, the team focused on the audit trail of samples that had been sent to LGC, Teddington, the audit trail of brains collected in 1990/92 by Veterinary Investigation Centres and the audit trail for archived material held by IAH-E. In addition the audit team evaluated the IAH-E procedures against the specific requirements for sampling handling of international standard, ISO 17025 and identified opportunities for improvement. The audit established that there was no formal documented quality system covering this work at IAH-E and that record keeping was inadequate to give confidence in the chain of custody of samples used in the various rendering, genotyping and strain typing experiments audited. It was not possible to establish clear traceability between the samples that had been used in the individual experiments carried out by IAH-E or IAH-C with those analysed at LGC or with those that had been collected in 1990/92. The sample handling procedures covered by this audit at IAH-E did not meet the requirements of ISO 17025.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/bse-publications/audit/ukasrept.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/bse-publications/audit/ukasrept.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>explaining the brain mixup blunder;</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>An Investigation of the Substitution of Scrapie Brain Pool Samples A report for DEFRA November 2001</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Risk Solutions Page 19 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Why did the experimenters not notice that they were working with cow brains not sheep brains? </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>The simple answer is because for the most part they were working with brain pool macerate (minced brain material) not brains. It is not credible that staff collecting brains at VICs would have uniformly supplied cow brains or cow brain parts in mistake for sheep. We have interviewed staff at VICs and we understand from the VLA that records do not support the possibility that significant numbers of cow brains were sent to PDM in place of sheep brains. It is also very unlikely that the people preparing the scrapie brain pool would not have noticed if they were for the most part handling cow brains or cow brain parts in place of sheep brains. We cannot rule out the possibility that some cow brain material entered the brain pool at this stage but it is not feasible that the majority of the material was bovine. The substitution, if substitution occurred, must have involved brain pool macerate or rendered products. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Why can t the results of the experiments tell us what material was used? </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>The experiments had a number of features that make the results of the mouse bioassay difficult to interpret unambiguously and lead to the possibility that substitution of the samples would be difficult to detect by examining the results of the experiments: </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>1. The original experiments were not designed to determine whether BSE was present in sheep. Reasonable efforts were taken to ensure that the brain pool remained free from D5055 02 Issue 1 Risk Solutions Page 20 contamination during preparation but the level of control applied during the earlier experiments (272R and 372R) was not to the standard applied later. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>2. Mouse bioassay as a method of diagnosing TSEs is not based on a full understanding of biochemical and physical processes. It is an empirical technique that has been widely applied, for example to show v-CJD is similar to BSE and different from scrapie. It is a complex process and the results need to be interpreted by experts. It can take several years to generate a firm result. The principal data collected in the experiments are lesion profiles (patterns of lesions in the mice brains) and incubation period (time from injection of mice to onset of clinical symptoms. The type of TSE is identified by comparing the results with those of known provenance. There is no good agreed test of sameness of lesion profile , so in marginal cases we are reduced to using subjective observations of the form somewhat similar and interpretation is difficult. The incubation times in principle give a more objective signal, but the effect of concentration has to be controlled. The mouse bioassay data that we understand has been collected and analysed at each stage of the experiments is summarised in Table 4.1. Several features of these experiments are not commonly encountered in mouse bioassay of TSEs and this makes determining the origin of the original material from the experimental results extremely difficult. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>They include: </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>a. Mouse bioassay is generally carried out on individual brains; experience of working with brain pools is very limited. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>b. The BBP exhibited a low titre of infectivity, which can confound interpretation of results. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>c. The BBP comprised bovine brains with the hindbrains removed. By contrast most of the BSE strain typing has been carried out on the hindbrains, which may give a different pattern of results. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>d. The 272R titrations used a different strain of mice than the 372R titrations, so direct comparison of the resulting lesion profiles cannot be made. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>e. The 246 experiments used brain pool which was in an unsatisfactorily autolysed state. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>f. The strain typing data collected (incubation time and lesion profiles) are very sparse. </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Judging the sameness or difference of samples is a less challenging task for strain typing than identifying a strain and it may be possible to compare data from the 246 experiments with both the 272R and 372R experiments to determine whether the samples are similar or clearly different. However, the data are sparse and the result is unlikely to be clear cut. Much of this work is currently unpublished.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/bse-publications/audit/risksol.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/bse-publications/audit/risksol.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>RESPONSE TO THE UKAS REPORT FROM THE INSTITUTE FOR ANIMAL HEALTH</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>The Institute is concerned, therefore, that the authors of this UKAS report may have based their findings on an unrepresentative and limited examination of procedures in place at IAH-E.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/bse-publications/audit/response.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/bse-publications/audit/response.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/index.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/bse/index.html</a><br /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.mad-cow.org/00/jul00_dont_eat_sheep.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.mad-cow.org/00/jul00_dont_eat_sheep.html</a><br /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>DEFRA Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Area 307, London, SW1P 4PQ Telephone: 0207 904 6000 Direct line: 0207 904 6287 E-mail: h.mcdonagh.defra.gsi.gov.uk</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>GTN: FAX:</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Mr T S Singeltary P.O. Box Bacliff Texas USA 77518</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>21 November 2001</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Dear Mr Singeltary</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>TSE IN HOUNDS</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Thank you for e-mail regarding the hounds survey. I am sorry for the long delay in responding.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>As you note, the hound survey remains unpublished. However the Spongiform Encephalopathy Advisory Committee (SEAC), the UK Government's independent Advisory Committee on all aspects related to BSE-like disease, gave the hound study detailed consideration at their meeting in January 1994. As a summary of this meeting published in the BSE inquiry noted, the Committee were clearly concerned about the work that had been carried out, concluding that there had clearly been problems with it, particularly the control on the histology, and that it was more or less inconclusive. However was agreed that there should be a re-evaluation of the pathological material in the study.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Later, at their meeting in June 95, The Committee re-evaluated the hound study to see if any useful results could be gained from it. The Chairman concluded that there were varying opinions within the Committee on further work. It did not suggest any further transmission studies and thought that the lack of clinical data was a major weakness.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Overall, it is clear that SEAC had major concerns about the survey as conducted. As a result it is likely that the authors felt that it would not stand up to r~eer review and hence it was never published. As noted above, and in the detailed minutes of the SEAC meeting in June 95, SEAC considered whether additional work should be performed to examine dogs for evidence of TSE infection. Although the Committee had mixed views about the merits of conducting further work, the Chairman noted that when the Southwood Committee made their recommendation to complete an assessment of possible spongiform disease in dogs, no TSEs had been identified in other species and hence dogs were perceived as a high risk population and worthy of study. However subsequent to the original recommendation, made in 1990, a number of other species had been identified with TSE ( e.g. cats) so a study in hounds was less critical. For more details see- http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/06/21005001.pdf </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20090506065716/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/06/21005001.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20090506065716/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1995/06/21005001.pdf</a></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>As this study remains unpublished, my understanding is that the ownership of the data essentially remains with the original researchers. Thus unfortunately, I am unable to help with your request to supply information on the hound survey directly. My only suggestion is that you contact one of the researchers originally involved in the project, such as Gerald Wells. He can be contacted at the following address.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Dr Gerald Wells, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT 15 3NB, UK</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>You may also wish to be aware that since November 1994 all suspected cases of spongiform encephalopathy in animals and poultry were made notifiable. Hence since that date there has been a requirement for vets to report any suspect SE in dogs for further investigation. To date there has never been positive identification of a TSE in a dog.</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>I hope this is helpful</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>Yours sincerely 4</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>HUGH MCDONAGH BSE CORRESPONDENCE SECTION</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>======================================</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div>HOUND SURVEY I am sorry, but I really could have been a co-signatory of Gerald's minute. I do NOT think that we can justify devoting any resources to this study, especially as larger and more important projects such as the pathogenesis study will be quite demanding. If there is a POLITICAL need to continue with the examination of hound brains then it should be passed entirely to the VI Service. J W WILESMITH Epidemiology Unit 18 October 1991 Mr. R Bradley cc: Mr. G A H Wells </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20081106102318/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1991/10/18001001.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20081106102318/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1991/10/18001001.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>see new url;</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030910030852/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1991/10/18001001.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://web.archive.org/web/20030910030852/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1991/10/18001001.pdf</a> </div><div><br /></div><div>3.3. Mr R J Higgins in conjunction with Mr G A Wells and Mr A C Scott would by the end of the year, indentify the three brains that were from the ''POSITIVE'' end of the lesion spectrum. </div><div><br /></div><div><a href="http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080103034308/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1993/12/06001001.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080103034308/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1993/12/06001001.pdf</a><br /></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>see new url;</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040316211836/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1993/12/06001001.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://web.archive.org/web/20040316211836/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1993/12/06001001.pdf</a></div></div></div></div></div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Thursday, July 24, 2014 </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">*** Protocol for further laboratory investigations into the distribution of infectivity of Atypical BSE SCIENTIFIC REPORT OF EFSA New protocol for Atypical BSE investigations </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2014/07/protocol-for-further-laboratory.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2014/07/protocol-for-further-laboratory.html</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Thursday, July 24, 2014 </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">*** Protocol for further laboratory investigations into the distribution of infectivity of Atypical BSE SCIENTIFIC REPORT OF EFSA New protocol for Atypical BSE investigations </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2014/07/protocol-for-further-laboratory.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2014/07/protocol-for-further-laboratory.html</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Saturday, August 14, 2010 </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">BSE Case Associated with Prion Protein Gene Mutation (g-h-BSEalabama) and VPSPr PRIONPATHY </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">(see mad cow feed in COMMERCE IN ALABAMA...TSS) </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/2010/08/bse-case-associated-with-prion-protein.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://prionpathy.blogspot.com/2010/08/bse-case-associated-with-prion-protein.html</a></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: black; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">MONDAY, DECEMBER 14, 2020 </div><div style="color: black; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Experimental oral transmission of chronic wasting disease to sika deer (Cervus nippon)<br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/12/experimental-oral-transmission-of.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/12/experimental-oral-transmission-of.html</a></div><div style="color: black; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div></div></div></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">cwd scrapie pigs oral routes </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. <*** </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">>*** Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health. <*** </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 month group was positive by EIA. PrPSc was detected by QuIC in at least one of the lymphoid tissues examined in 5/6 pigs in the intracranial <6 months group, 6/7 intracranial >6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 months group, and 4/6 oral >6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;">***> Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains. </div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Friday, December 14, 2012 </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012 </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">snip..... </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law. Animals considered at high risk for CWD include: </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones and </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal. </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants. </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from the USA to GB can not be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES. </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">It may constitute a small percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin processed animal proteins that were imported from US into GB in 2011. </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a __greater than negligible risk___ that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer and/or elk protein is imported into GB. </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">There is uncertainty associated with this estimate given the lack of data on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being imported in these products.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">snip..... </span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">36% in 2007 (Almberg et al., 2011). In such areas, population declines of deer of up to 30 to 50% have been observed (Almberg et al., 2011). In areas of Colorado, the prevalence can be as high as 30% (EFSA, 2011). The clinical signs of CWD in affected adults are weight loss and behavioural changes that can span weeks or months (Williams, 2005). In addition, signs might include excessive salivation, behavioural alterations including a fixed stare and changes in interaction with other animals in the herd, and an altered stance (Williams, 2005). These signs are indistinguishable from cervids experimentally infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Given this, if CWD was to be introduced into countries with BSE such as GB, for example, infected deer populations would need to be tested to differentiate if they were infected with CWD or BSE to minimise the risk of BSE entering the human food-chain via affected venison. snip..... The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008). </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">snip..... </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with CWD prion. snip..... In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing, footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible... For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant uncertainty associated with these estimates. </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">snip..... </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists and returning GB residents. </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">s</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">nip..... </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">***> READ THIS VERY, VERY, CAREFULLY, AUGUST 1997 MAD COW FEED BAN WAS A SHAM, AS I HAVE STATED SINCE 1997! 3 FAILSAFES THE FDA ET AL PREACHED AS IF IT WERE THE GOSPEL, IN TERMS OF MAD COW BSE DISEASE IN USA, AND WHY IT IS/WAS/NOT A PROBLEM FOR THE USA, and those are; </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">BSE TESTING (failed terribly and proven to be a sham) </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">BSE SURVEILLANCE (failed terribly and proven to be a sham) </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">BSE 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS (another colossal failure, and proven to be a sham) </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">these are facts folks. trump et al just admitted it with the feed ban. </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">see; </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">FDA Reports on VFD Compliance </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">John Maday </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">August 30, 2019 09:46 AM VFD-Form 007 (640x427) </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Before and after the current Veterinary Feed Directive rules took full effect in January, 2017, the FDA focused primarily on education and outreach. ( John Maday ) Before and after the current Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD) rules took full effect in January, 2017, the FDA focused primarily on education and outreach to help feed mills, veterinarians and producers understand and comply with the requirements. Since then, FDA has gradually increased the number of VFD inspections and initiated enforcement actions when necessary. On August 29, FDA released its first report on inspection and compliance activities. The report, titled “Summary Assessment of Veterinary Feed Directive Compliance Activities Conducted in Fiscal Years 2016 – 2018,” is available online.</span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.fda.gov/media/130382/download</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 1, 2019 </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">***> FDA Reports on VFD Compliance </span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/fda-reports-on-vfd-compliance.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/fda-reports-on-vfd-compliance.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"></span><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div></div><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www..nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"></span><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </span></div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: monospace; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; white-space: pre;">
</span><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv5343683071aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline..com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span></div><div class="yiv5343683071aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">PRION 2016 TOKYO</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X online</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Taylor & Francis</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline..com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span></div><div class="yiv5343683071aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a></span></div><div class="yiv5343683071aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv5343683071aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1: J Infect Dis 1980 Aug;142(2):205-8</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Oral transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie to nonhuman primates.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Amyx HL, Bacote A, Masters CL, Gajdusek DC.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease of humans and scrapie disease of sheep and goats were transmitted to squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) that were exposed to the infectious agents only by their nonforced consumption of known infectious tissues. The asymptomatic incubation period in the one monkey exposed to the virus of kuru was 36 months; that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was 23 and 27 months, respectively; and that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of scrapie was 25 and 32 months, respectively. Careful physical examination of the buccal cavities of all of the monkeys failed to reveal signs or oral lesions. One additional monkey similarly exposed to kuru has remained asymptomatic during the 39 months that it has been under observation.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">snip...</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The successful transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie by natural feeding to squirrel monkeys that we have reported provides further grounds for concern that scrapie-infected meat may occasionally give rise in humans to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">PMID: 6997404</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Recently the question has again been brought up as to whether scrapie is transmissible to man. This has followed reports that the disease has been transmitted to primates. One particularly lurid speculation (Gajdusek 1977) conjectures that the agents of scrapie, kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and transmissible encephalopathy of mink are varieties of a single "virus". The U.S. Department of Agriculture concluded that it could "no longer justify or permit scrapie-blood line and scrapie-exposed sheep and goats to be processed for human or animal food at slaughter or rendering plants" (ARC 84/77)" The problem is emphasised by the finding that some strains of scrapie produce lesions identical to the once which characterise the human dementias"</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Whether true or not. the hypothesis that these agents might be transmissible to man raises two considerations. First, the safety of laboratory personnel requires prompt attention. Second, action such as the "scorched meat" policy of USDA makes the solution of the scrapie problem urgent if the sheep industry is not to suffer grievously.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">snip...</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">76/10.12/4.6</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Nature. 1972 Mar 10;236(5341):73-4.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Transmission of scrapie to the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis).</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Gajdusek DC.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Nature 236, 73 - 74 (10 March 1972); doi:10.1038/236073a0</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Transmission of Scrapie to the Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis)</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">C. J. GIBBS jun. & D. C. GAJDUSEK</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">SCRAPIE has been transmitted to the cynomolgus, or crab-eating, monkey (Macaca fascicularis) with an incubation period of more than 5 yr from the time of intracerebral inoculation of scrapie-infected mouse brain. The animal developed a chronic central nervous system degeneration, with ataxia, tremor and myoclonus with associated severe scrapie-like pathology of intensive astroglial hypertrophy and proliferation, neuronal vacuolation and status spongiosus of grey matter. The strain of scrapie virus used was the eighth passage in Swiss mice (NIH) of a Compton strain of scrapie obtained as ninth intracerebral passage of the agent in goat brain, from Dr R. L. Chandler (ARC, Compton, Berkshire).</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/04/scrapie-and-atypical-scrapie.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/04/scrapie-and-atypical-scrapie.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Wednesday, February 16, 2011</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">IN CONFIDENCE</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">SCRAPIE TRANSMISSION TO CHIMPANZEES</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">IN CONFIDENCE</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2011/02/in-confidence-scrapie-transmission-to.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2011/02/in-confidence-scrapie-transmission-to.html</a></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div>THURSDAY, AUGUST 20, 2020 </div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div>***> Why is USDA "only" BSE TSE Prion testing 25,000 samples a year? <***</div><div><br clear="none" /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/08/why-is-usda-only-bse-tse-prion-testing.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2020/08/why-is-usda-only-bse-tse-prion-testing.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">MONDAY, DECEMBER 14, 2020 </div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Experimental oral transmission of chronic wasting disease to sika deer (Cervus nippon)<br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/12/experimental-oral-transmission-of.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/12/experimental-oral-transmission-of.html</a></div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><br clear="none" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"></span><div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;">Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</div></div><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www..nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"></span><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;">O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </span></div><span style="color: #222222; font-family: monospace; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; white-space: pre;">
</span><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div class="yiv7082749183aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">============== </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline..com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span></div><div class="yiv7082749183aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">PRION 2016 TOKYO</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X online</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Taylor & Francis</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="line-height: 1.22em;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline..com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span></div><div class="yiv7082749183aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: 1.22em;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </span><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"></span></a><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a></span></div><div class="yiv7082749183aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div class="yiv7082749183aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_MsoNormal" style="line-height: 1.22em; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1: J Infect Dis 1980 Aug;142(2):205-8</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Oral transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie to nonhuman primates.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Amyx HL, Bacote A, Masters CL, Gajdusek DC.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease of humans and scrapie disease of sheep and goats were transmitted to squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) that were exposed to the infectious agents only by their nonforced consumption of known infectious tissues. The asymptomatic incubation period in the one monkey exposed to the virus of kuru was 36 months; that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was 23 and 27 months, respectively; and that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of scrapie was 25 and 32 months, respectively. Careful physical examination of the buccal cavities of all of the monkeys failed to reveal signs or oral lesions. One additional monkey similarly exposed to kuru has remained asymptomatic during the 39 months that it has been under observation.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">snip...</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The successful transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie by natural feeding to squirrel monkeys that we have reported provides further grounds for concern that scrapie-infected meat may occasionally give rise in humans to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">PMID: 6997404</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Recently the question has again been brought up as to whether scrapie is transmissible to man. This has followed reports that the disease has been transmitted to primates. One particularly lurid speculation (Gajdusek 1977) conjectures that the agents of scrapie, kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and transmissible encephalopathy of mink are varieties of a single "virus". The U.S. Department of Agriculture concluded that it could "no longer justify or permit scrapie-blood line and scrapie-exposed sheep and goats to be processed for human or animal food at slaughter or rendering plants" (ARC 84/77)" The problem is emphasised by the finding that some strains of scrapie produce lesions identical to the once which characterise the human dementias"</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Whether true or not. the hypothesis that these agents might be transmissible to man raises two considerations. First, the safety of laboratory personnel requires prompt attention. Second, action such as the "scorched meat" policy of USDA makes the solution of the acrapie problem urgent if the sheep industry is not to suffer grievously.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">snip...</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">76/10.12/4.6</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Nature. 1972 Mar 10;236(5341):73-4.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Transmission of scrapie to the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis).</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Gajdusek DC.</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Nature 236, 73 - 74 (10 March 1972); doi:10.1038/236073a0</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Transmission of Scrapie to the Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis)</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">C. J. GIBBS jun. & D. C. GAJDUSEK</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">SCRAPIE has been transmitted to the cynomolgus, or crab-eating, monkey (Macaca fascicularis) with an incubation period of more than 5 yr from the time of intracerebral inoculation of scrapie-infected mouse brain. The animal developed a chronic central nervous system degeneration, with ataxia, tremor and myoclonus with associated severe scrapie-like pathology of intensive astroglial hypertrophy and proliferation, neuronal vacuolation and status spongiosus of grey matter. The strain of scrapie virus used was the eighth passage in Swiss mice (NIH) of a Compton strain of scrapie obtained as ninth intracerebral passage of the agent in goat brain, from Dr R. L. Chandler (ARC, Compton, Berkshire).</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v236/n5341/abs/236073a0.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/04/scrapie-and-atypical-scrapie.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2010/04/scrapie-and-atypical-scrapie.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Wednesday, February 16, 2011</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">IN CONFIDENCE</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">SCRAPIE TRANSMISSION TO CHIMPANZEES</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">IN CONFIDENCE</span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2011/02/in-confidence-scrapie-transmission-to.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2011/02/in-confidence-scrapie-transmission-to.html</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-size: small;"><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people.</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">key word here is ‘reported’. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can’t, and it’s as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it’s being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. …terry</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">*** These results would seem to suggest that CWD does indeed have zoonotic potential, at least as judged by the compatibility of CWD prions and their human PrPC target. Furthermore, extrapolation from this simple in vitro assay suggests that if zoonotic CWD occurred, it would most likely effect those of the PRNP codon 129-MM genotype and that the PrPres type would be similar to that found in the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1).***</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: inherit; color: #222222; cursor: pointer; transition: all 0s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys</a></div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: inherit; color: #222222; cursor: pointer; transition: all 0s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true</a></div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: inherit; color: #222222; cursor: pointer; transition: all 0s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article</a></div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion aka mad deer disease zoonosis</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">We hypothesize that:</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">(1) The classic CWD prion strain can infect humans at low levels in the brain and peripheral lymphoid tissues;</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">(2) The cervid-to-human transmission barrier is dependent on the cervid prion strain and influenced by the host (human) prion protein (PrP) primary sequence;</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">(3) Reliable essays can be established to detect CWD infection in humans; and</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">(4) CWD transmission to humans has already occurred. We will test these hypotheses in 4 Aims using transgenic (Tg) mouse models and complementary in vitro approaches.</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-04" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: inherit; color: #222222; cursor: pointer; transition: all 0s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank">http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-04</a></div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">ZOONOTIC CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION UPDATE</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Prion 2017 Conference</span></div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px;">First evidence of intracranial and peroral transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) into Cynomolgus macaques: a work in progress Stefanie Czub1, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2, Christiane Stahl-Hennig3, Michael Beekes4, Hermann Schaetzl5 and Dirk Motzkus6 1 </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px;">University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine/Canadian Food Inspection Agency; 2Universitatsklinikum des Saarlandes und Medizinische Fakultat der Universitat des Saarlandes; 3 Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen; 4 Robert-Koch-Institut Berlin; 5 University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; 6 presently: Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center; previously: Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen </span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px;">This is a progress report of a project which started in 2009. 21 cynomolgus macaques were challenged with characterized CWD material from white-tailed deer (WTD) or elk by intracerebral (ic), oral, and skin exposure routes. Additional blood transfusion experiments are supposed to assess the CWD contamination risk of human blood product. Challenge materials originated from symptomatic cervids for ic, skin scarification and partially per oral routes (WTD brain). Challenge material for feeding of muscle derived from preclinical WTD and from preclinical macaques for blood transfusion experiments. We have confirmed that the CWD challenge material contained at least two different CWD agents (brain material) as well as CWD prions in muscle-associated nerves. </span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px;">Here we present first data on a group of animals either challenged ic with steel wires or per orally and sacrificed with incubation times ranging from 4.5 to 6.9 years at postmortem. Three animals displayed signs of mild clinical disease, including anxiety, apathy, ataxia and/or tremor. In four animals wasting was observed, two of those had confirmed diabetes. All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals. Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuiC) and PET-blot assays to further substantiate these findings are on the way, as well as bioassays in bank voles and transgenic mice. </span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px;">At present, a total of 10 animals are sacrificed and read-outs are ongoing. Preclinical incubation of the remaining macaques covers a range from 6.4 to 7.10 years. Based on the species barrier and an incubation time of > 5 years for BSE in macaques and about 10 years for scrapie in macaques, we expected an onset of clinical disease beyond 6 years post inoculation. </span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px;">PRION 2017 DECIPHERING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS </span><br clear="none" /></div></div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">PRION 2018 CONFERENCE</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">Oral transmission of CWD into Cynomolgus macaques: signs of atypical disease, prion conversion and infectivity in macaques and bio-assayed transgenic mice</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">Hermann M. Schatzl, Samia Hannaoui, Yo-Ching Cheng, Sabine Gilch (Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada) Michael Beekes (RKI Berlin), Walter Schulz-Schaeffer (University of Homburg/Saar, Germany), Christiane Stahl-Hennig (German Primate Center) & Stefanie Czub (CFIA Lethbridge).</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">To date, BSE is the only example of interspecies transmission of an animal prion disease into humans. The potential zoonotic transmission of CWD is an alarming issue and was addressed by many groups using a variety of in vitro and in vivo experimental systems. Evidence from these studies indicated a substantial, if not absolute, species barrier, aligning with the absence of epidemiological evidence suggesting transmission into humans. Studies in non-human primates were not conclusive so far, with oral transmission into new-world monkeys and no transmission into old-world monkeys. Our consortium has challenged 18 Cynomolgus macaques with characterized CWD material, focusing on oral transmission with muscle tissue. Some macaques have orally received a total of 5 kg of muscle material over a period of 2 years.</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">After 5-7 years of incubation time some animals showed clinical symptoms indicative of prion disease, and prion neuropathology and PrPSc deposition were detected in spinal cord and brain of some euthanized animals. PrPSc in immunoblot was weakly detected in some spinal cord materials and various tissues tested positive in RT-QuIC, including lymph node and spleen homogenates. To prove prion infectivity in the macaque tissues, we have intracerebrally inoculated 2 lines of transgenic mice, expressing either elk or human PrP. At least 3 TgElk mice, receiving tissues from 2 different macaques, showed clinical signs of a progressive prion disease and brains were positive in immunoblot and RT-QuIC. Tissues (brain, spinal cord and spleen) from these and pre-clinical mice are currently tested using various read-outs and by second passage in mice. Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were so far negative for clear clinical prion disease (some mice >300 days p.i.). In parallel, the same macaque materials are inoculated into bank voles.</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">Taken together, there is strong evidence of transmissibility of CWD orally into macaques and from macaque tissues into transgenic mouse models, although with an incomplete attack rate.</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology.<br clear="none" />Our ongoing studies will show whether the transmission of CWD into macaques and passage in transgenic mice represents a form of non-adaptive prion amplification, and whether macaque-adapted prions have the potential to infect mice expressing human PrP.</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD..</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD. <***</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Prion Conference 2018</span></div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">READING OVER THE PRION 2018 ABSTRACT BOOK, LOOKS LIKE THEY FOUND THAT from this study ;</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">P190 Human prion disease mortality rates by occurrence of chronic wasting disease in freeranging cervids, United States</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">Abrams JY (1), Maddox RA (1), Schonberger LB (1), Person MK (1), Appleby BS (2), Belay ED (1) (1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA..</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">SEEMS THAT THEY FOUND Highly endemic states had a higher rate of prion disease mortality compared to non-CWD<br clear="none" />states.</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">AND ANOTHER STUDY;</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">P172 Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Prion Disease</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">Wang H(1), Cohen M(1), Appleby BS(1,2) (1) University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio (2) National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Cleveland, Ohio..</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">IN THIS STUDY, THERE WERE autopsy-proven prion cases from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center that were diagnosed between September 2016 to March 2017,</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">AND</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">included 104 patients. SEEMS THEY FOUND THAT The most common sCJD subtype was MV1-2 (30%), followed by MM1-2 (20%),</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">AND</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">THAT The Majority of cases were male (60%), AND half of them had exposure to wild game.</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">snip…</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">see more on Prion 2017 Macaque study from Prion 2017 Conference and other updated science on cwd tse prion zoonosis below…terry</div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Prion 2018 Conference</span></div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/05/prion-2018-may-22-25-2018-santiago-de.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://prionprp.blogspot.com/2018/12/adrd-summit-rfi-singeltary-comment.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://prionprp.blogspot.com/2018/12/adrd-summit-rfi-singeltary-comment.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="background-color: whitesmoke; color: black; font-size: 13.3333px; margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available.</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a> </span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;">International Conference on Emerging Diseases, Outbreaks & Case Studies & 16th Annual Meeting on Influenza March 28-29, 2018 | Orlando, USA</div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;">Qingzhong Kong<br clear="none" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;">Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, USA<br clear="none" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;">Zoonotic potential of chronic wasting disease prions from cervids<br clear="none" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;">Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the prion disease in cervids (mule deer, white-tailed deer, American elk, moose, and reindeer). It has become an epidemic in North America, and it has been detected in the Europe (Norway) since 2016. The widespread CWD and popular hunting and consumption of cervid meat and other products raise serious public health concerns, but questions remain on human susceptibility to CWD prions, especially on the potential difference in zoonotic potential among the various CWD prion strains. We have been working to address this critical question for well over a decade. We used CWD samples from various cervid species to inoculate transgenic mice expressing human or elk prion protein (PrP). We found infectious prions in the spleen or brain in a small fraction of CWD-inoculated transgenic mice expressing human PrP, indicating that humans are not completely resistant to CWD prions; this finding has significant ramifications on the public health impact of CWD prions. The influence of cervid PrP polymorphisms, the prion strain dependence of CWD-to-human transmission barrier, and the characterization of experimental human CWD prions will be discussed.<br clear="none" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;">Speaker Biography Qingzhong Kong has completed his PhD from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst and Post-doctoral studies at Yale University. He is currently an Associate Professor of Pathology, Neurology and Regenerative Medicine. He has published over 50 original research papers in reputable journals (including Science Translational Medicine, JCI, PNAS and Cell Reports) and has been serving as an Editorial Board Member on seven scientific journals. He has multiple research interests, including public health risks of animal prions (CWD of cervids and atypical BSE of cattle), animal modeling of human prion diseases, mechanisms of prion replication and pathogenesis, etiology of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD) in humans, normal cellular PrP in the biology and pathology of multiple brain and peripheral diseases, proteins responsible for the α-cleavage of cellular PrP, as well as gene therapy and DNA vaccination.<br clear="none" /></div><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><a href="mailto:qxk2@case.edu" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:qxk2@case.edu">qxk2@case.edu</a> <br clear="none" /></div></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;"><a href="https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.alliedacademies.org/conference-abstracts-files/zoonotic-potential-of-chronic-wasting-disease-prions-from.pdf</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/2018/02/prion-round-table-conference-2018-may.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://prionconference.blogspot.com/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://prionconference.blogspot.com/</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="color: black; font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="margin-bottom: 24px;"><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 23, 2019 </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion and THE FEAST 2003 CDC an updated review of the science 2019</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 04, 2014 </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">Six-year follow-up of a point-source exposure to CWD contaminated venison in an Upstate New York community: risk behaviours and health outcomes 2005–2011</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">Authors, though, acknowledged the study was limited in geography and sample size and so it couldn't draw a conclusion about the risk to humans. They recommended more study. Dr. Ermias Belay was the report's principal author but he said New York and Oneida County officials are following the proper course by not launching a study. "There's really nothing to monitor presently. No one's sick," Belay said, noting the disease's incubation period in deer and elk is measured in years. "</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/11/six-year-follow-up-of-point-source.html</a> </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: small; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">Transmission Studies</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">Mule deer transmissions of CWD were by intracerebral inoculation and compared with natural cases {the following was written but with a single line marked through it ''first passage (by this route)}....TSS</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">resulted in a more rapidly progressive clinical disease with repeated episodes of synocopy ending in coma. One control animal became affected, it is believed through contamination of inoculum (?saline). Further CWD transmissions were carried out by Dick Marsh into ferret, mink and squirrel monkey. Transmission occurred in ALL of these species with the shortest incubation period in the ferret.</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">snip.... </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">Prion Infectivity in Fat of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease▿ </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">Brent Race#, Kimberly Meade-White#, Richard Race and Bruce Chesebro* + Author Affiliations</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">In mice, prion infectivity was recently detected in fat. Since ruminant fat is consumed by humans and fed to animals, we determined infectivity titers in fat from two CWD-infected deer. Deer fat devoid of muscle contained low levels of CWD infectivity and might be a risk factor for prion infection of other species. </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full</a> </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">Prions in Skeletal Muscles of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">Here bioassays in transgenic mice expressing cervid prion protein revealed the presence of infectious prions in skeletal muscles of CWD-infected deer, demonstrating that humans consuming or handling meat from CWD-infected deer are at risk to prion exposure. </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long</a> </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">*** now, let’s see what the authors said about this casual link, personal communications years ago, and then the latest on the zoonotic potential from CWD to humans from the TOKYO PRION 2016 CONFERENCE.</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">see where it is stated NO STRONG evidence. so, does this mean there IS casual evidence ???? “Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans”</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">From: TSS </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">Subject: CWD aka MAD DEER/ELK TO HUMANS ???</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">Date: September 30, 2002 at 7:06 am PST</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">From: "Belay, Ermias"</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">To: Cc: "Race, Richard (NIH)" ; ; "Belay, Ermias"</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">Sent: Monday, September 30, 2002 9:22 AM</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">Subject: RE: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">Dear Sir/Madam,</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">In the Archives of Neurology you quoted (the abstract of which was attached to your email), we did not say CWD in humans will present like variant CJD.. That assumption would be wrong. I encourage you to read the whole article and call me if you have questions or need more clarification (phone: 404-639-3091). Also, we do not claim that "no-one has ever been infected with prion disease from eating venison." Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans in the article you quoted or in any other forum is limited to the patients we investigated.</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">Ermias Belay, M.D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">-----Original Message-----</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">From: Sent: Sunday, September 29, 2002 10:15 AM</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">To: <a href="mailto:rr26k@nih.gov" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:rr26k@nih.gov">rr26k@nih.gov</a>; <a href="mailto:rrace@niaid.nih.gov" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:rrace@niaid.nih.gov">rrace@niaid.nih.gov</a>; <a href="mailto:ebb8@CDC.GOV" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:ebb8@CDC.GOV">ebb8@CDC.GOV</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">Subject: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">Sunday, November 10, 2002 6:26 PM .......snip........end..............TSS</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">Thursday, April 03, 2008</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease 2008 1: Vet Res. 2008 Apr 3;39(4):41 A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease Sigurdson CJ.</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">snip...</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">*** twenty-seven CJD patients who regularly consumed venison were reported to the Surveillance Center***,</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">snip... full text ; </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html</a> </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">*** I urge everyone to watch this video closely...terry </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">*** you can see video here and interview with Jeff's Mom, and scientist telling you to test everything and potential risk factors for humans ***</span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://histodb11.usz.ch/Images/videos/video-004/video-004.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://histodb11.usz.ch/Images/videos/video-004/video-004.html</a><br clear="none" /></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">*** The potential impact of prion diseases on human health was greatly magnified by the recognition that interspecies transfer of BSE to humans by beef ingestion resulted in vCJD. While changes in animal feed constituents and slaughter practices appear to have curtailed vCJD, there is concern that CWD of free-ranging deer and elk in the U.S. might also cross the species barrier. Thus, consuming venison could be a source of human prion disease. Whether BSE and CWD represent interspecies scrapie transfer or are newly arisen prion diseases is unknown. Therefore, the possibility of transmission of prion disease through other food animals cannot be ruled out. There is evidence that vCJD can be transmitted through blood transfusion. There is likely a pool of unknown size of asymptomatic individuals infected with vCJD, and there may be asymptomatic individuals infected with the CWD equivalent. These circumstances represent a potential threat to blood, blood products, and plasma supplies. </span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"><a href="http://cdmrp.army.mil/prevfunded/nprp/NPRP_Summit_Final_Report.pdf" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://cdmrp.army.mil/prevfunded/nprp/NPRP_Summit_Final_Report.pdf</a> </span></div></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people. </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">sporadic, spontaneous CJD, 85%+ of all human TSE, just not just happen. never in scientific literature has this been proven.</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">if one looks up the word sporadic or spontaneous at pubmed, you will get a laundry list of disease that are classified in such a way;</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">sporadic = 54,983 hits <a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">spontaneous = 325,650 hits <a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">key word here is 'reported'. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can't, and it's as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it's being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. ...terry </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">*** These results would seem to suggest that CWD does indeed have zoonotic potential, at least as judged by the compatibility of CWD prions and their human PrPC target. Furthermore, extrapolation from this simple in vitro assay suggests that if zoonotic CWD occurred, it would most likely effect those of the PRNP codon 129-MM genotype and that the PrPres type would be similar to that found in the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1).*** </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys</a> </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true</a> </div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article</a></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">TUESDAY, JANUARY 21, 2020 </div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***> 2004 European Commission Chronic wasting disease AND TISSUES THAT MIGHT CARRY A RISK FOR HUMAN FOOD AND ANIMAL FEED CHAINS REPORT UPDATED 2020<br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/2004-european-commission-chronic.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/2004-european-commission-chronic.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">CWD TSE PRION AND ZOONOTIC, ZOONOSIS, POTENTIAL</div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; font-family: arial;"><div style="font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;">Subject: Re: DEER SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY SURVEY & HOUND STUDY </span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;">Date: Fri, 18 Oct 2002 23:12:22 +0100 </span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;">From: Steve Dealler </span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;">Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Organization: Netscape Online member </span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;">To: BSE-L@ References: <3daf5023 .4080804="" <a fg_rewritten="1" fg_scanned="1" href="http://wt.net/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgb(200, 26, 0) !important; color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em; padding-bottom: 3px; padding-left: 3px; padding-right: 3px;" target="_blank">wt.net</a>=""></span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;">Dear Terry,</span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;">An excellent piece of review as this literature is desparately difficult to get back from Government sites.</span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;">What happened with the deer was that an association between deer meat eating and sporadic CJD was found in about 1993. The evidence was not great but did not disappear after several years of asking CJD cases what they had eaten. I think that the work into deer disease largely stopped because it was not helpful to the UK industry...and no specific cases were reported. Well, if you dont look adequately like they are in USA currenly then you wont find any!</span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; font-size: small; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em;">Steve Dealler =============== </span></span></div><div style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://caninespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2010/03/canine-spongiform-encephalopathy-aka.html</a></div><div style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #29303b; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="background-color: #fef9f5; color: #121212; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.22em;">Stephen Dealler is a consultant medical microbiologist</span><span style="background-color: #fef9f5; color: #121212; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"> </span></span><span style="color: #121212; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.22em;"> <a href="mailto:deal@airtime.co.uk" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:deal@airtime.co.uk">deal@airtime.co.uk</a> </span></span></div><div style="color: #29303b; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><span style="color: #121212; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div><div style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;">BSE Inquiry Steve Dealler</div><div style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;">Management In Confidence</div><div style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;">BSE: Private Submission of Bovine Brain Dealler</div><div style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="color: #1d2129; font-family: inherit; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.22em; margin-bottom: 6px; margin-top: 6px;">snip...see full text;</div></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2019</div><div style="font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;">***> MAD DOGS AND ENGLISHMEN BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, CJD, TSE PRION A REVIEW 2019</div><div style="font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bseinquiry..blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: purple; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html</a></div><div style="font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div></div></div></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: #222222; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;">P1-187 AGED CATTLE BRAIN DISPLAYSALZHEIMER’S-LIKE PATHOLOGY THATCAN BE PROPAGATED IN A PRION-LIKE MANNER</span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr">Ines Moreno-Gonzalez1, George A. Edwards, III,1, Nazaret Gamez Ruiz1,Priyadarshini Peter1, Rodrigo Morales1, Mercedes Marquez2, Marti Pumarola2,Claudio Soto1,1The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA;2Animal Tissue Bank of Catalunya (BT A C), Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain . Contact e-mail: <a href="mailto:Ines.M.Gonzalez@uth.tmc.edu" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:Ines.M.Gonzalez@uth.tmc.edu">Ines.M.Gonzalez@uth.tmc.edu</a></div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr">Background: Amyloid beta (Ab) and hyperphosphorylated tau(ptau) are the proteins undergoing misfolding in Alzheimer’s dis-ease (AD). Recent studies have shown that brain homogenates rich in amyloid aggregates are able to seed the misfolding and ag-gregation of amyloidogenic proteins inducing an earlier onset of the disease in mouse models of AD. This seeding behavior is analogous to the disease transmission by propagation of prion protein misfold-ing observed in prion diseases. Prion diseases can be transmitted across species by inoculation of the misfolded prion protein from one specie into an appropriate host. For example, material from cattle affected by bovine spongiform encephalopathy can be propagate in humans inducing variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.</div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr">Methods: In this study, we analyzed the presence of AD-related protein aggre-gates in the brain of old cows and investigated whether these aggregates are capable to induce pathology in animal models of AD.</div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr">Results: We observed that many of the typical hallmarks detected in human AD brains, including Ab aggregates and tangles, were present in cow brains. When cattle tissue containing Ab aggregates or ptau were intracerebrally inoculated into APP/PS1 or P301Smice, we observed an acceleration of brain misfolded protein deposition and faster cognitive impairment compared to controls. How-ever, when the material was orally inoculated, no effect was observed.</div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr">Conclusions: These results may contribute to uncover a previously unsuspected etiology surrounding some cases of spo-radic AD. However, the early and controversial stage of the field of prion-like transmission in non-prion diseases added to the artificial nature of the animal models utilized for these studies, indicate that extrapolation of the results to humans should not be done without further experiments.</div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1016/j.jalz.2018.06.191" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1016/j.jalz.2018.06.191</a><br clear="none" /></div></div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr">P75 Determining transmissibility and proteome changes associated with abnormal bovine prionopathy </div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr">Dudas S (1,2), Seuberlich T (3), Czub S (1,2) </div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr">In prion diseases, it is believed that altered protein conformation encodes for different pathogenic strains. Currently 3 different strains of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) are confirmed. Diagnostic tests for BSE are able to identify animals infected with all 3 strains, however, several diagnostic laboratories have reported samples with inconclusive results which are challenging to classify. It was suggested that these may be novel strains of BSE; to determine transmissibility, brain material from index cases were inoculated into cattle. </div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr">In the first passage, cattle were intra-cranially challenged with brain homogenate from 2 Swiss animals with abnormal prionopathy. The challenged cattle incubated for 3 years and were euthanized with no clinical signs of neurologic disease. Animals were negative when tested on validated diagnostic tests but several research methods demonstrated changes in the prion conformation in these cattle, including density gradient centrifugation and immunohistochemistry. Currently, samples from the P1 animals are being tested for changes in protein levels using 2-D Fluorescence Difference Gel Electrophoresis (2D DIGE) and mass spectrometry. It is anticipated that, if a prionopathy is present, this approach should identify pathways and targets to decipher the source of altered protein conformation. In addition, a second set of cattle have been challenged with brain material from the first passage. Ideally, these cattle will be given a sufficient incubation period to provide a definitive answer to the question of transmissibility. </div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr">=====prion 2018=== </div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr">Prion Conference 2018</div><div dir="ltr"><br clear="none" /></div><div dir="ltr"><div style="color: #222222; line-height: 1.22em;">Sunday, February 25, 2018 </div><div style="color: #222222; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; line-height: 1.22em;">PRION ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE 2018 MAY, 22-25 A REVIEW</div><div style="color: #222222; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; line-height: 1.22em;">Prion Conference 2018</div><div style="color: #222222; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: #222222; line-height: 1.22em;"><div style="color: black; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #222222;">Wednesday, December 16, 2020 </span></div><div style="color: black; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #222222;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: black; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #222222;">Expanding spectrum of prion diseases Prusiner et al</span><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #222222;"><br clear="none" /></span></div><div style="color: black; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="color: #222222;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://prionprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/expanding-spectrum-of-prion-diseases.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://prionprp.blogspot.com/2020/12/expanding-spectrum-of-prion-diseases.html</a></span></div><div style="color: black; line-height: 1.22em;"><br /></div><div style="color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">Wednesday, December 23, 2020 <div><br /></div><div>Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease with a Five-Year Clinical Course, Multicentric Cerebellar Prion Plaques and Prior History of Biopsy-Proven Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System: A Case for Iatrogenic Exposure?</div><div><br /></div><div><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2020/12/creutzfeldtjakob-disease-with-five-year.html" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2020/12/creutzfeldtjakob-disease-with-five-year.html</a></div></div><div style="color: black; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" /></div><div style="color: black; line-height: 1.22em;">Terry S. Singeltary</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33182925.post-19538359062184571412020-06-10T15:51:00.000-05:002020-06-10T15:51:22.697-05:00Radical Change in Zoonotic Abilities of Atypical BSE Prion Strains as Evidenced by Crossing of Sheep Species Barrier in Transgenic Mice<div>
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Emerg Infect Dis. 2020 Jun; 26(6): 1130–1139.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">doi: 10.3201/eid2606.181790</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">PMCID: PMC7258450</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Radical Change in Zoonotic Abilities of Atypical BSE Prion Strains as Evidenced by Crossing of Sheep Species Barrier in Transgenic Mice</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Alba Marín-Moreno,1 Alvina Huor,1 Juan Carlos Espinosa, Jean Yves Douet, Patricia Aguilar-Calvo,2 Naima Aron, Juan Píquer, Sévérine Lugan, Patricia Lorenzo, Cecile Tillier, Hervé Cassard, Olivier Andreoletti, and Juan María Torrescorresponding author</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Abstract</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is the only zoonotic prion disease described to date. Although the zoonotic potential of atypical BSE prions have been partially studied, an extensive analysis is still needed. We conducted a systematic study by inoculating atypical BSE isolates from different countries in Europe into transgenic mice overexpressing human prion protein (PrP): TgMet129, TgMet/Val129, and TgVal129. L-type BSE showed a higher zoonotic potential in TgMet129 mice than classical BSE, whereas Val129-PrP variant was a strong molecular protector against L-type BSE prions, even in heterozygosis. H-type BSE could not be transmitted to any of the mice. We also adapted 1 H- and 1 L-type BSE isolate to sheep-PrP transgenic mice and inoculated them into human-PrP transgenic mice. Atypical BSE prions showed a modification in their zoonotic ability after adaptation to sheep-PrP producing agents able to infect TgMet129 and TgVal129, bearing features that make them indistinguishable of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease prions.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Discussion The zoonotic potential of atypical BSE prions has been partially studied by using both PrP-overexpressing animals and gene-targeted mice (10,27–29). All evidence converges to indicate a higher capacity of L-BSE than of C-BSE to transmit in human-PrP–expressing hosts and a high transmission barrier for H-BSE. Absence of a transmission barrier for L-BSE in TgMet129 has already been reported (10). Our study (using other transgenic mice with a different PrPC expression level) expands the investigation to other genotypes. Lack of prion propagation in TgMet/Val129 and TgVal129 indicates that Val129 variant is a strong molecular protector against L-BSE zoonotic transmission even in heterozygosis, as previously reported for C-BSE and related C-BSE prions (18). Finally, H-BSE clearly has a robust transmission barrier with respect to the human-PrP sequence, independent of the codon 129 polymorphism.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Once adapted to TgMet129, L-BSE did not propagate in TgMet/Val129 and TgVal129, which precludes secondary infections between persons. In contrast, C-BSE propagated in Val129 genotypes once adapted to the Met129 human-PrP sequence, even when Val129 also protected against primary infection (18). However, Met/Val129 genotypes might be naturally affected by vCJD because a definite vCJD case of a subject heterozygous for codon 129 has already been reported (16). Moreover, evidence of potential prion propagation in Val129-homozygous persons has been indicated in examinations of tonsils and appendices (30–32). These observations are in contrast with our finding of a lack of transmission of C-BSE in Val129 genotypes. However, only 1 vCJD case has been reported in a Met/Val-heterozygous person, which might mean that the event is very rare. Moreover, whether the PrPres positivity detected in lymphoid tissues (tonsils and appendix) of Val129-homozygous persons would eventually extend to their central nervous system is still unknown. As a consequence, the risk for L-BSE secondary transmission once adapted to human-PrP sequence should be assessed carefully.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">A complete assessment of the zoonotic potential of atypical BSE prions should include the evaluation of zoonotic potential after adaptation to the sheep-PrP sequence given that C-BSE virulence toward human-PrP transgenic mouse models increased after passage in ovine-PrP transgenic mice. Thus, we propagated 1 H-BSE and 1 L-BSE isolate into ovine-PrP transgenic mice. L-BSE has already been transmitted into sheep (13), whereas no H-BSE propagation into this host has been reported. Thus, we decided to perform the adaptation to the sheep sequence by using sheep-PrP transgenic mice, although overexpression of PrPC reportedly could render changes on prion strains features (33). The absence of divergent PrPres profiles among the animals and the uniformity of the incubation times after 2 passages into sheep-PrP transgenic mice argue against the occurrence of mutation events attributable to PrPC overexpression in our study. In addition, previously reported strain features of L-BSE propagated in sheep (13) were similar to those reported in this study using sheep-PrP transgenic mice, which also validates use of these animal models. Our results suggest a moderate but surmountable transmission barrier for L-BSE in the 2 analyzed sheep genotypes, whereas for H-BSE a high transmission barrier exists when transmitted into an ARQ sheep sequence. The polymorphism Ala/Val136 present in the sheep-PrP sequence seems to be responsible for the different behavior of the obtained prion agents. Once proved that these isolates could be propagated on sheep-PrP sequence, determining whether they can be differentiated from classical scrapie and C-BSE will be important.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Our results and those provided by other studies indicate that L-BSE adapted to a VRQ sheep sequence resemble C-BSE in its molecular features (14). Moreover, L-BSE adapted to ARQ sheep sequence and H-BSE adapted to VRQ sheep sequence generate prions similar to classical scrapie, at least in terms of PrPres glycoprofile. Therefore, in the supposed case of atypical BSE transmission to sheep, early differentiation of both atypical BSE agents from other sheep prions like classical scrapie would be difficult. Nevertheless, the combination of the low incidence of atypical BSE (because of its supposed sporadic nature) and the continued prohibition of meat and bone meal recycling ameliorates the risk for transmission to sheep.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The transmission of atypical BSEs into sheep resulted in the emergence of prions similar to types 1 and 2 sCJD in terms of mean survival times, attack rates, PrPres profile, and PrPres deposition pattern in the brain of human-PrP transgenic mice. The similarities between the sheep-adapted atypical BSE prions propagated into our human-PrP transgenic mouse lines and sCJD prions could suggest a link between them. The well-established dogma that sCJD is a spontaneous disorder unrelated to animal prion disease has been questioned in a previous study given the resemblance of scrapie prions transmitted into human transgenic mouse models to sCJD strains (26); however, the data from that study do not unequivocally establish a causative link between exposure to sheep scrapie and the subsequent appearance of sCJD in humans, and the same could apply to our findings. An alternative explanation that cannot be ruled out is that, although being different strains, only a limited number of phenotypes could be generated for the human-PrP, indicating phenotypic convergence. Updates to old epidemiologic research is needed to reconsider all these results involving a possible infectious origin of sCJD. In any case, continuing the characterization of this newly emerged prion strain would be useful to finally discarding or refuting a link with sCJD prions.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Extrapolation of results from prion transmission studies based on transgenic mice should be done with caution, especially when human susceptibility to prions is analyzed. However, our results clearly indicate that atypical BSE adaptation to an ovine-PrP sequence could modify the prion agent to potentially infect humans, showing strain features indistinguishable from those of classic sCJD prions, even though they might or might not be different agents. The supposed sporadic nature of atypical BSE makes its transmission to sheep and later to humans unlikely. However, the expanding range of TSE agents displaying the capacity to transmit in human-PrP–expressing hosts warrants the continuation of the ban on meat and bone meal recycling and underscores the ongoing need for active surveillance.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Keywords: transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, prion, atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy, BSE, Val129-PrP, transmission barrier, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, CJD, zoonoses</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7258450/" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7258450/</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Radical Change in Zoonotic Abilities of Atypical BSE Prion Strains as Evidenced by Crossing of Sheep Species Barrier in Transgenic Mice</span></div>
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Atypical BSE prions showed a modification in their zoonotic ability after adaptation to sheep-PrP producing agents able to infect TgMet129 and TgVal129, bearing features that make them indistinguishable of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease prions.</div>
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our results clearly indicate that atypical BSE adaptation to an ovine-PrP sequence could modify the prion agent to potentially infect humans, showing strain features indistinguishable from those of classic sCJD prions, even though they might or might not be different agents.</div>
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However, the expanding range of TSE agents displaying the capacity to transmit in human-PrP–expressing hosts warrants the continuation of the ban on meat and bone meal recycling and underscores the ongoing need for active surveillance</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7258450/" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7258450/</a></div>
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A REVIEW of facts and science on scrapie zoonosis potential/likelihood and the USA incredible failure of the BSE 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS (another colossal failure, and proven to be a sham) </div>
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1st up <span style="font-size: 10pt;">BSE 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></div>
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***> However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. <*** </div>
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>*** Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health. <*** </div>
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***> Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 5="" 6="" at="" by="" detected="" eia.="" examined="" group="" in="" intracranial="" least="" lymphoid="" month="" months="" of="" one="" pigs="" positive="" prpsc="" quic="" the="" tissues="" was="">6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 4="" and="" group="" months="" oral="">6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). </6></6></div>
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***> Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains. </div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div>
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***> In summary, our results establish aerosols as a surprisingly efficient modality of prion transmission. This novel pathway of prion transmission is not only conceptually relevant for the field of prion research, but also highlights a hitherto unappreciated risk factor for laboratory personnel and personnel of the meat processing industry. In the light of these findings, it may be appropriate to revise current prion-related biosafety guidelines and health standards in diagnostic and scientific laboratories being potentially confronted with prion infected materials. While we did not investigate whether production of prion aerosols in nature suffices to cause horizontal prion transmission, the finding of prions in biological fluids such as saliva, urine and blood suggests that it may be worth testing this possibility in future studies.</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1001257" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1001257</a></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.5.3.16851" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.5.3.16851</a></div>
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Adriano Aguzzi ''We even showed that a prion AEROSOL will infect 100% of mice within 10 seconds of exposure''</div>
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7. TRUCKING TRANSPORTING CERVID CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE TSE PRION VIOLATING THE LACEY ACT</div>
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***> PLEASE SEE HISTORY OF TEXAS TRUCKING CWD TSE PRION DISEASE AT THE BOTTOM OF MY SUBMISSION, TOO LONG TO POST HERE.</div>
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8.CONSIDERING RECENT SCIENCE THAT CWD TSE PRION WILL TRANSMIT ORALLY TO PIGS AND ALSO SCRAPIE TO PIGS BY ORAL ROUTES, CONSIDERING CWD TRANSMIT EASILY TO CERVID BY ORAL ROUTE, CONSIDERING A NEW TSE PRION OUTBREAK IN A NEW LIVESTOCK SPECIES, THE CAMEL, CONSIDERING THE FACT THE USA THAT THE 1997 BSE feed regulation at 589.2000, which remains in effect but which applies only to feed for cattle and other ruminants, and specifically, the new section 589.2001, WAS AND STILL IS A TOTAL AND COLOSSAL FAILURE, AND PROVEN TO BE SO BY RECENT COMMENTS COMING FROM THE FDA, BUT FIRST, COMMENTS FROM DEFRA;</div>
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In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law.</div>
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Animals considered at high risk for CWD include:</div>
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1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones and</div>
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2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal.</div>
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Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants.</div>
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The amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from the USA to GB can not be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES. It may constitute a small percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin processed animal proteins that were imported from US into GB in 2011.</div>
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Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a __greater than negligible risk___ that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer and/or elk protein is imported into GB.</div>
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There is uncertainty associated with this estimate given the lack of data on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being imported in these products.</div>
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snip.....</div>
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<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr., 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMT</span></span></div>
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***however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE.<br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" />***Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc detection by PMCA only.<br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" />*** IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure ***<br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><br style="line-height: 1.22em;" /><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">*** Singeltary reply ; Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics of BSE in Canada Singeltary reply</span></div>
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FDA's FAILED MAD COW FEED POLICY, IN LIVING COLOR!</div>
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***> cattle, pigs, sheep, cwd, tse, prion, oh my! </div>
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***> In contrast, cattle are highly susceptible to white-tailed deer CWD and mule deer CWD in experimental conditions but no natural CWD infections in cattle have been reported (Sigurdson, 2008; Hamir et al., 2006). </div>
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Sheep and cattle may be exposed to CWD via common grazing areas with affected deer but so far, appear to be poorly susceptible to mule deer CWD (Sigurdson, 2008). In contrast, cattle are highly susceptible to white-tailed deer CWD and mule deer CWD in experimental conditions but no natural CWD infections in cattle have been reported (Sigurdson, 2008; Hamir et al., 2006). It is not known how susceptible humans are to CWD but given that the prion can be present in muscle, it is likely that humans have been exposed to the agent via consumption of venison (Sigurdson, 2008). Initial experimental research suggests that human susceptibility to CWD is low and there may be a robust species barrier for CWD transmission to humans (Sigurdson, 2008), however the risk appetite for a public health threat may still find this level unacceptable. </div>
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<a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/733407/DEFRA_QRA_TSE_in_cervids_June2018_v1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/733407/DEFRA_QRA_TSE_in_cervids_June2018_v1.pdf</a> </div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/08/susceptibility-of-cattle-to-agent-of.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/08/susceptibility-of-cattle-to-agent-of.html</a></div>
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***> READ THIS VERY, VERY, CAREFULLY, AUGUST 1997 MAD COW FEED BAN WAS A SHAM, AS I HAVE STATED SINCE 1997! 3 FAILSAFES THE FDA ET AL PREACHED AS IF IT WERE THE GOSPEL, IN TERMS OF MAD COW BSE DISEASE IN USA, AND WHY IT IS/WAS/NOT A PROBLEM FOR THE USA, and those are; </div>
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BSE TESTING (failed terribly and proven to be a sham) </div>
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BSE SURVEILLANCE (failed terribly and proven to be a sham) </div>
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BSE 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS (another colossal failure, and proven to be a sham) </div>
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these are facts folks. trump et al just admitted it with the feed ban. </div>
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see; </div>
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FDA Reports on VFD Compliance </div>
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John Maday </div>
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August 30, 2019 09:46 AM VFD-Form 007 (640x427) </div>
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Before and after the current Veterinary Feed Directive rules took full effect in January, 2017, the FDA focused primarily on education and outreach. ( John Maday ) Before and after the current Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD) rules took full effect in January, 2017, the FDA focused primarily on education and outreach to help feed mills, veterinarians and producers understand and comply with the requirements. Since then, FDA has gradually increased the number of VFD inspections and initiated enforcement actions when necessary. On August 29, FDA released its first report on inspection and compliance activities. The report, titled “Summary Assessment of Veterinary Feed Directive Compliance Activities Conducted in Fiscal Years 2016 – 2018,” is available online.</div>
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SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 1, 2019 </div>
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***> FDA Reports on VFD Compliance </div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">10,000,000+ LBS. of PROHIBITED BANNED MAD COW FEED I.E. BLOOD LACED MBM IN COMMERCE USA 2007 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Date: March 21, 2007 at 2:27 pm PST</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINES -- CLASS II </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">___________________________________ </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">PRODUCT</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Bulk cattle feed made with recalled Darling's 85% Blood Meal, Flash Dried, Recall # V-024-2007</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">CODE</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Cattle feed delivered between 01/12/2007 and 01/26/2007</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Pfeiffer, Arno, Inc, Greenbush, WI. by conversation on February 5, 2007.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Firm initiated recall is ongoing. REASON</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Blood meal used to make cattle feed was recalled because it was cross- contaminated with prohibited bovine meat and bone meal that had been manufactured on common equipment and labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">42,090 lbs.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">DISTRIBUTION</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">WI </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">___________________________________ </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">PRODUCT</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Custom dairy premix products: MNM ALL PURPOSE Pellet, HILLSIDE/CDL Prot- Buffer Meal, LEE, M.-CLOSE UP PX Pellet, HIGH DESERT/ GHC LACT Meal, TATARKA, M CUST PROT Meal, SUNRIDGE/CDL PROTEIN Blend, LOURENZO, K PVM DAIRY Meal, DOUBLE B DAIRY/GHC LAC Mineral, WEST PIONT/GHC CLOSEUP Mineral, WEST POINT/GHC LACT Meal, JENKS, J/COMPASS PROTEIN Meal, COPPINI - 8# SPECIAL DAIRY Mix, GULICK, L-LACT Meal (Bulk), TRIPLE J - PROTEIN/LACTATION, ROCK CREEK/GHC MILK Mineral, BETTENCOURT/GHC S.SIDE MK-MN, BETTENCOURT #1/GHC MILK MINR, V&C DAIRY/GHC LACT Meal, VEENSTRA, F/GHC LACT Meal, SMUTNY, A- BYPASS ML W/SMARTA, Recall # V-025-2007 CODE</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The firm does not utilize a code - only shipping documentation with commodity and weights identified.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Rangen, Inc, Buhl, ID, by letters on February 13 and 14, 2007. Firm initiated recall is complete. REASON</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">9,997,976 lbs.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">DISTRIBUTION</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">ID and NV</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR MARCH 21, 2007 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/EnforcementReports/2007/ucm120446.htm </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Saturday, August 14, 2010 BSE Case Associated with Prion Protein Gene Mutation (g-h-BSEalabama) and VPSPr PRIONPATHY</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">*** (see mad cow feed in COMMERCE IN ALABAMA...TSS)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">BANNED MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE IN ALABAMA</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Date: September 6, 2006 at 7:58 am PST PRODUCT</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">a) EVSRC Custom dairy feed, Recall # V-130-6;</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">b) Performance Chick Starter, Recall # V-131-6;</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">c) Performance Quail Grower, Recall # V-132-6;</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">d) Performance Pheasant Finisher, Recall # V-133-6.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">CODE None RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Donaldson & Hasenbein/dba J&R Feed Service, Inc., Cullman, AL, by telephone on June 23, 2006 and by letter dated July 19, 2006. Firm initiated recall is complete. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">REASON Dairy and poultry feeds were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 477.72 tons </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">DISTRIBUTION AL</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">______________________________ </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00968.html </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">PRODUCT Bulk custom dairy pre-mixes,</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Recall # V-120-6 CODE None RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Ware Milling Inc., Houston, MS, by telephone on June 23, 2006. Firm initiated recall is complete. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">REASON Possible contamination of dairy animal feeds with ruminant derived meat and bone meal. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 350 tons </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">DISTRIBUTION AL and MS </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">______________________________ </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">PRODUCT</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">a) Tucker Milling, LLC Tm 32% Sinking Fish Grower, #2680-Pellet, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-121-6;</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">b) Tucker Milling, LLC #31120, Game Bird Breeder Pellet, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-122-6;</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">c) Tucker Milling, LLC #31232 Game Bird Grower, 50 lb. bags, Recall # V-123-6;</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">d) Tucker Milling, LLC 31227-Crumble, Game Bird Starter, BMD Medicated, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-124-6;</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">e) Tucker Milling, LLC #31120, Game Bird Breeder, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-125-6;</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">f) Tucker Milling, LLC #30230, 30 % Turkey Starter, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-126-6;</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">g) Tucker Milling, LLC #30116, TM Broiler Finisher, 50 lb bags, Recall # V-127-6</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">CODE All products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/20/2006 RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Recalling Firm: Tucker Milling LLC, Guntersville, AL, by telephone and visit on June 20, 2006, and by letter on June 23, 2006. Manufacturer: H. J. Baker and Brothers Inc., Stamford, CT. Firm initiated recall is ongoing. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">REASON Poultry and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein were not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants". </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 7,541-50 lb bags</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">DISTRIBUTION AL, GA, MS, and TN </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 9, 2006 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">### </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div dir="ltr">
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/ENFORCE/2006/ENF00964.html</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div dir="ltr">
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Subject: MAD COW FEED RECALL AL AND FL VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 TONS Products manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Date: August 6, 2006 at 6:16 pm PST PRODUCT</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">a) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish, Recall # V-100-6;</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">b) Performance Sheep Pell W/Decox/A/N, medicated, net wt. 50 lbs, Recall # V-101-6;</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">c) Pro 40% Swine Conc Meal -- 50 lb, Recall # V-102-6;</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">d) CO-OP 32% Sinking Catfish Food Medicated, Recall # V-103-6;</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">e) "Big Jim's" BBB Deer Ration, Big Buck Blend, Recall # V-104-6;</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">f) CO-OP 40% Hog Supplement Medicated Pelleted, Tylosin 100 grams/ton, 50 lb. bag, Recall # V-105-6;</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">g) Pig Starter Pell II, 18% W/MCDX Medicated 282020, Carbadox -- 0.0055%, Recall # V-106-6;</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">h) CO-OP STARTER-GROWER CRUMBLES, Complete Feed for Chickens from Hatch to 20 Weeks, Medicated, Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate, 25 and 50 Lbs, Recall # V-107-6;</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div dir="ltr">
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">i) CO-OP LAYING PELLETS, Complete Feed for Laying Chickens, Recall # 108-6;</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div dir="ltr">
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">j) CO-OP LAYING CRUMBLES, Recall # V-109-6;</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">k) CO-OP QUAIL FLIGHT CONDITIONER MEDICATED, net wt 50 Lbs, Recall # V-110-6;</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div dir="ltr">
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">l) CO-OP QUAIL STARTER MEDICATED, Net Wt. 50 Lbs, Recall # V-111-6;</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div dir="ltr">
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">m) CO-OP QUAIL GROWER MEDICATED, 50 Lbs, Recall # V-112-6 CODE</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Product manufactured from 02/01/2005 until 06/06/2006</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Alabama Farmers Cooperative, Inc., Decatur, AL, by telephone, fax, email and visit on June 9, 2006. FDA initiated recall is complete.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div dir="ltr">
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">REASON Animal and fish feeds which were possibly contaminated with ruminant based protein not labeled as "Do not feed to ruminants". </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div dir="ltr">
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 125 tons </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div dir="ltr">
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">DISTRIBUTION AL and FL </span></div>
<div dir="ltr">
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div dir="ltr">
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR AUGUST 2, 2006 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">### </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div dir="ltr">
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00963.html</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">MAD COW FEED RECALL USA EQUALS 10,878.06 TONS NATIONWIDE Sun Jul 16, 2006 09:22 71.248.128.67</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINE -- CLASS II</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div dir="ltr">
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">______________________________ </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">PRODUCT</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">a) PRO-LAK, bulk weight, Protein Concentrate for Lactating Dairy Animals, Recall # V-079-6;</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div dir="ltr">
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">b) ProAmino II, FOR PREFRESH AND LACTATING COWS, net weight 50lb (22.6 kg), Recall # V-080-6;</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div dir="ltr">
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">c) PRO-PAK, MARINE & ANIMAL PROTEIN CONCENTRATE FOR USE IN ANIMAL FEED, Recall # V-081-6;</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div dir="ltr">
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">d) Feather Meal, Recall # V-082-6 CODE</span></div>
<div dir="ltr">
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div dir="ltr">
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">a) Bulk</span></div>
<div dir="ltr">
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div dir="ltr">
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">b) None</span></div>
<div dir="ltr">
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div dir="ltr">
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">c) Bulk</span></div>
<div dir="ltr">
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div dir="ltr">
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">d) Bulk</span></div>
<div dir="ltr">
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER H. J. Baker & Bro., Inc., Albertville, AL, by telephone on June 15, 2006 and by press release on June 16, 2006. Firm initiated recall is ongoing. REASON</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div dir="ltr">
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Possible contamination of animal feeds with ruminent derived meat and bone meal. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div dir="ltr">
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 10,878.06 tons </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
<div dir="ltr">
<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">DISTRIBUTION Nationwide </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR July 12, 2006 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">###</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/enforce/2006/ENF00960.html SPECIFIED RISK MATERIAL SRM BREACHES USA</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...see;</span></div>
</div>
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<br /></div>
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TUESDAY, APRIL 18, 2017 </div>
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<br /></div>
<div dir="ltr">
*** EXTREME USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED LOOP HOLE STILL EXIST, AND PRICE OF POKER GOES UP *** </div>
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<br /></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2017/04/extreme-usa-fda-part-589-tse-prion-feed.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2017/04/extreme-usa-fda-part-589-tse-prion-feed.html</a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div dir="ltr">
<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2018/04/dromedary-camels-algeria-prion-mad.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2018/04/dromedary-camels-algeria-prion-mad.html</a></div>
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<div dir="ltr">
2nd up, S<span style="font-size: 10pt;">crapie zoonosis potential/likelihood</span></div>
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<div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">
ZOONOSIS OF SCRAPIE TSE PRION</div>
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<div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">
O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </div>
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<div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">
<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">============== </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a> </span></div>
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***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span></div>
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PRION 2016 TOKYO</div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X online</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Taylor & Francis</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Juan Maria Torres a, Olivier Andreoletti b, J uan-Carlos Espinosa a. Vincent Beringue c. Patricia Aguilar a,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Natalia Fernandez-Borges a. and Alba Marin-Moreno a</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">"Centro de Investigacion en Sanidad Animal ( CISA-INIA ). Valdeolmos, Madrid. Spain; b UMR INRA -ENVT 1225 Interactions Holes Agents Pathogenes. ENVT. Toulouse. France: "UR892. Virologie lmmunologie MolécuIaires, Jouy-en-Josas. France</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Dietary exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) contaminated bovine tissues is considered as the origin of variant Creutzfeldt Jakob (vCJD) disease in human. To date, BSE agent is the only recognized zoonotic prion... Despite the variety of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE) agents that have been circulating for centuries in farmed ruminants there is no apparent epidemiological link between exposure to ruminant products and the occurrence of other form of TSE in human like sporadic Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease (sCJD). However, the zoonotic potential of the diversity of circulating TSE agents has never been systematically assessed. The major issue in experimental assessment of TSEs zoonotic potential lies in the modeling of the ‘species barrier‘, the biological phenomenon that limits TSE agents’ propagation from a species to another. In the last decade, mice genetically engineered to express normal forms of the human prion protein has proved essential in studying human prions pathogenesis and modeling the capacity of TSEs to cross the human species barrier.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">To assess the zoonotic potential of prions circulating in farmed ruminants, we study their transmission ability in transgenic mice expressing human PrPC (HuPrP-Tg). Two lines of mice expressing different forms of the human PrPC (129Met or 129Val) are used to determine the role of the Met129Val dimorphism in susceptibility/resistance to the different agents.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">These transmission experiments confirm the ability of BSE prions to propagate in 129M- HuPrP-Tg mice and demonstrate that Met129 homozygotes may be susceptible to BSE in sheep or goat to a greater degree than the BSE agent in cattle and that these agents can convey molecular properties and neuropathological indistinguishable from vCJD. However homozygous 129V mice are resistant to all tested BSE derived prions independently of the originating species suggesting a higher transmission barrier for 129V-PrP variant.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">PRION 2018 CONFERENCE</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">P98 The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">Greenlee JJ (1), Moore SJ (1), and West Greenlee MH (2) (1) United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Virus and Prion Research Unit, Ames, IA, United States (2) Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States. </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">reading up on this study from Prion 2018 Conference, very important findings ;</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">***> This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">***> These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">PRION 2018 CONFERENCE ABSTRACT</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://prion2018.org/" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://prion2018.org/</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 24, 2018 </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Experimental Infection of Cattle With a Novel Prion Derived From Atypical H-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2018/10/experimental-infection-of-cattle-with.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2018/10/experimental-infection-of-cattle-with.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">WEDNESDAY, APRIL 24, 2019 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">***> USDA Announces Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Detection Aug 29, 2018 A Review of Science 2019 <***</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html</a></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">MONDAY, JANUARY 09, 2017 </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">Oral Transmission of L-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Agent among Cattle </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">CDC Volume 23, Number 2—February 2017 </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">*** Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">*** Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/23/2/16-1416_article" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/23/2/16-1416_article</a></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">TUESDAY, AUGUST 28, 2018 </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">USDA finds BSE infection in Florida cow 08/28/18 6:43 PM</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 29, 2018 </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">USDA Announces Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Detection USDA 08/29/2018 10:00 AM EDT</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 29, 2018 </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion Atypical BSE Confirmed Florida Update USA August 28, 2018</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: underline;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/08/transmissible-spongiform-encephalopathy.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/08/transmissible-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">***> P.108: Successful oral challenge of adult cattle with classical BSE</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">Sandor Dudas1,*, Kristina Santiago-Mateo1, Tammy Pickles1, Catherine Graham2, and Stefanie Czub1 1Canadian Food Inspection Agency; NCAD Lethbridge; Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada; 2Nova Scotia Department of Agriculture; Pathology Laboratory; Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">Classical Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (C-type BSE) is a feed- and food-borne fatal neurological disease which can be orally transmitted to cattle and humans. Due to the presence of contaminated milk replacer, it is generally assumed that cattle become infected early in life as calves and then succumb to disease as adults. Here we challenged three 14 months old cattle per-orally with 100 grams of C-type BSE brain to investigate age-related susceptibility or resistance. During incubation, the animals were sampled monthly for blood and feces and subjected to standardized testing to identify changes related to neurological disease. At 53 months post exposure, progressive signs of central nervous system disease were observed in these 3 animals, and they were euthanized. Two of the C-BSE animals tested strongly positive using standard BSE rapid tests, however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE. Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc detection by PMCA only. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">***Our study demonstrates susceptibility of adult cattle to oral transmission of classical BSE. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">We are further examining explanations for the unusual disease presentation in the third challenged animal.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">P.86: Estimating the risk of transmission of BSE and scrapie to ruminants and humans by protein misfolding cyclic amplification</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">Morikazu Imamura, Naoko Tabeta, Yoshifumi Iwamaru, and Yuichi Murayama</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">National Institute of Animal Health; Tsukuba, Japan</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">To assess the risk of the transmission of ruminant prions to ruminants and humans at the molecular level, we investigated the ability of abnormal prion protein (PrPSc) of typical and atypical BSEs (L-type and H-type) and typical scrapie to convert normal prion protein (PrPC) from bovine, ovine, and human to proteinase K-resistant PrPSc-like form (PrPres) using serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">Six rounds of serial PMCA was performed using 10% brain homogenates from transgenic mice expressing bovine, ovine or human PrPC in combination with PrPSc seed from typical and atypical BSE- or typical scrapie-infected brain homogenates from native host species. In the conventional PMCA, the conversion of PrPC to PrPres was observed only when the species of PrPC source and PrPSc seed matched. However, in the PMCA with supplements (digitonin, synthetic polyA and heparin), both bovine and ovine PrPC were converted by PrPSc from all tested prion strains. On the other hand, human PrPC was converted by PrPSc from typical and H-type BSE in this PMCA condition.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">Although these results were not compatible with the previous reports describing the lack of transmissibility of H-type BSE to ovine and human transgenic mice, our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals.</span></div>
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***> why do we not want to do TSE transmission studies on chimpanzees $</div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">5. A positive result from a chimpanzee challenged severly would likely create alarm in some circles even if the result could not be interpreted for man. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">***> I have a view that all these agents could be transmitted provided a large enough dose by appropriate routes was given and the animals kept long enough. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">***> Until the mechanisms of the species barrier are more clearly understood it might be best to retain that hypothesis.</span></div>
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<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170126051158/http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102222950/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170126051158/http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102222950/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a> </span></div>
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***> Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility. <***</div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Emmanuel E. Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Sophie Luccantoni-Freire, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra-Etchegaray, Valérie Durand, Capucine Dehen, Olivier Andreoletti, Cristina Casalone, Juergen A. Richt, Justin J. Greenlee, Thierry Baron, Sylvie L. Benestad, Paul Brown & Jean-Philippe Deslys Scientific Reports volume 5, Article number: 11573 (2015) | Download Citation</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (c-BSE) is the only animal prion disease reputed to be zoonotic, causing variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans and having guided protective measures for animal and human health against animal prion diseases. Recently, partial transmissions to humanized mice showed that the zoonotic potential of scrapie might be similar to c-BSE. We here report the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to cynomolgus macaque, a highly relevant model for human prion diseases, after a 10-year silent incubation period, with features similar to those reported for human cases of sporadic CJD. Scrapie is thus actually transmissible to primates with incubation periods compatible with their life expectancy, although fourfold longer than BSE. Long-term experimental transmission studies are necessary to better assess the zoonotic potential of other prion diseases with high prevalence, notably Chronic Wasting Disease of deer and elk and atypical/Nor98 scrapie.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">SNIP...</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Discussion We describe the transmission of spongiform encephalopathy in a non-human primate inoculated 10 years earlier with a strain of sheep c-scrapie. Because of this extended incubation period in a facility in which other prion diseases are under study, we are obliged to consider two alternative possibilities that might explain its occurrence. We first considered the possibility of a sporadic origin (like CJD in humans). Such an event is extremely improbable because the inoculated animal was 14 years old when the clinical signs appeared, i.e. about 40% through the expected natural lifetime of this species, compared to a peak age incidence of 60–65 years in human sporadic CJD, or about 80% through their expected lifetimes. Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">The second possibility is a laboratory cross-contamination. Three facts make this possibility equally unlikely. First, handling of specimens in our laboratory is performed with fastidious attention to the avoidance of any such cross-contamination. Second, no laboratory cross-contamination has ever been documented in other primate laboratories, including the NIH, even between infected and uninfected animals housed in the same or adjacent cages with daily intimate contact (P. Brown, personal communication). Third, the cerebral lesion profile is different from all the other prion diseases we have studied in this model19, with a correlation between cerebellar lesions (massive spongiform change of Purkinje cells, intense PrPres staining and reactive gliosis26) and ataxia. The iron deposits present in the globus pallidus are a non specific finding that have been reported previously in neurodegenerative diseases and aging27. Conversely, the thalamic lesion was reminiscent of a metabolic disease due to thiamine deficiency28 but blood thiamine levels were within normal limits (data not shown). The preferential distribution of spongiform change in cortex associated with a limited distribution in the brainstem is reminiscent of the lesion profile in MM2c and VV1 sCJD patients29, but interspecies comparison of lesion profiles should be interpreted with caution. It is of note that the same classical scrapie isolate induced TSE in C57Bl/6 mice with similar incubation periods and lesional profiles as a sample derived from a MM1 sCJD patient30.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">We are therefore confident that the illness in this cynomolgus macaque represents a true transmission of a sheep c-scrapie isolate directly to an old-world monkey, which taxonomically resides in the primate subdivision (parvorder of catarrhini) that includes humans. With an homology of its PrP protein with humans of 96.4%31, cynomolgus macaque constitutes a highly relevant model for assessing zoonotic risk of prion diseases. Since our initial aim was to show the absence of transmission of scrapie to macaques in the worst-case scenario, we obtained materials from a flock of naturally-infected sheep, affecting animals with different genotypes32. This c-scrapie isolate exhibited complete transmission in ARQ/ARQ sheep (332 ± 56 days) and Tg338 transgenic mice expressing ovine VRQ/VRQ prion protein (220 ± 5 days) (O. Andreoletti, personal communication). From the standpoint of zoonotic risk, it is important to note that sheep with c-scrapie (including the isolate used in our study) have demonstrable infectivity throughout their lymphoreticular system early in the incubation period of the disease (3 months-old for all the lymphoid organs, and as early as 2 months-old in gut-associated lymph nodes)33. In addition, scrapie infectivity has been identified in blood34, milk35 and skeletal muscle36 from asymptomatic but scrapie infected small ruminants which implies a potential dietary exposure for consumers.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Two earlier studies have reported the occurrence of clinical TSE in cynomolgus macaques after exposures to scrapie isolates. In the first study, the “Compton” scrapie isolate (derived from an English sheep) and serially propagated for 9 passages in goats did not transmit TSE in cynomolgus macaque, rhesus macaque or chimpanzee within 7 years following intracerebral challenge1; conversely, after 8 supplementary passages in conventional mice, this “Compton” isolate induced TSE in a cynomolgus macaque 5 years after intracerebral challenge, but rhesus macaques and chimpanzee remained asymptomatic 8.5 years post-exposure8. However, multiple successive passages that are classically used to select laboratory-adapted prion strains can significantly modify the initial properties of a scrapie isolate, thus questioning the relevance of zoonotic potential for the initial sheep-derived isolate. The same isolate had also induced disease into squirrel monkeys (new-world monkey)9. A second historical observation reported that a cynomolgus macaque developed TSE 6 years post-inoculation with brain homogenate from a scrapie-infected Suffolk ewe (derived from USA), whereas a rhesus macaque and a chimpanzee exposed to the same inoculum remained healthy 9 years post-exposure1. This inoculum also induced TSE in squirrel monkeys after 4 passages in mice. Other scrapie transmission attempts in macaque failed but had more shorter periods of observation in comparison to the current study. Further, it is possible that there are differences in the zoonotic potential of different scrapie strains.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">The most striking observation in our study is the extended incubation period of scrapie in the macaque model, which has several implications. Firstly, our observations constitute experimental evidence in favor of the zoonotic potential of c-scrapie, at least for this isolate that has been extensively studied32,33,34,35,36. The cross-species zoonotic ability of this isolate should be confirmed by performing duplicate intracerebral exposures and assessing the transmissibility by the oral route (a successful transmission of prion strains through the intracerebral route may not necessarily indicate the potential for oral transmission37). However, such confirmatory experiments may require more than one decade, which is hardly compatible with current general management and support of scientific projects; thus this study should be rather considered as a case report.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Secondly, transmission of c-BSE to primates occurred within 8 years post exposure for the lowest doses able to transmit the disease (the survival period after inoculation is inversely proportional to the initial amount of infectious inoculum). The occurrence of scrapie 10 years after exposure to a high dose (25 mg) of scrapie-infected sheep brain suggests that the macaque has a higher species barrier for sheep c-scrapie than c-BSE, although it is notable that previous studies based on in vitro conversion of PrP suggested that BSE and scrapie prions would have a similar conversion potential for human PrP38.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Thirdly, prion diseases typically have longer incubation periods after oral exposure than after intracerebral inoculations: since humans can develop Kuru 47 years after oral exposure39, an incubation time of several decades after oral exposure to scrapie would therefore be expected, leading the disease to occur in older adults, i.e. the peak age for cases considered to be sporadic disease, and making a distinction between scrapie-associated and truly sporadic disease extremely difficult to appreciate.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Fourthly, epidemiologic evidence is necessary to confirm the zoonotic potential of an animal disease suggested by experimental studies. A relatively short incubation period and a peculiar epidemiological situation (e.g., all the first vCJD cases occurring in the country with the most important ongoing c-BSE epizootic) led to a high degree of suspicion that c-BSE was the cause of vCJD. Sporadic CJD are considered spontaneous diseases with an almost stable and constant worldwide prevalence (0.5–2 cases per million inhabitants per year), and previous epidemiological studies were unable to draw a link between sCJD and classical scrapie6,7,40,41, even though external causes were hypothesized to explain the occurrence of some sCJD clusters42,43,44. However, extended incubation periods exceeding several decades would impair the predictive values of epidemiological surveillance for prion diseases, already weakened by a limited prevalence of prion diseases and the multiplicity of isolates gathered under the phenotypes of “scrapie” and “sporadic CJD”.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Fifthly, considering this 10 year-long incubation period, together with both laboratory and epidemiological evidence of decade or longer intervals between infection and clinical onset of disease, no premature conclusions should be drawn from negative transmission studies in cynomolgus macaques with less than a decade of observation, as in the aforementioned historical transmission studies of scrapie to primates1,8,9. Our observations and those of others45,46 to date are unable to provide definitive evidence regarding the zoonotic potential of CWD, atypical/Nor98 scrapie or H-type BSE. The extended incubation period of the scrapie-affected macaque in the current study also underscores the limitations of rodent models expressing human PrP for assessing the zoonotic potential of some prion diseases since their lifespan remains limited to approximately two years21,47,48. This point is illustrated by the fact that the recently reported transmission of scrapie to humanized mice was not associated with clinical signs for up to 750 days and occurred in an extreme minority of mice with only a marginal increase in attack rate upon second passage13. The low attack rate in these studies is certainly linked to the limited lifespan of mice compared to the very long periods of observation necessary to demonstrate the development of scrapie. Alternatively, one could estimate that a successful second passage is the result of strain adaptation to the species barrier, thus poorly relevant of the real zoonotic potential of the original scrapie isolate of sheep origin49. The development of scrapie in this primate after an incubation period compatible with its lifespan complements the study conducted in transgenic (humanized) mice; taken together these studies suggest that some isolates of sheep scrapie can promote misfolding of the human prion protein and that scrapie can develop within the lifespan of some primate species.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">In addition to previous studies on scrapie transmission to primate1,8,9 and the recently published study on transgenic humanized mice13, our results constitute new evidence for recommending that the potential risk of scrapie for human health should not be dismissed. Indeed, human PrP transgenic mice and primates are the most relevant models for investigating the human transmission barrier. To what extent such models are informative for measuring the zoonotic potential of an animal TSE under field exposure conditions is unknown. During the past decades, many protective measures have been successfully implemented to protect cattle from the spread of c-BSE, and some of these measures have been extended to sheep and goats to protect from scrapie according to the principle of precaution. Since cases of c-BSE have greatly reduced in number, those protective measures are currently being challenged and relaxed in the absence of other known zoonotic animal prion disease. We recommend that risk managers should be aware of the long term potential risk to human health of at least certain scrapie isolates, notably for lymphotropic strains like the classical scrapie strain used in the current study. Relatively high amounts of infectivity in peripheral lymphoid organs in animals infected with these strains could lead to contamination of food products produced for human consumption. Efforts should also be maintained to further assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains in long-term studies, notably lymphotropic strains with high prevalence like CWD, which is spreading across North America, and atypical/Nor98 scrapie (Nor98)50 that was first detected in the past two decades and now represents approximately half of all reported cases of prion diseases in small ruminants worldwide, including territories previously considered as scrapie free... Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">1: J Infect Dis 1980 Aug;142(2):205-8</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">Oral transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie to nonhuman primates.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Amyx HL, Bacote A, Masters CL, Gajdusek DC.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">Kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease of humans and scrapie disease of sheep and goats were transmitted to squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) that were exposed to the infectious agents only by their nonforced consumption of known infectious tissues. The asymptomatic incubation period in the one monkey exposed to the virus of kuru was 36 months; that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was 23 and 27 months, respectively; and that in the two monkeys exposed to the virus of scrapie was 25 and 32 months, respectively. Careful physical examination of the buccal cavities of all of the monkeys failed to reveal signs or oral lesions. One additional monkey similarly exposed to kuru has remained asymptomatic during the 39 months that it has been under observation.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">The successful transmission of kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and scrapie by natural feeding to squirrel monkeys that we have reported provides further grounds for concern that scrapie-infected meat may occasionally give rise in humans to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">PMID: 6997404</span></span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=6997404&dopt=Abstract</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">Recently the question has again been brought up as to whether scrapie is transmissible to man. This has followed reports that the disease has been transmitted to primates. One particularly lurid speculation (Gajdusek 1977) conjectures that the agents of scrapie, kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and transmissible encephalopathy of mink are varieties of a single "virus". The U.S. Department of Agriculture concluded that it could "no longer justify or permit scrapie-blood line and scrapie-exposed sheep and goats to be processed for human or animal food at slaughter or rendering plants" (ARC 84/77)" The problem is emphasised by the finding that some strains of scrapie produce lesions identical to the once which characterise the human dementias"</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">Whether true or not. the hypothesis that these agents might be transmissible to man raises two considerations. First, the safety of laboratory personnel requires prompt attention. Second, action such as the "scorched meat" policy of USDA makes the solution of the acrapie problem urgent if the sheep industry is not to suffer grievously.</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://web.archive.org/web/20010305223125/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1976/10/12004001.pdf</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">Nature. 1972 Mar 10;236(5341):73-4.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">Transmission of scrapie to the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">Gibbs CJ Jr, Gajdusek DC.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">Nature 236, 73 - 74 (10 March 1972); doi:10.1038/236073a0</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">Transmission of Scrapie to the Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">C. J. GIBBS jun. & D. C. GAJDUSEK</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">SCRAPIE has been transmitted to the cynomolgus, or crab-eating, monkey (Macaca fascicularis) with an incubation period of more than 5 yr from the time of intracerebral inoculation of scrapie-infected mouse brain. The animal developed a chronic central nervous system degeneration, with ataxia, tremor and myoclonus with associated severe scrapie-like pathology of intensive astroglial hypertrophy and proliferation, neuronal vacuolation and status spongiosus of grey matter. The strain of scrapie virus used was the eighth passage in Swiss mice (NIH) of a Compton strain of scrapie obtained as ninth intracerebral passage of the agent in goat brain, from Dr R. L. Chandler (ARC, Compton, Berkshire).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">Wednesday, February 16, 2011</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">IN CONFIDENCE</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">SCRAPIE TRANSMISSION TO CHIMPANZEES</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">IN CONFIDENCE</span></span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2011/02/in-confidence-scrapie-transmission-to.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2011/02/in-confidence-scrapie-transmission-to.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">A newly identified type of scrapie agent can naturally infect sheep with resistant PrP genotypes</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">Annick Le Dur*,?, Vincent Béringue*,?, Olivier Andréoletti?, Fabienne Reine*, Thanh Lan Laï*, Thierry Baron§, Bjørn Bratberg¶, Jean-Luc Vilotte?, Pierre Sarradin**, Sylvie L. Benestad¶, and Hubert Laude*,?? +Author Affiliations</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">*Virologie Immunologie Moléculaires and ?Génétique Biochimique et Cytogénétique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; ?Unité Mixte de Recherche, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Interactions Hôte Agent Pathogène, 31066 Toulouse, France; §Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments, Unité Agents Transmissibles Non Conventionnels, 69364 Lyon, France; **Pathologie Infectieuse et Immunologie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 37380 Nouzilly, France; and ¶Department of Pathology, National Veterinary Institute, 0033 Oslo, Norway</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">***Edited by Stanley B. Prusiner, University of California, San Francisco, CA (received for review March 21, 2005)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">Abstract </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">Scrapie in small ruminants belongs to transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), or prion diseases, a family of fatal neurodegenerative disorders that affect humans and animals and can transmit within and between species by ingestion or inoculation. Conversion of the host-encoded prion protein (PrP), normal cellular PrP (PrPc), into a misfolded form, abnormal PrP (PrPSc), plays a key role in TSE transmission and pathogenesis. The intensified surveillance of scrapie in the European Union, together with the improvement of PrPSc detection techniques, has led to the discovery of a growing number of so-called atypical scrapie cases. These include clinical Nor98 cases first identified in Norwegian sheep on the basis of unusual pathological and PrPSc molecular features and "cases" that produced discordant responses in the rapid tests currently applied to the large-scale random screening of slaughtered or fallen animals. Worryingly, a substantial proportion of such cases involved sheep with PrP genotypes known until now to confer natural resistance to conventional scrapie. Here we report that both Nor98 and discordant cases, including three sheep homozygous for the resistant PrPARR allele (A136R154R171), efficiently transmitted the disease to transgenic mice expressing ovine PrP, and that they shared unique biological and biochemical features upon propagation in mice.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">*** These observations support the view that a truly infectious TSE agent, unrecognized until recently, infects sheep and goat flocks and may have important implications in terms of scrapie control and public health.</span></span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/102/44/16031.abstract" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.pnas.org/content/102/44/16031.abstract</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">***The pathology features of Nor98 in the cerebellum of the affected sheep showed similarities with those of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans.</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf</a></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2789619/" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2789619/</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">*** Intriguingly, these conclusions suggest that some pathological features of Nor98 are reminiscent of Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease.</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.neuroprion.com/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2006/abstract_book.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.neuroprion.com/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2006/abstract_book.pdf</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">OR here;</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2789619/pdf/JPATH175002566.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2789619/pdf/JPATH175002566.pdf</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3691246/" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3691246/</a> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">*** The discovery of previously unrecognized prion diseases in both humans and animals (i.e., Nor98 in small ruminants) demonstrates that the range of prion diseases might be wider than expected and raises crucial questions about the epidemiology and strain properties of these new forms. We are investigating this latter issue by molecular and biological comparison of VPSPr, GSS and Nor98.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">VARIABLY PROTEASE-SENSITVE PRIONOPATHY IS TRANSMISSIBLE ...price of prion poker goes up again $</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">OR-10: Variably protease-sensitive prionopathy is transmissible in bank voles</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">Romolo Nonno,1 Michele Di Bari,1 Laura Pirisinu,1 Claudia D’Agostino,1 Stefano Marcon,1 Geraldina Riccardi,1 Gabriele Vaccari,1 Piero Parchi,2 Wenquan Zou,3 Pierluigi Gambetti,3 Umberto Agrimi1 1Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Rome, Italy; 2Dipartimento di Scienze Neurologiche, Università di Bologna; Bologna, Italy; 3Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland, OH USA</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">Background. Variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr) is a recently described “sporadic”neurodegenerative disease involving prion protein aggregation, which has clinical similarities with non-Alzheimer dementias, such as fronto-temporal dementia. Currently, 30 cases of VPSPr have been reported in Europe and USA, of which 19 cases were homozygous for valine at codon 129 of the prion protein (VV), 8 were MV and 3 were MM. A distinctive feature of VPSPr is the electrophoretic pattern of PrPSc after digestion with proteinase K (PK). After PK-treatment, PrP from VPSPr forms a ladder-like electrophoretic pattern similar to that described in GSS cases. The clinical and pathological features of VPSPr raised the question of the correct classification of VPSPr among prion diseases or other forms of neurodegenerative disorders. Here we report preliminary data on the transmissibility and pathological features of VPSPr cases in bank voles.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">Materials and Methods. Seven VPSPr cases were inoculated in two genetic lines of bank voles, carrying either methionine or isoleucine at codon 109 of the prion protein (named BvM109 and BvI109, respectively). Among the VPSPr cases selected, 2 were VV at PrP codon 129, 3 were MV and 2 were MM. Clinical diagnosis in voles was confirmed by brain pathological assessment and western blot for PK-resistant PrPSc (PrPres) with mAbs SAF32, SAF84, 12B2 and 9A2.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">Results. To date, 2 VPSPr cases (1 MV and 1 MM) gave positive transmission in BvM109. Overall, 3 voles were positive with survival time between 290 and 588 d post inoculation (d.p.i.). All positive voles accumulated PrPres in the form of the typical PrP27–30, which was indistinguishable to that previously observed in BvM109 inoculated with sCJDMM1 cases.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">In BvI109, 3 VPSPr cases (2 VV and 1 MM) showed positive transmission until now. Overall, 5 voles were positive with survival time between 281 and 596 d.p.i.. In contrast to what observed in BvM109, all BvI109 showed a GSS-like PrPSc electrophoretic pattern, characterized by low molecular weight PrPres. These PrPres fragments were positive with mAb 9A2 and 12B2, while being negative with SAF32 and SAF84, suggesting that they are cleaved at both the C-terminus and the N-terminus. Second passages are in progress from these first successful transmissions.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">Conclusions. Preliminary results from transmission studies in bank voles strongly support the notion that VPSPr is a transmissible prion disease. Interestingly, VPSPr undergoes divergent evolution in the two genetic lines of voles, with sCJD-like features in BvM109 and GSS-like properties in BvI109.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">The discovery of previously unrecognized prion diseases in both humans and animals (i.e., Nor98 in small ruminants) demonstrates that the range of prion diseases might be wider than expected and raises crucial questions about the epidemiology and strain properties of these new forms. We are investigating this latter issue by molecular and biological comparison of VPSPr, GSS and Nor98.</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/01-Prion6-2-OralPresentations.pdf?nocache=1216084967" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/prion/01-Prion6-2-OralPresentations.pdf?nocache=1216084967</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;">31 March 2001 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;">Like lambs to the slaughter </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;">By Debora MacKenzie</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;">FOUR years ago, Terry Singeltary watched his mother die horribly from a degenerative brain disease. Doctors told him it was Alzheimer’s, but Singeltary was suspicious. The diagnosis didn’t fit her violent symptoms, and he demanded an autopsy. It showed she had died of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;">Most doctors believe that sCJD is caused by a prion protein deforming by chance into a killer. But Singeltary thinks otherwise. He is one of a number of campaigners who say that some sCJD, like the variant CJD related to BSE, is caused by eating meat from infected animals. Their suspicions have focused on sheep carrying scrapie, a BSE-like disease that is widespread in flocks across Europe and North America.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;">Now scientists in France have stumbled across new evidence that adds weight to the campaigners’ fears. To their complete surprise, the researchers found that one strain of scrapie causes the same brain damage in mice as sCJD.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;">“This means we cannot rule out that at least some sCJD may be caused by some strains of scrapie,” says team member Jean-Philippe Deslys of the French Atomic Energy Commission’s medical research laboratory in Fontenay-aux-Roses, south-west of Paris. Hans Kretschmar of the University of Göttingen, who coordinates CJD surveillance in Germany, is so concerned by the findings that he now wants to trawl back through past sCJD cases to see if any might have been caused by eating infected mutton or lamb.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;">Scrapie has been around for centuries and until now there has been no evidence that it poses a risk to human health. But if the French finding means that scrapie can cause sCJD...</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;">Neurobiology Adaptation of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent to primates and comparison with Creutzfeldt- Jakob disease: Implications for human health </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;">Corinne Ida Lasmézas*,, Jean-Guy Fournier*, Virginie Nouvel*, Hermann Boe*, Domíníque Marcé*, François Lamoury*, Nicolas Kopp, Jean-Jacques Hauw§, James Ironside¶, Moira Bruce, Dominique Dormont*, and Jean-Philippe Deslys* * Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Service de Neurovirologie, Direction des Sciences du Vivant/Département de Recherche Medicale, Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées 60-68, Avenue du Général Leclerc, BP 6, 92 265 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, France; Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, 59, Boulevard Pinel, 69003 Lyon, France; § Laboratoire de Neuropathologie, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 83, Boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; ¶ Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Surveillance Unit, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom; and Institute for Animal Health, Neuropathogenesis Unit, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JF, United Kingdom</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;">Edited by D. Carleton Gajdusek, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France, and approved December 7, 2000 (received for review October 16, 2000) </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;">There is substantial scientific evidence to support the notion that bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) has contaminated human beings, causing variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD). This disease has raised concerns about the possibility of an iatrogenic secondary transmission to humans, because the biological properties of the primate-adapted BSE agent are unknown. We show that (i) BSE can be transmitted from primate to primate by intravenous route in 25 months, and (ii) an iatrogenic transmission of vCJD to humans could be readily recognized pathologically, whether it occurs by the central or peripheral route. Strain typing in mice demonstrates that the BSE agent adapts to macaques in the same way as it does to humans and confirms that the BSE agent is responsible for vCJD not only in the United Kingdom but also in France. The agent responsible for French iatrogenic growth hormone-linked CJD taken as a control is very different from vCJD but is similar to that found in one case of sporadic CJD and one sheep scrapie isolate. These data will be key in identifying the origin of human cases of prion disease, including accidental vCJD transmission, and could provide bases for vCJD risk assessment. </span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/041490898v1" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/041490898v1</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;">Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Singeltary, Sr et al. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;">JAMA.2001; 285: 733-734. Vol. 285 No. 6, February 14, 2001 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;">Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease To the Editor: In their Research Letter, Dr Gibbons and colleagues1 reported that the annual US death rate due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has been stable since 1985. These estimates, however, are based only on reported cases, and do not include misdiagnosed or preclinical cases. It seems to me that misdiagnosis alone would drastically change these figures. An unknown number of persons with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in fact may have CJD, although only a small number of these patients receive the postmortem examination necessary to make this diagnosis. Furthermore, only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies should be reportable nationwide and internationally. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;">Terry S. Singeltary, Sr Bacliff, Tex 1. Gibbons RV, Holman RC, Belay ED, Schonberger LB. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States: 1979-1998. JAMA. 2000;284:2322-2323. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1031186" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1031186</a> </span></div>
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Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease in a Patient with Heterozygosity at PRNP Codon 129 </div>
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N Engl J Med 2017; 376:292-294January 19, 2017DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc1610003</div>
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Share: ArticleMetrics To the Editor:</div>
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Prions cause lethal neurodegenerative diseases in mammals and are composed of multichain assemblies of misfolded host-encoded cellular prion protein (PrP). A common polymorphism at codon 129 of the PrP gene (PRNP), where either methionine (M) or valine (V) is encoded, affects the susceptibility to prion disease, as well as the incubation period1 and clinical phenotype of prion disease. Human infection with the epizootic prion disease bovine spongiform encephalopathy resulted in variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, which provoked a public health crisis in the United Kingdom and other regions. All definite cases of variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease to date have occurred in patients with the MM genotype at PRNP codon 129.1 </div>
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A 36-year-old man was referred to the United Kingdom National Prion Clinic in August 2015 with personality change. Over a period of 9 months, he had become uncharacteristically irascible and had progressive episodic memory impairment, gait ataxia, and myoclonus. His score on the Mini–Mental State Examination was 25 (with scores ranging from 0 to 30 and higher scores indicating less impairment); clinical examination revealed extraocular eye-movement abnormalities, pyramidal and cerebellar signs, and multifocal myoclonus. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain (Figure 1FIGURE 1 MRI of the Brain.) revealed restricted diffusion in the basal ganglia, hypothalami, insular cortexes, and medial thalami but not in the pulvinar nuclei.2 Examination of the cerebrospinal fluid for protein 14-3-3 was negative, as was a real-time quaking-induced conversion assay, although these two tests are known to have low sensitivity for variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease.3 His genotype at PRNP codon 129 was MV. During the following 6 months, the patient’s condition declined progressively, and severe dysphagia and agitation occurred shortly before his death in February 2016. </div>
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At autopsy, histologic examination of the brain revealed frequent florid and cluster plaques in cerebral and cerebellar cortexes, microvacuolar degeneration in neuropil, and immunostaining for abnormal PrP in a stellate pericellular and perivascular distribution. Minute amounts of protease-resistant PrP (PrPSc) were seen in lymphoid tissue of the spleen. Immunoblotting of brain homogenate revealed type 4 PrPSc (according to the London classification system), which is pathognomonic of variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease.4 (For more details, see the Supplementary Appendix, available with the full text of this letter at <a fg_scanned="1" href="http://nejm.org/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">NEJM.org</a>.) </div>
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This patient’s clinical features differed from those of typical variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, and his neuroimaging features suggested a diagnosis of sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. He did not meet the epidemiologic diagnostic criteria for probable or possible variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease,5 yet the results of the neuropathological examination and molecular strain typing were consistent with variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. It remains uncertain whether this case marks the start of a second wave of variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease in persons with the MV genotype at PRNP codon 129 (the most common genotype in the United Kingdom), mirroring the long incubation periods seen in persons with the MV genotype who have other acquired prion diseases, notably kuru.1 This case emphasizes the importance of performing an autopsy and molecular strain typing in cases of prion disease to ascertain the prevalence of human prion disease related to bovine spongiform encephalopathy. </div>
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>>> This patient’s clinical features differed from those of typical variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, and his neuroimaging features suggested a diagnosis of sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. He did not meet the epidemiologic diagnostic criteria for probable or possible variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease,5 yet the results of the neuropathological examination and molecular strain typing were consistent with variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. <<< </div>
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Many more people could still die from mad cow disease in the UK </div>
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SHORT SHARP SCIENCE </div>
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By Debora MacKenzie</div>
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18 January 2017</div>
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It’s finally happened. Until now, vCJD – the deadly disease caused by infection with BSE, or “mad cow disease” – has struck only people with a certain genetic makeup. Now, for the first time, researchers have confirmed a case in someone with different genes – a finding that could mean we have been misdiagnosing a new wave of cases.</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/2118418-many-more-people-could-still-die-from-mad-cow-disease-in-the-uk/" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.newscientist.com/article/2118418-many-more-people-could-still-die-from-mad-cow-disease-in-the-uk/</a></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2019/10/?m=0" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2019/10/?m=0</a></div>
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SATURDAY, JUNE 23, 2018</div>
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***> Diagnosis of Methionine/Valine Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease by Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification </div>
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Volume 24, Number 7—July 2018 Dispatch</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/7/17-2105_article" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/7/17-2105_article</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;">Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease in a Patient with Heterozygosity at PRNP Codon 129</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://vcjd.blogspot.com/2017/01/variant-creutzfeldtjakob-disease-in.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://vcjd.blogspot.com/2017/01/variant-creutzfeldtjakob-disease-in.html</a> </span></div>
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Monday, April 20, 2020 </div>
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PRION2020 POSTPONED TO 2021 – DUE TO CORONAVIRUS (COVID-19)</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2020/04/prion2020-postponed-to-2021-due-to.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2020/04/prion2020-postponed-to-2021-due-to.html</a></div>
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MONDAY, AUGUST 26, 2019</div>
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Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease CJD, TSE, Prion, Surveillance Update August 2019</div>
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SUNDAY, MARCH 10, 2019 </div>
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National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center Cases Examined¹ Updated Feb 1, 2019 Variably protease-sensitive prionopathy VPSPr</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://prionunitusaupdate.blogspot.com/2019/03/national-prion-disease-pathology.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://prionunitusaupdate.blogspot.com/2019/03/national-prion-disease-pathology.html</a></div>
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***> In conclusion, sensory symptoms and loss of reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome can be explained by neuropathological changes in the spinal cord. We conclude that the sensory symptoms and loss of lower limb reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome is due to pathology in the caudal spinal cord. <***</div>
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***> The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology.<*** </div>
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***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD. <***</div>
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***> All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals.<*** </div>
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***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids.'' Scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (II) <***</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html</a></div>
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THURSDAY, JANUARY 30, 2020 </div>
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Docket Number: FDA-2012-D-0307 Recommendations to Reduce the Possible Risk of Transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease and Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease by Blood and Blood Components; Draft Guidance for Industry Draft Guidance for Industry Singeltary Submission</div>
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FRIDAY, JANUARY 31, 2020</div>
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CJD TSE Prion Blood Products, iatrogenic transmission, Confucius is confused again, WHAT IF? Docket Number: FDA-2012-D-0307</div>
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Updated April 3, 2020</div>
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Year Total Referrals² Prion Disease Sporadic Familial Iatrogenic vCJD</div>
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1999 & earlier 381 230 200 27 3 0</div>
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2000 145 102 90 12 0 0</div>
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2001 209 118 110 8 0 0</div>
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2002 241 144 124 18 2 0</div>
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2003 259 160 137 21 2 0</div>
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2004 316 181 164 16 0 1³</div>
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2005 327 178 156 21 1 0</div>
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2006 365 179 159 17 1 2⁴</div>
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2007 374 210 191 19 0 0</div>
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2008 384 221 205 16 0 0</div>
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2009 397 231 210 20 1 0</div>
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2010 401 246 218 28 0 0</div>
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2011 392 238 214 24 0 0</div>
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2012 413 244 221 23 0 0</div>
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2013 416 258 223 34 1 0</div>
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2014 355 208 185 21 1 1⁵</div>
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2015 401 263 243 20 0 0</div>
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2016 396 277 248 29 0 0</div>
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2017 375 266 247 19 0 0</div>
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2018 309 223 204 18 1 0</div>
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2019 416 270 240 21 0 0</div>
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2020 84 56 21 2 0 0</div>
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TOTAL 73566 45037 40108 4349 13 4</div>
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1Listed based on the year of death or, if not available, on the year of referral; </div>
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2Cases with suspected prion disease for which brain tissue was submitted; </div>
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3Disease acquired in the United Kingdom; </div>
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4Disease acquired in the United Kingdom in one case and in Saudi Arabia in the other; </div>
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5Disease possibly acquired in a Middle Eastern or Eastern European country; </div>
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6Includes 14 cases in which the diagnosis is pending, and 19 inconclusive cases; </div>
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7Includes 42 (9 from 2019, 33 from 2020) cases with type determination pending in which the diagnosis of vCJD has been excluded. </div>
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8The sporadic cases include 3906 cases of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), 69 cases of Variably Protease-Sensitive Prionopathy (VPSPr) and 35 cases of sporadic Fatal Insomnia (sFI). </div>
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9Total does not include 272 Familial cases diagnosed by blood test only.</div>
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Monday, February 3, 2020 </div>
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Informing Patient Contacts About Iatrogenic Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2020/02/informing-patient-contacts-about.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://itseprion.blogspot.com/2020/02/informing-patient-contacts-about.html</a> </div>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;">Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease CJD </span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/</a></div>
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U.S.A. 50 STATE BSE MAD COW CONFERENCE CALL Jan. 9, 2001</div>
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Subject: BSE--U.S. 50 STATE CONFERENCE CALL Jan. 9, 2001</div>
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Date: Tue, 9 Jan 2001 16:49:00 -0800</div>
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From: "Terry S. Singeltary Sr."</div>
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Reply-To: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</div>
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To: <a href="mailto:BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">BSE-L@uni-karlsruhe.de</a></div>
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snip...</div>
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[host Richard Barns] and now a question from Terry S. Singeltary of CJD Watch.</div>
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[TSS] yes, thank you, U.S. cattle, what kind of guarantee can you give for serum or tissue donor herds?</div>
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[no answer, you could hear in the back ground, mumbling and 'we can't. have him ask the question again.]</div>
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[host Richard] could you repeat the question?</div>
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[TSS] U.S. cattle, what kind of guarantee can you give for serum or tissue donor herds?</div>
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[not sure whom ask this] what group are you with?</div>
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[TSS] CJD Watch, my Mom died from hvCJD and we are tracking CJD world-wide.</div>
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[not sure who is speaking] could you please disconnect Mr. Singeltary</div>
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[TSS] you are not going to answer my question?</div>
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[not sure whom speaking] NO</div>
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snip...see full archive and more of this;</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://tseac.blogspot.com/2011/02/usa-50-state-bse-mad-cow-conference.html</a></div>
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Scientific Advisors and Consultants Staff 2001 Advisory Committee TSE PRION Singeltary Submission Freas Monday, January 08,2001 3:03 PM FDA Singeltary submission 2001 </div>
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Greetings again Dr. Freas and Committee Members, </div>
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I wish to submit the following information to the Scientific Advisors and Consultants Staff 2001 Advisory Committee (short version). I understand the reason of having to shorten my submission, but only hope that you add it to a copy of the long version, for members to take and read at their pleasure, (if cost is problem, bill me, address below). So when they realize some time in the near future of the 'real' risks i speak of from human/animal TSEs and blood/surgical products. I cannot explain the 'real' risk of this in 5 or 10 minutes at some meeting, or on 2 or 3 pages, but will attempt here: </div>
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snip...see full text ; </div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_09.pdf%C2%A0" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_09.pdf </a>;</div>
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Subject: Prion Scientific Advisors and Consultants Staff Meeting Singeltary Submission Freas Monday, January 08,2001 3:03 PM</div>
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PLEASE be aware, my submission here has now been removed from the www, or changed to a different url that no one knows now, and does not come up in search engines anymore, after 17 years...wonder why that could be, i guess the truth just hurt to much$$$ </div>
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Freas, William</div>
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From: Terry S. Singeltary Sr. [<a href="mailto:flounder@wt.net" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">flounder@wt.net</a>]</div>
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Sent: Monday, January 08,2001 3:03 PM</div>
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TO: <a href="mailto:freas@CBS5055530.CBER.FDA.GOV" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">freas@CBS5055530.CBER.FDA.GOV</a></div>
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Subject: CJD/BSE (aka madcow) Human/Animal TSE’s--U.S.--Submission To Scientific Advisors and Consultants Staff January 2001 Meeting (short version)</div>
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CJD/BSE (aka madcow) Human/Animal TSE’s--U.S.--Submission To Scientific Advisors and Consultants Staff January 2001 Meeting (short version)</div>
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Greetings again Dr. Freas and Committee Members,</div>
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I wish to submit the following information to the Scientific Advisors and Consultants Staff 2001 Advisory Committee (short version).</div>
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I understand the reason of having to shorten my submission, but only hope that you add it to a copy of the long version, for members to take and read at their pleasure, (if cost is problem, bill me, address below). So when they realize some time in the near future of the 'real' risks i speak of from human/animal TSEs and blood/surgical products. I cannot explain the 'real' risk of this in 5 or 10 minutes at some meeting, or on 2 or 3 pages, but will attempt here:</div>
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remember AIDS/HIV, 'no problem to heterosexuals in the U.S.? no need to go into that, you know of this blunder:</div>
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DO NOT make these same stupid mistakes again with human/animal TSE's aka MADCOW DISEASE. I lost my Mom to hvCJD, and my neighbor lost his Mother to sCJD as well (both cases confirmed). I have seen many deaths, from many diseases. I have never seen anything as CJD, I still see my Mom laying helpless, jerking tremendously, and screaming "God, what's wrong with me, why can't I stop this". I still see this, and will never forget. Approximately 10 weeks from 1st of symptoms to death. This is what drives me. I have learned more in 3 years about not only human/animal TSE's but the cattle/rendering/feeding industry/government than i ever wished to.</div>
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I think you are all aware of CJD vs vCJD, but i don't think you all know the facts of human/animal TSE's as a whole, they are all very very similar, and are all tied to the same thing, GREED and MAN.</div>
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I am beginning to think that the endless attempt to track down and ban, potential victims from known BSE Countries from giving blood will be futile. You would have to ban everyone on the Globe eventually? AS well, I think we MUST ACT SWIFTLY to find blood test for TSE's, whether it be blood test, urine test, .eyelid test, anything at whatever cost, we need a test FAST.</div>
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DO NOT let the incubation time period of these TSEs fool you.</div>
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To think of Scrapie as the prime agent to compare CJD, but yet overlook the Louping-ill vaccine event in 1930's of which 1000's of sheep where infected by scrapie from a vaccine made of scrapie infected sheep brains, would be foolish. I acquired this full text version of the event which was recorded in the Annual Congress of 1946 National Vet. Med. Ass. of Great Britain and Ireland. from the BVA and the URL is posted in my (long version).</div>
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U.S.A. should make all human/animal TSE's notifiable at all ages, with requirements for a thorough surveillance and post-mortem examinations free of charge, if you are serious about eradicating this horrible disease in man and animal.</div>
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There is histopathology reports describing o florid plaques" in CJD victims in the USA and some of these victims are getting younger. I have copies of such autopsies, there has to be more. PLUS, sub-clinical human TSE's will most definitely be a problem.</div>
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THEN think of vaccineCJD in children and the bovine tissues used in the manufacturing process, think of the FACT that this agent surviving 6OO*C. PNAS -- Brown et al. 97 (7): 3418 scrapie agent live at 600*C</div>
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Then think of the CONFIDENTIAL documents of what was known of human/animal TSE and vaccines in the mid to late 80s, it was all about depletion of stock, to hell with the kids, BUT yet they knew. To think of the recall and worry of TSE's from the polio vaccine, (one taken orally i think?), but yet neglect to act on the other potential TSE vaccines (inoculations, the most effective mode to transmit TSEs) of which thousands of doses were kept and used, to deplete stockpile, again would be foolish.</div>
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--Oral polio; up to 1988, foetal calf serum was used from UK and New Zealand (pooled); since 1988 foetal calf serum only from New Zealand. Large stocks are held.</div>
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--Rubella; bulk was made before 1979 from foetal calf serum from UK and New Zealand. None has been made as there are some 15 years stock.</div>
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--Diphtheria; UK bovine beef muscle and ox heart is used but since the end of 1988 this has been sourced from Eire. There are 1,250 litres of stock.</div>
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--Tetanus; this involves bovine material from the UK mainly Scottish. There are 21,000 litres of stock.</div>
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--Pertussis; uses bovine material from the UK. There are 63,000 litres of stock. --They consider that to switch to a non-UK source will take a minimum of 6-18 months and to switch to a non-bovine source will take a minimum of five years.</div>
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3. XXXXXXXXXXX have measles, mumps, MMR, rubella vaccines. These are sourced from the USA and the company believes that US material only is used.</div>
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89/2.14/2.1</div>
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BSE3/1 0251</div>
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4. XXXXXXXXXXX have a measles vaccine using bovine serum from the UK. there are 440,000 units of stock. They have also got MMR using bovine serum from the UK.</div>
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5. XXXXXXXXXXX have influenza, rubella, measles,' MMR vaccines likely to be used in children. Of those they think that only MMR contains bovine material which is probably a French origin.</div>
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6. XXXXXXXXXXX have diphtheria/tetanus and potasses on clinical trial. hese use veal material, some of which has come from the UK and has been ade by XXXXXXXXXXX (see above).</div>
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I have documents of imports from known BSE Countries, of ferments, whole blood, antiallergenic preparations,</div>
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2 </div>
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human blood plasma, normal human blood sera, human immune blood sera, fetal bovine serum, and other blood fractions not elsewhere specified or included, imported glands, catgut, vaccines for both human/animal, as late as 1998. Let us not forget about PITUITARY EXTRACT. This was used to help COWS super ovulate. This tissue was considered to be of greatest risk of containing BSE and consequently transmitting the disease.</div>
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ANNEX 6</div>
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MEETING HELD ON 8 JUNE 1988 TO DISCUSS THE IMPLICATIONS OF BSE TO BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS CONTAINING BOVINE - EXTRACTED MATERIAL</div>
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How much of this was used in the U.S.?</div>
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Please do not keep making the same mistakes; 'Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence'.</div>
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What are the U.S. rules for importing and manufacturing vaccines, medicines and medical devices?</div>
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Does the U.S.A. allow sourcing of raw material of ruminants from the U.S.A.?</div>
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U.S. cattle, what kind of guarantee can you give for serum or tissue donor herds? . The U.S. rendering system would easily amplify T.S.E.'s:</div>
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Have we increased the stability of the system (improved heat treatments) since the EU SSC report on the U.S.A. was published in july 2000?</div>
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What is done to avoid cross-contaminations in the U.S.A.?</div>
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How can the U.S. control absence of cross-contaminations of animal TSE's when pig and horse MBM and even deer and elk are allowed in ruminant feed, as well as bovine blood? I sadly think of the rendering and feeding policy before the Aug. 4, 1997 'partial' feed ban, where anything went, from the city police horse, to the circus elephant, i will not mention all the scrapie infected sheep. I am surprised that we have not included man 'aka soyent green'. It is a disgusting industry and nothing more than greed fuels it.</div>
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When will the U.S.. start real surveillance of the U.S. bovine population (not passive, this will not work)?</div>
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When will U.S. start removing SRMs?</div>
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Have they stopped the use of pneumatic stunners in the U.S.?</div>
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If so, will we stop it in all U.S. abattoirs or only in those abattoirs exporting to Europe?</div>
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If not, WHY NOT?</div>
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same questions for removal of SRM in the U.S.A., or just for export?</div>
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If not, WHY NOT?</div>
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How do we now sterilize surgical/dental instruments in the U.S.A.?</div>
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Where have we been sourcing surgical catgut?</div>
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(i have copies of imports to U.S., and it would floor you) hen will re-usable surgical instruments be banned?</div>
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'Unregulated "foods" such as 'nutritional supplements' containing various extracts from ruminants, whether imported or derived from</div>
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US cattle/sheep/cervids ("antler velvet" extracts!) should be forbidden or at least very seriously regulated. (neighbors Mom, whom also died from CJD, had been taking bovine based supplement, which contained brain, eye, and many other bovine/ovine tissues for years, 'IPLEX').</div>
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What is the use of banning blood or tissue donors from Germany, France, etc... when the U.S.A. continues exposing cattle, sheep and people to SRM, refuses to have a serious feed ban, refuses to do systematic BSE-surveillance?</div>
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The FDA should feel responsible for the safety of what people eat, prohibit the most dangerous foods, not only prohibit a few more donors - the FDA should be responsible for the safe sourcing of medical devices, not only rely on banning donors "from Europe", The 'real' risks are here in the U.S. as well, and nave been for some time.</div>
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We must not forget the studies that have proven infectivity in blood from TSE's.</div>
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The Lancet, November 9, 1985</div>
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Sir, --Professor Manuelidis and his colleagues (Oct 19, p896) report transmission to animals of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) from the buffy coat from two patients. We also transmitted the disease from, whole blood samples of a patient (and of mice) infected with CJD.l Brain, Cornea, and urine from this patient were also infectious, and the clinicopathological findings2 are summarised as follows.</div>
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snip...</div>
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Samples,were taken aseptically at necropsy. 10% crude homogenates of brain and cornea in saline, whole blood (after crushing a clot), and untreated CSF and urine were innoculated intracerebrally into CFl strain mice (20 ul per animal). Some mice showed emaciation, bradykinesia, rigidity of the body and tail, and sometimes tremor after long incubation periods. Tissues obtained after the animal died (or was killed) were studied histologically (table). Animals infected by various inocula showed common pathological changes, consisting of severe spongiform changes, glial proliferation, and a moderate loss of nerve cells. A few mice inoculated with brain tissue or urine had the same amyloid plaques found in patients and animals with CJD.3</div>
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Department of Neuropathology,. Neurological Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka812, Japan JUN TATEISHI</div>
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CWD and transmission to man will be no different than other TSE's.</div>
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"Clearly, it is premature to draw firm conclusions about CWD passing naturally into humans, cattle and sheep, but the present results suggest that CWD transmissions to humans would be as limited by PrP incompatibility as transmissions of BSE or sheep scrapie to humans. Although there is no evidence that sheep scrapie has affected humans, it is likely that BSE has</div>
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caused variant CJD in 74 people (definite and probable variant CJD cases to date according to the UK CJD Surveillance Unit). Given the presumably large number of people exposed to BSE infectivity, the susceptibility of humans may still be very low compared with cattle, which would be consistent with the relatively inefficient conversion of human PrP-sen by PrPBSE. Nonetheless, since humans have apparently been infected by BSE, it would seem prudent to take reasonable measures to limit exposure of humans (as well as sheep and cattle) to CWD infectivity as has been recommended for other animal TSEs,"</div>
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G.J. Raymond1, A. Bossers2, L.D. Raymond1, K.I. O'Rourke3, L.E. McHolland4, P.K. Bryant III4, M.W. Miller5, E.S. Williams6, M. Smits2 and B. Caughey1,7</div>
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or more recently transmission of BSE to sheep via whole blood Research letters Volume 356, Number 9234 16 September 2000</div>
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Transmission of BSE by blood transfusion in sheep</div>
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Lancet 2000; 356: 999 – 1000</div>
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F Houston, J D Foster, Angela Chong, N Hunter, C J Bostock</div>
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See Commentary</div>
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"We have shown that it is possible to transmit bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) to a sheep by transfusion with whole blood taken from another sheep during the symptom-free phase of an experimental BSE infection. BSE and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in human beings are caused by the same infectious agent, and the sheep-BSE experimental model has a similar pathogenesis to that of human vCJD. Although UK blood transfusions are leucodepleted--a possible protective measure against any risk from blood transmission-- this report suggests that blood donated by symptom-free vCJD-infected human beings may represent a risk of spread of vCJD infection among the human population of the UK."</div>
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"The demonstration that the new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) is caused by the same agent that causes bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle1 has raised concerns that blood from human beings in the symptom-free stages of vCJD could transmit infection to recipients of blood transfusions (full text long version)"</div>
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and...</div>
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"The large number of cases (1040), temporal clustering of the outbreaks (15 in the first 6 months of 1997), the high in-flock incidence, and the exceptional involvement of goats (390 cases), suggested an accidental infection. The source of the epidemic might have been TSE-contaminated meat and bonemeal, but eight flocks had never been fed any commercial feedstuff. Infection might have risen from the use of a formol-inactivated vaccine against contagious agalactia prepared by a single laboratory with brain and mammary gland homogenates of sheep infected with Mycoplasma agalactiae. Although clinical signs of TSE in the donor sheep have not been found, it is possible that one or more of them were harbouring the</div>
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infectious agent. Between 1995 and 1996, this vaccine was given subcutaneously to 15 of the affected flocks (to one flock in 1994) ; in these animals the disease appeared between 23 and 35 months after vaccination. No information is available for herd 13 because it was made up of stolen animals. Sheep from the remaining three flocks (1-3, figure) did not receive the vaccine, thus suggesting a naturally occurring disease.’’ (again, full text long version).</div>
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IN SHORT, please do under estimate this data and or human/animal TSE's including CWD in the U.S.A.</div>
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A few last words, please.</div>
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The cattle industry would love to have us turn our focus to CWD and forget about our own home grown TSE in Bovines. This would be easy to do. Marsh's work was from downer cattle feed, NOT downer deer/elk feed. This has been proven.</div>
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DO NOT MAKE THAT MISTAKE.</div>
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There should be NO LESS THAN 1,000,000 tests for BSE/TSE ' in 2001 for U.S.A. French are testing 20,000 a week. The tests are available. Why wait until we stumble across a case from passive surveillance, by then it is to late. IF we want the truth, this is a must???</div>
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United States Total ,Bovine Brain Submissions by State,</div>
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May 10 ,1990 thru October 31, 2000</div>
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Total 11,700</div>
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FROM 1.5 BILLION HEAD OF CATTLE since 1990 ???</div>
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with same feeding and rendering practices as that of U.K. for years and years, same scrapie infected sheep used in feed, for years and years, 950 scrapie infect FLOCKS in the U.S. and over 20 different strains of scrapie known to date. (hmmm, i am thinking why there is not a variant scrapie, that is totally different than all the rest)? just being sarcastic.</div>
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with only PARTIAL FEED BAN implemented on Aug. 4, 1997??? (you really need to reconsider that blood meal etc. 'TOTAL BAN')</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.aphis.usda.gov/oa/bse/bsesurv,ey.html#charts" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.aphis.usda.gov/oa/bse/bsesurv,ey.html#charts</a></div>
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AND PLEASE FOR GODS SAKE, STOP saying vCJD victims are the only ones tied to this environmental death sentence. "PROVE IT". It's just not true. The 'CHOSEN ONES' are not the only ones dying because of this man-made death sentence. When making regulations for human health from human/animal TSEs, you had better include ALL human TSE's, not just vCJD. Do NOT underestimate sporadic CJD with the 'prehistoric' testing available to date. This could be a deadly mistake. Remember, sCJD kills much faster from 1st onset of symptoms to death, and hvCJD is the fastest. Could it just be a higher titre of infectivity, or route or source, or all three?</div>
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Last, but not least. The illegal/legal harvesting of body parts and tissues will come back to haunt you. Maybe not morally, but due to NO background checks and human TSEs, again it will continue to spread.</div>
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Stupidity, Ignorance and Greed is what fuels this disease. You must stop all of this, and ACT AT ONCE...</div>
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Sent: Monday, January 08,2001 3:03 PM</div>
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TO: <a href="mailto:freas@CBS5055530.CBER.FDA.GOV" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;">freas@CBS5055530.CBER.FDA.GOV</a></div>
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FDA CJD BSE TSE Prion Scientific Advisors and Consultants Staff January 2001 Meeting Singeltary Submission</div>
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2001 FDA CJD TSE Prion Singeltary Submission</div>
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<a href="http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_09.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/01/slides/3681s2_09.pdf</a></div>
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TSE surveillance statistics exotic species and domestic cats Update December 2019</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2019/12/tse-surveillance-statistics-exotic.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2019/12/tse-surveillance-statistics-exotic.html</a></div>
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MONDAY, DECEMBER 16, 2019 </div>
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Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion aka mad cow type disease in cervid Zoonosis Update</div>
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***> ''In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids.'' Scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (II) <***</div>
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What if?</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/12/chronic-wasting-disease-cwd-tse-prion.html</a></div>
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> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people.</div>
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key word here is ‘reported’. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can’t, and it’s as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it’s being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. …terry</div>
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*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</div>
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*** These results would seem to suggest that CWD does indeed have zoonotic potential, at least as judged by the compatibility of CWD prions and their human PrPC target. Furthermore, extrapolation from this simple in vitro assay suggests that if zoonotic CWD occurred, it would most likely effect those of the PRNP codon 129-MM genotype and that the PrPres type would be similar to that found in the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1).***</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background-color: inherit; color: #222222; cursor: pointer; transition: all 0s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.4161/pri.28124?src=recsys</a></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background-color: inherit; color: #222222; cursor: pointer; transition: all 0s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.28124?needAccess=true</a></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background-color: inherit; color: #222222; cursor: pointer; transition: all 0s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/1/13-0858_article</a></div>
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Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion aka mad deer disease zoonosis</div>
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We hypothesize that:</div>
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(1) The classic CWD prion strain can infect humans at low levels in the brain and peripheral lymphoid tissues;</div>
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(2) The cervid-to-human transmission barrier is dependent on the cervid prion strain and influenced by the host (human) prion protein (PrP) primary sequence;</div>
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(3) Reliable essays can be established to detect CWD infection in humans; and</div>
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(4) CWD transmission to humans has already occurred. We will test these hypotheses in 4 Aims using transgenic (Tg) mouse models and complementary in vitro approaches.</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-04" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background-color: inherit; color: #222222; cursor: pointer; transition: all 0s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank">http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-04</a></div>
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ZOONOTIC CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION UPDATE</div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px;">First evidence of intracranial and peroral transmission of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) into Cynomolgus macaques: a work in progress Stefanie Czub1, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2, Christiane Stahl-Hennig3, Michael Beekes4, Hermann Schaetzl5 and Dirk Motzkus6 1 </span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px;">University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine/Canadian Food Inspection Agency; 2Universitatsklinikum des Saarlandes und Medizinische Fakultat der Universitat des Saarlandes; 3 Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen; 4 Robert-Koch-Institut Berlin; 5 University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; 6 presently: Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Center; previously: Deutsches Primaten Zentrum/Goettingen </span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px;">This is a progress report of a project which started in 2009. 21 cynomolgus macaques were challenged with characterized CWD material from white-tailed deer (WTD) or elk by intracerebral (ic), oral, and skin exposure routes. Additional blood transfusion experiments are supposed to assess the CWD contamination risk of human blood product. Challenge materials originated from symptomatic cervids for ic, skin scarification and partially per oral routes (WTD brain). Challenge material for feeding of muscle derived from preclinical WTD and from preclinical macaques for blood transfusion experiments. We have confirmed that the CWD challenge material contained at least two different CWD agents (brain material) as well as CWD prions in muscle-associated nerves. </span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px;">Here we present first data on a group of animals either challenged ic with steel wires or per orally and sacrificed with incubation times ranging from 4.5 to 6.9 years at postmortem. Three animals displayed signs of mild clinical disease, including anxiety, apathy, ataxia and/or tremor. In four animals wasting was observed, two of those had confirmed diabetes. All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals. Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuiC) and PET-blot assays to further substantiate these findings are on the way, as well as bioassays in bank voles and transgenic mice. </span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px;">At present, a total of 10 animals are sacrificed and read-outs are ongoing. Preclinical incubation of the remaining macaques covers a range from 6.4 to 7.10 years. Based on the species barrier and an incubation time of > 5 years for BSE in macaques and about 10 years for scrapie in macaques, we expected an onset of clinical disease beyond 6 years post inoculation. </span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px;">PRION 2017 DECIPHERING NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS </span></div>
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PRION 2018 CONFERENCE</div>
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Oral transmission of CWD into Cynomolgus macaques: signs of atypical disease, prion conversion and infectivity in macaques and bio-assayed transgenic mice</div>
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Hermann M. Schatzl, Samia Hannaoui, Yo-Ching Cheng, Sabine Gilch (Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada) Michael Beekes (RKI Berlin), Walter Schulz-Schaeffer (University of Homburg/Saar, Germany), Christiane Stahl-Hennig (German Primate Center) & Stefanie Czub (CFIA Lethbridge).</div>
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To date, BSE is the only example of interspecies transmission of an animal prion disease into humans. The potential zoonotic transmission of CWD is an alarming issue and was addressed by many groups using a variety of in vitro and in vivo experimental systems. Evidence from these studies indicated a substantial, if not absolute, species barrier, aligning with the absence of epidemiological evidence suggesting transmission into humans. Studies in non-human primates were not conclusive so far, with oral transmission into new-world monkeys and no transmission into old-world monkeys. Our consortium has challenged 18 Cynomolgus macaques with characterized CWD material, focusing on oral transmission with muscle tissue. Some macaques have orally received a total of 5 kg of muscle material over a period of 2 years.</div>
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After 5-7 years of incubation time some animals showed clinical symptoms indicative of prion disease, and prion neuropathology and PrPSc deposition were detected in spinal cord and brain of some euthanized animals. PrPSc in immunoblot was weakly detected in some spinal cord materials and various tissues tested positive in RT-QuIC, including lymph node and spleen homogenates. To prove prion infectivity in the macaque tissues, we have intracerebrally inoculated 2 lines of transgenic mice, expressing either elk or human PrP. At least 3 TgElk mice, receiving tissues from 2 different macaques, showed clinical signs of a progressive prion disease and brains were positive in immunoblot and RT-QuIC. Tissues (brain, spinal cord and spleen) from these and pre-clinical mice are currently tested using various read-outs and by second passage in mice. Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were so far negative for clear clinical prion disease (some mice >300 days p.i.). In parallel, the same macaque materials are inoculated into bank voles.</div>
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Taken together, there is strong evidence of transmissibility of CWD orally into macaques and from macaque tissues into transgenic mouse models, although with an incomplete attack rate.</div>
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The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology.<br clear="none" />Our ongoing studies will show whether the transmission of CWD into macaques and passage in transgenic mice represents a form of non-adaptive prion amplification, and whether macaque-adapted prions have the potential to infect mice expressing human PrP.</div>
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The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD..</div>
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***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD. <***</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://prion2018.org/" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background-color: inherit; color: #222222; cursor: pointer; transition: all 0s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank">https://prion2018.org/</a></div>
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READING OVER THE PRION 2018 ABSTRACT BOOK, LOOKS LIKE THEY FOUND THAT from this study ;</div>
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P190 Human prion disease mortality rates by occurrence of chronic wasting disease in freeranging cervids, United States</div>
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Abrams JY (1), Maddox RA (1), Schonberger LB (1), Person MK (1), Appleby BS (2), Belay ED (1) (1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA..</div>
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SEEMS THAT THEY FOUND Highly endemic states had a higher rate of prion disease mortality compared to non-CWD<br clear="none" />states.</div>
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AND ANOTHER STUDY;</div>
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P172 Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Prion Disease</div>
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Wang H(1), Cohen M(1), Appleby BS(1,2) (1) University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio (2) National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Cleveland, Ohio..</div>
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IN THIS STUDY, THERE WERE autopsy-proven prion cases from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center that were diagnosed between September 2016 to March 2017,</div>
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AND</div>
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included 104 patients. SEEMS THEY FOUND THAT The most common sCJD subtype was MV1-2 (30%), followed by MM1-2 (20%),</div>
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AND</div>
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THAT The Majority of cases were male (60%), AND half of them had exposure to wild game.</div>
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snip…</div>
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see more on Prion 2017 Macaque study from Prion 2017 Conference and other updated science on cwd tse prion zoonosis below…terry</div>
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<a href="https://prion2018.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/program.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background-color: inherit; color: #222222; cursor: pointer; transition: all 0s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank">https://prion2018.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/program.pdf</a></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://prion2018.org/" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background-color: inherit; color: #222222; cursor: pointer; transition: all 0s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank">https://prion2018.org/</a></div>
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PRION 2019 ABSTRACTS </div>
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1. Interspecies transmission of the chronic wasting disease agent</div>
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Justin Greenlee</div>
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Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA Agriculture Research Service</div>
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The presentation will summarize the results of various studies conducted at our research center that assess the transmissibility of the chronic wasting disease (CWD) agent to cattle, pigs, raccoons, goats, and sheep. This will include specifics of the relative attack rates, clinical signs, and microscopic lesions with emphasis on how to differentiate cross-species transmission of the CWD agent from the prion diseases that naturally occur in hosts such as cattle or sheep. Briefly, the relative difficulty of transmitting the CWD agent to sheep and goats will be contrasted with the relative ease of transmitting the scrapie agent to white-tailed deer.</div>
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53. Evaluation of the inter-species transmission potential of different CWD isolates</div>
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Rodrigo Moralesa, Carlos Kramma,b, Paulina Sotoa, Adam Lyona, Sandra Pritzkowa, Claudio Sotoa</div>
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aMitchell Center for Alzheimer’s disease and Related Brain Disorders, Dept. of Neurology, McGovern School of Medicine University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, USA; bFacultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile</div>
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ABSTRACT</div>
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Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) has reached epidemic proportions in North America and has been identified in South Korea and Northern Europe. CWD-susceptible cervid species are known to share habitats with humans and other animals entering the human food chain. At present, the potential of CWD to infect humans and other animal species is not completely clear. The exploration of this issue acquires further complexity considering the differences in the prion protein sequence due to species-specific variations and polymorphic changes within species. While several species of cervids are naturally affected by CWD, white-tailed deer (WTD) is perhaps the most relevant due to its extensive use in hunting and as a source of food. Evaluation of inter-species prion infections using animals or mouse models is costly and time consuming. We and others have shown that the Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) technology reproduces, in an accelerated and inexpensive manner, the inter-species transmission of prions while preserving the strain features of the input PrPSc. In this work, we tested the potential of different WTD-derived CWD isolates to transmit to humans and other animal species relevant for human consumption using PMCA. For these experiments, CWD isolates homozygous for the most common WTD-PrP polymorphic changes (G96S) were used (96SS variant obtained from a pre-symptomatic prion infected WTD). Briefly, 96GG and 96SS CWD prions were adapted in homologous or heterologous substrate by PMCA through several (15) rounds. End products, as well as intermediates across the process, were tested for their inter-species transmission potentials. A similar process was followed to assess seed-templated misfolding of ovine, porcine, and bovine PrPC. Our results show differences on the inter-species transmission potentials of the four adapted materials generated (PrPC/PrPSc polymorphic combinations), being the homologous combinations of seed/substrate the ones with the greater apparent zoonotic potential. Surprisingly, 96SS prions adapted in homologous substrate were the ones showing the easiest potential to template PrPC misfolding from other animal species. In summary, our results show that a plethora of different CWD isolates, each comprising different potentials for inter-species transmission, may exist in the environment. These experiments may help to clarify an uncertain and potentially worrisome public health issue. Additional research in this area may be useful to advise on the design of regulations intended to stop the spread of CWD and predict unwanted zoonotic events.</div>
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56. Understanding chronic wasting disease spread potential for at-risk species</div>
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Catherine I. Cullingham, Anh Dao, Debbie McKenzie and David W. Coltman</div>
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Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada</div>
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CONTACT Catherine I. Cullingham <a href="mailto:cathy.cullingham@ualberta.ca" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:cathy.cullingham@ualberta.ca">cathy.cullingham@ualberta.ca</a></div>
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ABSTRACT</div>
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Genetic variation can be linked to susceptibility or resistance to a disease, and this information can help to better understand spread-risk in a population. Wildlife disease incidence is increasing, and this is resulting in negative impacts on the economy, biodiversity, and in some instances, human health. If we can find genetic variation that helps to inform which individuals are susceptible, then we can use this information on at-risk populations to better manage negative consequences. Chronic wasting disease, a fatal, transmissible spongiform encephalopathy of cervids (both wild and captive), continues to spread geographically, which has resulted in an increasing host-range. The disease agent (PrPCWD) is a misfolded conformer of native cellular protein (PrPC). In Canada, the disease is endemic in Alberta and Saskatchewan, infecting primarily mule deer and white-tail deer, with a smaller impact on elk and moose populations. As the extent of the endemic area continues to expand, additional species will be exposed to this disease, including bison, bighorn sheep, mountain goat, and pronghorn antelope. To better understand the potential spread-risk among these species, we reviewed the current literature on species that have been orally exposed to CWD to identify susceptible and resistant species. We then compared the amino acid polymorphisms of PrPC among these species to determine whether any sites were linked to susceptibility or resistance to CWD infection. We sequenced the entire PrP coding region in 578 individuals across at-risk populations to evaluate their potential susceptibility. Three amino acid sites (97, 170, and 174; human numbering) were significantly associated with susceptibility, but these were not fully discriminating. All but one species among the resistant group shared the same haplotype, and the same for the susceptible species. For the at-risk species, bison had the resistant haplotype, while bighorn sheep and mountain goats were closely associated with the resistant type. Pronghorn antelope and a newly identified haplotype in moose differed from the susceptible haplotype, but were still closely associated with it. These data suggest pronghorn antelope will be susceptible to CWD while bison are likely to be resistant. Based on this data, recommendations can be made regarding species to be monitored for possible CWD infection.</div>
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KEYWORDS: Chronic wasting disease; Prnp; wildlife disease; population genetics; ungulates</div>
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Thursday, May 23, 2019 </div>
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Prion 2019 Emerging Concepts CWD, BSE, SCRAPIE, CJD, SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM Schedule and Abstracts</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2019/05/prion-2019-emerging-concepts-cwd-bse.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://prionconference.blogspot.com/2019/05/prion-2019-emerging-concepts-cwd-bse.html</a></div>
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see full Prion 2019 Conference Abstracts</div>
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<span style="color: #0096ef;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197</a></span></div>
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THURSDAY, OCTOBER 04, 2018</div>
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Cervid to human prion transmission 5R01NS088604-04 Update</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-04" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background-color: inherit; color: #222222; cursor: pointer; transition: all 0s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank">http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-04</a></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/10/cervid-to-human-prion-transmission.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background-color: inherit; color: #222222; cursor: pointer; transition: all 0s ease-in-out 0s;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/10/cervid-to-human-prion-transmission.html</a></div>
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snip…full text;</div>
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SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 09, 2019</div>
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Experts: Yes, chronic wasting disease in deer is a public health issue — for people</div>
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SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 23, 2019 </div>
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Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion and THE FEAST 2003 CDC an updated review of the science 2019</div>
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TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 04, 2014 </div>
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Six-year follow-up of a point-source exposure to CWD contaminated venison in an Upstate New York community: risk behaviours and health outcomes 2005–2011</div>
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Authors, though, acknowledged the study was limited in geography and sample size and so it couldn't draw a conclusion about the risk to humans. They recommended more study. Dr. Ermias Belay was the report's principal author but he said New York and Oneida County officials are following the proper course by not launching a study. "There's really nothing to monitor presently. No one's sick," Belay said, noting the disease's incubation period in deer and elk is measured in years. "</div>
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Transmission Studies</div>
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Mule deer transmissions of CWD were by intracerebral inoculation and compared with natural cases {the following was written but with a single line marked through it ''first passage (by this route)}....TSS</div>
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resulted in a more rapidly progressive clinical disease with repeated episodes of synocopy ending in coma. One control animal became affected, it is believed through contamination of inoculum (?saline). Further CWD transmissions were carried out by Dick Marsh into ferret, mink and squirrel monkey. Transmission occurred in ALL of these species with the shortest incubation period in the ferret.</div>
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snip.... </div>
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<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002237/http://www..bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/mb/m11b/tab01.pdf</a></div>
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Prion Infectivity in Fat of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease▿ </div>
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Brent Race#, Kimberly Meade-White#, Richard Race and Bruce Chesebro* + Author Affiliations</div>
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In mice, prion infectivity was recently detected in fat. Since ruminant fat is consumed by humans and fed to animals, we determined infectivity titers in fat from two CWD-infected deer. Deer fat devoid of muscle contained low levels of CWD infectivity and might be a risk factor for prion infection of other species. </div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://jvi.asm.org/content/83/18/9608.full</a> </div>
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Prions in Skeletal Muscles of Deer with Chronic Wasting Disease </div>
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Here bioassays in transgenic mice expressing cervid prion protein revealed the presence of infectious prions in skeletal muscles of CWD-infected deer, demonstrating that humans consuming or handling meat from CWD-infected deer are at risk to prion exposure. </div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://science.sciencemag.org/content/311/5764/1117..long</a> </div>
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*** now, let’s see what the authors said about this casual link, personal communications years ago, and then the latest on the zoonotic potential from CWD to humans from the TOKYO PRION 2016 CONFERENCE.</div>
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see where it is stated NO STRONG evidence. so, does this mean there IS casual evidence ???? “Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans”</div>
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From: TSS </div>
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Subject: CWD aka MAD DEER/ELK TO HUMANS ???</div>
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Date: September 30, 2002 at 7:06 am PST</div>
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From: "Belay, Ermias"</div>
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To: Cc: "Race, Richard (NIH)" ; ; "Belay, Ermias"</div>
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Sent: Monday, September 30, 2002 9:22 AM</div>
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Subject: RE: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS</div>
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Dear Sir/Madam,</div>
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In the Archives of Neurology you quoted (the abstract of which was attached to your email), we did not say CWD in humans will present like variant CJD.. That assumption would be wrong. I encourage you to read the whole article and call me if you have questions or need more clarification (phone: 404-639-3091). Also, we do not claim that "no-one has ever been infected with prion disease from eating venison." Our conclusion stating that we found no strong evidence of CWD transmission to humans in the article you quoted or in any other forum is limited to the patients we investigated.</div>
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Ermias Belay, M.D. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</div>
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-----Original Message-----</div>
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From: Sent: Sunday, September 29, 2002 10:15 AM</div>
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To: <a href="mailto:rr26k@nih.gov" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:rr26k@nih.gov">rr26k@nih.gov</a>; <a href="mailto:rrace@niaid.nih.gov" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:rrace@niaid.nih.gov">rrace@niaid.nih.gov</a>; <a href="mailto:ebb8@CDC.GOV" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:ebb8@CDC.GOV">ebb8@CDC.GOV</a></div>
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Subject: TO CDC AND NIH - PUB MED- 3 MORE DEATHS - CWD - YOUNG HUNTERS</div>
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Sunday, November 10, 2002 6:26 PM .......snip........end..............TSS</div>
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Thursday, April 03, 2008</div>
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A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease 2008 1: Vet Res. 2008 Apr 3;39(4):41 A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease Sigurdson CJ.</div>
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snip...</div>
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*** twenty-seven CJD patients who regularly consumed venison were reported to the Surveillance Center***,</div>
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snip... full text ; </div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2008/04/prion-disease-of-cervids-chronic.html</a> </div>
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> However, to date, no CWD infections have been reported in people. </div>
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sporadic, spontaneous CJD, 85%+ of all human TSE, just not just happen. never in scientific literature has this been proven.</div>
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if one looks up the word sporadic or spontaneous at pubmed, you will get a laundry list of disease that are classified in such a way;</div>
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sporadic = 54,983 hits <a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=sporadic</a></div>
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spontaneous = 325,650 hits <a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=spontaneous</a></div>
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key word here is 'reported'. science has shown that CWD in humans will look like sporadic CJD. SO, how can one assume that CWD has not already transmitted to humans? they can't, and it's as simple as that. from all recorded science to date, CWD has already transmitted to humans, and it's being misdiagnosed as sporadic CJD. ...terry </div>
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*** LOOKING FOR CWD IN HUMANS AS nvCJD or as an ATYPICAL CJD, LOOKING IN ALL THE WRONG PLACES $$$ ***</div>
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*** These results would seem to suggest that CWD does indeed have zoonotic potential, at least as judged by the compatibility of CWD prions and their human PrPC target. Furthermore, extrapolation from this simple in vitro assay suggests that if zoonotic CWD occurred, it would most likely effect those of the PRNP codon 129-MM genotype and that the PrPres type would be similar to that found in the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1).*** </div>
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FRIDAY, JULY 26, 2019 </div>
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Chronic Wasting Disease in Cervids: Implications for Prion Transmission to Humans and Other Animal Species</div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Wisconsin Trempealeau County Deer Farm Tests Positive for CWD Release Date: June 9, 2020</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/06/wisconsin-trempealeau-county-deer-farm.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2020/06/wisconsin-trempealeau-county-deer-farm.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</span></div>
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Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33182925.post-77587210577915275102020-05-26T11:09:00.002-05:002020-05-26T11:09:40.746-05:00Ireland OIE Atypical BSE H-type<div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">
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Ireland OIE Atypical BSE H-type</div>
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OIE Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, Ireland</div>
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Information received on 22/05/2020 from Dr Martin Blake, Chief Veterinary Officer, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Agriculture House, Dublin, Ireland</div>
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Summary</div>
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Report type Immediate notification (Final report)</div>
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Date of start of the event 12/05/2020</div>
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Date of confirmation of the event 13/05/2020</div>
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Report date 22/05/2020</div>
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Date submitted to OIE 22/05/2020</div>
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Date event resolved 22/05/2020</div>
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Reason for notification Recurrence of a listed disease</div>
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Date of previous occurrence 18/01/2017</div>
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Manifestation of disease Clinical disease Causal agent BSE prion</div>
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Nature of diagnosis Laboratory (advanced)</div>
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This event pertains to the whole country</div>
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New outbreaks (1)</div>
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Outbreak 1 Fethard, Tipperary</div>
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Date of start of the outbreak 12/05/2020</div>
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Outbreak status Resolved (22/05/2020)</div>
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Epidemiological unit Farm</div>
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Affected animals </div>
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Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Killed and disposed of Slaughtered</div>
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Cattle 9 1 1 8 0</div>
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Affected population One case animal. There are 8 susceptible animals: 6 cohorts and 2 progeny. All susceptible animals were culled and tested negative for BSE.</div>
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Summary of outbreaks Total outbreaks: 1</div>
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Total animals affected </div>
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Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Killed and disposed of Slaughtered</div>
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Cattle 9 1 1 8 0</div>
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Outbreak statistics </div>
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Species Apparent morbidity rate Apparent mortality rate Apparent case fatality rate Proportion susceptible animals lost*</div>
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Cattle 11.11% 11.11% 100.00% 100.00%</div>
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*Removed from the susceptible population through death, destruction and/or slaughter</div>
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Epidemiology</div>
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Source of the outbreak(s) or origin of infection </div>
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Unknown or inconclusive</div>
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Epidemiological comments </div>
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On the 13/05/2020, the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine (DAFM) was advised of a positive result to a rapid screening test carried out by an accredited private laboratory approved by the competent authority. The suspect animal was sampled by DAFM staff as part of the ongoing official sampling of all fallen animals of 48 months and older. The sample material and brain were subsequently forwarded to the National Reference Laboratory (NRL) where samples from different brain areas were subject to confirmatory testing using an OIE approved confirmatory western blot method, a two-blot protocol for the classification of BSE isolates. All the samples had an identical molecular pattern indicating atypical H type BSE. In accordance with NRL protocols, samples from the animal were then sent for histopathology and immunohistochemistry on the medulla of the brain. Final confirmatory test results were received from the NRL on 22nd of May 2020 confirming the case to be atypical H type BSE. The cow involved in this case was a 14-year-old Limousin cow born on the 8th of March 2006. There are 73 cattle on the animal identification and movement register for the herd. The herd is a suckler herd. The cow remained in that herd until her death on Saturday May 9th. The cow had had a history of neurological signs which were first noted at the end of March 2020, where the cow became ataxic and recumbent, but got back on her feet with some assistance. A further such episode occurred in April 2020, and again on Saturday May 9th. The farmer intended to call his private veterinary surgeon (PVP) to look at the animal at that time, but she had died before he had the opportunity to call his PVP. The cow was well conditioned, up to her death.</div>
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Control measures</div>
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Measures applied </div>
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Movement control inside the country</div>
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Official disposal of carcasses, by-products and waste</div>
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Stamping out</div>
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Vaccination permitted (if a vaccine exists)</div>
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No treatment of affected animals</div>
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Measures to be applied </div>
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No other measures</div>
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Diagnostic test results</div>
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Laboratory name and type Species Test Test date Result</div>
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Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (National laboratory) Cattle histopathological examination 19/05/2020 Positive</div>
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Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (National laboratory) Cattle immunohistochemical test 18/05/2020 Positive</div>
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Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (National laboratory) Cattle western blot 19/05/2020 Positive</div>
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Enfer (Private Laboratory) Cattle rapid tests 13/05/2020 Positive</div>
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Future Reporting</div>
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The event is resolved. No more reports will be submitted.</div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">TUESDAY, JANUARY 24, 2017</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">IRL 24-01-17 OIE Alert - Alerta - Alerte - Bovine spongiform encephalopathy - Encéphalopathie spongiforme bovine - Encefalopatía espongiforme bovina</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2017/01/irl-24-01-17-oie-alert-alerta-alerte.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2017/01/irl-24-01-17-oie-alert-alerta-alerte.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Docket No. APHIS-2014-0107 Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Importation of Animals and Animal Products Singeltary Submission Terry S. Singeltary</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Comment View document:Docket No. APHIS-2014-0107 Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Importation of Animals and Animal Products Singeltary Submission ; </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">I believe that there is more risk to the world from Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE prion aka mad cow type disease now, coming from the United States and all of North America, than there is risk coming to the USA and North America, from other Countries. I am NOT saying I dont think there is any risk for the BSE type TSE prion coming from other Countries, I am just saying that in 2015, why is the APHIS/USDA/FSIS/FDA still ignoring these present mad cow risk factors in North America like they are not here? </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">North America has more strains of TSE prion disease, in more species (excluding zoo animals in the early BSE days, and excluding the Feline TSE and or Canine TSE, because they dont look, and yes, there has been documented evidence and scientific studies, and DEFRA Hound study, that shows the canine spongiform encephalopathy is very possible, if it has not already happened, just not documented), then any other Country in the world. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Mink TME, Deer Elk cervid CWD (multiple strains), cBSE cattle, atypical L-type BSE cattle, atypical H-type BSE cattle, atyical HG type BSE cow (the only cow documented in the world to date with this strain), typical sheep goat Scrapie (multiple strains), and the atypical Nor-98 Scrapie, which has been linked to sporadic CJD, Nor-98 atypical Scrapie has spread from coast to coast. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">sporadic CJD on the rise, with different strains mounting, victims becoming younger, with the latest nvCJD human mad cow case being documented in Texas again, this case, NOT LINKED TO EUROPEAN TRAVEL CDC. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">typical BSE can propagate as nvCJD and or sporadic CJD (Collinge et al), and sporadic CJD has now been linked to atypical BSE, Scrapie and atypical Scrapie, and scientist are very concerned with CWD TSE prion in the Cervid populations. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">in my opinion, the BSE MRR policy, which overtook the BSE GBR risk assessments for each country, and then made BSE confirmed countries legal to trade mad cow disease, which was all brought forth AFTER that fateful day December 23, 2003, when the USA lost its gold card i.e. BSE FREE status, thats the day it all started. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">once the BSE MRR policy was shoved down every countries throat by USDA inc and the OIE, then the legal trading of Scrapie was validated to be a legal trading commodity, also shoved through by the USDA inc and the OIE, the world then lost 30 years of attempted eradication of the BSE TSE prion disease typical and atypical strains, and the BSE TSE Prion aka mad cow type disease was thus made a legal trading commodity, like it or not. its all about money now folks, trade, to hell with human health with a slow incubating disease, that is 100% fatal once clinical, and forget the fact of exposure, sub-clinical infection, and friendly fire there from i.e. iatrogenic TSE prion disease, the pass it forward mode of the TSE PRION aka mad cow type disease. its all going to be sporadic CJD or sporadic ffi, or sporadic gss, or now the infamous VPSPr. ...problem solved $$$ </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">the USDA/APHIS/FSIS/FDA triple mad cow BSE firewall, well, that was nothing but ink on paper. for this very reason I believe the BSE MRR policy is a total failure, and that this policy should be immediately withdrawn, and set back in place the BSE GBR Risk Assessments, with the BSE GBR risk assessments set up to monitor all TSE PRION disease in all species of animals, and that the BSE GBR risk assessments be made stronger than before. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">lets start with the recent notice that beef from Ireland will be coming to America. Ireland confirmed around 1655 cases of mad cow disease. with the highest year confirming about 333 cases in 2002, with numbers of BSE confirmed cases dropping from that point on, to a documentation of 1 confirmed case in 2013, to date. a drastic decrease in the feeding of cows to cows i.e. the ruminant mad cow feed ban, and the enforcement of that ban, has drastically reduced the number of BSE cases in Europe, minus a few BABs or BARBs. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">a far cry from the USDA FDA triple BSE firewall, which was nothing more than ink on paper, where in 2007, in one week recall alone, some 10 MILLION POUNDS OF BANNED POTENTIAL MAD COW FEED WENT OUT INTO COMMERCE IN THE USA. this is 10 years post feed ban. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">in my honest opinion, due to the blatant cover up of BSE TSE prion aka mad cow disease in the USA, we still have no clue as to the true number of cases of BSE mad cow disease in the USA or North America as a whole. ...just saying. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Number of reported cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in farmed cattle worldwide* (excluding the United Kingdom) Country/Year </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">please see attached pdf file, with references of breaches in the USA triple BSE mad cow firewalls, and recent science on the TSE prion disease. ...TSS </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">No documents available. AttachmentsView All (1) Empty Docket No. APHIS-2014-0107 Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Importation of Animals and Animal Products Singeltary Submission View Attachment: 1 </span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=APHIS-2014-0107-0003" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=APHIS-2014-0107-0003 </a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Sunday, January 11, 2015 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Docket No. APHIS-2014-0107 Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy; Importation of Animals and Animal Products Singeltary Submission </span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=APHIS-2014-0107-0003" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=APHIS-2014-0107-0003</a></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2015/01/docket-no-aphis-2014-0107-bovine.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2015/01/docket-no-aphis-2014-0107-bovine.html</a></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">PRION 2018 CONFERENCE</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">P98 The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">Greenlee JJ (1), Moore SJ (1), and West Greenlee MH (2) (1) United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Virus and Prion Research Unit, Ames, IA, United States (2) Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States. </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">reading up on this study from Prion 2018 Conference, very important findings ;</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">***> This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">***> These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">PRION 2018 CONFERENCE ABSTRACT</span></span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://prion2018.org/" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: black;">https://prion2018.org/</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 24, 2018 </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Experimental Infection of Cattle With a Novel Prion Derived From Atypical H-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2018/10/experimental-infection-of-cattle-with.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: black;">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2018/10/experimental-infection-of-cattle-with.html</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">MONDAY, JANUARY 09, 2017 </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">Oral Transmission of L-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Agent among Cattle </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">CDC Volume 23, Number 2—February 2017 </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">*** Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">*** Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/23/2/16-1416_article" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: black;">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/23/2/16-1416_article</span></a></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">TUESDAY, AUGUST 28, 2018 </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">USDA finds BSE infection in Florida cow 08/28/18 6:43 PM</span></span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2018/08/usda-finds-bse-infection-in-florida-cow.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: black;">http://animalhealthreportpriontse..blogspot.com/2018/08/usda-finds-bse-infection-in-florida-cow.html</span></a></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 29, 2018 </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">USDA Announces Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Detection USDA 08/29/2018 10:00 AM EDT</span></span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2018/08/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: black;">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2018/08/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html</span></a></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 29, 2018 </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion Atypical BSE Confirmed Florida Update USA August 28, 2018</span></span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/08/transmissible-spongiform-encephalopathy.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: black;">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/08/transmissible-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">***> P.108: Successful oral challenge of adult cattle with classical BSE</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">Sandor Dudas1,*, Kristina Santiago-Mateo1, Tammy Pickles1, Catherine Graham2, and Stefanie Czub1 1Canadian Food Inspection Agency; NCAD Lethbridge; Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada; 2Nova Scotia Department of Agriculture; Pathology Laboratory; Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">Classical Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (C-type BSE) is a feed- and food-borne fatal neurological disease which can be orally transmitted to cattle and humans. Due to the presence of contaminated milk replacer, it is generally assumed that cattle become infected early in life as calves and then succumb to disease as adults. Here we challenged three 14 months old cattle per-orally with 100 grams of C-type BSE brain to investigate age-related susceptibility or resistance. During incubation, the animals were sampled monthly for blood and feces and subjected to standardized testing to identify changes related to neurological disease. At 53 months post exposure, progressive signs of central nervous system disease were observed in these 3 animals, and they were euthanized. Two of the C-BSE animals tested strongly positive using standard BSE rapid tests, however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE. Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc detection by PMCA only. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">***Our study demonstrates susceptibility of adult cattle to oral transmission of classical BSE. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">We are further examining explanations for the unusual disease presentation in the third challenged animal.</span></div>
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<a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: black;">https://prion2015.files..wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">P.86: Estimating the risk of transmission of BSE and scrapie to ruminants and humans by protein misfolding cyclic amplification</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">Morikazu Imamura, Naoko Tabeta, Yoshifumi Iwamaru, and Yuichi Murayama</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">National Institute of Animal Health; Tsukuba, Japan</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">To assess the risk of the transmission of ruminant prions to ruminants and humans at the molecular level, we investigated the ability of abnormal prion protein (PrPSc) of typical and atypical BSEs (L-type and H-type) and typical scrapie to convert normal prion protein (PrPC) from bovine, ovine, and human to proteinase K-resistant PrPSc-like form (PrPres) using serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">Six rounds of serial PMCA was performed using 10% brain homogenates from transgenic mice expressing bovine, ovine or human PrPC in combination with PrPSc seed from typical and atypical BSE- or typical scrapie-infected brain homogenates from native host species. In the conventional PMCA, the conversion of PrPC to PrPres was observed only when the species of PrPC source and PrPSc seed matched. However, in the PMCA with supplements (digitonin, synthetic polyA and heparin), both bovine and ovine PrPC were converted by PrPSc from all tested prion strains. On the other hand, human PrPC was converted by PrPSc from typical and H-type BSE in this PMCA condition.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">Although these results were not compatible with the previous reports describing the lack of transmissibility of H-type BSE to ovine and human transgenic mice, our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">P.170: Potential detection of oral transmission of H type atypical BSE in cattle using in vitro conversion</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">***P.170: Potential detection of oral transmission of H type atypical BSE in cattle using in vitro conversion</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">Sandor Dudas, John G Gray, Renee Clark, and Stefanie Czub Canadian Food Inspection Agency; Lethbridge, AB Canada</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">Keywords: Atypical BSE, oral transmission, RT-QuIC</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">The detection of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) has had a significant negative impact on the cattle industry worldwide. In response, governments took actions to prevent transmission and additional threats to animal health and food safety. While these measures seem to be effective for controlling classical BSE, the more recently discovered atypical BSE has presented a new challenge. To generate data for risk assessment and control measures, we have challenged cattle orally with atypical BSE to determine transmissibility and mis-folded prion (PrPSc) tissue distribution. Upon presentation of clinical symptoms, animals were euthanized and tested for characteristic histopathological changes as well as PrPSc deposition.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">The H-type challenged animal displayed vacuolation exclusively in rostral brain areas but the L-type challenged animal showed no evidence thereof. To our surprise, neither of the animals euthanized, which were displaying clinical signs indicative of BSE, showed conclusive mis-folded prion accumulation in the brain or gut using standard molecular or immunohistochemical assays. To confirm presence or absence of prion infectivity, we employed an optimized real-time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay developed at the Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, USA.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">Detection of PrPSc was unsuccessful for brain samples tests from the orally inoculated L type animal using the RT-QuIC. It is possible that these negative results were related to the tissue sampling locations or that type specific optimization is needed to detect PrPSc in this animal. We were however able to consistently detect the presence of mis-folded prions in the brain of the H-type inoculated animal. Considering the negative and inconclusive results with other PrPSc detection methods, positive results using the optimized RT-QuIC suggests the method is extremely sensitive for H-type BSE detection. This may be evidence of the first successful oral transmission of H type atypical BSE in cattle and additional investigation of samples from these animals are ongoing.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.29370" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.29370</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/06/prion-2014-typical-and-atypical-bse-and.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/06/prion-2014-typical-and-atypical-bse-and.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/05/a-comparison-of-classical-and-h-type.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/05/a-comparison-of-classical-and-h-type.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2017/01/oral-transmission-of-l-type-bovine.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2017/01/oral-transmission-of-l-type-bovine.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">Detection of PrPBSE and prion infectivity in the ileal Peyer’s patch of young calves as early as 2 months after oral challenge with classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">Ivett Ackermann1 , Anne Balkema‑Buschmann1 , Reiner Ulrich2 , Kerstin Tauscher2 , James C. Shawulu1 , Markus Keller1 , Olanrewaju I. Fatola1 , Paul Brown3 and Martin H. Groschup1* </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">Abstract </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">In classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (C-BSE), an orally acquired prion disease of cattle, the ileal Peyer’s patch (IPP) represents the main entry port for the BSE agent. In earlier C-BSE pathogenesis studies, cattle at 4–6 months of age were orally challenged, while there are strong indications that the risk of infection is highest in young animals. In the present study, unweaned calves aged 4–6 weeks were orally challenged to determine the earli‑ est time point at which newly formed PrPBSE and BSE infectivity are detectable in the IPP. For this purpose, calves were culled 1 week as well as 2, 4, 6 and 8 months post-infection (mpi) and IPPs were examined for BSE infectivity using a bovine PrP transgenic mouse bioassay, and for PrPBSE by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and protein misfolding cyclic amplifcation (PMCA) assays. For the frst time, BSE prions were detected in the IPP as early as 2 mpi by transgenic mouse bioassay and PMCA and 4 mpi by IHC in the follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) of the IPP follicles. These data indi‑ cate that BSE prions propagate in the IPP of unweaned calves within 2 months of oral uptake of the agent.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">In summary, our study demonstrates for the frst time PrPBSE (by PMCA) and prion infectivity (by mouse bioassay) in the ileal Peyer’s patch (IPP) of young calves as early as 2 months after infection. From 4 mpi nearly all calves showed PrPBSE positive IPP follicles (by IHC), even with PrPBSE accumulation detectable in FDCs in some animals. Finally, our results confrm the IPP as the early port of entry for the BSE agent and a site of initial propagation of PrPBSE and infectivity during the early pathogenesis of the disease. Terefore, our study supports the recommendation to remove the last four metres of the small intestine (distal ileum) at slaughter, as designated by current legal requirements for countries with a controlled BSE risk status, as an essential measure for consumer and public health protection.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5738053/pdf/13567_2017_Article_495.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5738053/pdf/13567_2017_Article_495.pdf</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">A study comparing preclinical cattle infected naturally with BSE to clinically affected cattle either naturally or experimentally infected with BSE by the oral route found the most abundant PrPSc in the brainstem area (39), which is consistent with ascension to the brain from the gut by sympathetic and parasympathetic projections (40). In our experiment, abundant prions were observed in the brainstem of cattle with clinical signs of BSE, which is similar to the amount in their thalamus or midbrain regions. Interestingly, prions in the brainstem of cattle with clinical evidence of BSE seeded the RT-QuIC reactions faster than any other brain region despite the brainstem area having lower EIA OD values (Table 2) in comparison to other brain regions. This suggests that higher concentrations of prions do not necessarily seed the reaction faster. Perhaps prions of the brainstem exist in a preferred conformation for better conversion despite being present in lower concentrations.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2017.00242/full" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2017.00242/full</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">The 2004 enhanced BSE surveillance program was so flawed, that one of the top TSE prion Scientist for the CDC, Dr. Paul Brown stated ; Brown, who is preparing a scientific paper based on the latest two mad cow cases to estimate the maximum number of infected cows that occurred in the United States, said he has "absolutely no confidence in USDA tests before one year ago" because of the agency's reluctance to retest the Texas cow that initially tested positive.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">see ;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; cursor: pointer;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.upi.com/Health_News/2006/03/15/Analysis-What-that-mad-cow-means/UPI-12841142465253/" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.upi.com/Health_News/2006/03/15/Analysis-What-that-mad-cow-means/UPI-12841142465253/</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">CDC - Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy and Variant Creutzfeldt ... Dr. Paul Brown is Senior Research Scientist in the Laboratory of Central Nervous System ... Address for correspondence: Paul Brown, Building 36, Room 4A-05, ...</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; cursor: pointer;"><a class="yiv1405609070linkified" fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol7no1/brown.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol7no1/brown.htm</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">PAUL BROWN COMMENT TO ME ON THIS ISSUE</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Tuesday, September 12, 2006 11:10 AM</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">"Actually, Terry, I have been critical of the USDA handling of the mad cow issue for some years, and with Linda Detwiler and others sent lengthy detailed critiques and recommendations to both the USDA and the Canadian Food Agency."</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">OR, what the Honorable Phyllis Fong of the OIG found ;</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Finding 2 Inherent Challenges in Identifying and Testing High-Risk Cattle Still Remain</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; cursor: pointer;"><a href="http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">IT is of my opinion, that the OIE and the USDA et al, are the soul reason, and responsible parties, for Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE prion diseases, including typical and atypical BSE, typical and atypical Scrapie, and all strains of CWD, and human TSE there from, spreading around the globe. I have lost all confidence of this organization as a regulatory authority on animal disease, and consider it nothing more than a National Trading Brokerage for all strains of animal TSE, just to satisfy there commodity. AS i said before, OIE should hang up there jock strap now, since it appears they will buckle every time a country makes some political hay about trade protocol, commodities and futures. IF they are not going to be science based, they should do everyone a favor and dissolve there organization. JUST because of low documented human body count with nvCJD and the long incubation periods, the lack of sound science being replaced by political and corporate science in relations with the fact that science has now linked some sporadic CJD with atypical BSE and atypical scrapie, and the very real threat of CWD being zoonosis, I believed the O.I.E. has failed terribly and again, I call for this organization to be dissolved... </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Monday, May 05, 2014</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Member Country details for listing OIE CWD 2013 against the criteria of Article 1.2.2., the Code Commission recommends consideration for listing</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Friday, December 5, 2014</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">SPECIAL ALERT The OIE recommends strengthening animal disease surveillance worldwide</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; cursor: pointer;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/12/special-alert-oie-recommends.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/12/special-alert-oie-recommends.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">IN A NUT SHELL ; (Adopted by the International Committee of the OIE on 23 May 2006) 11. Information published by the OIE is derived from appropriate declarations made by the official Veterinary Services of Member Countries. The OIE is not responsible for inaccurate publication of country disease status based on inaccurate information or changes in epidemiological status or other significant events that were not promptly reported to the Central Bureau,</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; cursor: pointer;"><a href="http://www.oie.int/eng/Session2007/RF2006.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.oie.int/eng/Session2007/RF2006.pdf</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">MONDAY, JANUARY 21, 2019 </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Surveillance FDA USDA APHIS FSIS UPDATE 2019</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; cursor: pointer;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">USA MAD COW CASE 2018 FLORIDA</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 26, 2018 </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">JAVMA In Short Update USDA announces detection of atypical BSE</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2018/09/javma-in-short-update-usda-announces.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2018/09/javma-in-short-update-usda-announces.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">ZOONOSIS OF SCRAPIE TSE PRION</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">=============== </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">=============== </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">============== </span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a> </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; cursor: pointer;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">PRION 2016 TOKYO</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Saturday, April 23, 2016</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X online</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Taylor & Francis</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Juan Maria Torres a, Olivier Andreoletti b, J uan-Carlos Espinosa a. Vincent Beringue c. Patricia Aguilar a,</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Natalia Fernandez-Borges a. and Alba Marin-Moreno a</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">"Centro de Investigacion en Sanidad Animal ( CISA-INIA ). Valdeolmos, Madrid. Spain; b UMR INRA -ENVT 1225 Interactions Holes Agents Pathogenes. ENVT. Toulouse. France: "UR892. Virologie lmmunologie MolécuIaires, Jouy-en-Josas. France</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Dietary exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) contaminated bovine tissues is considered as the origin of variant Creutzfeldt Jakob (vCJD) disease in human. To date, BSE agent is the only recognized zoonotic prion... Despite the variety of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE) agents that have been circulating for centuries in farmed ruminants there is no apparent epidemiological link between exposure to ruminant products and the occurrence of other form of TSE in human like sporadic Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease (sCJD). However, the zoonotic potential of the diversity of circulating TSE agents has never been systematically assessed. The major issue in experimental assessment of TSEs zoonotic potential lies in the modeling of the ‘species barrier‘, the biological phenomenon that limits TSE agents’ propagation from a species to another. In the last decade, mice genetically engineered to express normal forms of the human prion protein has proved essential in studying human prions pathogenesis and modeling the capacity of TSEs to cross the human species barrier.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">To assess the zoonotic potential of prions circulating in farmed ruminants, we study their transmission ability in transgenic mice expressing human PrPC (HuPrP-Tg). Two lines of mice expressing different forms of the human PrPC (129Met or 129Val) are used to determine the role of the Met129Val dimorphism in susceptibility/resistance to the different agents.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">These transmission experiments confirm the ability of BSE prions to propagate in 129M- HuPrP-Tg mice and demonstrate that Met129 homozygotes may be susceptible to BSE in sheep or goat to a greater degree than the BSE agent in cattle and that these agents can convey molecular properties and neuropathological indistinguishable from vCJD. However homozygous 129V mice are resistant to all tested BSE derived prions independently of the originating species suggesting a higher transmission barrier for 129V-PrP variant.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; cursor: pointer;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">***> why do we not want to do TSE transmission studies on chimpanzees $</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">5. A positive result from a chimpanzee challenged severly would likely create alarm in some circles even if the result could not be interpreted for man. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">***> I have a view that all these agents could be transmitted provided a large enough dose by appropriate routes was given and the animals kept long enough. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">***> Until the mechanisms of the species barrier are more clearly understood it might be best to retain that hypothesis.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">snip...</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">R. BRADLEY</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; cursor: pointer;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170126051158/http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102222950/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170126051158/http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102222950/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a> </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">***> Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility. <***</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Emmanuel E. Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Sophie Luccantoni-Freire, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra-Etchegaray, Valérie Durand, Capucine Dehen, Olivier Andreoletti, Cristina Casalone, Juergen A. Richt, Justin J. Greenlee, Thierry Baron, Sylvie L. Benestad, Paul Brown & Jean-Philippe Deslys Scientific Reports volume 5, Article number: 11573 (2015) | Download Citation</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Abstract </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (c-BSE) is the only animal prion disease reputed to be zoonotic, causing variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans and having guided protective measures for animal and human health against animal prion diseases. Recently, partial transmissions to humanized mice showed that the zoonotic potential of scrapie might be similar to c-BSE. We here report the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to cynomolgus macaque, a highly relevant model for human prion diseases, after a 10-year silent incubation period, with features similar to those reported for human cases of sporadic CJD. Scrapie is thus actually transmissible to primates with incubation periods compatible with their life expectancy, although fourfold longer than BSE. Long-term experimental transmission studies are necessary to better assess the zoonotic potential of other prion diseases with high prevalence, notably Chronic Wasting Disease of deer and elk and atypical/Nor98 scrapie.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">SNIP...</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Discussion We describe the transmission of spongiform encephalopathy in a non-human primate inoculated 10 years earlier with a strain of sheep c-scrapie. Because of this extended incubation period in a facility in which other prion diseases are under study, we are obliged to consider two alternative possibilities that might explain its occurrence. We first considered the possibility of a sporadic origin (like CJD in humans). Such an event is extremely improbable because the inoculated animal was 14 years old when the clinical signs appeared, i.e. about 40% through the expected natural lifetime of this species, compared to a peak age incidence of 60–65 years in human sporadic CJD, or about 80% through their expected lifetimes. Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">The second possibility is a laboratory cross-contamination. Three facts make this possibility equally unlikely. First, handling of specimens in our laboratory is performed with fastidious attention to the avoidance of any such cross-contamination. Second, no laboratory cross-contamination has ever been documented in other primate laboratories, including the NIH, even between infected and uninfected animals housed in the same or adjacent cages with daily intimate contact (P. Brown, personal communication). Third, the cerebral lesion profile is different from all the other prion diseases we have studied in this model19, with a correlation between cerebellar lesions (massive spongiform change of Purkinje cells, intense PrPres staining and reactive gliosis26) and ataxia. The iron deposits present in the globus pallidus are a non specific finding that have been reported previously in neurodegenerative diseases and aging27. Conversely, the thalamic lesion was reminiscent of a metabolic disease due to thiamine deficiency28 but blood thiamine levels were within normal limits (data not shown). The preferential distribution of spongiform change in cortex associated with a limited distribution in the brainstem is reminiscent of the lesion profile in MM2c and VV1 sCJD patients29, but interspecies comparison of lesion profiles should be interpreted with caution. It is of note that the same classical scrapie isolate induced TSE in C57Bl/6 mice with similar incubation periods and lesional profiles as a sample derived from a MM1 sCJD patient30.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">We are therefore confident that the illness in this cynomolgus macaque represents a true transmission of a sheep c-scrapie isolate directly to an old-world monkey, which taxonomically resides in the primate subdivision (parvorder of catarrhini) that includes humans. With an homology of its PrP protein with humans of 96.4%31, cynomolgus macaque constitutes a highly relevant model for assessing zoonotic risk of prion diseases. Since our initial aim was to show the absence of transmission of scrapie to macaques in the worst-case scenario, we obtained materials from a flock of naturally-infected sheep, affecting animals with different genotypes32. This c-scrapie isolate exhibited complete transmission in ARQ/ARQ sheep (332 ± 56 days) and Tg338 transgenic mice expressing ovine VRQ/VRQ prion protein (220 ± 5 days) (O. Andreoletti, personal communication). From the standpoint of zoonotic risk, it is important to note that sheep with c-scrapie (including the isolate used in our study) have demonstrable infectivity throughout their lymphoreticular system early in the incubation period of the disease (3 months-old for all the lymphoid organs, and as early as 2 months-old in gut-associated lymph nodes)33. In addition, scrapie infectivity has been identified in blood34, milk35 and skeletal muscle36 from asymptomatic but scrapie infected small ruminants which implies a potential dietary exposure for consumers.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Two earlier studies have reported the occurrence of clinical TSE in cynomolgus macaques after exposures to scrapie isolates. In the first study, the “Compton” scrapie isolate (derived from an English sheep) and serially propagated for 9 passages in goats did not transmit TSE in cynomolgus macaque, rhesus macaque or chimpanzee within 7 years following intracerebral challenge1; conversely, after 8 supplementary passages in conventional mice, this “Compton” isolate induced TSE in a cynomolgus macaque 5 years after intracerebral challenge, but rhesus macaques and chimpanzee remained asymptomatic 8.5 years post-exposure8. However, multiple successive passages that are classically used to select laboratory-adapted prion strains can significantly modify the initial properties of a scrapie isolate, thus questioning the relevance of zoonotic potential for the initial sheep-derived isolate. The same isolate had also induced disease into squirrel monkeys (new-world monkey)9. A second historical observation reported that a cynomolgus macaque developed TSE 6 years post-inoculation with brain homogenate from a scrapie-infected Suffolk ewe (derived from USA), whereas a rhesus macaque and a chimpanzee exposed to the same inoculum remained healthy 9 years post-exposure1. This inoculum also induced TSE in squirrel monkeys after 4 passages in mice. Other scrapie transmission attempts in macaque failed but had more shorter periods of observation in comparison to the current study. Further, it is possible that there are differences in the zoonotic potential of different scrapie strains.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">The most striking observation in our study is the extended incubation period of scrapie in the macaque model, which has several implications. Firstly, our observations constitute experimental evidence in favor of the zoonotic potential of c-scrapie, at least for this isolate that has been extensively studied32,33,34,35,36. The cross-species zoonotic ability of this isolate should be confirmed by performing duplicate intracerebral exposures and assessing the transmissibility by the oral route (a successful transmission of prion strains through the intracerebral route may not necessarily indicate the potential for oral transmission37). However, such confirmatory experiments may require more than one decade, which is hardly compatible with current general management and support of scientific projects; thus this study should be rather considered as a case report.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Secondly, transmission of c-BSE to primates occurred within 8 years post exposure for the lowest doses able to transmit the disease (the survival period after inoculation is inversely proportional to the initial amount of infectious inoculum). The occurrence of scrapie 10 years after exposure to a high dose (25 mg) of scrapie-infected sheep brain suggests that the macaque has a higher species barrier for sheep c-scrapie than c-BSE, although it is notable that previous studies based on in vitro conversion of PrP suggested that BSE and scrapie prions would have a similar conversion potential for human PrP38.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Thirdly, prion diseases typically have longer incubation periods after oral exposure than after intracerebral inoculations: since humans can develop Kuru 47 years after oral exposure39, an incubation time of several decades after oral exposure to scrapie would therefore be expected, leading the disease to occur in older adults, i.e. the peak age for cases considered to be sporadic disease, and making a distinction between scrapie-associated and truly sporadic disease extremely difficult to appreciate.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Fourthly, epidemiologic evidence is necessary to confirm the zoonotic potential of an animal disease suggested by experimental studies. A relatively short incubation period and a peculiar epidemiological situation (e.g., all the first vCJD cases occurring in the country with the most important ongoing c-BSE epizootic) led to a high degree of suspicion that c-BSE was the cause of vCJD. Sporadic CJD are considered spontaneous diseases with an almost stable and constant worldwide prevalence (0.5–2 cases per million inhabitants per year), and previous epidemiological studies were unable to draw a link between sCJD and classical scrapie6,7,40,41, even though external causes were hypothesized to explain the occurrence of some sCJD clusters42,43,44. However, extended incubation periods exceeding several decades would impair the predictive values of epidemiological surveillance for prion diseases, already weakened by a limited prevalence of prion diseases and the multiplicity of isolates gathered under the phenotypes of “scrapie” and “sporadic CJD”.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Fifthly, considering this 10 year-long incubation period, together with both laboratory and epidemiological evidence of decade or longer intervals between infection and clinical onset of disease, no premature conclusions should be drawn from negative transmission studies in cynomolgus macaques with less than a decade of observation, as in the aforementioned historical transmission studies of scrapie to primates1,8,9. Our observations and those of others45,46 to date are unable to provide definitive evidence regarding the zoonotic potential of CWD, atypical/Nor98 scrapie or H-type BSE. The extended incubation period of the scrapie-affected macaque in the current study also underscores the limitations of rodent models expressing human PrP for assessing the zoonotic potential of some prion diseases since their lifespan remains limited to approximately two years21,47,48. This point is illustrated by the fact that the recently reported transmission of scrapie to humanized mice was not associated with clinical signs for up to 750 days and occurred in an extreme minority of mice with only a marginal increase in attack rate upon second passage13. The low attack rate in these studies is certainly linked to the limited lifespan of mice compared to the very long periods of observation necessary to demonstrate the development of scrapie. Alternatively, one could estimate that a successful second passage is the result of strain adaptation to the species barrier, thus poorly relevant of the real zoonotic potential of the original scrapie isolate of sheep origin49. The development of scrapie in this primate after an incubation period compatible with its lifespan complements the study conducted in transgenic (humanized) mice; taken together these studies suggest that some isolates of sheep scrapie can promote misfolding of the human prion protein and that scrapie can develop within the lifespan of some primate species.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">In addition to previous studies on scrapie transmission to primate1,8,9 and the recently published study on transgenic humanized mice13, our results constitute new evidence for recommending that the potential risk of scrapie for human health should not be dismissed. Indeed, human PrP transgenic mice and primates are the most relevant models for investigating the human transmission barrier. To what extent such models are informative for measuring the zoonotic potential of an animal TSE under field exposure conditions is unknown. During the past decades, many protective measures have been successfully implemented to protect cattle from the spread of c-BSE, and some of these measures have been extended to sheep and goats to protect from scrapie according to the principle of precaution. Since cases of c-BSE have greatly reduced in number, those protective measures are currently being challenged and relaxed in the absence of other known zoonotic animal prion disease. We recommend that risk managers should be aware of the long term potential risk to human health of at least certain scrapie isolates, notably for lymphotropic strains like the classical scrapie strain used in the current study. Relatively high amounts of infectivity in peripheral lymphoid organs in animals infected with these strains could lead to contamination of food products produced for human consumption. Efforts should also be maintained to further assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains in long-term studies, notably lymphotropic strains with high prevalence like CWD, which is spreading across North America, and atypical/Nor98 scrapie (Nor98)50 that was first detected in the past two decades and now represents approximately half of all reported cases of prion diseases in small ruminants worldwide, including territories previously considered as scrapie free... Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; cursor: pointer;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">THURSDAY, OCTOBER 04, 2018 </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Cervid to human prion transmission 5R01NS088604-04 Update</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; cursor: pointer;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-04" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-0</a> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; cursor: pointer;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/10/cervid-to-human-prion-transmission.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/10/cervid-to-human-prion-transmission.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Saturday, December 15, 2018 </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">***> ADRD Summit RFI Singeltary COMMENT SUBMISSION BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, AND HUMAN TSE PRION DISEASE December 14, 2018</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; cursor: pointer;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://prionprp.blogspot.com/2018/12/adrd-summit-rfi-singeltary-comment.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://prionprp.blogspot.com/2018/12/adrd-summit-rfi-singeltary-comment.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">SATURDAY, JANUARY 5, 2019 </span><div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Low levels of classical BSE infectivity in rendered fat tissue </span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/01/low-levels-of-classical-bse-infectivity.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/01/low-levels-of-classical-bse-infectivity.html</a> </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">***> FRIDAY, DECEMBER 14, 2018 MAD COW USA FLASHBACK Texas Style</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">FRIDAY DECEMBER 14, 2018 </span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2018/12/mad-cow-usa-flashback-friday-december.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2018/12/mad-cow-usa-flashback-friday-december.html</a> </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">THURSDAY, JANUARY 3, 2019 </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">MAD COW USDA DISEASE BSE TSE Prion </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; cursor: pointer;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2019/01/mad-cow-usda-disease-bse-tse-prion.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2019/01/mad-cow-usda-disease-bse-tse-prion.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">THURSDAY, OCTOBER 22, 2015 </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Former Ag Secretary Ann Veneman talks women in agriculture and we talk mad cow disease USDA and what really happened</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">HOW TO COVER UP MAD COW DISEASE IN TEXAS</span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/former-ag-secretary-ann-veneman-talks.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/former-ag-secretary-ann-veneman-talks.html</a> </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2012/06/johanns-introduces-legislation-banning.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2012/06/johanns-introduces-legislation-banning.html</a> </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; cursor: pointer;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2012_06_01_archive.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2012_06_01_archive.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 29, 2018 </span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">OIE Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, United States of America Information received on 29/08/2018 from Dr John Clifford, Official Delegate, Chief Trade Advisor, APHIS USDA</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">''The event is resolved. No more reports will be submitted.''</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">well, so much for those herd mates exposed to this atypical BSE cow, and all those trace in and trace outs.</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">The OIE, USDA, and the BSE MRR policy is a joke, a sad, very sad joke...</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2018/08/oie-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2018/08/oie-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Saturday, July 23, 2016</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY BSE TSE PRION SURVEILLANCE, TESTING, AND SRM REMOVAL UNITED STATE OF AMERICA UPDATE JULY 2016</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; cursor: pointer;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Tuesday, July 26, 2016</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion UPDATE JULY 2016</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; cursor: pointer;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Monday, June 20, 2016</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Specified Risk Materials SRMs BSE TSE Prion Program</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; cursor: pointer;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Wednesday, January 23, 2019 </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">CFIA SFCR Guidance on Specified risk material (SRM) came into force on January 15, 2019</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2019/01/cfia-sfcr-guidance-on-specified-risk.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2019/01/cfia-sfcr-guidance-on-specified-risk.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Saturday, July 23, 2016 </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br />BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY BSE TSE PRION SURVEILLANCE, TESTING, AND SRM REMOVAL UNITED STATE OF AMERICA UPDATE JULY 2016<br /><br /><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"></a><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a><br /><br />Tuesday, July 26, 2016<br /><br />Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion UPDATE JULY 2016<br /><br /><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"></a><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">America BSE 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS, BSE SURVEILLANCE, BSE TESTING, and CJD TSE Prion</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">so far, we have been lucky. to date, with the science at hand, no cwd transmitted to cattle, that has been documented, TO DATE, WITH THE SCIENCE AT HAND, it's not to say it has not already happened, just like with zoonosis of cwd i.e. molecular transmission studies have shown that cwd transmission to humans would look like sporadic cjd, NOT nvCJD or what they call now vCJD. the other thing is virulence and or horizontal transmission. this is very concerning with the recent fact of what seems to be a large outbreak of a new tse prion disease in camels in Africa. there is much concern now with hay, straw, grains, and such, with the cwd tse prion endemic countries USA, Canada. what is of greatest concern is the different strains of cwd, and the virulence there from? this thing (cwd) keeps mutating to different strains, and to different species, the bigger the chance of one of these strains that WILL TRANSMIT TO CATTLE OR HUMANS, and that it is documented (i believe both has already occured imo with scienct to date). with that said, a few things to ponder, and i am still very concerned with, the animal feed. we now know from transmission studies that cwd and scrapie will transmit to pigs by oral routes. the atypical bse strains will transmit by oral routes. i don't mean to keep kicking a mad cow, just look at the science; </span><div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">***> cattle, pigs, sheep, cwd, tse, prion, oh my! </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">***> In contrast, cattle are highly susceptible to white-tailed deer CWD and mule deer CWD in experimental conditions but no natural CWD infections in cattle have been reported (Sigurdson, 2008; Hamir et al., 2006). </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Sheep and cattle may be exposed to CWD via common grazing areas with affected deer but so far, appear to be poorly susceptible to mule deer CWD (Sigurdson, 2008). In contrast, cattle are highly susceptible to white-tailed deer CWD and mule deer CWD in experimental conditions but no natural CWD infections in cattle have been reported (Sigurdson, 2008; Hamir et al., 2006). It is not known how susceptible humans are to CWD but given that the prion can be present in muscle, it is likely that humans have been exposed to the agent via consumption of venison (Sigurdson, 2008). Initial experimental research suggests that human susceptibility to CWD is low and there may be a robust species barrier for CWD transmission to humans (Sigurdson, 2008), however the risk appetite for a public health threat may still find this level unacceptable. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/733407/DEFRA_QRA_TSE_in_cervids_June2018_v1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/733407/DEFRA_QRA_TSE_in_cervids_June2018_v1.pdf</a> </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/08/susceptibility-of-cattle-to-agent-of.html" rel="nofollow" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/08/susceptibility-of-cattle-to-agent-of.html</a> </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">cwd scrapie pigs oral routes </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">***> However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. <*** </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">>*** Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health. <*** </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">***> Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 5="" 6="" at="" by="" detected="" eia.="" examined="" group="" in="" intracranial="" least="" lymphoid="" month="" months="" of="" one="" pigs="" positive="" prpsc="" quic="" the="" tissues="" was="">6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 4="" and="" group="" months="" oral="">6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). </6></6></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">***> Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; cursor: pointer;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; cursor: pointer;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; cursor: pointer;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">Friday, December 14, 2012</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">Animals considered at high risk for CWD include:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones and</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">The amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from the USA to GB can not be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES. It may constitute a small percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin processed animal proteins that were imported from US into GB in 2011.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a __greater than negligible risk___ that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer and/or elk protein is imported into GB.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">There is uncertainty associated with this estimate given the lack of data on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being imported in these products.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">36% in 2007 (Almberg et al., 2011). In such areas, population declines of deer of up to 30 to 50% have been observed (Almberg et al., 2011). In areas of Colorado, the prevalence can be as high as 30% (EFSA, 2011).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">The clinical signs of CWD in affected adults are weight loss and behavioural changes that can span weeks or months (Williams, 2005). In addition, signs might include excessive salivation, behavioural alterations including a fixed stare and changes in interaction with other animals in the herd, and an altered stance (Williams, 2005). These signs are indistinguishable from cervids experimentally infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">Given this, if CWD was to be introduced into countries with BSE such as GB, for example, infected deer populations would need to be tested to differentiate if they were infected with CWD or BSE to minimise the risk of BSE entering the human food-chain via affected venison.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with CWD prion.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing, footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible... For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant uncertainty associated with these estimates.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists and returning GB residents.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">***> READ THIS VERY, VERY, CAREFULLY, AUGUST 1997 MAD COW FEED BAN WAS A SHAM, AS I HAVE STATED SINCE 1997! 3 FAILSAFES THE FDA ET AL PREACHED AS IF IT WERE THE GOSPEL, IN TERMS OF MAD COW BSE DISEASE IN USA, AND WHY IT IS/WAS/NOT A PROBLEM FOR THE USA, and those are; </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">BSE TESTING (failed terribly and proven to be a sham) </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">BSE SURVEILLANCE (failed terribly and proven to be a sham) </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">BSE 589.2001 FEED REGULATIONS (another colossal failure, and proven to be a sham) </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">these are facts folks. trump et al just admitted it with the feed ban. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">see; </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">FDA Reports on VFD Compliance </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">John Maday </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">August 30, 2019 09:46 AM VFD-Form 007 (640x427) </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Before and after the current Veterinary Feed Directive rules took full effect in January, 2017, the FDA focused primarily on education and outreach. ( John Maday ) Before and after the current Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD) rules took full effect in January, 2017, the FDA focused primarily on education and outreach to help feed mills, veterinarians and producers understand and comply with the requirements. Since then, FDA has gradually increased the number of VFD inspections and initiated enforcement actions when necessary. On August 29, FDA released its first report on inspection and compliance activities. The report, titled “Summary Assessment of Veterinary Feed Directive Compliance Activities Conducted in Fiscal Years 2016 – 2018,” is available online.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 1, 2019 </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">***> FDA Reports on VFD Compliance </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; cursor: pointer;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/fda-reports-on-vfd-compliance.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/fda-reports-on-vfd-compliance.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">TUESDAY, APRIL 18, 2017 </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); line-height: 1.22em;">*** EXTREME USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED LOOP HOLE STILL EXIST, AND PRICE OF POKER GOES UP ***</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2017/04/extreme-usa-fda-part-589-tse-prion-feed.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2017/04/extreme-usa-fda-part-589-tse-prion-feed.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">***> Wednesday, January 23, 2019 </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">***> CFIA SFCR Guidance on Specified risk material (SRM) came into force on January 15, 2019 <***</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: black; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2019/01/cfia-sfcr-guidance-on-specified-risk.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2019/01/cfia-sfcr-guidance-on-specified-risk.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Volume 26, Number 6—June 2020</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">No Adaptation of the Prion Strain in a Heterozygous Case of Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Aileen Boyle, Chris Plinston, Fraser Laing, Graeme Mackenzie, Robert G. Will, Jean C. Manson, and Abigail B.. DiackComments to Author Author affiliations: The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush, Scotland, UK (A. Boyle, C. Plinston, F. Laing, A.B. Diack); Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (G. Mackenzie); University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (R.G. Will, J.C. Manson) Cite This Article</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">We investigated a clinical case of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in a person heterozygous for methionine/valine at codon 129 of the prion protein gene and identified the same strain properties in variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in methionine homozygous persons and in bovine spongiform encephalopathy. These results indicate no adaptation of the agent in a different genetic background.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">In 2016, a definite case of clinical variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in a person heterozygous for methionine/valine (MV) at codon 129 of the prion protein gene (PRNP 129MV) was reported in the United Kingdom (1). Given the relatively atypical clinical features in this case, we considered it important to ascertain the strain of prion agent to determine whether there had been strain adaption or whether the patient’s genetic background may have influenced the disease phenotype. We conducted a study to determine whether we could isolate the same prion strain from this case of vCJD in a 129MV individual as was identified in previous 129 methionine homozygous (129MM) genotype vCJD cases, consistent with the hypothesis of a causal link to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE).</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">The clinical features for this patient were consistent with a diagnosis of either vCJD or sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD). Results from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the patient’s brain were suggestive of sCJD on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) sequences, although the single coronal fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequence in this case was not diagnostic because of movement artifact. Results of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) real-time quaking-induced conversion assay analysis and the direct detection assay for vCJD infection in the blood were negative. However, at autopsy, neuropathological examination revealed florid plaques, and biochemical analysis of prion protein (PrP) from the brain confirmed a type 2B profile, both characteristic of vCJD (1). Abnormal PrP was also detected in peripheral tissues. Recent studies in which researchers used protein misfolding cyclic amplification in CSF were positive in this case of vCJD, but not in sCJD cases, including those with a heterozygous genotype (2).</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">The Study We injected 18 RIII mice with 10% wt/vol frozen central nervous system tissue, 0.02 mL intracerebrally and 0.1 mL intraperitoneally, from a 129MV patient with a clinical case of vCJD (1). The vCJD tissue samples were provided by the NHS National Prion Clinic, University College London (UCL) Hospitals (London, UK), and MRC Prion Unit at UCL and sourced through the MRC Edinburgh Brain Bank (Edinburgh, Scotland, UK). The Brain Bank has full ethics approval and consent for the use of tissue in research (East of Scotland Research Ethics Service, Ref 16/ES/0084) and works within the framework of the Human Tissue (Scotland) Act 2006. We conducted inoculation, clinical scoring, and neuropathological and biochemical analysis of the mice as previously described (3–5). Animal studies were conducted according to the regulations of the UK Home Office Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">The isolate from the brain of the 129MV patient transmitted successfully; clinical and neuropathological signs associated with prion disease appeared in the mice. We compared the mean incubation period, neuropathological signs, and biochemical analysis with archived records of UK 129MM vCJD central nervous system transmissions and UK BSE transmissions. Methods used for inoculation, clinical scoring, and neuropathological and biochemical analysis of the mice were described in previous publications (3–5).</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Clinical signs with individual incubation periods ranging from 300 to 392 days postinfection (dpi) were apparent in the mice. The major clinical signs were a loss of body weight and body condition with eye winking and gait abnormalities. Toward the end of the clinical phase, a wet genital area could also be observed. Pathologically confirmed disease developed in 14 of 16 mice (mean incubation period + SEM 341 + 6 dpi). This finding is within the range of previous transmission studies for UK vCJD in this mouse line (mean incubation 306–387 dpi) and similar to those for BSE (mean incubation 316–335 dpi).</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">We also generated a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) vacuolation profile from clinically affected RIII mice and compared it with profiles from UK vCJD and BSE transmissions (Figure 1). We observed a mild-to-moderate gray matter vacuolation in the medulla, hypothalamus, and septum and moderate vacuolation in the cochlear nucleus and dorsal raphe (Figure 1; Figure 2, panels A, B).</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">We conducted an immunohistochemical analysis, which showed abnormal PrP deposition throughout the brain of both a granular and punctate nature (Figure 2, panels C–K). There was heavy staining in the brainstem, particularly the superior vestibular and cochlear nuclei, and lower midbrain, where the substantia nigra was often targeted. Most of the thalamic nuclei exhibited staining, but staining was more intense in the habenular, hypothalamus, and the CA2 region of the hippocampus (Figure 2, panels F–K). Punctate staining was also apparent in the mid-layer of the cortex throughout the brain. This pattern of staining was very similar to that observed in a vCJD and BSE transmission in the United Kingdom, with additional observations of granular deposition in the cerebellar cortex and small plaques occurring in the corpus callosum in 2 of the samples.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Biochemical analysis of the MV isolate confirmed the presence of protease-resistant PrP (PrPres). We identified a similar type 2B–like pattern and glycosylation profile in the RIII mice. This profile is characterized by a predominance of the diglycosylated form of PrPres at ≈30 kDa, a monoglycosylated form at ≈27kDa, and an unglycosylated band at ≈19kDa (Appendix Figure).. The biochemical profile appears identical between the RIII-MV, RIII-MM, and RIII-BSE isolates tested, although the RIII-BSE isolate appeared to have less PrPres.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Conclusions This transmission study in RIII mice provides evidence that the prion strain isolated from this confirmed case of vCJD in a 129MV person is the same as that identified in typical 129MM vCJD and BSE cases. Further characterization in a range of mouse models is ongoing. However, transmission to RIII mice in previous studies has led to definitive identification of several strains, vCJD and BSE in particular (6,7).</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">PRNP codon 129 genotype has been shown to be a major factor influencing disease characteristics of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (8), but it has not been established if the same is true of vCJD, because previous vCJD infections in 129MV persons exposed to contaminated blood products have been asymptomatic (9,10). Earlier studies using gene-targeted mice inoculated with vCJD predicted that codon 129 genotype would determine disease susceptibility and incubation periods (11), whereas other transgenic mouse studies demonstrated that BSE could transmit with a different phenotype in mice expressing 129MV than that observed in mice expressing 129MM (12).</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">The clinical diagnosis in the MV case we report was uncertain while the patient was alive, and it was only at autopsy that neuropathology and biochemistry confirmed vCJD. The neurologic features alone cannot be used to discriminate between sCJD and vCJD, and the MRI findings on DWI imaging favored a diagnosis of sCJD. However, the high sensitivity and specificity of MRI for vCJD were determined by analyzing FLAIR images primarily (13) and recent review suggests that DWI imaging may be less specific than FLAIR imaging in vCJD. It is possible that the phenotype of vCJD in this case may have been altered by the heterozygous PRNP background and investigations including CSF protein misfolding cyclic amplification (2), tonsil biopsy, and perhaps FLAIR MRI may contribute to accurate diagnosis of future heterozygous cases.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">The identification of vCJD in a 129MV person may indicate the start of a second wave of vCJD in association with the 129MV genotype which is present in around 45% of the UK population (14), although no further cases have been reported since 2016. This case highlights the need to continue surveillance to identify new cases of vCJD and the need for autopsy and strain typing in persons with prion diseases. Changes in clinical disease phenotype could mask the true diagnosis and may be indicative of potential changes in prion disease strains and infectious properties. Strain identification and assessing the infectious properties of prion diseases are essential components in the management of these diseases and have important implications for public health and in determining the prevalence of BSE-related prion disease in humans.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Ms. Boyle is a research scientist at The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh. Her research interests focus on the strain characterization of human and animal prion diseases using in vivo models.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Acknowledgments We thank the staff of the Biological Research Facility, Roslin Institute, and of Easter Bush Pathology, R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, for technical support. We thank David Summers (University of Edinburgh) for input and discussion on MRI imaging of vCJD.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">The vCJD tissue samples were acquired through the Edinburgh Brain Bank, which is supported by the Medical Research Council (MR/L016400/1).</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">This report presents independent research commissioned and funded by the Department of Health and Social Care, Policy Research Programme (Strain typing of vCJD, 007/0195). The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the Department of Health and Social Care. The Diack laboratory is also supported by BBSRC Project BBS/E/D/20002173.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">References</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/6/19-1116_article?deliveryName=USCDC_331-DM28794&fbclid=IwAR1PPMCJ2Kmwqyz3G2slnQbYH3HJu_ZhdrVLv661-vyU1f926-WVXvQNuxA" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/6/19-1116_article?deliveryName=USCDC_331-DM28794&fbclid=IwAR1PPMCJ2Kmwqyz3G2slnQbYH3HJu_ZhdrVLv661-vyU1f926-WVXvQNuxA</a><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease in a Patient with Heterozygosity at PRNP Codon 129 </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">N Engl J Med 2017; 376:292-294January 19, 2017DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc1610003</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Share: ArticleMetrics To the Editor:</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Prions cause lethal neurodegenerative diseases in mammals and are composed of multichain assemblies of misfolded host-encoded cellular prion protein (PrP). A common polymorphism at codon 129 of the PrP gene (PRNP), where either methionine (M) or valine (V) is encoded, affects the susceptibility to prion disease, as well as the incubation period1 and clinical phenotype of prion disease. Human infection with the epizootic prion disease bovine spongiform encephalopathy resulted in variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, which provoked a public health crisis in the United Kingdom and other regions. All definite cases of variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease to date have occurred in patients with the MM genotype at PRNP codon 129.1 </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">A 36-year-old man was referred to the United Kingdom National Prion Clinic in August 2015 with personality change. Over a period of 9 months, he had become uncharacteristically irascible and had progressive episodic memory impairment, gait ataxia, and myoclonus. His score on the Mini–Mental State Examination was 25 (with scores ranging from 0 to 30 and higher scores indicating less impairment); clinical examination revealed extraocular eye-movement abnormalities, pyramidal and cerebellar signs, and multifocal myoclonus. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain (Figure 1FIGURE 1 MRI of the Brain.) revealed restricted diffusion in the basal ganglia, hypothalami, insular cortexes, and medial thalami but not in the pulvinar nuclei.2 Examination of the cerebrospinal fluid for protein 14-3-3 was negative, as was a real-time quaking-induced conversion assay, although these two tests are known to have low sensitivity for variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease.3 His genotype at PRNP codon 129 was MV. During the following 6 months, the patient’s condition declined progressively, and severe dysphagia and agitation occurred shortly before his death in February 2016. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">At autopsy, histologic examination of the brain revealed frequent florid and cluster plaques in cerebral and cerebellar cortexes, microvacuolar degeneration in neuropil, and immunostaining for abnormal PrP in a stellate pericellular and perivascular distribution. Minute amounts of protease-resistant PrP (PrPSc) were seen in lymphoid tissue of the spleen. Immunoblotting of brain homogenate revealed type 4 PrPSc (according to the London classification system), which is pathognomonic of variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease.4 (For more details, see the Supplementary Appendix, available with the full text of this letter at <a fg_scanned="1" href="http://nejm.org/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">NEJM.org</a>.) </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">This patient’s clinical features differed from those of typical variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, and his neuroimaging features suggested a diagnosis of sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. He did not meet the epidemiologic diagnostic criteria for probable or possible variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease,5 yet the results of the neuropathological examination and molecular strain typing were consistent with variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. It remains uncertain whether this case marks the start of a second wave of variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease in persons with the MV genotype at PRNP codon 129 (the most common genotype in the United Kingdom), mirroring the long incubation periods seen in persons with the MV genotype who have other acquired prion diseases, notably kuru.1 This case emphasizes the importance of performing an autopsy and molecular strain typing in cases of prion disease to ascertain the prevalence of human prion disease related to bovine spongiform encephalopathy. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">snip...see full text ;</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc1610003#t=article" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc1610003#t=article</a></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">>>> This patient’s clinical features differed from those of typical variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, and his neuroimaging features suggested a diagnosis of sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. He did not meet the epidemiologic diagnostic criteria for probable or possible variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease,5 yet the results of the neuropathological examination and molecular strain typing were consistent with variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. <<< </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Many more people could still die from mad cow disease in the UK </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">SHORT SHARP SCIENCE </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">By Debora MacKenzie</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">18 January 2017</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">It’s finally happened. Until now, vCJD – the deadly disease caused by infection with BSE, or “mad cow disease” – has struck only people with a certain genetic makeup. Now, for the first time, researchers have confirmed a case in someone with different genes – a finding that could mean we have been misdiagnosing a new wave of cases.</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/2118418-many-more-people-could-still-die-from-mad-cow-disease-in-the-uk/" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.newscientist.com/article/2118418-many-more-people-could-still-die-from-mad-cow-disease-in-the-uk/</a></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2019/10/?m=0" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2019/10/?m=0</a><span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">THURSDAY, JANUARY 19, 2017 </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease in a Patient with Heterozygosity at PRNP Codon 129</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://vcjd.blogspot.com/2017/01/variant-creutzfeldtjakob-disease-in.html" rel="nofollow" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://vcjd.blogspot.com/2017/01/variant-creutzfeldtjakob-disease-in.html</a> </span></div>
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Monday, April 20, 2020 </div>
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PRION2020 POSTPONED TO 2021 – DUE TO CORONAVIRUS (COVID-19)</div>
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MONDAY, AUGUST 26, 2019</div>
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Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease CJD, TSE, Prion, Surveillance Update August 2019</div>
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SUNDAY, MARCH 10, 2019 </div>
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National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center Cases Examined¹ Updated Feb 1, 2019 Variably protease-sensitive prionopathy VPSPr</div>
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***> In conclusion, sensory symptoms and loss of reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome can be explained by neuropathological changes in the spinal cord. We conclude that the sensory symptoms and loss of lower limb reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome is due to pathology in the caudal spinal cord. <***</div>
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***> The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology.<*** </div>
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***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD. <***</div>
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***> All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals.<*** </div>
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***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids.'' Scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (II) <***</div>
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THURSDAY, JANUARY 30, 2020 </div>
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Docket Number: FDA-2012-D-0307 Recommendations to Reduce the Possible Risk of Transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease and Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease by Blood and Blood Components; Draft Guidance for Industry Draft Guidance for Industry Singeltary Submission</div>
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FRIDAY, JANUARY 31, 2020</div>
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CJD TSE Prion Blood Products, iatrogenic transmission, Confucius is confused again, WHAT IF? Docket Number: FDA-2012-D-0307</div>
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Updated April 3, 2020</div>
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Year Total Referrals² Prion Disease Sporadic Familial Iatrogenic vCJD</div>
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1999 & earlier 381 230 200 27 3 0</div>
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2000 145 102 90 12 0 0</div>
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2001 209 118 110 8 0 0</div>
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2002 241 144 124 18 2 0</div>
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2003 259 160 137 21 2 0</div>
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2004 316 181 164 16 0 1³</div>
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2005 327 178 156 21 1 0</div>
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2006 365 179 159 17 1 2⁴</div>
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2007 374 210 191 19 0 0</div>
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2008 384 221 205 16 0 0</div>
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2009 397 231 210 20 1 0</div>
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2010 401 246 218 28 0 0</div>
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2011 392 238 214 24 0 0</div>
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2012 413 244 221 23 0 0</div>
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2013 416 258 223 34 1 0</div>
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2014 355 208 185 21 1 1⁵</div>
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2015 401 263 243 20 0 0</div>
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2016 396 277 248 29 0 0</div>
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2017 375 266 247 19 0 0</div>
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2018 309 223 204 18 1 0</div>
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2019 416 270 240 21 0 0</div>
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2020 84 56 21 2 0 0</div>
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TOTAL 73566 45037 40108 4349 13 4</div>
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1Listed based on the year of death or, if not available, on the year of referral; </div>
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2Cases with suspected prion disease for which brain tissue was submitted; </div>
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3Disease acquired in the United Kingdom; </div>
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4Disease acquired in the United Kingdom in one case and in Saudi Arabia in the other; </div>
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5Disease possibly acquired in a Middle Eastern or Eastern European country; </div>
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6Includes 14 cases in which the diagnosis is pending, and 19 inconclusive cases; </div>
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7Includes 42 (9 from 2019, 33 from 2020) cases with type determination pending in which the diagnosis of vCJD has been excluded. </div>
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8The sporadic cases include 3906 cases of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), 69 cases of Variably Protease-Sensitive Prionopathy (VPSPr) and 35 cases of sporadic Fatal Insomnia (sFI). </div>
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9Total does not include 272 Familial cases diagnosed by blood test only.</div>
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Monday, February 3, 2020 </div>
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Informing Patient Contacts About Iatrogenic Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease</div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease CJD </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"> SUNDAY, DECEMBER 29, 2019 </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Variant CJD 18 years of research and surveillance Variant CJD</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">18 years of research and surveillance</span></div>
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SATURDAY, JUNE 23, 2018</div>
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CDC </div>
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***> Diagnosis of Methionine/Valine Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease by Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification </div>
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Volume 24, Number 7—July 2018 Dispatch</div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">FRIDAY, MAY 22, 2020 </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">No Adaptation of the Prion Strain in a Heterozygous Case of Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Volume 26, Number 6—June 2020 </span></div>
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see increase in sporadic cjd cases in Ireland 2017 and 2018...</div>
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Sporadic CJD: Definite and probable cases</div>
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Country 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Total</div>
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Ireland - - - 2 2 6 1 3 5 4 2 7 4 4 3 4 3 5 5 6 4 2 5 4 11 9 101</div>
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BSE INQUIRY</div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Volume 2: Science </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">4. The link between BSE and vCJD </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">4.29 The evidence discussed above that vCJD is caused by BSE seems overwhelming. Uncertainties exist about the cause of CJD in farmers, their wives and in several abattoir workers. It seems that farmers at least might be at higher risk than others in the general population. 1 Increased ascertainment (ie, increased identification of cases as a result of greater awareness of the condition) seems unlikely, as other groups exposed to risk, such as butchers and veterinarians, do not appear to have been affected. The CJD in farmers seems to be similar to other sporadic CJD in age of onset, in respect to glycosylation patterns, and in strain-typing in experimental mice. Some farmers are heterozygous for the methionine/valine variant at codon 129, and their lymphoreticular system (LRS) does not contain the high levels of PrPSc found in vCJD. It remains a remote possibility that when older people contract CJD from BSE the resulting phenotype is like sporadic CJD and is distinct from the vCJD phenotype in younger people...END..TSS</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Singeltary, Sr et al. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">JAMA.2001; 285: 733-734. Vol. 285 No. 6, February 14, 2001 JAMA </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Diagnosis and Reporting of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease To the Editor: In their Research Letter, Dr Gibbons and colleagues1 reported that the annual US death rate due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has been stable since 1985. These estimates, however, are based only on reported cases, and do not include misdiagnosed or preclinical cases. It seems to me that misdiagnosis alone would drastically change these figures. An unknown number of persons with a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease in fact may have CJD, although only a small number of these patients receive the postmortem examination necessary to make this diagnosis. Furthermore, only a few states have made CJD reportable. Human and animal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies should be reportable nationwide and internationally. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Terry S. Singeltary, Sr Bacliff, Tex 1. Gibbons RV, Holman RC, Belay ED, Schonberger LB. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the United States: 1979-1998. JAMA. 2000;284:2322-2323. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</span></div>
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Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33182925.post-53811225218618517412020-02-06T16:45:00.002-06:002020-02-06T16:45:42.807-06:00Switzerland OIE Bovine spongiform encephalopathy atypical BSE type L<div style="background-color: white; font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">
WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 5, 2020 </div>
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Switzerland OIE Bovine spongiform encephalopathy atypical BSE type L TSE Prion</div>
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kind regards, terry</div>
Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33182925.post-9064261904379872172020-02-06T16:37:00.001-06:002020-02-06T16:37:55.843-06:00Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy – A Review from the Perspective of Food Safety<div style="font-family: arial; font-size: 13.3333px;">
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Food Saf (Tokyo). 2019 Jun; 7(2): 21–47.</div>
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Published online 2019 Jun 13. doi: 10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.2018009</div>
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Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy – A Review from the Perspective of Food Safety</div>
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Susumu Kumagai,corresponding author 1 Takateru Daikai, 2 , 3 and Takashi Onodera 1</div>
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8. The Occurrence of BSE in Cattle and BSE Control Measures Employed in Japan In Japan, 36 cases of BSE were identified during the period from 2001 to 2007 (Fig. 1). Among the 36 confirmed cases, two were diagnosed as L-BSE. One was detected in 2006 at the age of 169 months, and the other was in 2003 at the age of 23 months. No clinical signs were observed in the latter 23-months old case. PrPSc deposits in the obex were scarce and were estimated to be approximately 1/1,000th of those seen in cases of C-type BSE. cases. Moreover, no infectivity was observed in the obex by bioassay using TgBovPrP mice overexpressing bovine PrP64,66). The latest-born BSE case, which was born in January 2002 and diagnosed as BSE at the age of 21 months. It was suspected that the animal was fed with contaminated feed that had been sold before implementation of the complete feed ban. The accumulation of PrPSc in the medulla oblongata at the level of obex was estimated to be approximately 1/1,000th that seen in the other C-type BSE case, and no infectivity was observed in the brainstem by bioassay using TgBovPrP and ICR mice64).</div>
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The first BSE case identified in Japan was a cow slaughtered in August 2001130,131). A series of control measures with binding legal force were taken later in 2001, including a ban on the import of MBM, a ban on the use of MBM for feed of all animals (designated as complete feed ban), the burning of specific risk materials (SRM) (the head excluding tongue and cheek meat; the spinal cord; the ileum of 2 meters long from its connection with the cecum). The tonsil and the vertebral column were included in the list of SRM in 2002 and 2004, respectively, and all the cattle slaughtered at slaughterhouses were subjected to screening tests for BSE from this point onwards132). In 2004, mandatory BSE test was initiated for all cattle died over the age of 24 months, and the tracing system for bovines throughout market distribution was introduced under the Act on Special Measures Concerning the Management and Relay of Information for the Individual Identification of Cattle. Based on a risk assessment by the Food Safety Commission of Japan (FSCJ), the age of cattle to be tested for BSE at slaughterhouses was changed from “all ages” to “over 20 months of age” so that only cattle over 20 months of age had to be tested for BSE at slaughterhouses.</div>
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After being requested by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (MHLW) in 2011 on revision of the countermeasures against BSE in Japan, the FSCJ conducted a risk assessment focusing on the age limit of cattle for BSE testing and the definition of SRM (the skull excluding tonsils, and the spinal cord and vertebral column) relating cattle age, and published a report in 2012. In this assessment, in view of the status of the occurrence of BSE in Japan after the tightening of the feed-control regulations in October 2001, the amount of the BSE agent fed by a head of cattle in Japan was estimated not to exceed the amount contained in 1 g of brain material of field BSE cases identified in the UK. Among the cattle that were orally inoculated with 1 g of the brain tissues from the UK BSE cases, clinical signs and PrPSc in the CNS were initially detected at 44 months post exposure. However, PrPSc was not detected in the CNS at 42 months post exposure; i.e., over 46 months of age24,31). Furthermore, studies of intracerebral inoculation of BSE-infected materials into cattle demonstrated that PrPSc was first detected in the brainstem at 7–8 months before the onset of clinical signs. Based on these findings, the FSCJ considered that the possibility for PrPSc to be detected in the CNS is extremely low in cattle aged below 30 months.</div>
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Regarding atypical BSE, most cases were found in cattle aged over 8 years (range: from 6.3 to 18 years). Although one case was detected at the age of 23 months in Japan, the medulla oblongata tissue from this case did not show transmissibility in highly susceptible Tg mice. According to this finding, the FSCJ considered that the cattle younger than 8 years pose negligible risk on human infection with the atypical BSE agent.</div>
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Thus, based on the BSE status and infection risk to cattle in Japan, and the interspecies barrier to BSE transmission between cattle and humans, the FSCJ evaluated that vCJD is highly unlikely to develop through consumption of meat and offal (excluding the tonsils and distal ileum) from cattle aged at or below 30 months under the continual implementation of the feed control measures. Therefore, the FSCJ concluded that the change in the age limit for BSE testing of cattle from 20 months to 30 months and the change in the definition of SRM (the skull excluding tonsils, and the spinal cord and vertebral column) from “in cattle at all ages” to “in cattle aged over 30 months” causes a negligible influence on human health133).</div>
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The FSCJ conducted a further risk assessment of the age limit for BSE testing in cattle and published a report in 2013. In the report, The FSCJ proposed that vCJD is highly unlikely to occur through consumption of meat and offal (excluding SRM) derived from the cattle born and raised in Japan. This was based on the status of occurrence of BSE in cattle and the implementation of control measures, such as import restrictions, feed restrictions, and appropriately performed processing at slaughterhouses, in Japan. According to this report, if no BSE cases were detected among the cattle that were born before 11 years ago, the incidence of BSE in these birth cohorts would be negligible as far as the control measures against BSE are continuously implemented, because the number of BSE cases detected by the BSE surveillance in the EU134) suggested that most BSE-infected cattle—approximately 97%—can be detected before the age of 11 years. In Japan, no BSE cases had been identified among cattle born between January 2002 to May 2013. Therefore, BSE was highly unlikely to occur in the birth cohort born in February-December of 2002.</div>
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However, viewing the difficulty of prediction of BSE incidence in younger cohorts born after 2002, the FSCJ concluded that the age limit for BSE testing could be raised tentatively from 30 months to 48 months to verify the efficiency of the control measures in the cohorts born after 2002135).</div>
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Based on the results of these two risk assessments by the FSCJ, the MHWL notified the cattle age of BSE testing at slaughterhouses to be raised from over 20 months to over 30 months in February 2013, and then from over 30 months of age to over 48 months in June 2013.</div>
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In 2016, in response to the request by the MHLW for a risk assessment, which was required to revise the countermeasures against BSE in Japan, the FSCJ conducted another risk assessment on the age limit for the BSE testing in cattle.</div>
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Based on the status of the occurrence of BSE after the risk assessment conducted in 2013, the FSCJ considered that C-type BSE was most unlikely to occur during the continuous implementation of the control measures for BSE including feed restrictions.</div>
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Regarding atypical BSE, the available findings on the experimental transmission of H-BSE to laboratory animals suggested that the animal-to-human transmission is unlikely to occur. Although brain tissue from L-BSE cattle possibly causes human infection, the infectivity of the tissues other than SRM was estimated to be very low. Furthermore, the incidence of L-BSE in cattle was very low in Japan and the EU (0.07 and 0.09/1,000,000 heads, respectively), and no epidemiological association has been detected between atypical BSE and human diseases. Thus, the FSCJ considered that vCJD is unlikely to occur through the consumption of meet or offal (excluding SRM) derived from the cattle born and raised in Japan. Based on this, the FSCJ concluded that there is no concern about human health regardless of whether BSE testing at slaughter will continuously be implemented for cattle aged over 48 months or will be ended for cattle at any age.</div>
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The FSCJ, however, emphasized the importance of feed regulation, continuous monitoring of high-risk cattle, and ante-mortem inspection at slaughterhouses. In addition, the FSCJ suggested that appropriate BSE testing is needed for the cattle aged over 24 months that are suspected by inspection to have impairments of nervous system such as ataxia, paresthesia, dysreflexia, and impaired consciousness, or systematic symptoms.</div>
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In February 2017, the MHLW notified to end the BSE testing for healthy slaughtered cattle. Since April 2017, the active surveillance for BSE in healthy cattle at slaughterhouses has not been performed. However, BSE testing has continuously been performed at slaughterhouses for the cattle aged over 24 months of age, when they are judged by ante-mortem inspection to have systematic symptoms or the suspected nervous symptoms. For cattle that died at farms, the age of BSE testing was raised from over 24 months to over 48 months in April 2017.</div>
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The feed-control measures including disposal of SRM have continuously been implemented. Only one BSE case was identified among the cattle born in January 2002; i.e., soon after the introduction of a series of the feed-control measures (the complete feed ban) in 2001, demonstrating that the complete feed ban was highly effective at preventing the occurrence of BSE in cattle in Japan. In agreement with this notion, a stochastic model study showed that the three interventions (SRM removal, post-mortem testing and cohort culling) reduced the risk of BSE by 98.95% from 2002 to 2009136).</div>
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In contrast, the incidence of BSE in cattle born before 2001 indicated that the control measures taken before 2001 were not effective enough to prevent BSE in Japan. In fact, live cattle had been imported from the U.S.A. and Canada, MBM were imported from Italy and Denmark, and animal fat was imported from the Netherlands, during the period from April 1996 to September 2001. In addition, SRM had continued to be used for rendering, and feed had been produced under conditions in which cross-contamination between cattle and other livestock feeds might have occurred. Furthermore, MBM had been used for a supplement in many dairy farms in Japan137). Thus, comparative effectiveness of the risk management measures taken by the Japanese government in the periods before and after the identification of the first BSE case in 2001, if analyzed, could provide a valuable basis for decision-making in the field of food safety.</div>
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10. Conclusion and Further Research Need The decrease of incidence of BSE around the world following the implementation of feed-control measures indicated that the BSE epidemic was directly caused by feeding cattle with MBM containing BSE PrPSc. The subsequent decrease in the annual number of vCJD cases is attributable to the decrease in the number of BSE cattle itself as well as the implementation of the control measures intended to exclude the BSE agent from human food. Thus, a series of the feed- and food-control measures including the measures for prevention of re-circulation of BSE PrPSc were effective at reducing the incidence of BSE and vCJD. The control measures might have lowered also the risk of human exposure to the BSE PrPSc that derived from small ruminants152,153).</div>
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In Japan, 36 cases of BSE were identified during the period from 2001 to 2007. During this period, feed-control measures including the disposal of SRM have continuously been implemented. Among the cases, two were diagnosed as L-BSE. The latest-born BSE case, which was born in January 2002, was diagnosed as C-BSE at the age of 21 months soon after the introduction of a series of the feed-control measures (the complete feed ban) in 2001. The data demonstrated that the complete feed ban was highly effective at preventing the occurrence of BSE in cattle in Japan as was the case in EU countries.</div>
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As for BARB cases, which were detected in several countries, feed-borne exposure has been regarded the most likely source of infection compared with the other possible sources.</div>
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Studies of oral administration of the C-BSE agent in cattle at their age less than 1 year shed light on the dose-dependent timing of appearance of clinical symptoms and PrPSc accumulation in the CNS. Massive doses of the brain tissue from C-BSE cases induced PrPSc accumulation in the CNS from 30 months post exposure and clinical signs from 35 months with PrPSc accumulation in the PNS. Lower doses induced PrPSc accumulation in the CNS and clinical signs at 44 months post exposure.</div>
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The brain, spinal cord, DRG, and ileum were the major locations of PrPSc accumulation in orally infected C-BSE cattle. Infectivity was higher in the ileum than in the other portions of small intestine regardless of dose. PrPSc was detected in IPP from 2 months after oral exposure, being concentrated in CPP rather than DPP. Age-dependent changes in numbers of lymph follicles and PrPSc-positive lymph follicles in the ileum imply the decrease in intestinal PrPSc with the time elapsed after oral exposure,</div>
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PrPSc was detected in the muscle in clinically affected C-BSE cattle, but not in preclinical cattle. A small amount of PrPSc deposits was also detected in muscle spindle, although its contribution to the amount of PrPSc in the whole of muscles is unclear. No infectivity was noted in fat tissues from the cattle orally inoculated with the brainstem of BSE-affected cattle.</div>
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The sporadic nature of H-BSE and L-BSE occurrence suggested that the atypical BSE may occur spontaneously rather than by feed-mediated infection. Higher zoonotic potential of L-BSE than C-BSE was suggested by some experimental studies, but the reverse was also observed by other studies. Calves were more susceptible to C-BSE than L-BSE, but the reverse was observed in non-human primates although based on a limited number of animals. Zoonotic potential of H-BSE has been suggested to be lower than that of C-BSE.</div>
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Features of tissue distribution of PrPSc in naturally or experimentally infected atypical BSE cattle resembled to those in C-BSE cattle except in the intestine, where PrPSc accumulation was not observed in the atypical BSE. PrPSc was detected in the muscle and peripheral nerves in atypical BSE cattle, but the levels were much lower than those in the CNS.</div>
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Thus, experimental and epidemiological findings accumulated during the past three decades shed light on characteristic features of BSE, and thereby led the successful reduction of BSE. However, from the perspective of food safety, unresolved issues remain even in light with the accumulated findings. The issues are as follows: a) The relative contribution of each control measure to the reduction of BSE remains mostly unclear, although the contribution was estimated for intervention strategies such as SRM removal, post-mortem testing for BSE, and culling of BSE cases in Japan136) and the Netherlands154). The estimation of relative effectiveness of other control measures is required for precise policymaking including relaxation of the regulations and rules relating to BSE in a risk-based scientifically sound manner. ; b) The ingested C-BSE PrPSc was stable in the intestinal lumen, but this remains uncertain for atypical BSE PrPSc, which was more sensitive against PK digestion than C-BSE PrPSc. ; c) Taken together with the findings in sheep, susceptibility of calves to oral C-BSE PrPSc seems likely to decrease with the increase in their age in association with the reduction of the IPP-mediated transfer of PrPSc from the intestinal lumen to the enteric nerves. However, there is no evidence which demonstrated directly the age-dependent change in bovine susceptibility to the BSE agent.; d) Most experiments of oral exposure to the BSE agent in experimental and farm animals have been performed by a single administration, but effects of repeated or long-term administration are unknown.; e) Oral infectivity of the atypical BSE agent in cattle and PrPSc accumulation in tissues of the orally infected cattle are unclear.; f) Better understanding of the risk of infection of bovine and other mammalian animals with the BSE agent via soil and grasses is required.; g) Regarding tissue distribution of PrPSc in C-BSE infected cattle, the ileal infectivity after 40 months post exposure and the quantitative significance of PrPSc deposits in muscle spindle remain uncertain.</div>
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The origin of BSE prions is also an unresolved issue. Although various hypothetical views have been presented on the origin of C-BSE142), no definitive conclusions have yet been reached. C-BSE prions might have first arisen through a PRNP gene mutation or the post-translational conversion of PrPC in individual cattle, but no evidence for either pathway exists. Among the various possible sources of C-BSE, scrapie PrPSc has been regarded as a more likely source because of the occurrence of C-BSE after changes in the rendering practices used for production of MBM, which had possibly been contaminated with scrapie PrPSc. However, the brain of sheep that were naturally infected with scrapie during the BSE epidemic in the UK caused a different disease from BSE in experimentally inoculated cattle155), suggesting that the scrapie PrPSc in its original form could not be a candidate for the origin of the BSE epidemic. However, it remains possible that the cattle affected by the epidemic were exposed to the sheep-derived PrPSc that had been modified physically in the process of rendering.</div>
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A number of studies have demonstrated that annealing, PMCA, or shaking can generate PrPSc or PrPres from purified hamster PrPC or recombinant PrP in cell-free system in the absence of PrPSc and PrPres as a “seed”156–159), indicating that the spontaneous unintended generation of PrPSc might occur in the environment under similar physical conditions. Such conditions could be found in heating, sonication, or/and shaking during the burning of cattle on farms, rendering processes, or food processing. Even if only trace amounts of PrPSc or PrPres were generated in the environment, they could act as seeds for PrPSc amplification in PrPC-rich tissues if they were ingested by animals and humans. Better understanding of the mechanism and origin of generation of BSE PrPSc may enable more precise risk assessments and pinpoint managements for prevention of food-mediated BSE-derived human diseases.</div>
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The BSE PrPSc is a unique food safety hazard due to its extremely high resistance to chemical and physical treatments despite its zoonotic potential. Accordingly, the physical and chemical treatments, such as acid- and heat-treatments that are used in food processing and cooking to prevent food-borne microbial diseases, are not effective against the BSE PrPSc. Therefore, lowering the risk of human infection with BSE via food has depended on the effort to prevent BSE infection in food-producing animals and the entry of animal tissues that might contain PrPSc into food chains.</div>
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A basic question in the management aimed at prevention of food-mediated vCJD is whether a tolerable level of intake of BSE prions exists or not. For chemical food safety hazards that are not genotoxic, no-observed-adverse-effect levels based on experimental data of feeding studies are widely used to determine tolerable levels for humans160). Dose-response relationships have been studied for BSE by experimental oral inoculation of the brain tissues containing the BSE agent to cattle and sheep24,25,161), but not in other animal species. The dose-response was studied by ic inoculation of the BSE or vCJD agent in mice57,162), but has not been studied by oral inoculation of the agent in experimental animals including mice. In addition to the lack of the data of oral dose-responses in experimental animals, the marked species difference in susceptibility that is recognized as so-called species barriers163), makes the extrapolation of animal data to humans difficult.</div>
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Furthermore, it seems difficult to find an appropriate end-point among animal responses, because dosed animals could be in subclinical stages throughout their normal life span. Studies of serial passage of the TSE agents demonstrated that TSE-inoculated animals showed no clinical symptoms and/or no detectable PrPres during their normal life span, although they harbored PrPSc89,164–166). The subclinical stage during a lifespan in experimental animals could not directly extrapolated to humans because of large differences in lifespan between animals and humans.</div>
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The analysis of data of a large number of scrapie-challenged mice suggested that no safe dose exists in terms of the threshold dose below which the probability of infection is zero167), indicating the difficulty of finding the threshold level for the BSE agent as is the case for most infectious pathogens and genotoxic carcinogens. For food safety-threatening microbial hazards, intake-disease relationships based on epidemiological data, if available, have been used in risk assessments conducted as a basis of decision of control measures168). Data available for the BSE agent are limited, but a threshold level of intake of the BSE agent in the UK population was estimated in terms of bovine infectious dose, based on the observed number of vCJD cases and the estimated quantity of the BSE agent entered to cattle-derived food169). However, the estimated value may have a limitation in its accuracy especially because of unknown variations of human individual susceptibility. Tolerable intake or intake-dependent risk in humans, if known, could be a basis for future development of cost-effective decision of the control measures aimed at reducing the risk of BSE-derived human diseases, and therefore further research into this issue is required.</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6978881/" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6978881/</a></div>
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<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6978881/pdf/foodsafetyfscj-7-21.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6978881/pdf/foodsafetyfscj-7-21.pdf</a></div>
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PrPSc distribution of a natural case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy</div>
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Yoshifumi Iwamaru, Yuka Okubo, Tamako Ikeda, Hiroko Hayashi, Mori- kazu Imamura, Takashi Yokoyama and Morikazu Shinagawa Priori Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-0856 Japan gan@affrc.go.jp</div>
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Abstract</div>
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Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a disease of cattle that causes progressive neurodegeneration of the central nervous system. Infectivity of BSE agent is accompanied with an abnormal isoform of prion protein (PrPSc). The specified risk materials (SRM) are tissues potentially carrying BSE infectivity. The following tissues are designated as SRM in Japan: the skull including the brain and eyes but excluding the glossa and the masse- ter muscle, the vertebral column excluding the vertebrae of the tail, spinal cord, distal illeum. For a risk management step, the use of SRM in both animal feed or human food has been prohibited. However, detailed PrPSc distribution remains obscure in BSE cattle and it has caused controversies about definitions of SRM. Therefore we have examined PrPSc distribution in a BSE cattle by Western blotting to reassess definitions of SRM. The 11th BSE case in Japan was detected in fallen stock surveillance. The carcass was stocked in the refrigerator. For the detection of PrPSc, 200 mg of tissue samples were homogenized. Following collagenase treatment, samples were digested with proteinase K. After digestion, PrPSc was precipitated by sodium phosphotungstate (PTA). The pellets were subjected to Western blotting using the standard procedure. Anti-prion protein monoclonal antibody (mAb) T2 conjugated horseradish peroxidase was used for the detection of PrPSc. PrPSc was detected in brain, spinal cord, dorsal root ganglia, trigeminal ganglia, sublingual ganglion, retina. In addition, PrPSc was also detected in the peripheral nerves (sciatic nerve, tibial nerve, vagus nerve). Our results suggest that the currently accepted definitions of SRM in 9/13/2005</div>
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BSE cattle may need to be reexamined. </div>
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T. Kitamoto (Ed.)</div>
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PRIONS</div>
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ALSO from the International Symposium of Prion Diseases held in Sendai, October 31, to November 2, 2004; Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in Japan</div>
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"Furthermore, current studies into transmission of cases of BSE that are atypical or that develop in young cattle are expected to amplify the BSE prion" </div>
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NO. Date conf. Farm Birth place and Date Age at diagnosis 8. 2003.10.6. Fukushima Tochigi 2001.10.13. 23 9. 2003.11.4. Hiroshima Hyogo 2002.1.13. 21 Test results # 8b, 9c cows Elisa Positive, WB Positive, IHC negative, histopathology negative b = atypical BSE case c = case of BSE in a young animal b,c, No PrPSc on IHC, and no spongiform change on histology </div>
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International Symposium of Prion Diseases held in Sendai, October 31, to November 2, 2004. </div>
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Tetsuyuki Kitamoto Professor and Chairman Department of Prion Research Tohoku University School of Medicine 2-1 SeiryoAoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, JAPAN TEL +81-22-717-8147 FAX +81-22-717-8148 e-mail; kitamoto@mail.tains.tohoku.ac.jp Symposium Secretariat Kyomi Sasaki TEL +81-22-717-8233 FAX +81-22-717-7656 e-mail: kvomi-sasaki@mail.tains.tohoku.ac.ip </div>
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Subject: Atypical Proteinase K-Resistant Prion Protein (PrPres) observed in an Apparently Healthy 23-Month-Old Holstein Steer </div>
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Date: August 26, 2005 at 10:24 am PST </div>
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Atypical Proteinase K-Resistant Prion Protein (PrPres) observed in an Apparently Healthy 23-Month-Old Holstein Steer </div>
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Jpn. J. Infect. Dis., 56, 221-222, 2003 Laboratory and Epidemiology Communications </div>
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Atypical Proteinase K-Resistant Prion Protein (PrPres) Observed in an Apparently Healthy 23-Month-Old Holstein Steer </div>
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Yoshio Yamakawa*, KenÕichi Hagiwara, Kyoko Nohtomi, Yuko Nakamura, Masahiro Nishizima ,Yoshimi Higuchi1, Yuko Sato1, Tetsutaro Sata1 and the Expert Committee for BSE Diagnosis, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan2 Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology and 1Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640 and 2Miistry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Tokyo 100-8916 </div>
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Communicated by Tetsutaro Sata (Accepted December 2, 2003) *Corresponding author: Mailing address: Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 1628640, Japan. Tel: +81-3-5285-1111, Fax: +81-3-5285-1157, E-mail: yamakawa@nih.go.jp </div>
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Since October 18, 2001, 'bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) examination for all cattle slaughtered at abattoirs in the country' has been mandated in Japan by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW). 'Plateria' ELISA-kit (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, Calif., USA) is routinely used at abattoirs for detecting proteinase K (PK)-resistant prion protein (PrPSc) in the obex region. Samples positive according to the ELISA screening are further subjected to Western blot (WB) and histologic and immunohistochemical examination (IHC) at the National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID) or Obihiro University. If PrPSc is detected either by WB or by IHC, the cattle are diagnosed as BSE. The diagnosis is approved by the Expert Committee for BSE Diagnosis, MHLW. From October 18, 2001 to September 30, 2003, approximately 2.5 million cattle were screened at abattoirs. A hundred and ten specimens positive according to ELISA were subjected to WB/IHC. Seven showed positive by both WB and IHC, all exhibiting the typical electrophoretic profile of a high content of the di-glycosylated molecular form of PrPSc (1-3) and the distinctive granular deposition of PrPSc in neuronal cells and neuropil of the dorsal nucleus of vagus. An ELISA-positive specimen from a 23 month-old Holstein steer slaughtered on September 29, 2003, in Ibaraki Prefecture (Ibaraki case) was sent to the NIID for confirmation. The animal was reportedly healthy before slaughter. The OD titer in ELISA was slightly higher than the 'cut-off' level given by the manufacturer. The histology showed no spongiform changes and IHC revealed no signal of PrPSc accumulation typical for BSE. However, WB analysis of the homogenate that was prepared from the obex region and used for ELISA revealed a small amount of PrPSc with an electrophoretic profile different from that of typical BSE-associated PrPSc (1-3). The characteristics were (i) low content of the di-glycosylated molecular form of PrPSc, (ii) a faster migration of the non-glycosylated form of PrPSc on SDS-PAGE, and (iii) less resistance against PK digestion as compared with an authentic PrPSc specimen derived from an 83-month-old Holstein (Wakayama case) (Fig. 1). Table 1 summarizes the relative amounts of three distinctive glycoforms (di-, mono, non-glycosylated) of PrPSc calculated by densitometric analysis of the blot shown in Fig. 1. As 2.5 mg wet weight obex-equivalent homogenate of the Ibaraki case (Fig. 1, lane 4) gave slightly stronger band intensities of PrPSc than an 8 mg wet weight obex-equivqlent homogenate of a typical BSE-affected Wakayama case (Fig. 1, lane 2), the amount of PrPSc accumulated in the Ibaraki case was calculated to be 1/500 - 1/1000 of the Wakayama case. In the Ibaraki case, the PrPSc bands were not detectable in the homogenates of the proximal surrounding region of the obex. These findings were consistent with the low OD value in ELISA, i.e., 0.2 -0.3 for the Ibaraki case versus over 3.0 for the Wakayama case. The DNA sequence of the PrP coding region of the Ibaraki case was the same as that appearing in the database (GenBank accession number: AJ298878). More recently, we encountered another case that resembled the Ibaraki case. It was a 21-monthold Holstein steer from Hiroshima Prefecture. WB showed typical BSE-specific PrPSc deposition though IHC did not detect positive signals of PrPSc (data not shown). Though the clinical onset of BSE is usually at around 5 years of age or later, a 20-month-old case showing the clinical signs has been reported (4). Variant forms of BSE similar to our cases, i.e., with atypical histopathological and/or biochemical phenotype, have been recently reported in Italy (5) and in France (6). Such variant BSE was not associated with mutations in the prion protein (PrP) coding region as in our case (5,6). The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan (MAFF) announced a ban of feeding ruminants with meat bone meal (MBM) on September 18, 2001, and a complete ban was made on October 15 of the same year. According to the recent MAFF report, the previous seven cases of BSE in Japan were cattle born in 1995 - 1996 and possibly fed with cross-contaminated feed. However, the two cattle in this report were born after the complete ban. Whether contaminated MBM was implicated in the present cases remains to be investigated. </div>
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REFERENCES Collinge, J., Sidle, K. C. L., Meads, J., Ironside, J. and Hill, A. F. (1996): Molecular analysis of prion strain variation and the aetiology of 'new variant' CJD. Nature, 383, 685690. Bruce, M. E., Will, R. G., Ironside, J. W., McConnell, I., Drummond, D., Suttie, A., McCardle, L., Chree, A., Hope, J., Birkett, C., Cousens, S., Fraser, H. and Bostock, C. J. (1997): Transmissions to mice indicate that 'new variant' CJD is caused by the BSE agent. Nature, 389, 498-501. Hill, A. F., Desbruslais, M., Joiner, S., Sidle, K. C. L., Gowland, I. and Collinge, J. (1997): The same prion strain causes vCJD and BSE. Nature, 389, 448-450. Matravers, W., Bridgeman, J. and Smith, M.-F. (ed.)(2000): The BSE Inquiry. p. 37. vol. 16. The Stationery Office Ltd., Norwich, UK. Casalone, C., Zanusso, G., Acutis, P. L., Crescio, M. I., Corona, C., Ferrari, S., Capobianco, R., Tagliavini, F., Monaco, S. and Caramelli, M. (2003): Identification of a novel molecular and neuropathological BSE phenotype in Italy. International Conference on Prion Disease: from basic research to intervention concepts. Gasreig, Munhen, October 8-10. Bicaba, A. G., Laplanche, J. L., Ryder, S. and Baron, T. (2003): A molecular variant of bovine spongiform encephalopatie. International Conference on Prion Disease: from basic research to intervention concepts. Gasreig, Munhen, October 8-10. Asante, E. A., Linehan, J. M., Desbruslais, M., Joiner, S., Gowland, I., Wood, A. L., Welch, J., Hill, A. F., Lloyd, S. E., Wadsworth, J. D. F. and Collinge, J. (2002). BSE prions propagate as either variant CJD-like or sporadic CJD-like prion strains in transgenic mice expressing human prion protein. EMBO J., 21, 6358-6366. 9/13/2005 Page 12 of 17 SEE SLIDES IN PDF FILE; http://www.nih.go.jp/JJID/56/221.pdf </div>
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<a href="http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IFA/03-025IFA-2.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPPDE/Comments/03-025IFA/03-025IFA-2.pdf</a></div>
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Jpn. J. Infect. Dis., 56, 221-222, 2003</div>
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Atypical Proteinase K-Resistant Prion Protein (PrPres) Observed in an Apparently Healthy 23-Month-Old Holstein Steer</div>
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Yoshio Yamakawa*, Kenユichi Hagiwara, Kyoko Nohtomi, Yuko Nakamura, Masahiro Nishizima ,Yoshimi Higuchi1, Yuko Sato1, Tetsutaro Sata1 and the Expert Committee for BSE Diagnosis, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan2</div>
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Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology and 1Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640 and 2Miistry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Tokyo 100-8916</div>
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Communicated by Tetsutaro Sata</div>
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(Accepted December 2, 2003)</div>
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*Corresponding author: Mailing address: Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan. Tel: +81-3-5285-1111, Fax: +81-3-5285-1157, E-mail: yamakawa@nih.go.jp</div>
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Since October 18, 2001, 'bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) examination for all cattle slaughtered at abattoirs in the country' has been mandated in Japan by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW). 'Plateria' ELISA-kit (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, Calif., USA) is routinely used at abattoirs for detecting proteinase K (PK)-resistant prion protein (PrPSc) in the obex region. Samples positive according to the ELISA screening are further subjected to Western blot (WB) and histologic and immunohistochemical examination (IHC) at the National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID) or Obihiro University. If PrPSc is detected either by WB or by IHC, the cattle are diagnosed as BSE. The diagnosis is approved by the Expert Committee for BSE Diagnosis, MHLW. From October 18, 2001 to September 30, 2003, approximately 2.5 million cattle were screened at abattoirs. A hundred and ten specimens positive according to ELISA were subjected to WB/IHC. Seven showed positive by both WB and IHC, all exhibiting the typical electrophoretic profile of a high content of the di-glycosylated molecular form of PrPSc (1-3) and the distinctive granular deposition of PrPSc in neuronal cells and neuropil of the dorsal nucleus of vagus.</div>
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An ELISA-positive specimen from a 23 month-old Holstein steer slaughtered on September 29, 2003, in Ibaraki Prefecture (Ibaraki case) was sent to the NIID for confirmation. The animal was reportedly healthy before slaughter. The OD titer in ELISA was slightly higher than the 'cut-off' level given by the manufacturer. The histology showed no spongiform changes and IHC revealed no signal of PrPSc accumulation typical for BSE. However, WB analysis of the homogenate that was prepared from the obex region and used for ELISA revealed a small amount of PrPSc with an electrophoretic profile different from that of typical BSE-associated PrPSc (1-3). The characteristics were (i) low content of the di-glycosylated molecular form of PrPSc, (ii) a faster migration of the non-glycosylated form of PrPSc on SDS-PAGE, and (iii) less resistance against PK digestion as compared with an authentic PrPSc specimen derived from an 83-month-old Holstein (Wakayama case) (Fig. 1). Table 1 summarizes the relative amounts of three distinctive glycoforms (di-, mono, non-glycosylated) of PrPSc calculated by densitometric analysis of the blot shown in Fig. 1. As 2.5 mg wet weight obex-equivalent homogenate of the Ibaraki case (Fig. 1, lane 4) gave slightly stronger band intensities of PrPSc than an 8 mg wet weight obex-equivqlent homogenate of a typical BSE-affected Wakayama case (Fig. 1, lane 2), the amount of PrPSc accumulated in the Ibaraki case was calculated to be 1/500 - 1/1000 of the Wakayama case. In the Ibaraki case, the PrPSc bands were not detectable in the homogenates of the proximal surrounding region of the obex. These findings were consistent with the low OD value in ELISA, i.e., 0.2 - 0.3 for the Ibaraki case versus over 3.0 for the Wakayama case. The DNA sequence of the PrP coding region of the Ibaraki case was the same as that appearing in the database (GenBank accession number: AJ298878). More recently, we encountered another case that resembled the Ibaraki case. It was a 21-month-old Holstein steer from Hiroshima Prefecture. WB showed typical BSE-specific PrPSc deposition though IHC did not detect positive signals of PrPSc (data not shown).</div>
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Though the clinical onset of BSE is usually at around 5 years of age or later, a 20-month-old case showing the clinical signs has been reported (4). Variant forms of BSE similar to our cases, i.e., with atypical histopathological and/or biochemical phenotype, have been recently reported in Italy (5) and in France (6). Such variant BSE was not associated with mutations in the prion protein (PrP) coding region as in our case (5,6).</div>
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The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan (MAFF) announced a ban of feeding ruminants with meat bone meal (MBM) on September 18, 2001, and a complete ban was made on October 15 of the same year. According to the recent MAFF report, the previous seven cases of BSE in Japan were cattle born in 1995 - 1996 and possibly fed with cross-contaminated feed. However, the two cattle in this report were born after the complete ban. Whether contaminated MBM was implicated in the present cases remains to be investigated.</div>
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REFERENCES</div>
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Collinge, J., Sidle, K. C. L., Meads, J., Ironside, J. and Hill, A. F. (1996): Molecular analysis of prion strain variation and the aetiology of 'new variant' CJD. Nature, 383, 685-690. Bruce, M. E., Will, R. G., Ironside, J. W., McConnell, I., Drummond, D., Suttie, A., McCardle, L., Chree, A., Hope, J., Birkett, C., Cousens, S., Fraser, H. and Bostock, C. J. (1997): Transmissions to mice indicate that 'new variant' CJD is caused by the BSE agent. Nature, 389, 498-501. Hill, A. F., Desbruslais, M., Joiner, S., Sidle, K. C. L., Gowland, I. and Collinge, J. (1997): The same prion strain causes vCJD and BSE. Nature, 389, 448-450. Matravers, W., Bridgeman, J. and Smith, M.-F. (ed.)(2000): The BSE Inquiry. p. 37. vol. 16. The Stationery Office Ltd., Norwich, UK. Casalone, C., Zanusso, G., Acutis, P. L., Crescio, M. I., Corona, C., Ferrari, S., Capobianco, R., Tagliavini, F., Monaco, S. and Caramelli, M. (2003): Identification of a novel molecular and neuropathological BSE phenotype in Italy. International Conference on Prion Disease: from basic research to intervention concepts. Gasreig, Munhen, October 8-10. Bicaba, A. G., Laplanche, J. L., Ryder, S. and Baron, T. (2003): A molecular variant of bovine spongiform encephalopatie. International Conference on Prion Disease: from basic research to intervention concepts. Gasreig, Munhen, October 8-10. Asante, E. A., Linehan, J. M., Desbruslais, M., Joiner, S., Gowland, I., Wood, A. L., Welch, J., Hill, A. F., Lloyd, S. E., Wadsworth, J. D. F. and Collinge, J. (2002). BSE prions propagate as either variant CJD-like or sporadic CJD-like prion strains in transgenic mice expressing human prion protein. EMBO J., 21, 6358-6366.</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www0.nih.go.jp/JJID/56/221.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www0.nih.go.jp/JJID/56/221.html</a></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;">MONDAY, JUNE 19, 2017 </span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;">PRION 2017 P20 Descriptive epidemiology of human prion diseases in Japan: a prospective 16-year surveillance study</span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;">Japan Prion Disease Increasing Annually to 2.3 patients per 1 million populations in 2014</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2017/06/prion-2017-p20-descriptive-epidemiology.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2017/06/prion-2017-p20-descriptive-epidemiology.html</a></div>
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P.108: Successful oral challenge of adult cattle with classical BSE</div>
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Sandor Dudas1,*, Kristina Santiago-Mateo1, Tammy Pickles1, Catherine Graham2, and Stefanie Czub1 1Canadian Food Inspection Agency; NCAD Lethbridge; Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada; 2Nova Scotia Department of Agriculture; Pathology Laboratory; Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada</div>
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Classical Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (C-type BSE) is a feed- and food-borne fatal neurological disease which can be orally transmitted to cattle and humans. Due to the presence of contaminated milk replacer, it is generally assumed that cattle become infected early in life as calves and then succumb to disease as adults. Here we challenged three 14 months old cattle per-orally with 100 grams of C-type BSE brain to investigate age-related susceptibility or resistance. During incubation, the animals were sampled monthly for blood and feces and subjected to standardized testing to identify changes related to neurological disease. At 53 months post exposure, progressive signs of central nervous system disease were observed in these 3 animals, and they were euthanized. Two of the C-BSE animals tested strongly positive using standard BSE rapid tests, however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE. Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc detection by PMCA only. </div>
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***Our study demonstrates susceptibility of adult cattle to oral transmission of classical BSE. </div>
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We are further examining explanations for the unusual disease presentation in the third challenged animal.</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf </a></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-size: x-small;">SATURDAY, JANUARY 5, 2019 </span><div style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: small;">
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Low levels of classical BSE infectivity in rendered fat tissue </div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/01/low-levels-of-classical-bse-infectivity.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/01/low-levels-of-classical-bse-infectivity.html</a> </div>
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***> This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div>
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***> These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains. </div>
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even the atypical h-type BSE was found to be transmissible by oral route, and those findings can be found at the Prion 2018 Conference abstract. </div>
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PRION 2018 CONFERENCE</div>
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P98 The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge </div>
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Greenlee JJ (1), Moore SJ (1), and West Greenlee MH (2) </div>
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(1) United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Virus and Prion Research Unit, Ames, IA, United States (2) Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States. </div>
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In 2006, a case of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) was reported in a cow with a previously unreported prion protein polymorphism (E211K). </div>
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The E211K polymorphism is heritable and homologous to the E200K mutation in humans that is the most frequent PRNP mutation associated with familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. </div>
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Although the prevalence of the E211K polymorphism is low, cattle carrying the K211 allele develop H-type BSE with a rapid onset after experimental inoculation by the intracranial route. </div>
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The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the agents of H-type BSE or H-type BSE associated with the E211K polymorphism transmit to wild type cattle or cattle with the K211 allele after oronasal exposure. </div>
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Wild type (EE211) or heterozygous (EK211) cattle were oronasally inoculated with either H-type BSE from the 2004 US Htype BSE case (n=3) or from the 2006 US H-type case associated with the E211K polymorphism (n=4) using 10% w/v brain homogenates. </div>
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Cattle were observed daily throughout the course of the experiment for the development of clinical signs. </div>
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At approximately 50 months post-inoculation, one steer (EK211 inoculated with E211K associated H-BSE) developed clinical signs including inattentiveness, loss of body condition, weakness, ataxia, and muscle fasciculations and was euthanized. </div>
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Enzyme immunoassay confirmed that abundant misfolded protein was present in the brainstem, and immunohistochemistry demonstrated PrPSc throughout the brain. </div>
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Western blot analysis of brain tissue from the clinically affected steer was consistent with the E211K H-type BSE inoculum. </div>
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With the experiment currently at 55 months post-inoculation, no other cattle in this study have developed clinical signs suggestive of prion disease. </div>
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***> This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div>
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***> These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains. </div>
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PRION 2018 CONFERENCE</div>
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P98 The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge </div>
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Greenlee JJ (1), Moore SJ (1), and West Greenlee MH (2) (1) United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Virus and Prion Research Unit, Ames, IA, United States (2) Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States. </div>
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reading up on this study from Prion 2018 Conference, very important findings ;</div>
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***> This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div>
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***> These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div>
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PRION 2018 CONFERENCE ABSTRACT</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://prion2018.org/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://prion2018.org/</a></div>
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***> This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div>
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***> These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains. </div>
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WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 24, 2018 </div>
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Experimental Infection of Cattle With a Novel Prion Derived From Atypical H-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2018/10/experimental-infection-of-cattle-with.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2018/10/experimental-infection-of-cattle-with.html</a></div>
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WEDNESDAY, MARCH 15, 2017 </div>
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In vitro amplification of H-type atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy by protein misfolding cyclic amplification </div>
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"When considering the atypical L-BSE and H-BSE diseases of cattle, they have been assessed in both non-human primate and transgenic mouse bioassays (with mice transgenic for human PRNP) and both model systems indicate that H-BSE and L-BSE may have increased zoonotic potential compare with C-BSE. </div>
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***The detection of all types of BSE is therefore of significant importance." </div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2017/03/in-vitro-amplification-of-h-type.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2017/03/in-vitro-amplification-of-h-type.html</a></div>
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Experimental Transmission of H-type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy to Bovinized Transgenic Mice</div>
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Vet Pathol 0300985810382672, first published on October 4, 2010</div>
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Experimental Transmission of H-type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy to Bovinized Transgenic Mice</div>
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H. Okada okadahi@affrc.go.jp Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, K. Masujin Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Y. Imamaru Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, M. Imamura Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Y. Matsuura Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, S. Mohri Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, S. Czub Animal Disease Research Institute, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, T. Yokoyama Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba,</div>
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Abstract</div>
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To characterize the biological and biochemical properties of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), a transmission study with a Canadian H-type isolate was performed with bovinized transgenic mice (TgBoPrP), which were inoculated intracerebrally with brain homogenate from cattle with H-type BSE. All mice exhibited characteristic neurologic signs, and the subsequent passage showed a shortened incubation period. The distribution of disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) was determined by immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and paraffin-embedded tissue (PET) blot. Biochemical properties and higher molecular weight of the glycoform pattern were well conserved within mice. Immunolabeled granular PrPSc, aggregates, and/or plaque-like deposits were mainly detected in the following brain locations: septal nuclei, subcallosal regions, hypothalamus, paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus, interstitial nucleus of the stria terminalis, and the reticular formation of the midbrain. Weak reactivity was detected by immunohistochemistry and PET blot in the cerebral cortex, most thalamic nuclei, the hippocampus, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum. These findings indicate that the H-type BSE prion has biological and biochemical properties distinct from those of C-type and L-type BSE in TgBoPrP mice, which suggests that TgBoPrP mice constitute a useful animal model to distinguish isolates from BSE-infected cattle.</div>
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© 2010 Sage Publications, Inc.</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://vet.sagepub.com/content/early/2010/10/02/0300985810382672.abstract" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://vet.sagepub.com/content/early/2010/10/02/0300985810382672.abstract</a></div>
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Thursday, October 07, 2010</div>
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Experimental Transmission of H-type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy to Bovinized Transgenic Mice</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/10/experimental-transmission-of-h-type.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2010/10/experimental-transmission-of-h-type.html</a> </div>
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MONDAY, JANUARY 09, 2017 </div>
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Oral Transmission of L-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Agent among Cattle </div>
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CDC Volume 23, Number 2—February 2017 </div>
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*** Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</div>
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*** Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/23/2/16-1416_article" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/23/2/16-1416_article</a></div>
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PPo2-26:</div>
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Transmission of Classical and Atypical (L-type) Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Prions to Cynomolgus macaques</div>
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Fumiko Ono,1 Yoshio Yamakawa,2 Minoru Tobiume,3 Yuko Sato,3 Harutaka Katano,3 Kenichi Hagiwara,2 Iori Itagaki,1 Akio Hiyaoka,1 Katuhiko Komatuzaki,1 Yasunori Emoto,1 Hiroaki Shibata,4 Yuichi Murayama,5 Keiji Terao,4 Yasuhiro Yasutomi4 and Tetsutaro Sata3</div>
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1The Corporation for Production and Research of Laboratory Primates; Tsukuba City, Japan; 2Departments of Cell Biology and Biochemistry; and 3Pathology; National Institute of Infectious Diseases; Tokyo, Japan; 4Tsukuba Primate Research Center; National Institute of Biomedical Innovation; Tsukuba City, Japan; 5Prion Disease Research Team; National Institute of Animal Health; Tsukuba City, Japan</div>
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Key words: L-type BSE, cBSE, cynomolgus macaques, transmission</div>
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BSE prion derived from classical BSE (cBSE) or L-type BSE was characterized by inoculation into the brain of cynomolgus macaques. The neurologic manifestation was developed in all cynomolgus macaques at 27-43 months after intracerebral inoculation of brain homogenate from cBSE-affected cattle (BSE JP/6). Second transmission of cBSE from macaque to macaque shortened incubation period to 13-18 months. cBSE-affected macaques showed the similar clinical signs including hyperekplexia, tremor and paralysis in both primary and second transmission.</div>
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Two macaques were intracerebrally inoculated brain homogenate from the L-type BSE-affected cattle (BSE JP/24). The incubation periods were 19-20 months in primary transmission.</div>
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The clinical course of the L-type BSE-affected macaques differed from that in cBSE-affected macaques in the points of severe myoclonus without hyperekplexia. The glycoform profile of PrPSc detected in macaque CNS was consistent with original pattern of either cBSE or L-typeBSE PrPSc, respectively. Although severe spongiform change in the brain was remarkable in all BSE-affected macaques, severe spongiform spread widely in cerebral cortex in L-type BSE-affected macaques. Heavy accumulation of PrPSc surrounded by vacuola formed florid plaques in cerebral cortex of cBSE-affected macaques. Deposit of PrPSc in L-type BSE-affected macaque was weak and diffuse synaptic pattern in cerebrum, but large PrPSc plaques were evident at cerebellum. MRI analysis, T2, T1, DW and flair sequences, at the time of autopsy revealed that brain atrophy and dilatation of cerebral ventricles were significantly severe in L-type BSE-affected macaques. These results suggest that L-type BSE is more virulent strain to primates comparing to cBSE.</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4049874/" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4049874/</a></div>
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Saturday, June 25, 2011</div>
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Transmissibility of BSE-L and Cattle-Adapted TME Prion Strain to Cynomolgus Macaque</div>
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"BSE-L in North America may have existed for decades"</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/06/transmissibility-of-bse-l-and-cattle.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/06/transmissibility-of-bse-l-and-cattle.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Tuesday, September 10, 2019 </span></div>
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FSIS [Docket No. FSIS–2019–0021] Notice of Request To Renew an Approved Information Collection: Specified Risk Materials Singeltary Submission </div>
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Wednesday, January 23, 2019 </div>
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CFIA SFCR Guidance on Specified risk material (SRM) came into force on January 15, 2019</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2019/01/" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2019/01/</a></div>
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TUESDAY, AUGUST 28, 2018 </div>
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USDA finds BSE infection in Florida cow 08/28/18 6:43 PM</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://animalhealthreportpriontse..blogspot.com/2018/08/usda-finds-bse-infection-in-florida-cow.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://animalhealthreportpriontse..blogspot.com/2018/08/usda-finds-bse-infection-in-florida-cow.html</a></div>
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WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 29, 2018 </div>
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USDA Announces Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Detection USDA 08/29/2018 10:00 AM EDT</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2018/08/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2018/08/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html</a></div>
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WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 29, 2018 </div>
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Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion Atypical BSE Confirmed Florida Update USA August 28, 2018</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/08/transmissible-spongiform-encephalopathy.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/08/transmissible-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a></div>
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THURSDAY, JULY 20, 2017 </div>
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USDA OIE Alabama Atypical L-type BASE Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE animal feeds for ruminants rule, 21 CFR 589.200</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2017/07/usda-oie-alabama-atypical-l-type-base.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2017/07/usda-oie-alabama-atypical-l-type-base.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">cattle, pigs, sheep, cwd, tse, prion, oh my!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">***> In contrast, cattle are highly susceptible to white-tailed deer CWD and mule deer CWD in experimental conditions but no natural CWD infections in cattle have been reported (Sigurdson, 2008; Hamir et al., 2006). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Sheep and cattle may be exposed to CWD via common grazing areas with affected deer but so far, appear to be poorly susceptible to mule deer CWD (Sigurdson, 2008). In contrast, cattle are highly susceptible to white-tailed deer CWD and mule deer CWD in experimental conditions but no natural CWD infections in cattle have been reported (Sigurdson, 2008; Hamir et al., 2006). It is not known how susceptible humans are to CWD but given that the prion can be present in muscle, it is likely that humans have been exposed to the agent via consumption of venison (Sigurdson, 2008). Initial experimental research suggests that human susceptibility to CWD is low and there may be a robust species barrier for CWD transmission to humans (Sigurdson, 2008), however the risk appetite for a public health threat may still find this level unacceptable.</span></div>
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<a href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/733407/DEFRA_QRA_TSE_in_cervids_June2018_v1.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/733407/DEFRA_QRA_TSE_in_cervids_June2018_v1.pdf</a></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/08/susceptibility-of-cattle-to-agent-of.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2012/08/susceptibility-of-cattle-to-agent-of.html</a></div>
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2020</div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">cwd scrapie pigs oral routes</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">***> However, at 51 months of incubation or greater, 5 animals were positive by one or more diagnostic methods. Furthermore, positive bioassay results were obtained from all inoculated groups (oral and intracranial; market weight and end of study) suggesting that swine are potential hosts for the agent of scrapie. <*** </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"> >*** Although the current U.S. feed ban is based on keeping tissues from TSE infected cattle from contaminating animal feed, swine rations in the U.S. could contain animal derived components including materials from scrapie infected sheep and goats. These results indicating the susceptibility of pigs to sheep scrapie, coupled with the limitations of the current feed ban, indicates that a revision of the feed ban may be necessary to protect swine production and potentially human health. <*** </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">***> Results: PrPSc was not detected by EIA and IHC in any RPLNs. All tonsils and MLNs were negative by IHC, though the MLN from one pig in the oral <6 5="" 6="" at="" by="" detected="" eia.="" examined="" group="" in="" intracranial="" least="" lymphoid="" month="" months="" of="" one="" pigs="" positive="" prpsc="" quic="" the="" tissues="" was="">6 months group, 5/6 pigs in the oral <6 4="" and="" group="" months="" oral="">6 months group. Overall, the MLN was positive in 14/19 (74%) of samples examined, the RPLN in 8/18 (44%), and the tonsil in 10/25 (40%). </6></6></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">***> Conclusions: This study demonstrates that PrPSc accumulates in lymphoid tissues from pigs challenged intracranially or orally with the CWD agent, and can be detected as early as 4 months after challenge. CWD-infected pigs rarely develop clinical disease and if they do, they do so after a long incubation period. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">This raises the possibility that CWD-infected pigs could shed prions into their environment long before they develop clinical disease. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Furthermore, lymphoid tissues from CWD-infected pigs could present a potential source of CWD infectivity in the animal and human food chains. </span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=353091</a></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/project/?accnNo=432011&fy=2017</a></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=337105</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Friday, December 14, 2012</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Animals considered at high risk for CWD include:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones and</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">The amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from the USA to GB can not be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES. It may constitute a small percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin processed animal proteins that were imported from US into GB in 2011.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a __greater than negligible risk___ that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer and/or elk protein is imported into GB.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">There is uncertainty associated with this estimate given the lack of data on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being imported in these products.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">36% in 2007 (Almberg et al., 2011). In such areas, population declines of deer of up to 30 to 50% have been observed (Almberg et al., 2011). In areas of Colorado, the prevalence can be as high as 30% (EFSA, 2011).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">The clinical signs of CWD in affected adults are weight loss and behavioural changes that can span weeks or months (Williams, 2005). In addition, signs might include excessive salivation, behavioural alterations including a fixed stare and changes in interaction with other animals in the herd, and an altered stance (Williams, 2005). These signs are indistinguishable from cervids experimentally infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Given this, if CWD was to be introduced into countries with BSE such as GB, for example, infected deer populations would need to be tested to differentiate if they were infected with CWD or BSE to minimise the risk of BSE entering the human food-chain via affected venison.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with CWD prion.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing, footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible... For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant uncertainty associated with these estimates.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists and returning GB residents.</span></div>
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<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">TUESDAY, APRIL 18, 2017 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">*** EXTREME USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED LOOP HOLE STILL EXIST, AND PRICE OF POKER GOES UP ***</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2017/04/extreme-usa-fda-part-589-tse-prion-feed.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2017/04/extreme-usa-fda-part-589-tse-prion-feed.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">WEDNESDAY, JULY 11, 2018 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">CONFIDENTIAL IN CONFIDENCE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY OF PIGS FDA EMERGENCY REQUEST FOR RULE CHANGE USA Section 21 C.F.R. 589.2000</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/07/confidential-in-confidence-spongiform.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/07/confidential-in-confidence-spongiform.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">TUESDAY, JULY 10, 2018 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">CONFIDENTIAL IN CONFIDENCE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY OF PIGS </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">*** ''but feeding of other ruminant protein, including scrapie-infected sheep, can continue to pigs.'' </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">CONFIDENTIAL SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY OF PIGS </span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madporcinedisease.blogspot.com/2018/07/confidential-in-confidence-spongiform.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madporcinedisease.blogspot.com/2018/07/confidential-in-confidence-spongiform.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">***> NEW TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY TSE PRION DISEASE (MAD CAMEL DISEASE) IN A NEW SPECIES <***</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">NEW OUTBREAK OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY TSE PRION DISEASE IN A NEW SPECIES</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Subject: Prion Disease in Dromedary Camels, Algeria</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Our identification of this prion disease in a geographically widespread livestock species requires urgent enforcement of surveillance and assessment of the potential risks to human and animal health.</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2018/04/tse-prion-disease-in-dromedary-camels.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2018/04/tse-prion-disease-in-dromedary-camels.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Wednesday, May 30, 2018 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Dromedary camels in northern Africa have a neurodegenerative prion disease that may have originated decades ago</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2018/05/dromedary-camels-in-northern-africa.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2018/05/dromedary-camels-in-northern-africa.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">***> IMPORTS AND EXPORTS <***</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">SEE MASSIVE AMOUNTS OF BANNED ANIMAL PROTEIN AKA MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE USA DECADES AFTER POST BAN</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2018/04/dromedary-camels-algeria-prion-mad.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2018/04/dromedary-camels-algeria-prion-mad.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Thursday, August 1, 2019 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Camel prion disease detected in Tunisian camels</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;">THURSDAY, AUGUST 08, 2019 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Raccoons accumulate PrPSc after intracranial inoculation with the agents of chronic wasting disease (CWD) or transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) but not atypical scrapie</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/08/raccoons-accumulate-prpsc-after.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/08/raccoons-accumulate-prpsc-after.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">FRIDAY, JULY 26, 2019 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Chronic Wasting Disease in Cervids: Implications for Prion Transmission to Humans and Other Animal Species</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/07/chronic-wasting-disease-in-cervids.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/07/chronic-wasting-disease-in-cervids.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2019</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">MAD DOGS AND ENGLISHMEN BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, CJD, TSE PRION A REVIEW 2019</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html</a></div>
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THE USA FDA MAD COW FEED BAN OF 1997 WAS NOTHING MORE THAN INK ON PAPER, NEVER ENFORCED...terry</div>
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SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 1, 2019 </div>
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FDA Reports on VFD Compliance</div>
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Before and after the current Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD) rules took full effect in January, 2017, the FDA focused primarily on education and outreach to help feed mills, veterinarians and producers understand and comply with the requirements. Since then, FDA has gradually increased the number of VFD inspections and initiated enforcement actions when necessary.</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/fda-reports-on-vfd-compliance.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/09/fda-reports-on-vfd-compliance.html</a></div>
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SATURDAY, DECEMBER 21, 2019 </div>
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In vitro detection of haematogenous prions in white-tailed deer orally dosed with low concentrations of chronic wasting disease</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/12/in-vitro-detection-of-haematogenous.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/12/in-vitro-detection-of-haematogenous.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 10pt;">WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 5, 2020 </span></div>
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Switzerland OIE Bovine spongiform encephalopathy atypical BSE type L TSE Prion</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/02/switzerland-oie-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2020/02/switzerland-oie-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">***> Poland and France are Proof imo atypical BSE is NOT an old cow spontaneous disease...tss</span></div>
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<span style="color: #111111; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.22em;">we have seen the spontaneous BSE epidemic in France, what about the other HIGH INCIDENCE ATYPICAL BSE COUNTRY OF POLAND, another atypical spontaneous event of high incidence. how can this be blamed on a happenstance of nothing, i.e. old age? goes against all junk science to date on the spontaneous atypical BSE i.e.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #111111; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.22em;">> In 2015, the OIE determined that atypical BSE occurred spontaneously at a low rate in all cattle populations and would be excluded for BSE risk. ...</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #111111; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.22em;">>Atypical BSE occurs in older cattle, usually 8 years of age or greater, and does not appear to be associated with contaminated feed. Like classic or sporadic CJD in humans, it seems to arise rarely and spontaneously. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #111111; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.22em;"> POLAND ATYPICAL BSE AND SPORADIC CJD</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #111111; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-small; line-height: 1.22em;">we have seen the spontaneous BSE epidemic in France, what about the other HIGH INCIDENCE ATYPICAL BSE COUNTRY OF POLAND, another atypical spontaneous event of high incidence. how can this be blamed on a happenstance of nothing, i.e. old age? goes against all junk science to date on the spontaneous atypical BSE i.e.</span></div>
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> In 2015, the OIE determined that atypical BSE occurred spontaneously at a low rate in all cattle populations and would be excluded for BSE risk. ...</div>
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>Atypical BSE occurs in older cattle, usually 8 years of age or greater, and does not appear to be associated with contaminated feed. Like classic or sporadic CJD in humans, it seems to arise rarely and spontaneously. </div>
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POLAND ATYPICAL BSE AND SPORADIC CJD</div>
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Atypical status of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in Poland: a molecular typing study</div>
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Summary</div>
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The aim of this study was to analyze molecular features of protease-resistant prion protein (PrPres) in Western blots of BSE cases diagnosed in Poland with respect to a possible atypical status. Confirmed cases were analyzed by Western blotting with several monoclonal antibodies directed at N-terminal and core epitopes of prion protein (PrP). Most cases showed the classical glycoprofile characterized by the dominance of the di- over the monoglycosylated PrPres band, yielding di-/mono- ratios well above 2 and by reactivity with antibodies having their epitopes in bovine PrP region 110–242 (C-type cases). Surprisingly, seven cases of BSE were atypical. Six were classified as L-type based on a slightly lower molecular mass (Mr) of the non- glycosylated band with respect to C-types and a conspicuously low di-/mono- ratio of glycosylated PrPres bands approaching unity. One case was classified as H-type because of a higher Mr of PrPres bands on the blot when compared with C-type cases. A characteristic epitope of H-type PrPres occurred in the 101–110 region of PrP for which only antibody 12B2 had a sufficient affinity. The occurrence of atypical cases only in animals 9 years of age and older raises questions about the mechanisms of prion diseases and the origin of BSE.</div>
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Atypical status of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in Poland: a molecular typing study</div>
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M. P. Polak1, J. F. Zmudzinski1, J. G. Jacobs2, J. P. M. Langeveld2</div>
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1 National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland</div>
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2 Central Institute for Animal Disease Control (CIDC-Lelystad), Lelystad, The Netherlands Received 24 April 2007; Accepted 27 August 2007; Published online 26 September 2007 # Springer-Verlag 2007 </div>
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Clarification of whether these atypical cases represent genuine strains of BSE would be accomplished by transmission studies in mice. Such studies have already been performed in France, Germany and Italy [3, 5, 14, 15]. For H-type cases in France, successful transmission was achieved in both wild-type, and transgenic mice expressing bovine and ovine PrPC. In Germany, successful transmission of both an L-type and an H-type case to transgenic mice overexpressing bovine PrPC has been described. PrPres from those mice was identical to the inoculum used in the study, proving the existence of distinct strains of BSE. All atypical features of those isolates were maintained in the inoculated mice, indicating the existence of several prion strains in cattle, or alternatively a possible evolution to a single BSE strain, as suggested from data obtained by Capobianco et al. with wild-type inbred mice [15]. This second hypothesis could fit with data from the United Kingdom, where over 180,000 cases of BSE were diagnosed by passive surveillance. British and European experience based on tissue analysis from clinically affected animals showed consistent characteristics of BSE agent not only on histological sections from cattle brains but also when inoculating mice, pointing to the existence of one uniform strain of BSE. Therefore, it is possible that a sporadic form of BSE present in the cattle population at a very low rate in the past could have spread to naive animals via contaminated meatand-bone meals. Spontaneous BSE, if it occurs, must be a very rare phenomenon. However, data for Poland, where 14% of all cases comprised an atypical form of BSE, seems to be in contradiction to this hypothesis. But when the average age of all positive cases in Poland is taken into account, BSE is generally found in older animals (mean age of 7.7). Analysis of the age structure of cattle in Poland in the period of 2002–2006 shows that 56–60% of all animals were 7 years old and above. A much larger number of cattle should be tested to get better insight into the real prevalence of atypical BSE. However, current tendencies based on economic analysis point to a decrease in the number of tests performed rather than expanding this scheme any further. It would be sensible to maintain a certain level of testing focused on the older age group to distinguish between a stable, thus sporadic-based, situation of BSE, or alternatively a fade-out, thus epidemic-based, situation. Exploring the subject of spontaneous BSE in the cattle population may be ceased for economic reasons, and it may never be known while this answer is in our reach thanks to great financial efforts in recent years. </div>
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Poland is Proof atypical BSE is NOT an old cow spontaneous disease...tss</div>
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Number of reported cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in farmed cattle worldwide* (excluding the United Kingdom) Country/Year </div>
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Poland </div>
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89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16</div>
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0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4f 5 11 19 10 9 5 4 2 1m 3 1 0 0 0</div>
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2019</div>
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<span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 04, 2019 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">POLAND DETECTS BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY BSE TSE PRION </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Poland is Proof atypical BSE is NOT an old cow spontaneous disease...tss </span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/02/poland-detects-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/02/poland-detects-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div>
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FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 01, 2019 </div>
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Poland Exported 5,500 Pounds of Meat From Sick Cows to EU, what about mad cow disease? </div>
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Poland is Proof atypical BSE is NOT an old cow spontaneous disease...tss </div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/02/poland-exported-5500-pounds-of-meat.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/02/poland-exported-5500-pounds-of-meat.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">snip...see full text;</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 7, 2019 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">The Nation Faces Long Standing Challenges Related to Defending Against Biological Threats</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2019/08/the-nation-faces-long-standing.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2019/08/the-nation-faces-long-standing.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">***Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.***</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Atypical BSE...Spontaneous...LOL</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">BSE identified in France</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Posted May 2, 2016</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">A cow in northern France has been confirmed to have bovine spongiform encephalopathy, according to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">The cow had developed partial paralysis and was euthanized March 1, a March 25 OIE report states.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">BSE is a fatal neurologic prion disease with a typical incubation period of four to five years. The cow in France was almost 5 years old.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">The affected cow had the classic form of BSE, which is most often associated with feed containing neurologic tissue from infected animals. It is distinct from atypical BSE, which may develop spontaneously, according to information from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Investigators were trying to identify the source of infection and other animals at risk for BSE at the time the report was published.</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.avma.org/News/JAVMANews/Pages/160515n.aspx" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.avma.org/News/JAVMANews/Pages/160515n.aspx</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">The affected bovine, a Salers female born on April, 8th 2011, showed paresis and was euthanized on March, 1st 2016. Samples made on March, 4th 2016 during rendering were analyzed at the Department Laboratory of La Somme. The rapid test proved positive on March, 8th 2016 and the samples were then sent for further analysis to the National Reference Laboratory, ANSES, which confirmed a case of classical BSE on March, 21st 2016. The European Union Reference Laboratory confirmed those results on the basis of documentation on March, 23rd 2016.</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.oie.int/wahis_2/public/wahid.php/Reviewreport/Review?page_refer=MapFullEventReport&reportid=19974" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.oie.int/wahis_2/public/wahid.php/Reviewreport/Review?page_refer=MapFullEventReport&reportid=19974</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">>>> It is distinct from atypical BSE, which may develop spontaneously, according to information from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">THIS IS A MYTH $$$</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">***atypical spontaneous BSE in France LOL***</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">FRANCE STOPS TESTING FOR MAD COW DISEASE BSE, and here’s why, to many spontaneous events of mad cow disease $$$</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">***so 20 cases of atypical BSE in France, compared to the remaining 40 cases in the remaining 12 Countries, divided by the remaining 12 Countries, about 3+ cases per country, besides Frances 20 cases. you cannot explain this away with any spontaneous BSe. ...TSS</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Sunday, October 5, 2014</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">France stops BSE testing for Mad Cow Disease</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/10/france-stops-bse-testing-for-mad-cow.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/10/france-stops-bse-testing-for-mad-cow.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Thursday, March 24, 2016</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">FRANCE CONFIRMS BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY BSE MAD COW (ESB) chez une vache dans les Ardennes</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">***atypical spontaneous BSE in France LOL***</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">FRANCE STOPS TESTING FOR MAD COW DISEASE BSE, and here’s why, to many spontaneous events of mad cow disease $$$</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">If you Compare France to other Countries with atypical BSE, in my opinion, you cannot explain this with ‘spontaneous’.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Table 1: Number of Atypical BSE cases reported by EU Member States in the period 2001–2014 by country and by type (L- and H-BSE) (extracted from EU BSE databases on 1 July 2014). By 2015, these data might be more comprehensive following a request from the European Commission to Member States for re-testing and retrospective classification of all positive bovine isolates in the EU in the years 2003–2009</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Country 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013(a) 2014(a) Total</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">H-BSE Austria 1 1</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">France(b) 1 2 3 1 2 2 2 2 15</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Germany 1 1 2</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Ireland 1 1 2 1 5</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">The Netherlands 1 1</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Poland 1 1 2</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Portugal 1 1</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Spain 1 1 2</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Sweden 1 1</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">United Kingdom 1 1 1 1 1 5</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Total 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 2 4 4 5 1 4 1 35</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">L-BSE Austria 1 1 2</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Denmark 1 1</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">France(b) 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 2 1 1 14</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Germany 1 1 2</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Italy 1 1 1 1 1 5</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">The Netherlands 1 1 1 3</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Poland 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 12</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Spain 2 2</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">United Kingdom 1 1 1 1 4</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Total 0 5 3 4 3 3 6 3 3 4 3 6 1 1 45</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Total Atypical cases (H + L)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">2 8 6 5 4 5 8 5 7 8 8 7 5 2 80</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">(a): Data for 2013-2014 are incomplete and may not include all cases/countries reported.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">(b): France has performed extensive retrospective testing to classify BSE cases, which is probably the explanation for the higher number of Atypical BSE cases reported in this country.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">The number of Atypical BSE cases detected in countries that have already identified them seems to be similar from year to year. In France, a retrospective study of all TSE-positive cattle identified through the compulsory EU surveillance between 2001 and 2007 indicated that the prevalence of H-BSE and L-BSE was 0.35 and 0.41 cases per million adult cattle tested, respectively, which increased to 1.9 and 1.7 cases per million, respectively, in tested animals over eight years old (Biacabe et al., 2008). No comprehensive study on the prevalence of Atypical BSE cases has yet been carried out in other EU Member States. All cases of Atypical BSE reported in the EU BSE databases have been identified by active surveillance testing (59 % in fallen stock, 38 % in healthy slaughtered cattle and 4 % in emergency slaughtered cattle). Cases were reported in animals over eight years of age, with the exception of two cases (one H-BSE and one L-BSE) detected in Spain in 2011/2012. One additional case of H-BSE was detected in Switzerland in 2012 in a cow born in Germany in 2005 (Guldimann et al., 2012).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 5, 2020 </span><div style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.22em;">
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Dangerous Pathogens introduction into the United States through smuggling of meat in air passenger luggage, a review 2020</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2020/02/dangerous-pathogens-introduction-into.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2020/02/dangerous-pathogens-introduction-into.html</a></div>
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SRM's TSE PRION CONSUMPTION IN THE USA</div>
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Wednesday, March 2, 2016</div>
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RANCHO He did not know that they were placing healthy cow heads next to suspect carcasses BSE TSE Prion</div>
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Sunday, June 14, 2015</div>
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Larry’s Custom Meats Inc. Recalls Beef Tongue Products That May Contain Specified Risk Materials BSE TSE Prion</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/06/larrys-custom-meats-inc-recalls-beef.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/06/larrys-custom-meats-inc-recalls-beef.html</a></div>
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Thursday, June 12, 2014</div>
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Missouri Firm Recalls Ribeye and Carcass Products That May Contain Specified Risk Materials 4,012 pounds of fresh beef products because the dorsal root ganglia may not have been completely removed</div>
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Saturday, November 10, 2012</div>
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Wisconsin Firm Recalls Beef Tongues That May Contain Specified Risk Materials Nov 9, 2012 WI Firm Recalls Beef Tongues</div>
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Saturday, July 23, 2011</div>
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CATTLE HEADS WITH TONSILS, BEEF TONGUES, SPINAL CORD, SPECIFIED RISK MATERIALS (SRM's) AND PRIONS, AKA MAD COW DISEASE</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/07/cattle-heads-with-tonsils-beef-tongues.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2011/07/cattle-heads-with-tonsils-beef-tongues.html</a></div>
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Sunday, October 18, 2009</div>
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Wisconsin Firm Recalls Beef Tongues That Contain Prohibited Materials SRM WASHINGTON, October 17, 2009</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/10/wisconsin-firm-recalls-beef-tongues.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2009/10/wisconsin-firm-recalls-beef-tongues.html</a></div>
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Thursday, October 15, 2009</div>
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Nebraska Firm Recalls Beef Tongues That Contain Prohibited Materials SRM WASHINGTON, Oct 15, 2009</div>
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Thursday, June 26, 2008</div>
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Texas Firm Recalls Cattle Heads That Contain Prohibited Materials</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/06/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/06/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html</a></div>
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Tuesday, July 1, 2008</div>
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Missouri Firm Recalls Cattle Heads That Contain Prohibited Materials SRMs</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/07/missouri-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/07/missouri-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html</a></div>
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Friday, August 8, 2008</div>
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Texas Firm Recalls Cattle Heads That Contain Prohibited Materials SRMs 941,271 pounds with tonsils not completely removed</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/08/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowfeed.blogspot.com/2008/08/texas-firm-recalls-cattle-heads-that.html</a></div>
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Saturday, April 5, 2008</div>
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SRM MAD COW RECALL 406 THOUSAND POUNDS CATTLE HEADS WITH TONSILS KANSAS</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/04/srm-mad-cow-recall-406-thousand-pounds.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/04/srm-mad-cow-recall-406-thousand-pounds.html</a></div>
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Wednesday, April 30, 2008</div>
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Consumption of beef tongue: Human BSE risk associated with exposure to lymphoid tissue in bovine tongue in consideration of new research findings</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/04/consumption-of-beef-tongue-human-bse.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/04/consumption-of-beef-tongue-human-bse.html</a></div>
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Wednesday, April 30, 2008</div>
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Consumption of beef tongue: Human BSE risk associated with exposure to lymphoid tissue in bovine tongue in consideration of new research findings</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/04/consumption-of-beef-tongue-human-bse.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://cjdmadcowbaseoct2007.blogspot.com/2008/04/consumption-of-beef-tongue-human-bse.html</a></div>
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Friday, October 15, 2010</div>
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BSE infectivity in the absence of detectable PrPSc accumulation in the tongue and nasal mucosa of terminally diseased cattle</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/10/bse-infectivity-in-absence-of.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bseusa.blogspot.com/2010/10/bse-infectivity-in-absence-of.html</a></div>
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SPECIFIED RISK MATERIALS SRMs</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowspontaneousnot.blogspot.com/2008/02/specified-risk-materials-srm.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowspontaneousnot.blogspot.com/2008/02/specified-risk-materials-srm.html</a></div>
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USDA BSE TSE PRION SURVEILLANCE, FEED, TESTING, SRM FIREWALLS...LMAO!</div>
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THE USDA FDA TRIPLE MAD COW DISEASE FIREWALL, WERE NOTHING MORE THAN INK ON PAPER !</div>
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10,000,000+ LBS. of PROHIBITED BANNED MAD COW FEED I.E. BLOOD LACED MBM IN COMMERCE USA 2007</div>
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Date: March 21, 2007 at 2:27 pm PST RECALLS AND FIELD CORRECTIONS: VETERINARY MEDICINES -- CLASS II PRODUCT Bulk cattle feed made with recalled Darling's 85% Blood Meal, Flash Dried, Recall # V-024-2007 CODE Cattle feed delivered between 01/12/2007 and 01/26/2007 RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Pfeiffer, Arno, Inc, Greenbush, WI. by conversation on February 5, 2007.</div>
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Firm initiated recall is ongoing. REASON Blood meal used to make cattle feed was recalled because it was cross- contaminated with prohibited bovine meat and bone meal that had been manufactured on common equipment and labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.</div>
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VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 42,090 lbs. DISTRIBUTION WI</div>
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PRODUCT Custom dairy premix products: MNM ALL PURPOSE Pellet, HILLSIDE/CDL Prot- Buffer Meal, LEE, M.-CLOSE UP PX Pellet, HIGH DESERT/ GHC LACT Meal, TATARKA, M CUST PROT Meal, SUNRIDGE/CDL PROTEIN Blend, LOURENZO, K PVM DAIRY Meal, DOUBLE B DAIRY/GHC LAC Mineral, WEST PIONT/GHC CLOSEUP Mineral, WEST POINT/GHC LACT Meal, JENKS, J/COMPASS PROTEIN Meal, COPPINI - 8# SPECIAL DAIRY Mix, GULICK, L-LACT Meal (Bulk), TRIPLE J - PROTEIN/LACTATION, ROCK CREEK/GHC MILK Mineral, BETTENCOURT/GHC S.SIDE MK-MN, BETTENCOURT #1/GHC MILK MINR, V&C DAIRY/GHC LACT Meal, VEENSTRA, F/GHC LACT Meal, SMUTNY, A- BYPASS ML W/SMARTA, Recall # V-025-2007 CODE The firm does not utilize a code - only shipping documentation with commodity and weights identified. RECALLING FIRM/MANUFACTURER Rangen, Inc, Buhl, ID, by letters on February 13 and 14, 2007.</div>
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Firm initiated recall is complete. REASON Products manufactured from bulk feed containing blood meal that was cross contaminated with prohibited meat and bone meal and the labeling did not bear cautionary BSE statement.</div>
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VOLUME OF PRODUCT IN COMMERCE 9,997,976 lbs. DISTRIBUTION ID and NV</div>
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END OF ENFORCEMENT REPORT FOR MARCH 21, 2007</div>
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16 years post mad cow feed ban August 1997</div>
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Sunday, December 15, 2013</div>
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FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OIA UPDATE DECEMBER 2013 UPDATE</div>
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17 years post mad cow feed ban August 1997</div>
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Tuesday, December 23, 2014</div>
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FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OAI UPDATE DECEMBER 2014 BSE TSE PRION</div>
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*** Monday, October 26, 2015 ***</div>
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*** FDA PART 589 -- SUBSTANCES PROHIBITED FROM USE IN ANIMAL FOOD OR FEED VIOLATIONS OFFICIAL ACTION INDICATED OIA UPDATE October 2015 ***</div>
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Thursday, July 24, 2014</div>
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*** Protocol for further laboratory investigations into the distribution of infectivity of Atypical BSE SCIENTIFIC REPORT OF EFSA New protocol for Atypical BSE investigations</div>
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*** Singeltary reply ; Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics of BSE in Canada Singeltary reply ;</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action;jsessionid=635CE9094E0EA15D5362B7D7B809448C?root=7143" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action;jsessionid=635CE9094E0EA15D5362B7D7B809448C?root=7143</a></div>
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Saturday, January 31, 2015</div>
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European red deer (Cervus elaphus elaphus) are susceptible to Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE by Oral Alimentary route</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/01/european-red-deer-cervus-elaphus.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: #888888; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2015/01/european-red-deer-cervus-elaphus.html</a></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In the USA, USDA et al sometimes serves SRM’s up as appetizers or horderves.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Department of Justice Former Suppliers of Beef to National School Lunch Program Settle Allegations of Improper Practices and Mistreating Cows</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/11/department-of-justice-former-suppliers.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2013/11/department-of-justice-former-suppliers.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">seems USDA NSLP et al thought that it would be alright, to feed our children all across the USA, via the NSLP, DEAD STOCK DOWNER COWS, the most high risk cattle for mad cow type disease, and other dangerous pathogens, and they did this for 4 years, that was documented, then hid what they did by having a recall, one of the largest recalls ever, and they made this recall and masked the reason for the recall due to animal abuse (I do not condone animal abuse), not for the reason of the potential for these animals to have mad cow BSE type disease (or other dangerous and deadly pathogens). these TSE prion disease can lay dormant for 5, 10, 20 years, or longer, WHO WILL WATCH OUR CHILDREN FOR THE NEXT 5 DECADES FOR CJD ???</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Westland/Hallmark: 2008 Beef Recall A Case Study by The Food Industry Center January 2010 THE FLIM-FLAM REPORT</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://downercattle.blogspot.com/2013/09/westlandhallmark-2008-beef-recall-case.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://downercattle.blogspot.com/2013/09/westlandhallmark-2008-beef-recall-case.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">DID YOUR CHILD CONSUME SOME OF THESE DEAD STOCK DOWNER COWS, THE MOST HIGH RISK FOR MAD COW DISEASE ???</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">this recall was not for the welfare of the animals. ...tss you can check and see here ; (link now dead, does not work...tss)</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/safety/pdf/Hallmark-Westland_byState.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/safety/pdf/Hallmark-Westland_byState.pdf</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">try this link ;</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://downercattle.blogspot.com/2013/09/school-food-authorities-affected-by.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://downercattle.blogspot.com/2013/09/school-food-authorities-affected-by.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The 2004 enhanced BSE surveillance program was so flawed, that one of the top TSE prion Scientist for the CDC, Dr. Paul Brown stated ; Brown, who is preparing a scientific paper based on the latest two mad cow cases to estimate the maximum number of infected cows that occurred in the United States, said he has "absolutely no confidence in USDA tests before one year ago" because of the agency's reluctance to retest the Texas cow that initially tested positive.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">see ;</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">CDC - Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy and Variant Creutzfeldt ... Dr. Paul Brown is Senior Research Scientist in the Laboratory of Central Nervous System ... Address for correspondence: Paul Brown, Building 36, Room 4A-05, ...</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">PAUL BROWN COMMENT TO ME ON THIS ISSUE</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Tuesday, September 12, 2006 11:10 AM</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">"Actually, Terry, I have been critical of the USDA handling of the mad cow issue for some years, and with Linda Detwiler and others sent lengthy detailed critiques and recommendations to both the USDA and the Canadian Food Agency."</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">OR, what the Honorable Phyllis Fong of the OIG found ;</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Finding 2 Inherent Challenges in Identifying and Testing High-Risk Cattle Still Remain</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.usda.gov/oig/webdocs/50601-10-KC.pdf</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">IT is of my opinion, that the OIE and the USDA et al, are the soul reason, and responsible parties, for Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE prion diseases, including typical and atypical BSE, typical and atypical Scrapie, and all strains of CWD, and human TSE there from, spreading around the globe. I have lost all confidence of this organization as a regulatory authority on animal disease, and consider it nothing more than a National Trading Brokerage for all strains of animal TSE, just to satisfy there commodity. AS i said before, OIE should hang up there jock strap now, since it appears they will buckle every time a country makes some political hay about trade protocol, commodities and futures. IF they are not going to be science based, they should do everyone a favor and dissolve there organization. JUST because of low documented human body count with nvCJD and the long incubation periods, the lack of sound science being replaced by political and corporate science in relations with the fact that science has now linked some sporadic CJD with atypical BSE and atypical scrapie, and the very real threat of CWD being zoonosis, I believed the O.I.E. has failed terribly and again, I call for this organization to be dissolved... </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Monday, May 05, 2014</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Member Country details for listing OIE CWD 2013 against the criteria of Article 1.2.2., the Code Commission recommends consideration for listing</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/05/member-country-details-for-listing-oie.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2014/05/member-country-details-for-listing-oie.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Friday, December 5, 2014</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">SPECIAL ALERT The OIE recommends strengthening animal disease surveillance worldwide</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/12/special-alert-oie-recommends.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/12/special-alert-oie-recommends.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">IN A NUT SHELL ; (Adopted by the International Committee of the OIE on 23 May 2006) 11. Information published by the OIE is derived from appropriate declarations made by the official Veterinary Services of Member Countries. The OIE is not responsible for inaccurate publication of country disease status based on inaccurate information or changes in epidemiological status or other significant events that were not promptly reported to the Central Bureau,</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.oie.int/eng/Session2007/RF2006.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.oie.int/eng/Session2007/RF2006.pdf</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;">MONDAY, JANUARY 21, 2019 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Surveillance FDA USDA APHIS FSIS UPDATE 2019</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Saturday, December 15, 2018 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***> ADRD Summit RFI Singeltary COMMENT SUBMISSION BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, AND HUMAN TSE PRION DISEASE December 14, 2018</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://prionprp.blogspot.com/2018/12/adrd-summit-rfi-singeltary-comment.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://prionprp.blogspot.com/2018/12/adrd-summit-rfi-singeltary-comment.html</a></div>
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***> FRIDAY, DECEMBER 14, 2018 MAD COW USA FLASHBACK Texas Style</div>
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FRIDAY DECEMBER 14, 2018 </div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2018/12/mad-cow-usa-flashback-friday-december.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2018/12/mad-cow-usa-flashback-friday-december.html</a> </div>
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THURSDAY, JANUARY 3, 2019 </div>
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MAD COW USDA DISEASE BSE TSE Prion </div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2019/01/mad-cow-usda-disease-bse-tse-prion.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2019/01/mad-cow-usda-disease-bse-tse-prion.html</a></div>
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THURSDAY, OCTOBER 22, 2015 </div>
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Former Ag Secretary Ann Veneman talks women in agriculture and we talk mad cow disease USDA and what really happened</div>
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HOW TO COVER UP MAD COW DISEASE IN TEXAS</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/former-ag-secretary-ann-veneman-talks.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/10/former-ag-secretary-ann-veneman-talks.html</a> </div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2012/06/johanns-introduces-legislation-banning.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2012/06/johanns-introduces-legislation-banning.html</a> </div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2012_06_01_archive.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2012_06_01_archive.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 29, 2018 </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">OIE Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, United States of America Information received on 29/08/2018 from Dr John Clifford, Official Delegate, Chief Trade Advisor, APHIS USDA</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">''The event is resolved. No more reports will be submitted.''</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">well, so much for those herd mates exposed to this atypical BSE cow, and all those trace in and trace outs.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">The OIE, USDA, and the BSE MRR policy is a joke, a sad, very sad joke...</span></span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2018/08/oie-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2018/08/oie-bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Saturday, July 23, 2016</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY BSE TSE PRION SURVEILLANCE, TESTING, AND SRM REMOVAL UNITED STATE OF AMERICA UPDATE JULY 2016</span></span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/07/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Tuesday, July 26, 2016</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion UPDATE JULY 2016</span></span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Monday, June 20, 2016</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Specified Risk Materials SRMs BSE TSE Prion Program</span></span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2016/06/specified-risk-materials-srms-bse-tse.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">WEDNESDAY, APRIL 24, 2019 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">***> USDA Announces Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Detection Aug 29, 2018 A Review of Science 2019</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html</a></div>
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ZOONOSIS OF SCRAPIE TSE PRION</div>
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O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">============== </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a> </span></div>
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***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span></div>
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PRION 2016 TOKYO</div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X online</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Taylor & Francis</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Juan Maria Torres a, Olivier Andreoletti b, J uan-Carlos Espinosa a. Vincent Beringue c. Patricia Aguilar a,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Natalia Fernandez-Borges a. and Alba Marin-Moreno a</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">"Centro de Investigacion en Sanidad Animal ( CISA-INIA ). Valdeolmos, Madrid. Spain; b UMR INRA -ENVT 1225 Interactions Holes Agents Pathogenes. ENVT. Toulouse. France: "UR892. Virologie lmmunologie MolécuIaires, Jouy-en-Josas. France</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Dietary exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) contaminated bovine tissues is considered as the origin of variant Creutzfeldt Jakob (vCJD) disease in human. To date, BSE agent is the only recognized zoonotic prion... Despite the variety of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE) agents that have been circulating for centuries in farmed ruminants there is no apparent epidemiological link between exposure to ruminant products and the occurrence of other form of TSE in human like sporadic Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease (sCJD). However, the zoonotic potential of the diversity of circulating TSE agents has never been systematically assessed. The major issue in experimental assessment of TSEs zoonotic potential lies in the modeling of the ‘species barrier‘, the biological phenomenon that limits TSE agents’ propagation from a species to another. In the last decade, mice genetically engineered to express normal forms of the human prion protein has proved essential in studying human prions pathogenesis and modeling the capacity of TSEs to cross the human species barrier.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">To assess the zoonotic potential of prions circulating in farmed ruminants, we study their transmission ability in transgenic mice expressing human PrPC (HuPrP-Tg). Two lines of mice expressing different forms of the human PrPC (129Met or 129Val) are used to determine the role of the Met129Val dimorphism in susceptibility/resistance to the different agents.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">These transmission experiments confirm the ability of BSE prions to propagate in 129M- HuPrP-Tg mice and demonstrate that Met129 homozygotes may be susceptible to BSE in sheep or goat to a greater degree than the BSE agent in cattle and that these agents can convey molecular properties and neuropathological indistinguishable from vCJD. However homozygous 129V mice are resistant to all tested BSE derived prions independently of the originating species suggesting a higher transmission barrier for 129V-PrP variant.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span></div>
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***> why do we not want to do TSE transmission studies on chimpanzees $</div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">5. A positive result from a chimpanzee challenged severly would likely create alarm in some circles even if the result could not be interpreted for man. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">***> I have a view that all these agents could be transmitted provided a large enough dose by appropriate routes was given and the animals kept long enough. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">***> Until the mechanisms of the species barrier are more clearly understood it might be best to retain that hypothesis.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">R. BRADLEY</span></div>
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<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170126051158/http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102222950/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170126051158/http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102222950/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=313160</a> </span></div>
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***> Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility. <***</div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Emmanuel E. Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Sophie Luccantoni-Freire, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra-Etchegaray, Valérie Durand, Capucine Dehen, Olivier Andreoletti, Cristina Casalone, Juergen A. Richt, Justin J. Greenlee, Thierry Baron, Sylvie L. Benestad, Paul Brown & Jean-Philippe Deslys Scientific Reports volume 5, Article number: 11573 (2015) | Download Citation</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Abstract </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (c-BSE) is the only animal prion disease reputed to be zoonotic, causing variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans and having guided protective measures for animal and human health against animal prion diseases. Recently, partial transmissions to humanized mice showed that the zoonotic potential of scrapie might be similar to c-BSE. We here report the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to cynomolgus macaque, a highly relevant model for human prion diseases, after a 10-year silent incubation period, with features similar to those reported for human cases of sporadic CJD. Scrapie is thus actually transmissible to primates with incubation periods compatible with their life expectancy, although fourfold longer than BSE. Long-term experimental transmission studies are necessary to better assess the zoonotic potential of other prion diseases with high prevalence, notably Chronic Wasting Disease of deer and elk and atypical/Nor98 scrapie.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Discussion We describe the transmission of spongiform encephalopathy in a non-human primate inoculated 10 years earlier with a strain of sheep c-scrapie. Because of this extended incubation period in a facility in which other prion diseases are under study, we are obliged to consider two alternative possibilities that might explain its occurrence. We first considered the possibility of a sporadic origin (like CJD in humans). Such an event is extremely improbable because the inoculated animal was 14 years old when the clinical signs appeared, i.e. about 40% through the expected natural lifetime of this species, compared to a peak age incidence of 60–65 years in human sporadic CJD, or about 80% through their expected lifetimes. Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">The second possibility is a laboratory cross-contamination. Three facts make this possibility equally unlikely. First, handling of specimens in our laboratory is performed with fastidious attention to the avoidance of any such cross-contamination. Second, no laboratory cross-contamination has ever been documented in other primate laboratories, including the NIH, even between infected and uninfected animals housed in the same or adjacent cages with daily intimate contact (P. Brown, personal communication). Third, the cerebral lesion profile is different from all the other prion diseases we have studied in this model19, with a correlation between cerebellar lesions (massive spongiform change of Purkinje cells, intense PrPres staining and reactive gliosis26) and ataxia. The iron deposits present in the globus pallidus are a non specific finding that have been reported previously in neurodegenerative diseases and aging27. Conversely, the thalamic lesion was reminiscent of a metabolic disease due to thiamine deficiency28 but blood thiamine levels were within normal limits (data not shown). The preferential distribution of spongiform change in cortex associated with a limited distribution in the brainstem is reminiscent of the lesion profile in MM2c and VV1 sCJD patients29, but interspecies comparison of lesion profiles should be interpreted with caution. It is of note that the same classical scrapie isolate induced TSE in C57Bl/6 mice with similar incubation periods and lesional profiles as a sample derived from a MM1 sCJD patient30.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">We are therefore confident that the illness in this cynomolgus macaque represents a true transmission of a sheep c-scrapie isolate directly to an old-world monkey, which taxonomically resides in the primate subdivision (parvorder of catarrhini) that includes humans. With an homology of its PrP protein with humans of 96.4%31, cynomolgus macaque constitutes a highly relevant model for assessing zoonotic risk of prion diseases. Since our initial aim was to show the absence of transmission of scrapie to macaques in the worst-case scenario, we obtained materials from a flock of naturally-infected sheep, affecting animals with different genotypes32. This c-scrapie isolate exhibited complete transmission in ARQ/ARQ sheep (332 ± 56 days) and Tg338 transgenic mice expressing ovine VRQ/VRQ prion protein (220 ± 5 days) (O. Andreoletti, personal communication). From the standpoint of zoonotic risk, it is important to note that sheep with c-scrapie (including the isolate used in our study) have demonstrable infectivity throughout their lymphoreticular system early in the incubation period of the disease (3 months-old for all the lymphoid organs, and as early as 2 months-old in gut-associated lymph nodes)33. In addition, scrapie infectivity has been identified in blood34, milk35 and skeletal muscle36 from asymptomatic but scrapie infected small ruminants which implies a potential dietary exposure for consumers.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Two earlier studies have reported the occurrence of clinical TSE in cynomolgus macaques after exposures to scrapie isolates. In the first study, the “Compton” scrapie isolate (derived from an English sheep) and serially propagated for 9 passages in goats did not transmit TSE in cynomolgus macaque, rhesus macaque or chimpanzee within 7 years following intracerebral challenge1; conversely, after 8 supplementary passages in conventional mice, this “Compton” isolate induced TSE in a cynomolgus macaque 5 years after intracerebral challenge, but rhesus macaques and chimpanzee remained asymptomatic 8.5 years post-exposure8. However, multiple successive passages that are classically used to select laboratory-adapted prion strains can significantly modify the initial properties of a scrapie isolate, thus questioning the relevance of zoonotic potential for the initial sheep-derived isolate. The same isolate had also induced disease into squirrel monkeys (new-world monkey)9. A second historical observation reported that a cynomolgus macaque developed TSE 6 years post-inoculation with brain homogenate from a scrapie-infected Suffolk ewe (derived from USA), whereas a rhesus macaque and a chimpanzee exposed to the same inoculum remained healthy 9 years post-exposure1. This inoculum also induced TSE in squirrel monkeys after 4 passages in mice. Other scrapie transmission attempts in macaque failed but had more shorter periods of observation in comparison to the current study. Further, it is possible that there are differences in the zoonotic potential of different scrapie strains.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">The most striking observation in our study is the extended incubation period of scrapie in the macaque model, which has several implications. Firstly, our observations constitute experimental evidence in favor of the zoonotic potential of c-scrapie, at least for this isolate that has been extensively studied32,33,34,35,36. The cross-species zoonotic ability of this isolate should be confirmed by performing duplicate intracerebral exposures and assessing the transmissibility by the oral route (a successful transmission of prion strains through the intracerebral route may not necessarily indicate the potential for oral transmission37). However, such confirmatory experiments may require more than one decade, which is hardly compatible with current general management and support of scientific projects; thus this study should be rather considered as a case report.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Secondly, transmission of c-BSE to primates occurred within 8 years post exposure for the lowest doses able to transmit the disease (the survival period after inoculation is inversely proportional to the initial amount of infectious inoculum). The occurrence of scrapie 10 years after exposure to a high dose (25 mg) of scrapie-infected sheep brain suggests that the macaque has a higher species barrier for sheep c-scrapie than c-BSE, although it is notable that previous studies based on in vitro conversion of PrP suggested that BSE and scrapie prions would have a similar conversion potential for human PrP38.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Thirdly, prion diseases typically have longer incubation periods after oral exposure than after intracerebral inoculations: since humans can develop Kuru 47 years after oral exposure39, an incubation time of several decades after oral exposure to scrapie would therefore be expected, leading the disease to occur in older adults, i.e. the peak age for cases considered to be sporadic disease, and making a distinction between scrapie-associated and truly sporadic disease extremely difficult to appreciate.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Fourthly, epidemiologic evidence is necessary to confirm the zoonotic potential of an animal disease suggested by experimental studies. A relatively short incubation period and a peculiar epidemiological situation (e.g., all the first vCJD cases occurring in the country with the most important ongoing c-BSE epizootic) led to a high degree of suspicion that c-BSE was the cause of vCJD. Sporadic CJD are considered spontaneous diseases with an almost stable and constant worldwide prevalence (0.5–2 cases per million inhabitants per year), and previous epidemiological studies were unable to draw a link between sCJD and classical scrapie6,7,40,41, even though external causes were hypothesized to explain the occurrence of some sCJD clusters42,43,44. However, extended incubation periods exceeding several decades would impair the predictive values of epidemiological surveillance for prion diseases, already weakened by a limited prevalence of prion diseases and the multiplicity of isolates gathered under the phenotypes of “scrapie” and “sporadic CJD”.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">Fifthly, considering this 10 year-long incubation period, together with both laboratory and epidemiological evidence of decade or longer intervals between infection and clinical onset of disease, no premature conclusions should be drawn from negative transmission studies in cynomolgus macaques with less than a decade of observation, as in the aforementioned historical transmission studies of scrapie to primates1,8,9. Our observations and those of others45,46 to date are unable to provide definitive evidence regarding the zoonotic potential of CWD, atypical/Nor98 scrapie or H-type BSE. The extended incubation period of the scrapie-affected macaque in the current study also underscores the limitations of rodent models expressing human PrP for assessing the zoonotic potential of some prion diseases since their lifespan remains limited to approximately two years21,47,48. This point is illustrated by the fact that the recently reported transmission of scrapie to humanized mice was not associated with clinical signs for up to 750 days and occurred in an extreme minority of mice with only a marginal increase in attack rate upon second passage13. The low attack rate in these studies is certainly linked to the limited lifespan of mice compared to the very long periods of observation necessary to demonstrate the development of scrapie. Alternatively, one could estimate that a successful second passage is the result of strain adaptation to the species barrier, thus poorly relevant of the real zoonotic potential of the original scrapie isolate of sheep origin49. The development of scrapie in this primate after an incubation period compatible with its lifespan complements the study conducted in transgenic (humanized) mice; taken together these studies suggest that some isolates of sheep scrapie can promote misfolding of the human prion protein and that scrapie can develop within the lifespan of some primate species.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica; line-height: 1.22em;">In addition to previous studies on scrapie transmission to primate1,8,9 and the recently published study on transgenic humanized mice13, our results constitute new evidence for recommending that the potential risk of scrapie for human health should not be dismissed. Indeed, human PrP transgenic mice and primates are the most relevant models for investigating the human transmission barrier. To what extent such models are informative for measuring the zoonotic potential of an animal TSE under field exposure conditions is unknown. During the past decades, many protective measures have been successfully implemented to protect cattle from the spread of c-BSE, and some of these measures have been extended to sheep and goats to protect from scrapie according to the principle of precaution. Since cases of c-BSE have greatly reduced in number, those protective measures are currently being challenged and relaxed in the absence of other known zoonotic animal prion disease. We recommend that risk managers should be aware of the long term potential risk to human health of at least certain scrapie isolates, notably for lymphotropic strains like the classical scrapie strain used in the current study. Relatively high amounts of infectivity in peripheral lymphoid organs in animals infected with these strains could lead to contamination of food products produced for human consumption. Efforts should also be maintained to further assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains in long-term studies, notably lymphotropic strains with high prevalence like CWD, which is spreading across North America, and atypical/Nor98 scrapie (Nor98)50 that was first detected in the past two decades and now represents approximately half of all reported cases of prion diseases in small ruminants worldwide, including territories previously considered as scrapie free... Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fcfce5;"><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px;">Cervid to human prion transmission </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fcfce5;"><span style="color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px;">Kong, Qingzhong Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">We hypothesize that: </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">(1) The classic CWD prion strain can infect humans at low levels in the brain and peripheral lymphoid tissues; </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">(2) The cervid-to-human transmission barrier is dependent on the cervid prion strain and influenced by the host (human) prion protein (PrP) primary sequence; </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">(3) Reliable essays can be established to detect CWD infection in humans; and </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">(4) CWD transmission to humans has already occurred. We will test these hypotheses in 4 Aims using transgenic (Tg) mouse models and complementary in vitro approaches. </span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-04" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-04</a></div>
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<br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">ZOONOTIC CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION UPDATE</span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">here is the latest;</span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">PRION 2018 CONFERENCE </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">Oral transmission of CWD into Cynomolgus macaques: signs of atypical disease, prion conversion and infectivity in macaques and bio-assayed transgenic mice </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">Hermann M. Schatzl, Samia Hannaoui, Yo-Ching Cheng, Sabine Gilch (Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada) Michael Beekes (RKI Berlin), Walter Schulz-Schaeffer (University of Homburg/Saar, Germany), Christiane Stahl-Hennig (German Primate Center) & Stefanie Czub (CFIA Lethbridge). </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">To date, BSE is the only example of interspecies transmission of an animal prion disease into humans. The potential zoonotic transmission of CWD is an alarming issue and was addressed by many groups using a variety of in vitro and in vivo experimental systems. Evidence from these studies indicated a substantial, if not absolute, species barrier, aligning with the absence of epidemiological evidence suggesting transmission into humans. Studies in non-human primates were not conclusive so far, with oral transmission into new-world monkeys and no transmission into old-world monkeys. Our consortium has challenged 18 Cynomolgus macaques with characterized CWD material, focusing on oral transmission with muscle tissue. Some macaques have orally received a total of 5 kg of muscle material over a period of 2 years. </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">After 5-7 years of incubation time some animals showed clinical symptoms indicative of prion disease, and prion neuropathology and PrPSc deposition were detected in spinal cord and brain of some euthanized animals. PrPSc in immunoblot was weakly detected in some spinal cord materials and various tissues tested positive in RT-QuIC, including lymph node and spleen homogenates. To prove prion infectivity in the macaque tissues, we have intracerebrally inoculated 2 lines of transgenic mice, expressing either elk or human PrP. At least 3 TgElk mice, receiving tissues from 2 different macaques, showed clinical signs of a progressive prion disease and brains were positive in immunoblot and RT-QuIC. Tissues (brain, spinal cord and spleen) from these and pre-clinical mice are currently tested using various read-outs and by second passage in mice. Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were so far negative for clear clinical prion disease (some mice >300 days p.i.). In parallel, the same macaque materials are inoculated into bank voles. </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">Taken together, there is strong evidence of transmissibility of CWD orally into macaques and from macaque tissues into transgenic mouse models, although with an incomplete attack rate. </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology. </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">Our ongoing studies will show whether the transmission of CWD into macaques and passage in transgenic mice represents a form of non-adaptive prion amplification, and whether macaque-adapted prions have the potential to infect mice expressing human PrP. </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.. </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD. <*** </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><a class="yiv4927464629externalLink" fg_scanned="1" href="https://prion2018.org/" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: #fcfce5; border-radius: 5px; color: #0429e4; cursor: pointer; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px; margin: 0px -3px; padding: 0px 3px;" target="_blank">https://prion2018.org/</a><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">READING OVER THE PRION 2018 ABSTRACT BOOK, LOOKS LIKE THEY FOUND THAT from this study ; </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">P190 Human prion disease mortality rates by occurrence of chronic wasting disease in freeranging cervids, United States </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">Abrams JY (1), Maddox RA (1), Schonberger LB (1), Person MK (1), Appleby BS (2), Belay ED (1) (1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.. </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">SEEMS THAT THEY FOUND Highly endemic states had a higher rate of prion disease mortality compared to non-CWD </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">states. </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">AND ANOTHER STUDY; </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">P172 Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Prion Disease </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">Wang H(1), Cohen M(1), Appleby BS(1,2) (1) University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio (2) National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Cleveland, Ohio.. </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">IN THIS STUDY, THERE WERE autopsy-proven prion cases from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center that were diagnosed between September 2016 to March 2017, </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">AND </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">included 104 patients. SEEMS THEY FOUND THAT The most common sCJD subtype was MV1-2 (30%), followed by MM1-2 (20%), </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">AND </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">THAT The Majority of cases were male (60%), AND half of them had exposure to wild game. </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">snip...</span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">see more on Prion 2017 Macaque study from Prion 2017 Conference and other updated science on cwd tse prion zoonosis below...terry </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><a class="yiv4927464629externalLink" href="https://prion2018.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/program.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: #fcfce5; border-radius: 5px; color: #0429e4; cursor: pointer; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px; margin: 0px -3px; padding: 0px 3px;" target="_blank">https://prion2018.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/program.pdf</a><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;"> </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><a class="yiv4927464629externalLink" fg_scanned="1" href="https://prion2018.org/" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: #fcfce5; border-radius: 5px; color: #0429e4; cursor: pointer; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px; margin: 0px -3px; padding: 0px 3px;" target="_blank">https://prion2018.org/</a><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">THURSDAY, OCTOBER 04, 2018 </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">Cervid to human prion transmission 5R01NS088604-04 Update </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><a class="yiv4927464629externalLink" fg_scanned="1" href="http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-04" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: #fcfce5; border-radius: 5px; color: #0429e4; cursor: pointer; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px; margin: 0px -3px; padding: 0px 3px;" target="_blank">http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-04</a><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;"> </span><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><br clear="none" style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px;" /><a class="yiv4927464629externalLink" fg_scanned="1" href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/10/cervid-to-human-prion-transmission.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: #fcfce5; border-radius: 5px; color: #0429e4; cursor: pointer; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px; margin: 0px -3px; padding: 0px 3px;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/10/cervid-to-human-prion-transmission.html</a></div>
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Experts: Yes, chronic wasting disease in deer is a public health issue — for people</div>
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FRIDAY, JULY 26, 2019 </div>
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***> Chronic Wasting Disease in Cervids: Implications for Prion Transmission to Humans and Other Animal Species</div>
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***> Wisconsin Laboratory Testing Options for Prion Diseases, Wisconsin Neurologists, Clinical Laboratory Directors, and Infection Preventionists, Please Distribute Widely</div>
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Preparing for the Storm</div>
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Thursday, May 23, 2019 </div>
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Prion 2019 Emerging Concepts CWD, BSE, SCRAPIE, CJD, SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM Schedule and Abstracts</div>
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<span style="color: #0096ef;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19336896.2019.1615197</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Traceability of animal protein byproducts in ruminants by multivariate analysis of isotope ratio mass spectrometry to prevent transmission of prion diseases</span></div>
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Ines Moreno-Gonzalez (1), George Edwards III (1), Rodrigo Morales (1), Claudia Duran-Aniotz (1), Mercedes Marquez (2), Marti Pumarola (2), Claudio Soto (1) </div>
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These results may contribute to uncover a previously unsuspected etiology surrounding some cases of sporadic AD. However, the early and controversial stage of the field of prion-like transmission in non-prion diseases added to the artificial nature of the animal models utilized for these studies, indicate that extrapolation of the results to humans should not be done without further experiments. </div>
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P75 Determining transmissibility and proteome changes associated with abnormal bovine prionopathy </div>
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Dudas S (1,2), Seuberlich T (3), Czub S (1,2) </div>
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In prion diseases, it is believed that altered protein conformation encodes for different pathogenic strains. Currently 3 different strains of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) are confirmed. Diagnostic tests for BSE are able to identify animals infected with all 3 strains, however, several diagnostic laboratories have reported samples with inconclusive results which are challenging to classify. It was suggested that these may be novel strains of BSE; to determine transmissibility, brain material from index cases were inoculated into cattle. </div>
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In the first passage, cattle were intra-cranially challenged with brain homogenate from 2 Swiss animals with abnormal prionopathy. The challenged cattle incubated for 3 years and were euthanized with no clinical signs of neurologic disease. Animals were negative when tested on validated diagnostic tests but several research methods demonstrated changes in the prion conformation in these cattle, including density gradient centrifugation and immunohistochemistry. Currently, samples from the P1 animals are being tested for changes in protein levels using 2-D Fluorescence Difference Gel Electrophoresis (2D DIGE) and mass spectrometry. It is anticipated that, if a prionopathy is present, this approach should identify pathways and targets to decipher the source of altered protein conformation. In addition, a second set of cattle have been challenged with brain material from the first passage. Ideally, these cattle will be given a sufficient incubation period to provide a definitive answer to the question of transmissibility. </div>
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=====prion 2018===</div>
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Singeltary PloS</div>
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IBNC BSE TSE Prion mad cow disease</div>
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***however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE.</div>
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***Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc detection by PMCA only.</div>
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*** IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure ***</div>
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Posted by Terry S. Singeltary Sr. on 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMT</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610</a></div>
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SUNDAY, MAY 26, 2019 </div>
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Arguments for Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases caused by prions Stanley B. Prusiner </div>
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''From a large array of bioassays, we conclude that AD, PD, MSA, and the frontotemporal dementias, including PSP and CBD, are all prion diseases''</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://betaamyloidcjd.blogspot.com/2019/05/arguments-for-alzheimers-and-parkinsons.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://betaamyloidcjd.blogspot.com/2019/05/arguments-for-alzheimers-and-parkinsons.html</a></div>
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<span style="color: #191919; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">FSIS [Docket No. FSIS–2019–0021] Notice of Request To Renew an Approved Information Collection: Specified Risk Materials Singeltary Submission</span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;">Wisconsin CWD TSE Prion 2019 to date wild deer 1317 positive and Captive Farmed Livestock Cervid CWD update </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">MAD DOGS AND ENGLISHMEN BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, CJD, TSE PRION A REVIEW 2019</span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;">USDA Consolidates Regulations for NAHLN Laboratory Testing USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service sent this bulletin at 01/23/2020 02:15 PM EST </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 5, 2020 </span></div>
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Dangerous Pathogens introduction into the United States through smuggling of meat in air passenger luggage, a review 2020</div>
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to date, the claim that 85% + of all human TSE Prion are spontaneous/sporadic event that just happens, in my opinion, has never been proven to date. it's a myth, just like the UKBSEnvCJD only there, where only typical c-BSE UK mad cow, is transmissible to humans, and all the rest is old cow disease or old people disease. remember, nvcjd has been documented in very old people as well, plus, it was postulated at the BSE Inquiry that, some farmers are heterozygous for the methionine/valine variant at codon 129, and their lymphoreticular system (LRS) does not contain the high levels of PrPSc found in vCJD. It remains a remote possibility that when older people contract CJD from BSE the resulting phenotype is like sporadic CJD and is distinct from the vCJD phenotype in younger people, and indeed today we find that;</div>
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SATURDAY, JUNE 23, 2018 </div>
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Diagnosis of Methionine/Valine Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease by Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification Volume 24, Number 7—July 2018</div>
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10. ZOONOTIC, ZOONOSIS, CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY TSE PRION AKA MAD DEER ELK DISEASE IN HUMANS, has it already happened, that should be the question... </div>
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''In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids.'' Scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (II)</div>
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EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) Antonia Ricci Ana Allende Declan Bolton Marianne Chemaly Robert Davies Pablo Salvador Fernández Escámez ... See all authors </div>
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First published: 17 January 2018 <a fg_scanned="1" href="https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a> ; </div>
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also, see; </div>
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8. Even though human TSE‐exposure risk through consumption of game from European cervids can be assumed to be minor, if at all existing, no final conclusion can be drawn due to the overall lack of scientific data. </div>
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***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. </div>
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The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids. It might be prudent considering appropriate measures to reduce such a risk, e.g. excluding tissues such as CNS and lymphoid tissues from the human food chain, which would greatly reduce any potential risk for consumers.. However, it is stressed that currently, no data regarding a risk of TSE infections from cervid products are available. </div>
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The tissue distribution of infectivity in CWD‐infected cervids is now known to extend beyond CNS and lymphoid tissues. While the removal of these specific tissues from the food chain would reduce human dietary exposure to infectivity, exclusion from the food chain of the whole carcass of any infected animal would be required to eliminate human dietary exposure. </div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5132</a></div>
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Enhanced detection of prion infectivity from blood by preanalytical enrichment with peptoid-conjugated beads</div>
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Simone HornemannID1 *, Petra Schwarz1 , Elisabeth J. Rushing1 , Michael D. Connolly3 , Ronald N. Zuckermann3 , Alice Y. Yam2¤ , Adriano AguzziID1 * 1 Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, 2 Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics Inc., Emeryville, California, United States of America, 3 Biological Nanostructures Facility, The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America ¤ Current address: Sutro Biopharma, San Francisco, California, United States of America * <a href="mailto:Adriano.Aguzzi@usz.ch" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:Adriano.Aguzzi@usz.ch">Adriano.Aguzzi@usz.ch</a> (AA); <a href="mailto:Simone.Hornemann@usz.ch" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank" ymailto="mailto:Simone.Hornemann@usz.ch">Simone.Hornemann@usz.ch</a> (SH)</div>
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Prions cause transmissible infectious diseases in humans and animals and have been found to be transmissible by blood transfusion even in the presymptomatic stage. However, the concentration of prions in body fluids such as blood and urine is extremely low; therefore, direct diagnostic tests on such specimens often yield false-negative results. Quantitative preanalytical prion enrichment may significantly improve the sensitivity of prion assays by concentrating trace amounts of prions from large volumes of body fluids. Here, we show that beads conjugated to positively charged peptoids not only captured PrP aggregates from plasma of prion-infected hamsters, but also adsorbed prion infectivity in both the symptomatic and preclinical stages of the disease. Bead absorbed prion infectivity efficiently transmitted disease to transgenic indicator mice. We found that the readout of the peptoidbased misfolded protein assay (MPA) correlates closely with prion infectivity in vivo, thereby validating the MPA as a simple, quantitative, and sensitive surrogate indicator of the presence of prions. The reliable and sensitive detection of prions in plasma will enable a wide variety of applications in basic prion research and diagnostics.</div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;">Docket Number: FDA-2012-D-0307 Recommendations to Reduce the Possible Risk of Transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease and Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease by Blood and Blood Components; Draft Guidance for Industry Draft Guidance for Industry Singeltary Submission </span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;">FRIDAY, JANUARY 31, 2020 </span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;">CJD TSE Prion Blood Products, iatrogenic transmission, Confucius is confused again, WHAT IF? Docket Number: FDA-2012-D-0307 Singeltary Submission 2 </span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/cjd-tse-prion-blood-products-iatrogenic.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/cjd-tse-prion-blood-products-iatrogenic.html</a> </span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;">MONDAY, JANUARY 20, 2020 </span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;">sporadic CJD one in a million, FAKE NEWS PEOPLE! </span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;">this myth has been incorrect for decades, and had been stated as such by a few, but again, the media is too lazy to do it's job and print the facts. </span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;">human tse prion, including 85%+ of all human tse, sporadic cjd, is now 1 in 5,000. </span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/sporadic-cjd-one-in-million-fake-news.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2020/01/sporadic-cjd-one-in-million-fake-news.html</a></div>
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friendly fire, pass it forward, they call it iatrogenic cjd, or what i call 'tse prion poker', are you all in $$$</div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Medical Devices Containing Materials Derived from Animal Sources (Except for In Vitro Diagnostic Devices) Guidance for Industry and Food and Drug Administration Staff Document issued on March 15, 2019 Singeltary Submission</span></span></div>
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vpspr, sgss, sffi, TSE, an iatrogenic by-product of gss, ffi, familial type prion disease, what it ???</div>
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Confucius is confused again.</div>
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I was just sitting and thinking about why there is no genetic link to some of these TSE prion sGSS, sFFi, and it’s really been working on my brain, and then it hit me today.</div>
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what if, vpspr, sgss, sffi, TSE prion disease, was a by-product from iatrogenic gss, ffi, familial type prion disease ???</div>
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it could explain the cases of no genetic link to the gss, ffi, familial type prion disease, to the family.</div>
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sporadic and familial is a red herring, in my opinion, and underestimation is spot on, due to the crude prehistoric diagnostic procedures and criteria and definition of a prion disease.</div>
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I say again, what if, iatrogenic, what if, with all these neurological disorders, with a common denominator that is increasingly showing up in the picture, called the prion.</div>
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I urge all scientist to come together here, with this as the utmost of importance about all these neurological disease that are increasingly showing up as a prion mechanism, to put on the front burners, the IATROGENIC aspect and the potential of transmission there from, with diseases/disease??? in question.</div>
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by definition, could they be a Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE prion type disease, and if so, what are the iatrogenic chances of transmission?</div>
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this is very important, and should be at the forefront of research, and if proven, could be a monumental breakthrough in science and battle against the spreading of these disease/diseases.</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/01/vpspr-sgss-sffi-tse-iatrogenic-by.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/01/vpspr-sgss-sffi-tse-iatrogenic-by.html</a></div>
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sporadic CJD, along with new TSE prion disease in humans, of which the young are dying, of which long duration of illness from onset of symptoms to death have been documented, only to have a new name added to the pot of prion disease i.e. sporadic GSS, sporadic FFI, and or VPSPR. I only ponder how a familial type disease could be sporadic with no genetic link to any family member? when the USA is the only documented Country in the world to have documented two different cases of atypical H-type BSE, with one case being called atypical H-G BSE with the G meaning Genetic, with new science now showing that indeed atypical H-type BSE is very possible transmitted to cattle via oral transmission (Prion2014). sporadic CJD and VPSPR have been rising in Canada, USA, and the UK, with the same old excuse, better surveillance. You can only use that excuse for so many years, for so many decades, until one must conclude that CJD TSE prion cases are rising. a 48% incease in CJD in Canada is not just a blip or a reason of better surveillance, it is a mathematical rise in numbers. More and more we are seeing more humans exposed in various circumstance in the Hospital, Medical, Surgical arenas to the TSE Prion disease, and at the same time in North America, more and more humans are becoming exposed to the TSE prion disease via consumption of the TSE prion via deer and elk, cattle, sheep and goats, and for those that are exposed via or consumption, go on to further expose many others via the iatrogenic modes of transmission of the TSE prion disease i.e. friendly fire. I pondered this mode of transmission via the victims of sporadic FFI, sporadic GSS, could this be a iatrogenic event from someone sub-clinical with sFFI or sGSS ? what if?</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://vpspr.blogspot.com/2014/11/transmission-characteristics-of.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://vpspr.blogspot.com/2014/11/transmission-characteristics-of.html</a></div>
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Thursday, March 8, 2018 </div>
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Familial human prion diseases associated with prion protein mutations Y226X and G131V are transmissible to transgenic mice expressing human prion protein</div>
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Furthermore, GSS A117V infected vole brains were able to induce the same disease phenotype in recipient voles within 3–4 months after challenge, proving that a prion agent propagated in the brains of infected animals. These findings imply that brains of GSS patients harbor infectious prions with transmissibility features similar to those found in other human and animal TSEs.</div>
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*** Transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease to a chimpanzee by electrodes contaminated during neurosurgery *** </div>
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Gibbs CJ Jr, Asher DM, Kobrine A, Amyx HL, Sulima MP, Gajdusek DC. </div>
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Laboratory of Central Nervous System Studies, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892. Stereotactic multicontact electrodes used to probe the cerebral cortex of a middle aged woman with progressive dementia were previously implicated in the accidental transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) to two younger patients. The diagnoses of CJD have been confirmed for all three cases. More than two years after their last use in humans, after three cleanings and repeated sterilisation in ethanol and formaldehyde vapour, the electrodes were implanted in the cortex of a chimpanzee. Eighteen months later the animal became ill with CJD. This finding serves to re-emphasise the potential danger posed by reuse of instruments contaminated with the agents of spongiform encephalopathies, even after scrupulous attempts to clean them. </div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Horizon Health Network Moncton Hospital notified more than 700 patients after two cases of CJD were diagnosed both patients had undergone cataracts surgery before being diagnosed</span></div>
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Friday, September 27, 2019</div>
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Prion disease and recommended procedures for flexible endoscope reprocessing – a review of policies worldwide and proposal for a simplified approach Singeltary, GUT journal and Bramble et al </div>
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THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 26, 2019 </div>
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Veterinary Biologics Guideline 3.32E: Guideline for minimising the risk of introducing transmissible spongiform encephalopathy prions and other infectious agents through veterinary biologics</div>
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National Variability in Prion Disease–Related Safety Policies for Neurologic Procedures</div>
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Wednesday, September 11, 2019 </div>
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Is the re-use of sterilized implant abutments safe enough? (Implant abutment safety) iatrogenic TSE Prion</div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">Disinfection of Multi-Use Ocular Equipment for Ophthalmological Procedures: A Review of Clinical Effectiveness, Cost-Effectiveness, and Guidelines</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2019/09/disinfection-of-multi-use-ocular.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2019/09/disinfection-of-multi-use-ocular.html</a></span></span></div>
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SUNDAY, MARCH 10, 2019 </div>
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National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center Cases Examined¹ Updated Feb 1, 2019 Variably protease-sensitive prionopathy VPSPr</div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">***> In conclusion, sensory symptoms and loss of reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome can be explained by neuropathological changes in the spinal cord. We conclude that the sensory symptoms and loss of lower limb reflexes in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome is due to pathology in the caudal spinal cord. <***</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***> The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology.<*** </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD. <***</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***> All animals have variable signs of prion neuropathology in spinal cords and brains and by supersensitive IHC, reaction was detected in spinal cord segments of all animals.<*** </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">***> In particular the US data do not clearly exclude the possibility of human (sporadic or familial) TSE development due to consumption of venison. The Working Group thus recognizes a potential risk to consumers if a TSE would be present in European cervids.'' Scientific opinion on chronic wasting disease (II) <***</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"><a fg_scanned="1" href="https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://familialcjdtseprion.blogspot.com/2019/02/cwd-gss-tse-prion-spinal-cord-confucius.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center Cases Examined¹ Updated Feb 1, 2019 Variably protease-sensitive prionopathy VPSPr</span></div>
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MONDAY, AUGUST 26, 2019 </div>
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Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease CJD, TSE, Prion, Surveillance Update August 2019</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2019/08/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-tse-prion.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2019/08/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-tse-prion.html</a></div>
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Monday, February 3, 2020 </div>
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Informing Patient Contacts About Iatrogenic Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease</div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr. Bacliff, Texas USA 77518 <flounder9 verizon.net=""></flounder9></span></div>
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Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33182925.post-30392791588070587652019-09-04T12:15:00.001-05:002019-09-04T12:15:50.403-05:00Deciphering the BSE-type specific cell and tissue tropisms of atypical (H and L) and classical BSE<div>
Deciphering the BSE-type specific cell and tissue tropisms of atypical (H and L) and classical BSE </div>
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Anne Balkema-Buschmann, Grit Priemer, Reiner Ulrich, Romano Strobelt, Bob Hills & Martin H. Groschup To cite this article: Anne Balkema-Buschmann, Grit Priemer, Reiner Ulrich, Romano Strobelt, Bob Hills & Martin H. Groschup (2019) Deciphering the BSE-type specific cell and tissue tropisms of atypical (H and L) and classical BSE, Prion, 13:1, 160-172, DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2019.1651180 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/19336896.2019.1651180</div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">After the discovery of two atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) forms in France and Italy designated H- and L-BSE, the question arose whether these new forms differed from classical BSE (C-BSE) in their pathogenesis. Samples collected from cattle in the clinical stage of BSE during an intracranial challenge study with L- and H-BSE were analysed using biochemical and histological methods as well as in a transgenic mouse bioassay. Our results generally confirmed what had been described for C-BSE to be true also for both atypical BSE forms, namely the restriction of the pathological prion protein (PrPSc) and BSE infectivity to the nervous system. However, analysis of samples collected under identical conditions from both atypical H- and L-BSE forms allowed us a more precise assessment of the grade of involvement of different tissues during the clinical end stage of disease as compared to C-BSE. One important feature is the involvement of the peripheral nervous and musculoskeletal tissues in both L-BSE and H-BSE affected cattle. We were, however, able to show that in H-BSE cases, the PrPSc depositions in the central and peripheral nervous system are dominated by a glial pattern, whereas a neuronal deposition pattern dominates in L-BSE cases, indicating differences in the cellular and topical tropism of both atypical BSE forms. As a consequence of this cell tropism, H-BSE seems to spread more rapidly from the CNS into the periphery via the glial cell system such as Schwann cells, as opposed to L-BSE which is mostly propagated via neuronal cells.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Conclusions The PrPSc and infectivity distribution patterns of atypical BSE seem to be generally similar to that known for classical BSE, with a clear restriction to the central and peripheral nervous and the musculoskeletal system. Taken our results together, we postulate distinct cell tropisms and propagation pathways for both atypical BSE forms, which both have their putative location of origin in the central nervous system. While L-BSE strongly affects the neurons of the CNS followed by the PNS, H-BSE initially affects CNS and PNS glia and only at later stages spreads to neurons. This is in sharp contrast to what is well acknowledged for C-BSE, which is the uptake of the infectious agent in the digestive tract, followed by a neuronal transport to the CNS.</span></div>
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IBNC BSE TSE Prion mad cow disease</div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> ***however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc detection by PMCA only.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">*** IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure ***</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Posted by Terry S. Singeltary Sr. on 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMT</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2018/08/the-agent-of-h-type-bovine-spongiform.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2018/08/the-agent-of-h-type-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Raccoons accumulate PrPSc after intracranial inoculation with the agents of chronic wasting disease (CWD) or transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) but not atypical scrapie</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/08/raccoons-accumulate-prpsc-after.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/08/raccoons-accumulate-prpsc-after.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">FRIDAY, JULY 26, 2019 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Chronic Wasting Disease in Cervids: Implications for Prion Transmission to Humans and Other Animal Species</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/07/chronic-wasting-disease-in-cervids.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/07/chronic-wasting-disease-in-cervids.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 2019</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">MAD DOGS AND ENGLISHMEN BSE, SCRAPIE, CWD, CJD, TSE PRION A REVIEW 2019</span></div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://bseinquiry.blogspot.com/2019/02/mad-dogs-and-englishmen-bse-scrapie-cwd.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">WEDNESDAY, JULY 31, 2019 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The agent of transmissible mink encephalopathy passaged in sheep is similar to BSE-L</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 1, 2019 </span></div>
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FDA Reports on VFD Compliance</div>
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Before and after the current Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD) rules took full effect in January, 2017, the FDA focused primarily on education and outreach to help feed mills, veterinarians and producers understand and comply with the requirements. Since then, FDA has gradually increased the number of VFD inspections and initiated enforcement actions when necessary.</div>
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MONDAY, AUGUST 26, 2019 </div>
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Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease CJD, TSE, Prion, Surveillance Update August 2019</div>
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<a fg_scanned="1" href="https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2019/08/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-tse-prion.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2019/08/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd-tse-prion.html</a></div>
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Is the re-use of sterilized implant abutments safe enough? (Implant abutment safety)</div>
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Mª Angeles Sánchez-Garcés 1 , Marta Jorba 2 , Joan Ciurana 3 , Miguel Vinas 4 , Mª Teresa Vinuesa 5</div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;"> Despite only a few laboratories in the world are undertaking experimental work with prions, notably that of Stanley B. Prusiner (Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1997), the work has led to several major concerns (14). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">The first and most relevant in the current context is that prions need to be completely inactivated using harsher conditions than those used against bacteria and viruses. To ensure prion inactivation, the thermal sterilization should be combined with chemical treatment. It would appear that procedures used for routine sterilization of surgical instruments cannot inactivate prions (15,16), which already led to the development of new and more stringent recommendations for reprocessing instruments and these should eventually be applied to abutments (17). This has been reinforced by the discovery that prions that are responsible for bovine spongiform encephalitis (BSE) can be up to 1 million times more difficult to inactivate than the most commonly used hamster prions; thus, one cannot exclude the possibility that human prions are also much more resistant than the laboratory prions (10). These recommendations are based on conventional autoclaving (121ºC) combined with chemical attack; this may be achieved by autoclaving in the presence of 1 M sodium hydroxide, or by soaking in 2% bleach for 1 h. Such treatments are extremely corrosive and may cause irreversible damage to the surface of abutments (18). Prevalence of asymptomatic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in UK population in people born from 1941 to 1985 is 1:2000 and prion iatrogenic transmission (blood transfusions, organ transplants and surgical instrumentation) is therefore possibility. Another source of prions could be bovine bone substitutes used widely for bone regeneration after or simultaneously to the dental implant placement. These materials keep some proteins, their manufacturing processes are not guaranty to the inactivation of the prion, and in consequence, Kim et al. (19) suggest abolishing the use of bovine bone. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">The presence of organic carbon reported in our study means that organic material originating in the patient is adhered to the surface and, subsequently, the presence of prions cannot be ruled out. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">In conclusion, we believe that, despite costs, the practice of reusing implant abutments should be abandoned, since it cannot be demonstrated to be safe enough.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica;">Further studies trying to identify the source of the organic carbon adhered in the abutments are needed. In addition, it is worth elucidating if there could be any safe procedure to effectively remove all the organic material present in the titanium surfaces of the reused healing abutments.</span></div>
<br /><a href="http://www.medicinaoral.com/medoralfree01/aop/22967.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: black; cursor: pointer; font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 10pt;" target="_blank">http://www.medicinaoral.com/medoralfree01/aop/22967.pdf</a><div id="yiv8499275341" style="font-size: 10pt;">
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HUNTERS, CWD TSE PRION, THIS SHOULD A WAKE UP CALL TO ALL OF YOU GUTTING AND BONING OUT YOUR KILL IN THE FIELD, AND YOUR TOOLS YOU USE...</div>
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<em style="background: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">*</em> 1: J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994 Jun;57(6):757-8</div>
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Transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease to a chimpanzee by electrodes contaminated during neurosurgery.</div>
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Gibbs CJ Jr, Asher DM, Kobrine A, Amyx HL, Sulima MP, Gajdusek DC.</div>
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Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health,</div>
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Bethesda, MD 20892.</div>
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Stereotactic multicontact electrodes used to probe the cerebral cortex of a middle aged woman with progressive dementia were previously implicated in the accidental transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) to two younger patients. The diagnoses of CJD have been confirmed for all three cases. More than two years after their last use in humans, after three cleanings and repeated sterilisation in ethanol and formaldehyde vapour, the electrodes were implanted in the cortex of a chimpanzee. Eighteen months later the animal became ill with CJD. This finding serves to re-emphasise the potential danger posed by reuse of instruments contaminated with the agents of spongiform encephalopathies, even after scrupulous attempts to clean them.</div>
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PMID: 8006664 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]</div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Medical Devices Containing Materials Derived from Animal Sources (Except for In Vitro Diagnostic Devices) Guidance for Industry and Food and Drug Administration Staff Document issued on March 15, 2019 Singeltary Submission</span></span></div>
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Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33182925.post-30420538988416127402019-06-01T14:06:00.001-05:002019-06-03T08:51:16.647-05:00Brazil reports another cases of mad cow disease atypical BSE TSE Prion<div>
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<em><span style="font-size: medium;">Information received on 31/05/2019 from Dr Geraldo Marcos De Moraes, Director, Departamento de Salud Animal e Insumos Pecuarios, Ministerio de Agricultura,Ganadería y Abastecimiento, Brasilia , Brazil</span></em></div>
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<em><span style="color: #992035; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;">Summary</span></em></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Report type</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Immediate notification (Final report)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Date of start of the event</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">05/04/2019</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Date of confirmation of the event</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">31/05/2019</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Report date</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">31/05/2019</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Date submitted to OIE</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">31/05/2019</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Date event resolved</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">03/06/2019</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Reason for notification</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Recurrence of a listed disease</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Date of previous occurrence</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">02/05/2014</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Manifestation of disease</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Sub-clinical infection</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Causal agent</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Prion (atypical H-type BSE)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Nature of diagnosis</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Laboratory (advanced)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">This event pertains to</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">the whole country</span></div>
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<em><span style="color: #992035; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;">New outbreaks</span></em></h2>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Summary of outbreaks</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Total outbreaks: 1</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Outbreak Location</span></div>
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<li style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Mato Grosso ( Nova Canaã do Norte )</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Total animals affected</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Species</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Susceptible</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Cases</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Deaths</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Killed and disposed of</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Slaughtered</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Cattle</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">22794</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">1</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">0</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">1</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">0</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Outbreak statistics</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Species</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Apparent morbidity rate</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Apparent mortality rate</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Apparent case fatality rate</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Proportion susceptible animals lost*</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Cattle</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">0.00%</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">0.00%</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">0.00%</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">0.00%</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br />* Removed from the susceptible population through death, destruction and/or slaughter;</span></div>
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<em><span style="color: #992035; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;">Epidemiology</span></em></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Source of the outbreak(s) or origin of infection</span></div>
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<li style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Unknown or inconclusive</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Epidemiological comments</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">As part of the Brazilian surveillance system for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), a 17-year-old beef cow that was found fallen during an ante-mortem inspection at slaughter was confirmed as a case of 'atypical BSE', classified as H-type.<br />After screening tests performed by the National Laboratory of Pernambuco LFDA/PE indicated the presence of prion antigens, the samples were sent to CFIA's OIE BSE reference laboratory in Lethbridge, Alberta, and the confirmation diagnostic test was concluded on 31 May 2019. This is the third case of 'atypical BSE' identified in more than 20 years of surveillance in Brasil. The last case has been detected in 2014.<br />Specified Risk Material was duly removed and incinerated at the slaughterhouse. Meat and other products from this animal did not enter the food chain and pose no risk for human and ruminants populations.<br />According to the OIE Terrestrial Code, for the purposes of official BSE risk status recognition, 'atypical BSE' is a condition believed to occur spontaneously in all cattle populations at a very low rate. Therefore, this event does not have any influence on official BSE risk status recognition of Brasil.<br />This investigation was concluded.</span></div>
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<em><span style="color: #992035; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;">Control measures</span></em></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Measures applied</span></div>
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<li style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Screening</span></li>
<li style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Traceability</span></li>
<li style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Quarantine</span></li>
<li style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Official disposal of carcasses, by-products and waste</span></li>
<li style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Selective killing and disposal</span></li>
<li style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Vaccination permitted (if a vaccine exists)</span></li>
<li style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">No treatment of affected animals</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Measures to be applied</span></div>
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<li style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">No other measures</span></li>
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<em><span style="color: #992035; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;">Diagnostic test results</span></em></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Laboratory name and type</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Laboratórios Federais de Defesa Agropecuária - LFDA Pernambuco ( National laboratory )</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Tests and results</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Species</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Test</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Test date</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Result</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Cattle</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">13/05/2019</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Positive</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Laboratory name and type</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">CFIA's laboratory in Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada ( OIE Reference Laboratory )</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Tests and results</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Species</span></i></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm; width: 281.6px;" valign="top" width="40%"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Test</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Test date</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Result</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Cattle</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">31/05/2019</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Positive</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Cattle</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">western blot</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">31/05/2019</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Positive</span></div>
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<em><span style="color: #992035; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;">Future Reporting</span></em></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">The event is resolved. No more reports will be submitted.</span></div>
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<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0cm 0cm 12pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></span></div>
<h1 style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin: 0.67em 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="2" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: underline;"></a><span style="background-color: #9d2b3c; color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;">Encéphalopathie spongiforme bovine ,Brésil</span></h1>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 7.5pt 0cm 0pt;">
<em><span style="font-size: medium;">Information reçue le 31/05/2019 de Dr Geraldo Marcos De Moraes, Director, Departamento de Salud Animal e Insumos Pecuarios, Ministerio de Agricultura,Ganadería y Abastecimiento, Brasilia , Brésil</span></em></div>
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<em><span style="color: #992035; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;">Résumé</span></em></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Type de rapport</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Notification immédiate (rapport final)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Date de début de l’événement</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">05/04/2019</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Date de confirmation de l´événement</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">31/05/2019</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Date du rapport</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">31/05/2019</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Date d'envoi à l'OIE</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">31/05/2019</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Date de clôture de l'événement</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">03/06/2019</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Raison de notification</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Réapparition d’une maladie listée par l'OIE</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Date de la précédente apparition de la maladie</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">02/05/2014</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Manifestation de la maladie</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Infection sub-clinique</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Agent causal</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Prion (atypical H-type BSE)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Nature du diagnostic</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Tests approfondis en laboratoire (i.e. virologie, microscopie électronique, biologie moléculaire, immunologie)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Cet événement se rapporte à</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid none none; border-width: 0px 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">tout le pays</span></div>
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<em><span style="color: #992035; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;">Nouveaux foyers</span></em></h2>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Récapitulatif des foyers</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Nombre total de foyers : 1</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Localisation du foyer</span></div>
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<li style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Mato Grosso ( Nova Canaã do Norte )</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Nombre total d'animaux atteints</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Espèce(s)</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Sensibles</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Cas</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Morts</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Mis à mort et éliminés</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Abattus</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Bovins</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">22794</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">1</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">0</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">1</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">0</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Statistiques sur le foyer</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Espèce(s)</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Taux de morbidité apparent</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Taux de mortalité apparent</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Taux de létalité apparent</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Proportion d'animaux sensibles perdus*</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Bovins</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">0.00%</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">0.00%</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">0.00%</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">0.00%</span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br />* Soustraits de la population sensible suite à la mort, à l´abattage et/ou à la destruction;</span></div>
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<em><span style="color: #992035; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;">Epidémiologie</span></em></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Source du/des foyer(s) ou origine de l´infection</span></div>
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<li style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Inconnue ou incertaine</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Autres renseignements épidémiologiques / Commentaires</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">As part of the Brazilian surveillance system for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), a 17-year-old beef cow that was found fallen during an ante-mortem inspection at slaughter was confirmed as a case of 'atypical BSE', classified as H-type.<br />After screening tests performed by the National Laboratory of Pernambuco LFDA/PE indicated the presence of prion antigens, the samples were sent to CFIA's OIE BSE reference laboratory in Lethbridge, Alberta, and the confirmation diagnostic test was concluded on 31 May 2019. This is the third case of 'atypical BSE' identified in more than 20 years of surveillance in Brasil. The last case has been detected in 2014.<br />Specified Risk Material was duly removed and incinerated at the slaughterhouse. Meat and other products from this animal did not enter the food chain and pose no risk for human and ruminants populations.<br />According to the OIE Terrestrial Code, for the purposes of official BSE risk status recognition, 'atypical BSE' is a condition believed to occur spontaneously in all cattle populations at a very low rate. Therefore, this event does not have any influence on official BSE risk status recognition of Brasil.<br />This investigation was concluded.</span></div>
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<h2 style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin: 0.83em 0cm 0pt;">
<em><span style="color: #992035; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;">Mesures de lutte</span></em></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Mesures de lutte appliquées</span></div>
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<li style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Dépistage</span></li>
<li style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Traçabilité</span></li>
<li style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Quarantaine</span></li>
<li style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Destruction officielle des carcasses, des sous-produits et des déchets</span></li>
<li style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Mise à mort sélective et élimination</span></li>
<li style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Vaccination autorisée (si un vaccin existe)</span></li>
<li style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Aucun traitement des animaux atteints</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Mesures à appliquer</span></div>
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<li style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Aucune autre mesure</span></li>
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<em><span style="color: #992035; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;">Résultats des tests de diagnostics</span></em></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Nom du laboratoire et type</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">CFIA's laboratory in Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada ( Laboratoire de référence de l’OIE )</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Tests et résultats</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Espèce(s)</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Test</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Date du test</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Résultat</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Bovins</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">méthode de dosage immuno-enzymatique (ELISA)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">31/05/2019</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Positif</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Bovins</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">western blot</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">31/05/2019</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Positif</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Nom du laboratoire et type</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Laboratórios Federais de Defesa Agropecuária - LFDA Pernambuco ( Laboratoire national )</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Tests et résultats</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Espèce(s)</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Test</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Date du test</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Résultat</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Bovins</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">méthode de dosage immuno-enzymatique (ELISA)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">13/05/2019</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Positif</span></div>
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<em><span style="color: #992035; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;">Rapports futurs</span></em></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">L’événement est terminé. Aucun autre rapport ne sera envoyé.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br /><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></span></div>
<h1 style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin: 0.67em 0cm 0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="3" rel="nofollow" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: underline;"></a><span style="background-color: #9d2b3c; color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;">Encefalopatía espongiforme bovina ,Brasil</span></h1>
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<em><span style="font-size: medium;">Información recibida el 31/05/2019 desde Dr Geraldo Marcos De Moraes, Director, Departamento de Salud Animal e Insumos Pecuarios, Ministerio de Agricultura,Ganadería y Abastecimiento, Brasilia , Brasil</span></em></div>
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<em><span style="color: #992035; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;">Resumen</span></em></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Tipo de informe</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Notificación inmediata(Informe final)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Fecha del inicio del evento</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">05/04/2019</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Fecha de confirmación del evento</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">31/05/2019</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Fecha del informe</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">31/05/2019</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Fecha de envio del informe a la OIE</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">31/05/2019</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Fecha del cierre del evento</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">03/06/2019</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Motivo de la notificación</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Recurrencia de una enfermedad de la Lista de la OIE</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Fecha de la anterior aparición de la enfermedad</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">02/05/2014</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Manifestación de la enfermedad</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Infección sub-clínica</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Agente causal</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Prion (atypical H-type BSE)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Naturaleza del diagnóstico</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Pruebas de diagnóstico de laboratorio avanzadas (ej. virología, microscopía electrónica, biología molecular e inmunología)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Este evento concierne</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">todo el país</span></div>
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<em><span style="color: #992035; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;">Nuevos focos</span></em></h2>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Resumen de los focos</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Número total de focos: 1</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Localización del foco</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid none none; border-width: 0px 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><ul type="disc">
<li style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Mato Grosso ( Nova Canaã do Norte )</span></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid none none; border-width: 0px 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm; width: 133.875px;" valign="top" width="16%"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Número total de animales afectados</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid none none; border-width: 0px 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm; width: 119.2px;" valign="top" width="17%"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Especies</span></i></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm; width: 119.2px;" valign="top" width="17%"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Susceptibles</span></i></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm; width: 119.2px;" valign="top" width="17%"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Casos</span></i></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm; width: 119.2px;" valign="top" width="17%"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Muertos</span></i></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm; width: 119.2px;" valign="top" width="17%"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Matados y eliminados</span></i></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm; width: 105.6px;" valign="top" width="17%"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Sacrificados</span></i></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Bovinos</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">22794</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">1</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">0</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">1</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">0</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid none none; border-width: 0px 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Estadística del foco</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid none none; border-width: 0px 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm; width: 140.8px;" valign="top" width="20%"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Especies</span></i></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm; width: 140.8px;" valign="top" width="20%"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Tasa de morbilidad aparente</span></i></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm; width: 140.8px;" valign="top" width="20%"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Tasa de mortalidad aparente</span></i></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm; width: 140.8px;" valign="top" width="20%"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Tasa de letalidad aparente</span></i></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm; width: 140px;" valign="top" width="20%"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Proporción de animales susceptibles perdidos*</span></i></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Bovinos</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">0.00%</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">0.00%</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">0.00%</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">0.00%</span></div>
</td></tr>
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<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><br />* Descontados de la población susceptible a raíz de su muerte, destrucción o sacrificio;</span></div>
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<h2 style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin: 0.83em 0cm 0pt;">
<em><span style="color: #992035; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;">Epidemiología</span></em></h2>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" style="background-color: white; border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid none none; border-width: 0px 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm; width: 133.875px;" valign="top" width="16%"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Fuente del o de los focos u origen de la infección</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid none none; border-width: 0px 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><ul type="disc">
<li style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Desconocida o no concluyente</span></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid none none; border-width: 0px 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm; width: 133.875px;" valign="top" width="16%"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Otros detalles epidemiológicos / comentarios</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid none none; border-width: 0px 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">As part of the Brazilian surveillance system for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), a 17-year-old beef cow that was found fallen during an ante-mortem inspection at slaughter was confirmed as a case of 'atypical BSE', classified as H-type.<br />After screening tests performed by the National Laboratory of Pernambuco LFDA/PE indicated the presence of prion antigens, the samples were sent to CFIA's OIE BSE reference laboratory in Lethbridge, Alberta, and the confirmation diagnostic test was concluded on 31 May 2019. This is the third case of 'atypical BSE' identified in more than 20 years of surveillance in Brasil. The last case has been detected in 2014.<br />Specified Risk Material was duly removed and incinerated at the slaughterhouse. Meat and other products from this animal did not enter the food chain and pose no risk for human and ruminants populations.<br />According to the OIE Terrestrial Code, for the purposes of official BSE risk status recognition, 'atypical BSE' is a condition believed to occur spontaneously in all cattle populations at a very low rate. Therefore, this event does not have any influence on official BSE risk status recognition of Brasil.<br />This investigation was concluded.</span></div>
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<h2 style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin: 0.83em 0cm 0pt;">
<em><span style="color: #992035; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;">Medidas de Control</span></em></h2>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" style="background-color: white; border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid none none; border-width: 0px 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm; width: 133.875px;" valign="top" width="16%"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Medidas implementadas</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid none none; border-width: 0px 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><ul type="disc">
<li style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Tamizaje</span></li>
<li style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Trazabilidad</span></li>
<li style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Cuarentena</span></li>
<li style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Eliminación oficial de canales, subproductos y desechos de origen animal</span></li>
<li style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Matanza selectiva y eliminación</span></li>
<li style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Vacunación autorizada (si existe vacuna)</span></li>
<li style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Ningún tratamiento de los animales afectados</span></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Medidas para implementar</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid none none; border-width: 0px 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><ul type="disc">
<li style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Ninguna otra medida</span></li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
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<h2 style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; margin: 0.83em 0cm 0pt;">
<em><span style="color: #992035; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;">Resultados de las pruebas diagnósticas</span></em></h2>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" style="background-color: white; border-color: silver currentcolor currentcolor; border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt medium medium; color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid none none; border-width: 0px 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm; width: 133.875px;" valign="top" width="16%"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Nombre y tipo de laboratorio</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid none none; border-width: 0px 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">CFIA's laboratory in Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada ( Laboratorio de referencia de la OIE )</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid none none; border-width: 0px 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm; width: 133.875px;" valign="top" width="16%"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Pruebas y resultados</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid none none; border-width: 0px 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm; width: 241.6px;" valign="top" width="35%"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Especies</span></i></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm; width: 278.4px;" valign="top" width="40%"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Prueba</span></i></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm; width: 105.6px;" valign="top" width="15%"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Fecha de la prueba</span></i></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm; width: 79.2px;" valign="top" width="10%"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Resultados</span></i></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Bovinos</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">prueba inmunoenzimática (ELISA)</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">31/05/2019</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Positivo</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Bovinos</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">western blot</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">31/05/2019</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: solid none none; border-width: 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm;" valign="top"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Positivo</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0) silver rgb(0, 0, 0) rgb(0, 0, 0); border-style: none solid none none; border-width: 0px 1pt 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0cm; width: 133.875px;" valign="top" width="16%"><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Nombre y tipo de laboratorio</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Laboratórios Federais de Defesa Agropecuária - LFDA Pernambuco ( Laboratorio nacional )</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Pruebas y resultados</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Especies</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Prueba</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Fecha de la prueba</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Resultados</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Bovinos</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">prueba inmunoenzimática (ELISA)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">13/05/2019</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">Positivo</span></div>
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<em><span style="color: #992035; font-family: Arial; font-size: medium;">Informes futuros</span></em></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">El episodio ha sido resuelto. Ningún otro informe será enviado</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"><a href="http://www.oie.int/wahis_2/temp/reports/en_imm_0000030678_20190603_110419.pdf">http://www.oie.int/wahis_2/temp/reports/en_imm_0000030678_20190603_110419.pdf</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Brazil spots atypical mad cow disease </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Devdiscourse News Desk Brasilia Brazil Updated: 31-05-2019 16:50 IST Created: 31-05-2019 16:33 IST </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Brazil spots atypical mad cow disease Image Credit: (Flickr)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The Brazilian government reported on Friday a case of atypical mad cow disease in an animal in Mato Grosso state, according to a statement from the country's Agriculture Ministry. The ministry said the case of mad cow disease, or bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), was detected in a 17-year-old cow. It said it collected the necessary material for tests and incinerated all other parts of the cow.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">"No part of the animal entered the food chain, there are no risks for the population," the statement said. The case was considered "atypical" as the animal contracted the BSE protein spontaneously, rather than through the feed supply. Classical cases of mad cow are caused when cattle are fed brain or spinal tissue of other ruminants, which is now forbidden in nearly all beef producing countries including Brazil.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">In 2012 in Brazil tests showed that a cow that had died two years earlier in Parana state had developed the protein that causes mad cow disease, though the animal never developed the disease and died of natural causes. The World Organisation for Animal Health maintained Brazil's status as a country with an insignificant risk of BSE at that time, after it confirmed the atypical Parana case.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Even so, several countries including South Korea, China and Egypt banned some or all beef imports from Brazil, the world's top exporter. That trade was later reopened. Brazil's Agriculture Ministry said it had informed all importers on Friday about the case, as well as the World Organisation for Animal Health.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">(With inputs from agencies.)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/international/544333-brazil-spots-atypical-mad-cow-disease" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/international/544333-brazil-spots-atypical-mad-cow-disease</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">COMMODITIES (OLD)MAY 31, 2019 / 4:35 PM / UPDATED 21 HOURS AGO </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Brazil reports atypical case of mad cow disease -ministry 2 MIN READ</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">SAO PAULO, May 31 (Reuters) - The Brazilian government reported on Friday a case of atypical mad cow disease in an animal in Mato Grosso state, according to a statement from the country’s Agriculture Ministry.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The ministry said the case of mad cow disease, or bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), was detected in a 17-year-old cow. It said it collected the necessary material for tests and incinerated all other parts of the cow.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">“No part of the animal entered the food chain, there are no risks for the population,” the statement said.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The case was considered “atypical” as the animal contracted the BSE protein spontaneously, rather than through the feed supply. Classical cases of mad cow are caused when cattle are fed brain or spinal tissue of other ruminants, which is now forbidden in nearly all beef producing countries including Brazil.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">ADVERTISEMENT </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">In 2012 in Brazil tests showed that a cow that had died two years earlier in Parana state had developed the protein that causes mad cow disease, though the animal never developed the disease and died of natural causes.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> The World Organisation for Animal Health maintained Brazil’s status as a country with an insignificant risk of BSE at that time, after it confirmed the atypical Parana case.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Even so, several countries including South Korea, China and Egypt banned some or all beef imports from Brazil, the world’s top exporter. That trade was later reopened.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Brazil’s Agriculture Ministry said it had informed all importers on Friday about the case, as well as the World Organisation for Animal Health. (Reporting by Roberto Samora and Marcelo Teixeira; Editing by Sandra Maler)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/idAFL8N2375PO" style="color: #0096ef; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;">https://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/idAFL8N2375PO</a></span></div>
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PLEASE BE ADVISED THERE IS NO SCIENTIFIC PROOF THAT ANY ATYPICAL BSE TSE PRION IS OF A SPONTANEOUS OLD AGE DISEASE, NOT CAUSED BY FEED, THIS IS FALSE AND UNPROVEN, IN FACT, ATYPICAL BSE OF THE L AND H TYPE ARE TRANSMISSIBLE BY ORAL ROUTE. THIS STATEMENT THAT ATYPICAL BSE IS A SPONTANEOUS EVENT CAUSED BY OLD AGE, CAUSED BY NOTHING, IS ABSOLUTELY A LIE, AND THE GOVERNMENT OF BRAZIL, AND OTHER GOVERNMENTS THAT PRODUCE SUCH STATEMENTS, KNOWS THIS IS AN UNPROVEN STATEMENT...TERRY SINGELTARY SR.</div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Joint Statement from President Donald J. Trump and President Jair Bolsonaro FOREIGN POLICY</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"> Issued on: March 19, 2019 President Donald J. Trump and President Jair Messias Bolsonaro of Brazil committed to building a new partnership between their two countries focused on increasing prosperity, enhancing security, and promoting democracy, freedom, and national sovereignty.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">President Trump and President Bolsonaro reiterated that the United States and Brazil stand with the Interim President of Venezuela Juan Guaido, along with the democratically elected National Assembly, and the Venezuelan people, as they work to peacefully restore constitutional order to Venezuela.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The two Presidents agreed to deepen their partnership through the United States-Brazil Security Forum to combat terrorism, narcotics and arms trafficking, cybercrimes, and money laundering, and they welcomed two new arrangements to enhance border security. President Bolsonaro announced Brazil’s intent to exempt United States citizens from tourist visa requirements, and the Presidents agreed to take the steps necessary to enable Brazil to participate in the Department of Homeland Security’s Trusted Traveler Global Entry Program.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">President Trump announced the United States’ intent to designate Brazil as a Major Non-NATO Ally. The Presidents further welcomed the signing of a Technology Safeguards Agreement, which will enable United States companies to conduct commercial space launches from Brazil, as well as an agreement between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Brazilian Space Agency to launch a jointly developed satellite in the near future.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The two leaders agreed to build a Prosperity Partnership to increase jobs and reduce barriers to trade and investment. To this end, they decided to enhance the work of the United States-Brazil Commission on Economic and Trade Relations, created under the Agreement on Trade and Economic Cooperation, to explore new initiatives to facilitate trade investment and good regulatory practices.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The two leaders also made a number of trade-related commitments. President Bolsonaro announced that Brazil will implement a tariff rate quota, allowing for the annual importation of 750 thousand tons of American wheat at zero rate. In addition, the United States and Brazil agreed to science-based conditions to allow for the importation of United States pork. In order to allow for the resumption of Brazil’s beef exports, the United States agreed to expeditiously schedule a technical visit by the United States Department of Agriculture’s Food Safety and Inspection Service to audit Brazil’s raw beef inspection system, as soon as it is satisfied with Brazil’s food safety documentation. The Presidents instructed their teams to negotiate a Mutual Recognition Agreement concerning their Trusted Trader programs, which will reduce costs for American and Brazilian companies.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The two leaders announced a new phase of the United States-Brazil CEO Forum, and welcomed the creation of a $100 million Biodiversity Impact Investment Fund that will catalyze sustainable investment in the Amazon region. As leaders of two of the fastest-growing energy suppliers in the world, the Presidents agreed to establish a United States-Brazil Energy Forum to facilitate energy-related trade and investment.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">President Trump welcomed Brazil’s ongoing efforts regarding economic reforms, best practices, and a regulatory framework in line with the standards of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). President Trump noted his support for Brazil initiating the accession procedure to become a full member of the OECD. Commensurate with its status as a global leader, President Bolsonaro agreed that Brazil will begin to forgo special and differential treatment in World Trade Organization negotiations, in line with the United States proposal. President Bolsonaro thanked President Trump and the American people for their hospitality.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/joint-statement-president-donald-j-trump-president-jair-bolsonaro/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/joint-statement-president-donald-j-trump-president-jair-bolsonaro/</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Brazil Kept Mad Cow Secret for Two Years</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">By Dan Flynn on December 10, 2012</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Enough beef to feed one million Americans for a year has been imported from Brazil without the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) mitigations that are supposed to be applied to countries where BSE is known to exist. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">That’s because for the past two years, USDA was operating under the assumption that Brazil had not experienced any BSE, or Mad Cow disease as it’s commonly known. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">But Brazil–the world’s biggest beef exporting country–was keeping a secret for the past two years. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">A secret that if known might well have seen its beef banned from the U.S., or at the very least, subjected its beef to BSE controls. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">That’s because while the U.S. was importing 67 million pounds of beef from Brazil, South America’s biggest country was keeping a Mad Cow secret. But it’s not a secret anymore. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Here’s what we know so far: </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Brazil on Dec. 6 became the 26th country in the world to report an incident of BSE, or the always-fatal Mad Cow disease that can be transmitted to humans. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The designation stems from a 13-year-old cow that died two years ago in December 2010 in Brazil that was suffering with at least proteins common to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), but Mad Cow disease might not have killed it. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Details finally began to emerge when Brazil filed a notification to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), reporting that a 13-year- old cow died in December 2010 in Parana and BSE was suspected. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The notification said the dead cow was subjected to a histopathological test, one of two primary tests for BSE. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">It was reportedly negative. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">A second test, not conducted until June 15, 2012 at the National Reference Laboratory in Recife, was positive. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The beef exporting Brazil claims the long delays were due to work overloads at the lab and OIE rules that cause it to give the test a low priority. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">After the positive test, Brazil also sent a brain sample to the OIE reference lab in the United Kingdom, where a second positive test for Mad Cow was conducted. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">OIE has not issued its own report. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Countries reporting BSE cases often pay a price in having their beef banned from world markets. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">That’s what happened to the U.S. in 2003 when its first BSE case was discovered in Washington state. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Countries around the world banned U.S. beef sales. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Although Japan announced it was banning beef from Brazil beginning on Saturday, it is unclear how other countries are going to react, including the U.S. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Japan is apparently not buying a second report put out by Brazil’s Agricultural Minister that the dead cow did not have BSE, but just the protein believed to cause the disease. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">BSE is a prion disease that involves folded proteins. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">The Ag minister’s story is the dead cow was experiencing a spontaneous genetic mutation that was unlikely to evolve into BSE. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Brazil could not confirm the exact cause of death for the grass-fed cow. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">It had collapsed and died 24 hours later. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">“The two year delay in Brazil’s disease notification is a symptom of the failure of the OIE’s global system that erroneously assumes foreign countries, particularly developing countries, have the same means, commitment and capabilities as the United States to control and eradicate diseases, says Max Thornsberry, who chairs R-CALF USA’s Animal Health Committee. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Thornsberry said USDA’s reliance on foreign countries and OIE to protect U.S. citizens from unsafe imports is “absolutely foolish” and again points up the need for country-of-origin labeling. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">USDA cutbacks in on-site review of the foreign regulatory systems that are supposed to inspect meat exported to the U.S. were reported earlier by Food Safety News. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">R-CALF USA stands for the Ranchers-Cattlemen Action Legal Fund, United Stockgrowers of America. The organization is based in Billings, MT. The only trade- rrelated beef announcement out of USDA since Dec. 6 involved Canada. The XL Foods plant at Brooks, Alberta was permitted to export beef to the U.S. for the first time since the facility’s E. coli crisis.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Tags: Brazil, BSE, Japan, mad cow disease</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.foodsafetynews.com/2012/12/boys-from-brazil-kept-mad-cow-secret-for-two-years/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://www.foodsafetynews.com/2012/12/boys-from-brazil-kept-mad-cow-secret-for-two-years/</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 03, 2017 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">First case of V180I rare mutation in a Brazilian patient with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2017/11/first-case-of-v180i-rare-mutation-in.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2017/11/first-case-of-v180i-rare-mutation-in.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 27, 2016 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Classical Scrapie Diagnosis in ARR/ARR Sheep in Brazil </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Acta Scientiae Veterinariae, 2015. 43(Suppl 1): 69. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2016/09/classical-scrapie-diagnosis-in-arrarr.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://scrapie-usa.blogspot.com/2016/09/classical-scrapie-diagnosis-in-arrarr.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">MONDAY, AUGUST 1, 2016 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">USDA Announces Reopening of Brazilian Market to U.S. Beef Exports and the Potential for Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE prion disease</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2016/08/usda-announces-reopening-of-brazilian.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2016/08/usda-announces-reopening-of-brazilian.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">MONDAY, MAY 5, 2014 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Brazil BSE Mad Cow disease confirmed OIE 02/05/2014</span></div>
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<a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2014/05/brazil-bse-mad-cow-disease-confirmed.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2014/05/brazil-bse-mad-cow-disease-confirmed.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Monday, May 5, 2014 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Brazil 2nd BSE Mad Cow disease confirmed OIE 02/05/2014 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2014/05/brazil-bse-mad-cow-disease-confirmed.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2014/05/brazil-bse-mad-cow-disease-confirmed.html</a> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Thursday, April 24, 2014 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Brazil investigates possible BSE mad cow case </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2014/04/brazil-investigates-possible-bse-mad.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2014/04/brazil-investigates-possible-bse-mad.html</a> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 29, 2014</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Another Suspect case of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease investigated in Brazil</span></div>
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<a href="http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2014/01/another-suspect-case-of-creutzfeldt.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://creutzfeldt-jakob-disease.blogspot.com/2014/01/another-suspect-case-of-creutzfeldt.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 26, 2013 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Brazil evaluate the implementation of health rules on animal by-products and derived products SRM BSE TSE PRION aka MAD COW DISEASE</span></div>
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<a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2013/09/brazil-evaluate-implementation-of.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2013/09/brazil-evaluate-implementation-of.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Wednesday, December 19, 2012 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Scientific Report of the European Food Safety Authority on the Assessment of the Geographical BSE Risk (GBR) of Brazil </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2012/12/scientific-report-of-european-food.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2012/12/scientific-report-of-european-food.html</a></div>
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***> Friday, December 07, 2012 </div>
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***> ATYPICAL BSE BRAZIL 2010 FINALLY CONFIRMED OIE 2012 </div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2012/12/atypical-bse-brazil-2010-finally.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2012/12/atypical-bse-brazil-2010-finally.html</a></div>
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TUESDAY, MARCH 26, 2019 </div>
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<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;">
Joint Statement from President Donald J. Trump USA and President Jair Bolsonaro Brazil FOREIGN POLICY BSE TSE Prion aka mad cow disease</div>
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<a href="https://bseusa.blogspot.com/2019/03/joint-statement-from-president-donald-j.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://bseusa.blogspot.com/2019/03/joint-statement-from-president-donald-j.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;">WEDNESDAY, APRIL 24, 2019 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;">USDA Announces Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Detection Aug 29, 2018 A Review of Science 2019</span></div>
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<a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">TUESDAY, APRIL 30, 2019 </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">Pathobiology, Genetics, and Detection of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies 2018 Annual Report</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/04/pathobiology-genetics-and-detection-of.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/04/pathobiology-genetics-and-detection-of.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">THURSDAY, MARCH 14, 2019 </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">USDA APHIS CDC FDA BSE TSE PRION UPDATE 2019</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/03/usda-aphis-cdc-fda-bse-tse-prion-update.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/03/usda-aphis-cdc-fda-bse-tse-prion-update.html</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;">MONDAY, JANUARY 21, 2019 </span></div>
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<div style="font-size: 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12px;">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE TSE Prion Surveillance FDA USDA APHIS FSIS UPDATE 2019</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12px;"><br clear="none" /></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12px;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/01/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy-bse.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">SUNDAY, APRIL 14, 2019 </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;">Estimation of prion infectivity in tissues of cattle infected with atypical BSE by real time-quaking induced conversion assay</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/estimation-of-prion-infectivity-in.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/04/estimation-of-prion-infectivity-in.html</a></span></span></div>
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WEDNESDAY, APRIL 17, 2019 </div>
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<div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.22em;">
Estimating the impact on food and edible materials of changing scrapie control measures: The scrapie control model</div>
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<a href="https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2019/04/estimating-impact-on-food-and-edible.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2019/04/estimating-impact-on-food-and-edible.html</a></div>
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<div style="font-family: arial, helvetica; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia"; font-size: x-small;">TUESDAY, MARCH 26, 2019 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia"; font-size: x-small;">USDA ARS 2018 USAHA RESOLUTIONS TWO PRONGED APPROACH NEEDED FOR ADVANCING CATTLE TRACEABILITY</span></div>
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<a href="https://naiscoolyes.blogspot.com/2019/03/usda-ars-2018-usaha-resolutions-two.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://naiscoolyes.blogspot.com/2019/03/usda-ars-2018-usaha-resolutions-two.html</a></div>
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***> Wednesday, January 23, 2019 </div>
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***> CFIA SFCR Guidance on Specified risk material (SRM) came into force on January 15, 2019 <***</div>
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<a href="https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2019/01/cfia-sfcr-guidance-on-specified-risk.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2019/01/cfia-sfcr-guidance-on-specified-risk.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";">MAD COW TSE PRION DISEASE AND THE PEER REVIEW PROCESS OF BSe Science $$$</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/03/mad-cow-tse-prion-disease-and-peer.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/03/mad-cow-tse-prion-disease-and-peer.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">P98 The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge </span></div>
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Greenlee JJ (1), Moore SJ (1), and West Greenlee MH (2) (1) United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Virus and Prion Research Unit, Ames, IA, United States (2) Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States. </div>
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reading up on this study from Prion 2018 Conference, very important findings ;</div>
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***> This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div>
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***> These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</div>
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PRION 2018 CONFERENCE ABSTRACT</div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">P98 The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge Greenlee JJ (1), Moore SJ (1), and West Greenlee MH (2) (1) United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Virus and Prion Research Unit, Ames, IA, United States (2) Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States. </span></span></div>
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In 2006, a case of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) was reported in a cow with a previously unreported prion protein polymorphism (E211K). </div>
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The E211K polymorphism is heritable and homologous to the E200K mutation in humans that is the most frequent PRNP mutation associated with familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. </div>
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Although the prevalence of the E211K polymorphism is low, cattle carrying the K211 allele develop H-type BSE with a rapid onset after experimental inoculation by the intracranial route. </div>
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The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the agents of H-type BSE or H-type BSE associated with the E211K polymorphism transmit to wild type cattle or cattle with the K211 allele after oronasal exposure. </div>
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Wild type (EE211) or heterozygous (EK211) cattle were oronasally inoculated with either H-type BSE from the 2004 US Htype BSE case (n=3) or from the 2006 US H-type case associated with the E211K polymorphism (n=4) using 10% w/v brain homogenates. </div>
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Cattle were observed daily throughout the course of the experiment for the development of clinical signs. </div>
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At approximately 50 months post-inoculation, one steer (EK211 inoculated with E211K associated H-BSE) developed clinical signs including inattentiveness, loss of body condition, weakness, ataxia, and muscle fasciculations and was euthanized. </div>
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Enzyme immunoassay confirmed that abundant misfolded protein was present in the brainstem, and immunohistochemistry demonstrated PrPSc throughout the brain. </div>
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Western blot analysis of brain tissue from the clinically affected steer was consistent with the E211K H-type BSE inoculum. </div>
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With the experiment currently at 55 months post-inoculation, no other cattle in this study have developed clinical signs suggestive of prion disease. This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </div>
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These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains. </div>
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PRION 2018 CONFERENCE ABSTRACT</div>
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<a href="https://prion2018.org/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://prion2018.org/</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 15, 2018 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">***> The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2018/08/the-agent-of-h-type-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2018/08/the-agent-of-h-type-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div>
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<em style="color: #333333; font-family: arial; font-size: 13px; line-height: inherit;">PLOS ONE Journal </em></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: 13px;">IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Terry S. Singeltary Sr., 03 Jul 2015 at 16:53 GMT</span></span></div>
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***however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE.<br />
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***Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc detection by PMCA only.<br />
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*** IBNC Tauopathy or TSE Prion disease, it appears, no one is sure ***<br />
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<a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; font-family: Verdana; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=86610</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; font-size: 10pt;">*** Singeltary reply ; Molecular, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics of BSE in Canada Singeltary reply ;</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action;jsessionid=635CE9094E0EA15D5362B7D7B809448C?root=7143" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action;jsessionid=635CE9094E0EA15D5362B7D7B809448C?root=7143</a></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Oral Transmission of L-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Agent among Cattle </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">CDC Volume 23, Number 2—February 2017 </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">*** Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">*** Consumption of L-BSE–contaminated feed may pose a risk for oral transmission of the disease agent to cattle.</span></div>
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<a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/23/2/16-1416_article" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/23/2/16-1416_article</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">USDA finds BSE infection in Florida cow 08/28/18 6:43 PM</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://animalhealthreportpriontse.blogspot.com/2018/08/usda-finds-bse-infection-in-florida-cow.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://animalhealthreportpriontse..blogspot.com/2018/08/usda-finds-bse-infection-in-florida-cow.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 29, 2018 </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">USDA Announces Atypical Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Detection USDA 08/29/2018 10:00 AM EDT</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2018/08/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2018/08/usda-announces-atypical-bovine.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 29, 2018 </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE Prion Atypical BSE Confirmed Florida Update USA August 28, 2018</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/08/transmissible-spongiform-encephalopathy.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2018/08/transmissible-spongiform-encephalopathy.html</a></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***> P.108: Successful oral challenge of adult cattle with classical BSE</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Sandor Dudas1,*, Kristina Santiago-Mateo1, Tammy Pickles1, Catherine Graham2, and Stefanie Czub1 1Canadian Food Inspection Agency; NCAD Lethbridge; Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada; 2Nova Scotia Department of Agriculture; Pathology Laboratory; Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Classical Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (C-type BSE) is a feed- and food-borne fatal neurological disease which can be orally transmitted to cattle and humans. Due to the presence of contaminated milk replacer, it is generally assumed that cattle become infected early in life as calves and then succumb to disease as adults. Here we challenged three 14 months old cattle per-orally with 100 grams of C-type BSE brain to investigate age-related susceptibility or resistance. During incubation, the animals were sampled monthly for blood and feces and subjected to standardized testing to identify changes related to neurological disease. At 53 months post exposure, progressive signs of central nervous system disease were observed in these 3 animals, and they were euthanized. Two of the C-BSE animals tested strongly positive using standard BSE rapid tests, however in 1 C-type challenged animal, Prion 2015 Poster Abstracts S67 PrPsc was not detected using rapid tests for BSE. Subsequent testing resulted in the detection of pathologic lesion in unusual brain location and PrPsc detection by PMCA only. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***Our study demonstrates susceptibility of adult cattle to oral transmission of classical BSE. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">We are further examining explanations for the unusual disease presentation in the third challenged animal.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">P.86: Estimating the risk of transmission of BSE and scrapie to ruminants and humans by protein misfolding cyclic amplification</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Morikazu Imamura, Naoko Tabeta, Yoshifumi Iwamaru, and Yuichi Murayama</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">National Institute of Animal Health; Tsukuba, Japan</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">To assess the risk of the transmission of ruminant prions to ruminants and humans at the molecular level, we investigated the ability of abnormal prion protein (PrPSc) of typical and atypical BSEs (L-type and H-type) and typical scrapie to convert normal prion protein (PrPC) from bovine, ovine, and human to proteinase K-resistant PrPSc-like form (PrPres) using serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA).</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Six rounds of serial PMCA was performed using 10% brain homogenates from transgenic mice expressing bovine, ovine or human PrPC in combination with PrPSc seed from typical and atypical BSE- or typical scrapie-infected brain homogenates from native host species. In the conventional PMCA, the conversion of PrPC to PrPres was observed only when the species of PrPC source and PrPSc seed matched. However, in the PMCA with supplements (digitonin, synthetic polyA and heparin), both bovine and ovine PrPC were converted by PrPSc from all tested prion strains. On the other hand, human PrPC was converted by PrPSc from typical and H-type BSE in this PMCA condition.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Although these results were not compatible with the previous reports describing the lack of transmissibility of H-type BSE to ovine and human transgenic mice, our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">P.170: Potential detection of oral transmission of H type atypical BSE in cattle using in vitro conversion</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">***P.170: Potential detection of oral transmission of H type atypical BSE in cattle using in vitro conversion</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Sandor Dudas, John G Gray, Renee Clark, and Stefanie Czub Canadian Food Inspection Agency; Lethbridge, AB Canada</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Keywords: Atypical BSE, oral transmission, RT-QuIC</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">The detection of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) has had a significant negative impact on the cattle industry worldwide. In response, governments took actions to prevent transmission and additional threats to animal health and food safety. While these measures seem to be effective for controlling classical BSE, the more recently discovered atypical BSE has presented a new challenge. To generate data for risk assessment and control measures, we have challenged cattle orally with atypical BSE to determine transmissibility and mis-folded prion (PrPSc) tissue distribution. Upon presentation of clinical symptoms, animals were euthanized and tested for characteristic histopathological changes as well as PrPSc deposition.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">The H-type challenged animal displayed vacuolation exclusively in rostral brain areas but the L-type challenged animal showed no evidence thereof. To our surprise, neither of the animals euthanized, which were displaying clinical signs indicative of BSE, showed conclusive mis-folded prion accumulation in the brain or gut using standard molecular or immunohistochemical assays. To confirm presence or absence of prion infectivity, we employed an optimized real-time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assay developed at the Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, USA.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Detection of PrPSc was unsuccessful for brain samples tests from the orally inoculated L type animal using the RT-QuIC. It is possible that these negative results were related to the tissue sampling locations or that type specific optimization is needed to detect PrPSc in this animal. We were however able to consistently detect the presence of mis-folded prions in the brain of the H-type inoculated animal. Considering the negative and inconclusive results with other PrPSc detection methods, positive results using the optimized RT-QuIC suggests the method is extremely sensitive for H-type BSE detection. This may be evidence of the first successful oral transmission of H type atypical BSE in cattle and additional investigation of samples from these animals are ongoing.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.29370" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.4161/pri.29370</a></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/06/prion-2014-typical-and-atypical-bse-and.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/06/prion-2014-typical-and-atypical-bse-and.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/05/a-comparison-of-classical-and-h-type.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/05/a-comparison-of-classical-and-h-type.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2017/01/oral-transmission-of-l-type-bovine.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2017/01/oral-transmission-of-l-type-bovine.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Detection of PrPBSE and prion infectivity in the ileal Peyer’s patch of young calves as early as 2 months after oral challenge with classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">Ivett Ackermann1 , Anne Balkema‑Buschmann1 , Reiner Ulrich2 , Kerstin Tauscher2 , James C. Shawulu1 , Markus Keller1 , Olanrewaju I. Fatola1 , Paul Brown3 and Martin H. Groschup1* </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">In classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (C-BSE), an orally acquired prion disease of cattle, the ileal Peyer’s patch (IPP) represents the main entry port for the BSE agent. In earlier C-BSE pathogenesis studies, cattle at 4–6 months of age were orally challenged, while there are strong indications that the risk of infection is highest in young animals. In the present study, unweaned calves aged 4–6 weeks were orally challenged to determine the earli‑ est time point at which newly formed PrPBSE and BSE infectivity are detectable in the IPP. For this purpose, calves were culled 1 week as well as 2, 4, 6 and 8 months post-infection (mpi) and IPPs were examined for BSE infectivity using a bovine PrP transgenic mouse bioassay, and for PrPBSE by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and protein misfolding cyclic amplifcation (PMCA) assays. For the frst time, BSE prions were detected in the IPP as early as 2 mpi by transgenic mouse bioassay and PMCA and 4 mpi by IHC in the follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) of the IPP follicles. These data indi‑ cate that BSE prions propagate in the IPP of unweaned calves within 2 months of oral uptake of the agent.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">In summary, our study demonstrates for the frst time PrPBSE (by PMCA) and prion infectivity (by mouse bioassay) in the ileal Peyer’s patch (IPP) of young calves as early as 2 months after infection. From 4 mpi nearly all calves showed PrPBSE positive IPP follicles (by IHC), even with PrPBSE accumulation detectable in FDCs in some animals. Finally, our results confrm the IPP as the early port of entry for the BSE agent and a site of initial propagation of PrPBSE and infectivity during the early pathogenesis of the disease. Terefore, our study supports the recommendation to remove the last four metres of the small intestine (distal ileum) at slaughter, as designated by current legal requirements for countries with a controlled BSE risk status, as an essential measure for consumer and public health protection.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5738053/pdf/13567_2017_Article_495.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5738053/pdf/13567_2017_Article_495.pdf</a></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;">A study comparing preclinical cattle infected naturally with BSE to clinically affected cattle either naturally or experimentally infected with BSE by the oral route found the most abundant PrPSc in the brainstem area (39), which is consistent with ascension to the brain from the gut by sympathetic and parasympathetic projections (40). In our experiment, abundant prions were observed in the brainstem of cattle with clinical signs of BSE, which is similar to the amount in their thalamus or midbrain regions. Interestingly, prions in the brainstem of cattle with clinical evidence of BSE seeded the RT-QuIC reactions faster than any other brain region despite the brainstem area having lower EIA OD values (Table 2) in comparison to other brain regions. This suggests that higher concentrations of prions do not necessarily seed the reaction faster. Perhaps prions of the brainstem exist in a preferred conformation for better conversion despite being present in lower concentrations.</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2017.00242/full" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2017.00242/full</a></span></div>
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The 2004 enhanced BSE surveillance program was so flawed, that one of the top TSE prion Scientist for the CDC, Dr. Paul Brown stated ; Brown, who is preparing a scientific paper based on the latest two mad cow cases to estimate the maximum number of infected cows that occurred in the United States, said he has "absolutely no confidence in USDA tests before one year ago" because of the agency's reluctance to retest the Texas cow that initially tested positive.</div>
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CDC - Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy and Variant Creutzfeldt ... Dr. Paul Brown is Senior Research Scientist in the Laboratory of Central Nervous System ... Address for correspondence: Paul Brown, Building 36, Room 4A-05, ...</div>
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PAUL BROWN COMMENT TO ME ON THIS ISSUE</div>
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Tuesday, September 12, 2006 11:10 AM</div>
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"Actually, Terry, I have been critical of the USDA handling of the mad cow issue for some years, and with Linda Detwiler and others sent lengthy detailed critiques and recommendations to both the USDA and the Canadian Food Agency."</div>
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OR, what the Honorable Phyllis Fong of the OIG found ;</div>
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Finding 2 Inherent Challenges in Identifying and Testing High-Risk Cattle Still Remain</div>
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IT is of my opinion, that the OIE and the USDA et al, are the soul reason, and responsible parties, for Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy TSE prion diseases, including typical and atypical BSE, typical and atypical Scrapie, and all strains of CWD, and human TSE there from, spreading around the globe. I have lost all confidence of this organization as a regulatory authority on animal disease, and consider it nothing more than a National Trading Brokerage for all strains of animal TSE, just to satisfy there commodity. AS i said before, OIE should hang up there jock strap now, since it appears they will buckle every time a country makes some political hay about trade protocol, commodities and futures. IF they are not going to be science based, they should do everyone a favor and dissolve there organization. JUST because of low documented human body count with nvCJD and the long incubation periods, the lack of sound science being replaced by political and corporate science in relations with the fact that science has now linked some sporadic CJD with atypical BSE and atypical scrapie, and the very real threat of CWD being zoonosis, I believed the O.I.E. has failed terribly and again, I call for this organization to be dissolved... </div>
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Monday, May 05, 2014</div>
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Member Country details for listing OIE CWD 2013 against the criteria of Article 1.2.2., the Code Commission recommends consideration for listing</div>
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SPECIAL ALERT The OIE recommends strengthening animal disease surveillance worldwide</div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">O.4.3</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Spread of BSE prions in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) after oral transmission</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Edgar Holznagel1, Walter Schulz-Schaeffer2, Barbara Yutzy1, Gerhard Hunsmann3, Johannes Loewer1 1Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Federal Institute for Sera and Vaccines, Germany; 2Department of Neuropathology, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany, 3Department of Virology and Immunology, German Primate Centre, Göttingen, Germany</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Background: BSE-infected cynomolgus monkeys represent a relevant animal model to study the pathogenesis of variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (vCJD).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Objectives: To study the spread of BSE prions during the asymptomatic phase of infection in a simian animal model.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Methods: Orally BSE-dosed macaques (n=10) were sacrificed at defined time points during the incubation period and 7 orally BSE-dosed macaques were sacrificed after the onset of clinical signs. Neuronal and non-neuronal tissues were tested for the presence of proteinase-K-resistant prion protein (PrPres) by western immunoblot and by paraffin-embedded tissue (PET) blot technique.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Results: In clinically diseased macaques (5 years p.i. + 6 mo.), PrPres deposits were widely spread in neuronal tissues (including the peripheral sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system) and in lymphoid tissues including tonsils. In asymptomatic disease carriers, PrPres deposits could be detected in intestinal lymph nodes as early as 1 year p.i., but CNS tissues were negative until 3 – 4 years p.i. Lumbal/sacral segments of the spinal cord and medulla oblongata were PrPres positive as early as 4.1 years p.i., whereas sympathetic trunk and all thoracic/cervical segments of the spinal cord were still negative for PrPres. However, tonsil samples were negative in all asymptomatic cases.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Discussion: There is evidence for an early spread of BSE to the CNS via autonomic fibres of the splanchnic and vagus nerves indicating that trans-synaptical spread may be a time-limiting factor for neuroinvasion. Tonsils were predominantly negative during the main part of the incubation period indicating that epidemiological vCJD screening results based on the detection of PrPres in tonsil biopsies may mostly tend to underestimate the prevalence of vCJD among humans.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">P.4.23</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Transmission of atypical BSE in humanized mouse models</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Liuting Qing1, Wenquan Zou1, Cristina Casalone2, Martin Groschup3, Miroslaw Polak4, Maria Caramelli2, Pierluigi Gambetti1, Juergen Richt5, Qingzhong Kong1 1Case Western Reserve University, USA; 2Instituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale, Italy; 3Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany; 4National Veterinary Research Institute, Poland; 5Kansas State University (Previously at USDA National Animal Disease Center), USA</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Background: Classical BSE is a world-wide prion disease in cattle, and the classical BSE strain (BSE-C) has led to over 200 cases of clinical human infection (variant CJD). Atypical BSE cases have been discovered in three continents since 2004; they include the L-type (also named BASE), the H-type, and the first reported case of naturally occurring BSE with mutated bovine PRNP (termed BSE-M). The public health risks posed by atypical BSE were largely undefined.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Objectives: To investigate these atypical BSE types in terms of their transmissibility and phenotypes in humanized mice. Methods: Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were inoculated with several classical (C-type) and atypical (L-, H-, or Mtype) BSE isolates, and the transmission rate, incubation time, characteristics and distribution of PrPSc, symptoms, and histopathology were or will be examined and compared.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Results: Sixty percent of BASE-inoculated humanized mice became infected with minimal spongiosis and an average incubation time of 20-22 months, whereas only one of the C-type BSE-inoculated mice developed prion disease after more than 2 years. Protease-resistant PrPSc in BASE-infected humanized Tg mouse brains was biochemically different from bovine BASE or sCJD. PrPSc was also detected in the spleen of 22% of BASE-infected humanized mice, but not in those infected with sCJD. Secondary transmission of BASE in the humanized mice led to a small reduction in incubation time. The atypical BSE-H strain is also transmissible with distinct phenotypes in the humanized mice, but no BSE-M transmission has been observed so far.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Discussion: Our results demonstrate that BASE is more virulent than classical BSE, has a lymphotropic phenotype, and displays a modest transmission barrier in our humanized mice.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">BSE-H is also transmissible in our humanized Tg mice.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">The possibility of more than two atypical BSE strains will be discussed.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Supported by NINDS NS052319, NIA AG14359, and NIH AI 77774.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><a href="http://www.prion2009.com/sites/default/files/Prion2009_Book_of_Abstracts.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.prion2009.com/sites/default/files/Prion2009_Book_of_Abstracts.pdf</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">P03.137</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Transmission of BSE to Cynomolgus Macaque, a Non-human Primate; Development of Clinical Symptoms and Tissue Distribution of PrPSC</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Yamakawa, Y1; Ono, F2; Tase, N3; Terao, K3; Tannno, J3; Wada, N4; Tobiume, M5; Sato, Y5; Okemoto-Nakamura, Y1; Hagiwara, K1; Sata, T5 1National Institure of Infectious diseases, Cell biology and Biochemistry, Japan; 2Corporation for Production and Research Laboratory Primates., Japan; 3National Institure of Biomedical Innovation, Tsukuba Primate Reserch Center, Japan; 4Yamauchi Univ., Veterinary Medicine, Japan; 5National Institure of Infectious diseases, Pathology, Japan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Two of three cynomolgus monkeys developed abnormal neuronal behavioral signs at 30-(#7) and 28-(#10) months after intracerebral inoculation of 200ul of 10% brain homogenates of BSE affected cattle (BSE/JP6). Around 30 months post inoculation (mpi), they developed sporadic anorexia and hyperekplexia with squeal against environmental stimulations such as light and sound. Tremor, myoclonic jerk and paralysis became conspicuous during 32 to 33-mpi, and symptoms become worsened according to the disease progression. Finally, one monkey (#7) fell into total paralysis at 36-mpi. This monkey was sacrificed at 10 days after intensive veterinary care including infusion and per oral supply of liquid food. The other monkey (#10) had to grasp the cage bars to keep an upright posture caused by the sever ataxia. This monkey was sacrificed at 35-mpi. EEG of both monkeys showed diffuse slowing. PSD characteristic for sporadic CJD was not observed in both monkeys. The result of forearm movement test showed the hypofunction that was observed at onset of clinical symptoms. Their cognitive function determined by finger maze test was maintained at the early stage of sideration. However, it was rapidly impaired followed by the disease progression. Their autopsied tissues were immunochemically investigated for the tissue distribution of PrPSc. Severe spongiform change in the brain together with heavy accumulation of PrPSc having the type 2B/4 glycoform profile confirmed successful transmission of BSE to Cynomolgus macaques. Granular and linear deposition of PrPSC was detected by IHC in the CNS of both monkeys. At cerebral cortex, PrPSC was prominently accumulated in the large plaques. Sparse accumulation of PrPSc was detected in several peripheral nerves of #7 but not in #10 monkey, upon the WB analysis. Neither #7 nor #10 monkey accumulated detectable amounts of PrPSc in their lymphatic organs such as tonsil, spleen, adrenal grands and thymus although PrPSc was barely detected in the submandibular lymph node of #7 monkey. Such confined tissue distribution of PrPSc after intracerebral infection with BSE agent is not compatible to that reported on the Cynomolgus macaques infected with BSE by oral or intra-venous (intra-peritoneal) routs, in which PrPSc was accumulated at not only CNS but also widely distributed lymphatic tissues.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">P04.27</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Experimental BSE Infection of Non-human Primates: Efficacy of the Oral Route</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Holznagel, E1; Yutzy, B1; Deslys, J-P2; Lasmézas, C2; Pocchiari, M3; Ingrosso, L3; Bierke, P4; Schulz-Schaeffer, W5; Motzkus, D6; Hunsmann, G6; Löwer, J1 1Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Germany; 2Commissariat à l´Energie Atomique, France; 3Instituto Superiore di Sanità, Italy; 4Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease control, Sweden; 5Georg August University, Germany; 6German Primate Center, Germany</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Background: In 2001, a study was initiated in primates to assess the risk for humans to contract BSE through contaminated food. For this purpose, BSE brain was titrated in cynomolgus monkeys.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Aims: The primary objective is the determination of the minimal infectious dose (MID50) for oral exposure to BSE in a simian model, and, by in doing this, to assess the risk for humans. Secondly, we aimed at examining the course of the disease to identify possible biomarkers.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Methods: Groups with six monkeys each were orally dosed with lowering amounts of BSE brain: 16g, 5g, 0.5g, 0.05g, and 0.005g. In a second titration study, animals were intracerebrally (i.c.) dosed (50, 5, 0.5, 0.05, and 0.005 mg).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Results: In an ongoing study, a considerable number of high-dosed macaques already developed simian vCJD upon oral or intracerebral exposure or are at the onset of the clinical phase. However, there are differences in the clinical course between orally and intracerebrally infected animals that may influence the detection of biomarkers.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Conclusions: Simian vCJD can be easily triggered in cynomolgus monkeys on the oral route using less than 5 g BSE brain homogenate. The difference in the incubation period between 5 g oral and 5 mg i.c. is only 1 year (5 years versus 4 years). However, there are rapid progressors among orally dosed monkeys that develop simian vCJD as fast as intracerebrally inoculated animals.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">The work referenced was performed in partial fulfilment of the study “BSE in primates“ supported by the EU (QLK1-2002-01096).<a href="http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2007/abstract_book.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2007/abstract_book.pdf</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Simian vCJD can be easily triggered in cynomolgus monkeys on the oral route using less than 5 g BSE brain homogenate.</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.prion2007.com/pdf/Prion%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">WE know now, and we knew decades ago, that 5.5 grams of suspect feed in TEXAS was enough to kill 100 cows.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">look at the table and you'll see that as little as 1 mg (or 0.001 gm) caused 7% (1 of 14) of the cows to come down with BSE;</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Risk of oral infection with bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent in primates</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Corinne Ida Lasmézas, Emmanuel Comoy, Stephen Hawkins, Christian Herzog, Franck Mouthon, Timm Konold, Frédéric Auvré, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra-Etchegaray, Nicole Salès, Gerald Wells, Paul Brown, Jean-Philippe Deslys Summary The uncertain extent of human exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)--which can lead to variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)--is compounded by incomplete knowledge about the efficiency of oral infection and the magnitude of any bovine-to-human biological barrier to transmission. We therefore investigated oral transmission of BSE to non-human primates. We gave two macaques a 5 g oral dose of brain homogenate from a BSE-infected cow. One macaque developed vCJD-like neurological disease 60 months after exposure, whereas the other remained free of disease at 76 months. On the basis of these findings and data from other studies, we made a preliminary estimate of the food exposure risk for man, which provides additional assurance that existing public health measures can prevent transmission of BSE to man.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">snip...</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">BSE bovine brain inoculum</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">100 g 10 g 5 g 1 g 100 mg 10 mg 1 mg 0·1 mg 0·01 mg</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Primate (oral route)* 1/2 (50%)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Cattle (oral route)* 10/10 (100%) 7/9 (78%) 7/10 (70%) 3/15 (20%) 1/15 (7%) 1/15 (7%)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">RIII mice (ic ip route)* 17/18 (94%) 15/17 (88%) 1/14 (7%)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">PrPres biochemical detection</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">The comparison is made on the basis of calibration of the bovine inoculum used in our study with primates against a bovine brain inoculum with a similar PrPres concentration that was inoculated into mice and cattle.8 *Data are number of animals positive/number of animals surviving at the time of clinical onset of disease in the first positive animal (%). The accuracy of bioassays is generally judged to be about plus or minus 1 log. ic ip=intracerebral and intraperitoneal.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Table 1: Comparison of transmission rates in primates and cattle infected orally with similar BSE brain inocula</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">Published online January 27, 2005</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.thelancet.com/journal/journal.isa</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">It is clear that the designing scientists must also have shared Mr Bradley’s surprise at the results because all the dose levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.</span></div>
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<a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20040523230128/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20040523230128/www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s145d.pdf</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";">it is clear that the designing scientists must have also shared Mr Bradleyâs surprise at the results because all the dose levels right down to 1 gram triggered infection.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20030526212610/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://web.archive.org/web/20030526212610/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/ws/s147f.pdf</a> </span></div>
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<a href="http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2009/prion2009_bookofabstracts.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2009/prion2009_bookofabstracts.pdf</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">I ask Professor Kong ;</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Thursday, December 04, 2008 3:37 PM</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Subject: RE: re--Chronic Wating Disease (CWD) and Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathies (BSE): Public Health Risk Assessment</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">IS the h-BSE more virulent than typical BSE as well, or the same as cBSE, or less virulent than cBSE? just curious.....</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Professor Kong reply ;</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">.....snip</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">As to the H-BSE, we do not have sufficient data to say one way or another, but we have found that H-BSE can infect humans. I hope we could publish these data once the study is complete. Thanks for your interest.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Best regards, Qingzhong Kong, PhD Associate Professor Department of Pathology Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, OH 44106 USA </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">P.4.23 Transmission of atypical BSE in humanized mouse models </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Liuting Qing1, Wenquan Zou1, Cristina Casalone2, Martin Groschup3, Miroslaw Polak4, Maria Caramelli2, Pierluigi Gambetti1, Juergen Richt5, Qingzhong Kong1 1Case Western Reserve University, USA; 2Instituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale, Italy; 3Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany; 4National Veterinary Research Institute, Poland; 5Kansas State University (Previously at USDA National Animal Disease Center), USA</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Background: Classical BSE is a world-wide prion disease in cattle, and the classical BSE strain (BSE-C) has led to over 200 cases of clinical human infection (variant CJD). Atypical BSE cases have been discovered in three continents since 2004; they include the L-type (also named BASE), the H-type, and the first reported case of naturally occurring BSE with mutated bovine PRNP (termed BSE-M). The public health risks posed by atypical BSE were argely undefined.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Objectives: To investigate these atypical BSE types in terms of their transmissibility and phenotypes in humanized mice.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Methods: Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were inoculated with several classical (C-type) and atypical (L-, H-, or Mtype) BSE isolates, and the transmission rate, incubation time, characteristics and distribution of PrPSc, symptoms, and histopathology were or will be examined and compared.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Results: Sixty percent of BASE-inoculated humanized mice became infected with minimal spongiosis and an average incubation time of 20-22 months, whereas only one of the C-type BSE-inoculated mice developed prion disease after more than 2 years. Protease-resistant PrPSc in BASE-infected humanized Tg mouse brains was biochemically different from bovine BASE or sCJD. PrPSc was also detected in the spleen of 22% of BASE-infected humanized mice, but not in those infected with sCJD. Secondary transmission of BASE in the humanized mice led to a small reduction in incubation time. The atypical BSE-H strain is also transmissible with distinct phenotypes in the humanized mice, but no BSE-M transmission has been observed so far.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Discussion: Our results demonstrate that BASE is more virulent than classical BSE, has a lymphotropic phenotype, and displays a modest transmission barrier in our humanized mice. BSE-H is also transmissible in our humanized Tg mice. The possibility of more than two atypical BSE strains will be discussed.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica";"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">Supported by NINDS NS052319, NIA AG14359, and NIH AI 77774.</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2009/prion2009_bookofabstracts.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.neuroprion.org/resources/pdf_docs/conferences/prion2009/prion2009_bookofabstracts.pdf</a></div>
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<a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2009/10/atypical-bse-bse-and-other-human-and.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2009/10/atypical-bse-bse-and-other-human-and.html</a></div>
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>>> It is distinct from atypical BSE, which may develop spontaneously, according to information from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.</div>
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THIS IS A MYTH $$$</div>
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***atypical spontaneous BSE in France LOL***</div>
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FRANCE STOPS TESTING FOR MAD COW DISEASE BSE, and here’s why, to many spontaneous events of mad cow disease $$$</div>
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***so 20 cases of atypical BSE in France, compared to the remaining 40 cases in the remaining 12 Countries, divided by the remaining 12 Countries, about 3+ cases per country, besides Frances 20 cases. you cannot explain this away with any spontaneous BSe. ...TSS</div>
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Sunday, October 5, 2014</div>
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France stops BSE testing for Mad Cow Disease</div>
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<a href="http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/10/france-stops-bse-testing-for-mad-cow.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://transmissiblespongiformencephalopathy.blogspot.com/2014/10/france-stops-bse-testing-for-mad-cow.html</a> </div>
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Thursday, March 24, 2016</div>
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FRANCE CONFIRMS BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY BSE MAD COW (ESB) chez une vache dans les Ardennes</div>
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<a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/03/france-confirms-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/03/france-confirms-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div>
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***atypical spontaneous BSE in France LOL***</div>
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FRANCE STOPS TESTING FOR MAD COW DISEASE BSE, and here’s why, to many spontaneous events of mad cow disease $$$</div>
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<a href="http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/05/france-confirms-case-of-classical-mad.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2016/05/france-confirms-case-of-classical-mad.html</a></div>
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<span style="color: #111111; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">we have seen the spontaneous BSE epidemic in France, what about the other HIGH INCIDENCE ATYPICAL BSE COUNTRY OF POLAND, another atypical spontaneous event of high incidence. how can this be blamed on a happenstance of nothing, i.e. old age? goes against all junk science to date on the spontaneous atypical BSE i.e.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #111111; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">> In 2015, the OIE determined that atypical BSE occurred spontaneously at a low rate in all cattle populations and would be excluded for BSE risk. ...</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #111111; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">>Atypical BSE occurs in older cattle, usually 8 years of age or greater, and does not appear to be associated with contaminated feed. Like classic or sporadic CJD in humans, it seems to arise rarely and spontaneously. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #111111; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><a href="http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2016/07/atypical-bovine-spongiform.html</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">we have seen the spontaneous BSE epidemic in France, what about the other HIGH INCIDENCE ATYPICAL BSE COUNTRY OF POLAND, another atypical spontaneous event of high incidence. how can this be blamed on a happenstance of nothing, i.e. old age? goes against all junk science to date on the spontaneous atypical BSE i.e.</span></div>
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> In 2015, the OIE determined that atypical BSE occurred spontaneously at a low rate in all cattle populations and would be excluded for BSE risk. ...</div>
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>Atypical BSE occurs in older cattle, usually 8 years of age or greater, and does not appear to be associated with contaminated feed. Like classic or sporadic CJD in humans, it seems to arise rarely and spontaneously. </div>
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POLAND ATYPICAL BSE AND SPORADIC CJD</div>
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Atypical status of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in Poland: a molecular typing study</div>
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The aim of this study was to analyze molecular features of protease-resistant prion protein (PrPres) in Western blots of BSE cases diagnosed in Poland with respect to a possible atypical status. Confirmed cases were analyzed by Western blotting with several monoclonal antibodies directed at N-terminal and core epitopes of prion protein (PrP). Most cases showed the classical glycoprofile characterized by the dominance of the di- over the monoglycosylated PrPres band, yielding di-/mono- ratios well above 2 and by reactivity with antibodies having their epitopes in bovine PrP region 110–242 (C-type cases). Surprisingly, seven cases of BSE were atypical. Six were classified as L-type based on a slightly lower molecular mass (Mr) of the non- glycosylated band with respect to C-types and a conspicuously low di-/mono- ratio of glycosylated PrPres bands approaching unity. One case was classified as H-type because of a higher Mr of PrPres bands on the blot when compared with C-type cases. A characteristic epitope of H-type PrPres occurred in the 101–110 region of PrP for which only antibody 12B2 had a sufficient affinity. The occurrence of atypical cases only in animals 9 years of age and older raises questions about the mechanisms of prion diseases and the origin of BSE.</div>
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Atypical status of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in Poland: a molecular typing study</div>
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M. P. Polak1, J. F. Zmudzinski1, J. G. Jacobs2, J. P. M. Langeveld2</div>
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1 National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland</div>
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2 Central Institute for Animal Disease Control (CIDC-Lelystad), Lelystad, The Netherlands Received 24 April 2007; Accepted 27 August 2007; Published online 26 September 2007 # Springer-Verlag 2007 </div>
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Clarification of whether these atypical cases represent genuine strains of BSE would be accomplished by transmission studies in mice. Such studies have already been performed in France, Germany and Italy [3, 5, 14, 15]. For H-type cases in France, successful transmission was achieved in both wild-type, and transgenic mice expressing bovine and ovine PrPC. In Germany, successful transmission of both an L-type and an H-type case to transgenic mice overexpressing bovine PrPC has been described. PrPres from those mice was identical to the inoculum used in the study, proving the existence of distinct strains of BSE. All atypical features of those isolates were maintained in the inoculated mice, indicating the existence of several prion strains in cattle, or alternatively a possible evolution to a single BSE strain, as suggested from data obtained by Capobianco et al. with wild-type inbred mice [15]. This second hypothesis could fit with data from the United Kingdom, where over 180,000 cases of BSE were diagnosed by passive surveillance. British and European experience based on tissue analysis from clinically affected animals showed consistent characteristics of BSE agent not only on histological sections from cattle brains but also when inoculating mice, pointing to the existence of one uniform strain of BSE. Therefore, it is possible that a sporadic form of BSE present in the cattle population at a very low rate in the past could have spread to naive animals via contaminated meatand-bone meals. Spontaneous BSE, if it occurs, must be a very rare phenomenon. However, data for Poland, where 14% of all cases comprised an atypical form of BSE, seems to be in contradiction to this hypothesis. But when the average age of all positive cases in Poland is taken into account, BSE is generally found in older animals (mean age of 7.7). Analysis of the age structure of cattle in Poland in the period of 2002–2006 shows that 56–60% of all animals were 7 years old and above. A much larger number of cattle should be tested to get better insight into the real prevalence of atypical BSE. However, current tendencies based on economic analysis point to a decrease in the number of tests performed rather than expanding this scheme any further. It would be sensible to maintain a certain level of testing focused on the older age group to distinguish between a stable, thus sporadic-based, situation of BSE, or alternatively a fade-out, thus epidemic-based, situation. Exploring the subject of spontaneous BSE in the cattle population may be ceased for economic reasons, and it may never be known while this answer is in our reach thanks to great financial efforts in recent years. </div>
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Poland is Proof atypical BSE is NOT an old cow spontaneous disease...tss</div>
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Number of reported cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in farmed cattle worldwide* (excluding the United Kingdom) Country/Year </div>
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Poland </div>
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89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16</div>
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0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4f 5 11 19 10 9 5 4 2 1m 3 1 0 0 0</div>
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<a href="http://www.oie.int/animal-health-in-the-world/bse-situation-in-the-world-and-annual-incidence-rate/number-of-reported-cases-worldwide-excluding-the-united-kingdom/" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.oie.int/animal-health-in-the-world/bse-situation-in-the-world-and-annual-incidence-rate/number-of-reported-cases-worldwide-excluding-the-united-kingdom/</a></div>
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Source: USDA, APHIS, VS </div>
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What is the level of passenger traffic arriving in the United States from Poland? </div>
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A total of 188,946 passengers arrived at US airports on direct flights from Poland in fiscal year 2000. </div>
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An undetermined number of passengers arrived in the US from Poland via indirect flights. </div>
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Under APHIS-PPQ’s agricultural quarantine inspection monitoring, 451 air passengers from Poland were sampled for items of agricultural interest in fiscal year 2000. </div>
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Thirteen (13) of these passengers, or 2.9 percent, carried a total of 26.2 kg of meat items that could potentially harbor the pathogen(s) that cause BSE. </div>
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None of these passengers from whom meat items were confiscated reported plans to visit or work on a ranch or farm during their visit to the US. </div>
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Source: US Department of Transportation, and APHIS-PPQ Agricultural Quarantine Inspection data base CEI’s plans for follow up: CEI has no plans to provide additional information on this situation. If you need more information or wish to comment, you may contact Judy Akkina at (970) 490-7852 or Carol Tuszynski at (970) 490-7893. </div>
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What measures has USDA-APHIS taken to prevent the introduction of BSE? To prevent BSE from entering the United States, APHIS has restricted the importation of live ruminants and certain ruminant products from countries where BSE is known to exist.</div>
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Greetings FDA and public, </div>
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if you go to the below site, and search all BSE known countries and check out their air traffic illegal meat they have confiscated, and check out the low number checked, compared to actual passenger traffic, would not take too much for some nut to bring in FMD/TSEs into the USA as a 'suitcase bomb'. </div>
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[[Under APHIS-PPQ's agricultural quarantine inspection monitoring, 284 air passengers from Israel were sampled for items of agricultural interest in fiscal year 2001. Seven of these passengers, or 2 percent, carried a total of 11 kg of meat items that could potentially harbor the pathogen that causes BSE. None of these passengers from whom meat items were confiscated reported plans to visit or work on a ranch or farm during their visit to the U.S.]] </div>
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if they were to have questioned the terrorist that bombed the Twin Towers with jets, if they were to have questioned them at flight school in the USA, i am sure that they would have said they did not intend to visit the Twin Towers as a flying bomb either. what am i thinking, they probably did ask this? stupid me. </div>
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[[In 1999 a small amount of non-species specific meat and offal was imported and a small amount of fetal bovine serum (FBS) was also imported. FBS is considered to have a relatively low risk of transmitting BSE.]] more of the USA infamous 'non-species coding system', wonder how many of these species are capable of carrying a TSE? </div>
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A total of 524,401 passengers arrived on direct flights to the U.S. from Israel in fiscal year 2000. This number does not include passengers who arrived in the U.S. from Israel via indirect flights. Under APHIS-PPQ's agricultural quarantine inspection monitoring, 284 air passengers from Israel were sampled for items of agricultural interest in fiscal year 2001. Seven of these passengers, or 2 percent, carried a total of 11 kg of meat items that could potentially harbor the pathogen that causes BSE. None of these passengers from whom meat items were confiscated reported plans to visit or work on a ranch or farm during their visit to the U.S. </div>
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<a href="http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/ceah/cei/bse_israel0602.htm" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/ceah/cei/bse_israel0602.htm</a></div>
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<a href="http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/05/us-federal-government-is-unprepared-for.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://madcowusda.blogspot.com/2015/05/us-federal-government-is-unprepared-for.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13px;">MONDAY, FEBRUARY 04, 2019 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">Poland is Proof atypical BSE is NOT an old cow spontaneous disease...tss </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><br clear="none" style="line-height: 1.22em;" /></span></div>
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<a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/02/poland-detects-bovine-spongiform.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/02/poland-detects-bovine-spongiform.html</a></div>
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FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 01, 2019 </div>
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Poland Exported 5,500 Pounds of Meat From Sick Cows to EU, what about mad cow disease? </div>
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Poland is Proof atypical BSE is NOT an old cow spontaneous disease...tss </div>
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<a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/02/poland-exported-5500-pounds-of-meat.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2019/02/poland-exported-5500-pounds-of-meat.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">PRION 2018 CONFERENCE</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">P98 The agent of H-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy associated with E211K prion protein polymorphism transmits after oronasal challenge </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Greenlee JJ (1), Moore SJ (1), and West Greenlee MH (2) (1) United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Virus and Prion Research Unit, Ames, IA, United States (2) Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, United States. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">reading up on this study from Prion 2018 Conference, very important findings ;</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">***> This study demonstrates that the H-type BSE agent is transmissible by the oronasal route. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">***> These results reinforce the need for ongoing surveillance for classical and atypical BSE to minimize the risk of potentially infectious tissues entering the animal or human food chains.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">PRION 2018 CONFERENCE ABSTRACT</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://prion2018.org/" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://prion2018.org/</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 13px;">WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 24, 2018 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia";"><span style="font-size: 13px;">Experimental Infection of Cattle With a Novel Prion Derived From Atypical H-Type Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2018/10/experimental-infection-of-cattle-with.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bse-atypical.blogspot.com/2018/10/experimental-infection-of-cattle-with.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">Friday, December 14, 2012</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">DEFRA U.K. What is the risk of Chronic Wasting Disease CWD being introduced into Great Britain? A Qualitative Risk Assessment October 2012</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">In the USA, under the Food and Drug Administration's BSE Feed Regulation (21 CFR 589.2000) most material (exceptions include milk, tallow, and gelatin) from deer and elk is prohibited for use in feed for ruminant animals. With regards to feed for non-ruminant animals, under FDA law, CWD positive deer may not be used for any animal feed or feed ingredients. For elk and deer considered at high risk for CWD, the FDA recommends that these animals do not enter the animal feed system. However, this recommendation is guidance and not a requirement by law.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">Animals considered at high risk for CWD include:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">1) animals from areas declared to be endemic for CWD and/or to be CWD eradication zones and</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">2) deer and elk that at some time during the 60-month period prior to slaughter were in a captive herd that contained a CWD-positive animal.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">Therefore, in the USA, materials from cervids other than CWD positive animals may be used in animal feed and feed ingredients for non-ruminants.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">The amount of animal PAP that is of deer and/or elk origin imported from the USA to GB can not be determined, however, as it is not specified in TRACES. It may constitute a small percentage of the 8412 kilos of non-fish origin processed animal proteins that were imported from US into GB in 2011.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">Overall, therefore, it is considered there is a __greater than negligible risk___ that (nonruminant) animal feed and pet food containing deer and/or elk protein is imported into GB.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">There is uncertainty associated with this estimate given the lack of data on the amount of deer and/or elk protein possibly being imported in these products.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">36% in 2007 (Almberg et al., 2011). In such areas, population declines of deer of up to 30 to 50% have been observed (Almberg et al., 2011). In areas of Colorado, the prevalence can be as high as 30% (EFSA, 2011).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">The clinical signs of CWD in affected adults are weight loss and behavioural changes that can span weeks or months (Williams, 2005). In addition, signs might include excessive salivation, behavioural alterations including a fixed stare and changes in interaction with other animals in the herd, and an altered stance (Williams, 2005). These signs are indistinguishable from cervids experimentally infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">Given this, if CWD was to be introduced into countries with BSE such as GB, for example, infected deer populations would need to be tested to differentiate if they were infected with CWD or BSE to minimise the risk of BSE entering the human food-chain via affected venison.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">The rate of transmission of CWD has been reported to be as high as 30% and can approach 100% among captive animals in endemic areas (Safar et al., 2008).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">In summary, in endemic areas, there is a medium probability that the soil and surrounding environment is contaminated with CWD prions and in a bioavailable form. In rural areas where CWD has not been reported and deer are present, there is a greater than negligible risk the soil is contaminated with CWD prion.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">In summary, given the volume of tourists, hunters and servicemen moving between GB and North America, the probability of at least one person travelling to/from a CWD affected area and, in doing so, contaminating their clothing, footwear and/or equipment prior to arriving in GB is greater than negligible... For deer hunters, specifically, the risk is likely to be greater given the increased contact with deer and their environment. However, there is significant uncertainty associated with these estimates.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">Therefore, it is considered that farmed and park deer may have a higher probability of exposure to CWD transferred to the environment than wild deer given the restricted habitat range and higher frequency of contact with tourists and returning GB residents.</span></div>
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<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170404125557/http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130822084033/http://www.defra.gov.uk/animal-diseases/files/qra_chronic-wasting-disease-121029.pdf</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">TUESDAY, APRIL 18, 2017 </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">*** EXTREME USA FDA PART 589 TSE PRION FEED LOOP HOLE STILL EXIST, AND PRICE OF POKER GOES UP ***</span></div>
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<a href="http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2017/04/extreme-usa-fda-part-589-tse-prion-feed.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://usdameatexport.blogspot.com/2017/04/extreme-usa-fda-part-589-tse-prion-feed.html</a></div>
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***> Wednesday, January 23, 2019 </div>
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***> CFIA SFCR Guidance on Specified risk material (SRM) came into force on January 15, 2019 <***</div>
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<a href="https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2019/01/cfia-sfcr-guidance-on-specified-risk.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://specifiedriskmaterial.blogspot.com/2019/01/cfia-sfcr-guidance-on-specified-risk.html</a></div>
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Prion Conference 2018</div>
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O5 Prion Disease in Dromedary Camels </div>
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Babelhadj B (1), Di Bari MA (2), Pirisinu L (2), Chiappini B (2), Gaouar SB (3), Riccardi G (2), Marcon S (2), Agrimi U (2), Nonno R (2), Vaccari G (2) (1) École Normale Supérieure Ouargla. Laboratoire de protection des écosystèmes en zones arides et semi arides University Kasdi Merbah Ouargla, Ouargla, Algeria; (2) Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Rome, Italy (3) University Abou Bekr Bélkaid, Tlemcen, Algeria. </div>
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Prions are responsible for fatal and transmissible neurodegenerative diseases including CreutzfeldtJakob disease in humans, scrapie in small ruminants and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Following the BSE epidemic and the demonstration of its zoonotic potential, general concerns have been raised on animal prions. </div>
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Here we report the identification of a prion disease in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Algeria and designate it as Camel Prion Disease (CPD). In the last years, neurological symptoms have been observed in adult male and female dromedaries presented for slaughter at the Ouargla abattoir. The symptoms include weight loss, behavioral abnormalities and neurological symptoms such as tremors, aggressiveness, hyper-reactivity, typical down and upwards movements of the head, hesitant and uncertain gait, ataxia of the hind limbs, occasional falls and difficult getting up. During 2015 and 2016, symptoms suggestive of prion disease were observed in 3.1% of 2259 dromedaries presented at ante-mortem examination. Laboratory diagnosis was obtained in three symptomatic dromedaries, sampled in 2016 and 2017, by the detection of typical neurodegeneration and disease-specific prion protein (PrPSc) in brain tissues. </div>
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Histopathological examination revealed spongiform change, gliosis and neuronal loss preferentially in grey matter of subcortical brain areas. Abundant PrPSc deposition was detected in the same brain areas by immunohistochemistry and PET-blot. Western blot analysis confirmed the presence of PK-resistant PrPSc, whose N-terminal cleaved PK-resistant core was characterized by a mono-glycosylated dominant form and by a distinctive N-terminal cleavage, different from that observed in BSE and scrapie. </div>
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PrPSc was also detected, by immunohistochemistry, in all sampled lymph nodes (cervical, prescapular and lumbar aortic) of the only animal from which they were collected. </div>
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The PRNP sequence of the two animals for which frozen material was available, showed 100% nucleotide identity with the PRNP sequence already reported for dromedary camel. </div>
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Overall, these data demonstrate the presence of a prion disease in dromedary camelswhose nature, origin and spread need further investigations. However, our preliminary observations on the rather high prevalence of symptomatic dromedaries and the involvement of lymphoid tissues, are consistent with CPD being an infectious disease. In conclusion, the emergence of a new prion disease in a livestock species of crucial importance for millions of people around the world, makes urgent to assess the risk for humans and to develop policies able to control the spread of the disease in animals and to minimize human exposure. </div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">Mad Camel Disease</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">Volume 24, Number 6—June 2018 Research </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">Prion Disease in Dromedary Camels, Algeria</span></div>
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Prions cause fatal and transmissible neurodegenerative diseases, including Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans, scrapie in small ruminants, and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). After the BSE epidemic, and the associated human infections, began in 1996 in the United Kingdom, general concerns have been raised about animal prions. We detected a prion disease in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Algeria. Symptoms suggesting prion disease occurred in 3.1% of dromedaries brought for slaughter to the Ouargla abattoir in 2015–2016. We confirmed diagnosis by detecting pathognomonic neurodegeneration and disease-specific prion protein (PrPSc) in brain tissues from 3 symptomatic animals. Prion detection in lymphoid tissues is suggestive of the infectious nature of the disease. PrPSc biochemical characterization showed differences with BSE and scrapie. Our identification of this prion disease in a geographically widespread livestock species requires urgent enforcement of surveillance and assessment of the potential risks to human and animal health.</div>
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The possibility that dromedaries acquired the disease from eating prion-contaminated waste needs to be considered.</div>
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Tracing the origin of prion diseases is challenging. In the case of CPD, the traditional extensive and nomadic herding practices of dromedaries represent a formidable factor for accelerating the spread of the disease at long distances, making the path of its diffusion difficult to determine. Finally, the major import flows of live animals to Algeria from Niger, Mali, and Mauritania (<a class="yiv4560887465aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_tp-link-policy" href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/6/17-2007_article#r27" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #075290; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank" title="27"><em style="line-height: 1.22em;">27</em></a>) should be investigated to trace the possible origin of CPD from other countries.</div>
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Camels are a vital animal species for millions of persons globally. The world camel population has a yearly growth rate of 2.1% (<a class="yiv4560887465aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_tp-link-policy" href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/6/17-2007_article#r28" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #075290; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank" title="28"><em style="line-height: 1.22em;">28</em></a>). In 2014, the population was estimated at ≈28 million animals, but this number is probably underestimated.. Approximately 88% of camels are found in Africa, especially eastern Africa, and 12% are found in Asia. Official data reported 350,000 dromedaries in Algeria in 2014 (<a class="yiv4560887465aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_tp-link-policy" href="https://wwwnc..cdc.gov/eid/article/24/6/17-2007_article#r28" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #075290; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank" title="28"><em style="line-height: 1.22em;">28</em></a>).</div>
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On the basis of phenotypic traits and sociogeographic criteria, several dromedary populations have been suggested to exist in Algeria (<a class="yiv4560887465aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_tp-link-policy" href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/6/17-2007_article#r29" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #075290; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank" title="29"><em style="line-height: 1.22em;">29</em></a>). However, recent genetic studies in Algeria and Egypt point to a weak differentiation of the dromedary population as a consequence of historical use as a cross-continental beast of burden along trans-Saharan caravan routes, coupled with traditional extensive/nomadic herding practices (<a class="yiv4560887465aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_tp-link-policy" href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/6/17-2007_article#r30" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #075290; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank" title="30"><em style="line-height: 1.22em;">30</em></a>).</div>
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Such genetic homogeneity also might be reflected in <em style="line-height: 1.22em;">PRNP</em>. Studies on <em style="line-height: 1.22em;">PRNP</em> variability in camels are therefore warranted to explore the existence of genotypes resistant to CPD, which could represent an important tool for CPD management as it was for breeding programs for scrapie eradication in sheep.</div>
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In the past 10 years, the camel farming system has changed rapidly, with increasing setup of periurban dairy farms and dairy plants and diversification of camel products and market penetration (<a class="yiv4560887465aolmail_aolmail_aolmail_tp-link-policy" href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/6/17-2007_article#r13" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: #075290; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank" title="13"><em style="line-height: 1.22em;">13</em></a>). This evolution requires improved health standards for infectious diseases and, in light of CPD, for prion diseases.</div>
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The emergence of another prion disease in an animal species of crucial importance for millions of persons worldwide makes it necessary to assess the risk for humans and develop evidence-based policies to control and limit the spread of the disease in animals and minimize human exposure. The implementation of a surveillance system for prion diseases would be a first step to enable disease control and minimize human and animal exposure. Finally, the diagnostic capacity of prion diseases needs to be improved in all countries in Africa where dromedaries are part of the domestic livestock.</div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/6/17-2007_article" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/24/6/17-2007_article</a> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">***> IMPORTS AND EXPORTS <***</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 1.22em;">***SEE MASSIVE AMOUNTS OF BANNED ANIMAL PROTEIN AKA MAD COW FEED IN COMMERCE USA DECADES AFTER POST BAN ***</span></div>
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<a href="http://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2018/04/dromedary-camels-algeria-prion-mad.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://camelusprp.blogspot.com/2018/04/dromedary-camels-algeria-prion-mad.html</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">SATURDAY, JUNE 1, 2019 </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">***> Traceability of animal protein byproducts in ruminants by multivariate analysis of isotope ratio mass spectrometry to prevent transmission of prion diseases</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/06/traceability-of-animal-protein.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://bovineprp.blogspot.com/2019/06/traceability-of-animal-protein.html</a></span></div>
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ZOONOSIS OF SCRAPIE TSE PRION</div>
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O.05: Transmission of prions to primates after extended silent incubation periods: Implications for BSE and scrapie risk assessment in human populations </div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">Emmanuel Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Valerie Durand, Sophie Luccantoni, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra, Capucine Dehen, and Jean-Philippe Deslys Atomic Energy Commission; Fontenay-aux-Roses, France </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">Prion diseases (PD) are the unique neurodegenerative proteinopathies reputed to be transmissible under field conditions since decades. The transmission of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) to humans evidenced that an animal PD might be zoonotic under appropriate conditions. Contrarily, in the absence of obvious (epidemiological or experimental) elements supporting a transmission or genetic predispositions, PD, like the other proteinopathies, are reputed to occur spontaneously (atpical animal prion strains, sporadic CJD summing 80% of human prion cases). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">Non-human primate models provided the first evidences supporting the transmissibiity of human prion strains and the zoonotic potential of BSE. Among them, cynomolgus macaques brought major information for BSE risk assessment for human health (Chen, 2014), according to their phylogenetic proximity to humans and extended lifetime. We used this model to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal PD from bovine, ovine and cervid origins even after very long silent incubation periods. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">*** We recently observed the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to macaque after a 10-year silent incubation period, </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">***with features similar to some reported for human cases of sporadic CJD, albeit requiring fourfold long incubation than BSE. Scrapie, as recently evoked in humanized mice (Cassard, 2014), </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">***is the third potentially zoonotic PD (with BSE and L-type BSE), </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">We will present an updated panorama of our different transmission studies and discuss the implications of such extended incubation periods on risk assessment of animal PD for human health. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">***thus questioning the origin of human sporadic cases*** </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">=============== </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">***our findings suggest that possible transmission risk of H-type BSE to sheep and human. Bioassay will be required to determine whether the PMCA products are infectious to these animals. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">============== </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://prion2015.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/prion2015abstracts.pdf</a> </span></div>
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***Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">***Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">***These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span></div>
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PRION 2016 TOKYO</div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">Saturday, April 23, 2016</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">SCRAPIE WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential 2016</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">Prion. 10:S15-S21. 2016 ISSN: 1933-6896 printl 1933-690X online</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">Taylor & Francis</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">Prion 2016 Animal Prion Disease Workshop Abstracts</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">WS-01: Prion diseases in animals and zoonotic potential</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">Juan Maria Torres a, Olivier Andreoletti b, J uan-Carlos Espinosa a. Vincent Beringue c. Patricia Aguilar a,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">Natalia Fernandez-Borges a. and Alba Marin-Moreno a</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">"Centro de Investigacion en Sanidad Animal ( CISA-INIA ). Valdeolmos, Madrid. Spain; b UMR INRA -ENVT 1225 Interactions Holes Agents Pathogenes. ENVT. Toulouse. France: "UR892. Virologie lmmunologie MolécuIaires, Jouy-en-Josas. France</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">Dietary exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) contaminated bovine tissues is considered as the origin of variant Creutzfeldt Jakob (vCJD) disease in human. To date, BSE agent is the only recognized zoonotic prion... Despite the variety of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy (TSE) agents that have been circulating for centuries in farmed ruminants there is no apparent epidemiological link between exposure to ruminant products and the occurrence of other form of TSE in human like sporadic Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease (sCJD). However, the zoonotic potential of the diversity of circulating TSE agents has never been systematically assessed. The major issue in experimental assessment of TSEs zoonotic potential lies in the modeling of the ‘species barrier‘, the biological phenomenon that limits TSE agents’ propagation from a species to another. In the last decade, mice genetically engineered to express normal forms of the human prion protein has proved essential in studying human prions pathogenesis and modeling the capacity of TSEs to cross the human species barrier.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">To assess the zoonotic potential of prions circulating in farmed ruminants, we study their transmission ability in transgenic mice expressing human PrPC (HuPrP-Tg). Two lines of mice expressing different forms of the human PrPC (129Met or 129Val) are used to determine the role of the Met129Val dimorphism in susceptibility/resistance to the different agents.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">These transmission experiments confirm the ability of BSE prions to propagate in 129M- HuPrP-Tg mice and demonstrate that Met129 homozygotes may be susceptible to BSE in sheep or goat to a greater degree than the BSE agent in cattle and that these agents can convey molecular properties and neuropathological indistinguishable from vCJD. However homozygous 129V mice are resistant to all tested BSE derived prions independently of the originating species suggesting a higher transmission barrier for 129V-PrP variant.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">Transmission data also revealed that several scrapie prions propagate in HuPrP-Tg mice with efficiency comparable to that of cattle BSE. While the efficiency of transmission at primary passage was low, subsequent passages resulted in a highly virulent prion disease in both Met129 and Val129 mice. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">Transmission of the different scrapie isolates in these mice leads to the emergence of prion strain phenotypes that showed similar characteristics to those displayed by MM1 or VV2 sCJD prion. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">These results demonstrate that scrapie prions have a zoonotic potential and raise new questions about the possible link between animal and human prions. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;"><a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19336896.2016.1163048?journalCode=kprn20</a></span></div>
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***> why do we not want to do TSE transmission studies on chimpanzees $</div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">5. A positive result from a chimpanzee challenged severly would likely create alarm in some circles even if the result could not be interpreted for man. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">***> I have a view that all these agents could be transmitted provided a large enough dose by appropriate routes was given and the animals kept long enough. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">***> Until the mechanisms of the species barrier are more clearly understood it might be best to retain that hypothesis.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">R. BRADLEY</span></div>
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<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170126051158/http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102222950/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://web.archive.org/web/20170126051158/http://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20080102222950/http://www.bseinquiry.gov.uk/files/yb/1990/09/23001001.pdf</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">Title: Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period) </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">*** In complement to the recent demonstration that humanized mice are susceptible to scrapie, we report here the first observation of direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to a macaque after a 10-year incubation period. Neuropathologic examination revealed all of the features of a prion disease: spongiform change, neuronal loss, and accumulation of PrPres throughout the CNS. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">*** This observation strengthens the questioning of the harmlessness of scrapie to humans, at a time when protective measures for human and animal health are being dismantled and reduced as c-BSE is considered controlled and being eradicated. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">*** Our results underscore the importance of precautionary and protective measures and the necessity for long-term experimental transmission studies to assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains. </span></div>
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***> Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility. <***</div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">Transmission of scrapie prions to primate after an extended silent incubation period </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">Emmanuel E. Comoy, Jacqueline Mikol, Sophie Luccantoni-Freire, Evelyne Correia, Nathalie Lescoutra-Etchegaray, Valérie Durand, Capucine Dehen, Olivier Andreoletti, Cristina Casalone, Juergen A. Richt, Justin J. Greenlee, Thierry Baron, Sylvie L. Benestad, Paul Brown & Jean-Philippe Deslys Scientific Reports volume 5, Article number: 11573 (2015) | Download Citation</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">Classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (c-BSE) is the only animal prion disease reputed to be zoonotic, causing variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) in humans and having guided protective measures for animal and human health against animal prion diseases. Recently, partial transmissions to humanized mice showed that the zoonotic potential of scrapie might be similar to c-BSE. We here report the direct transmission of a natural classical scrapie isolate to cynomolgus macaque, a highly relevant model for human prion diseases, after a 10-year silent incubation period, with features similar to those reported for human cases of sporadic CJD. Scrapie is thus actually transmissible to primates with incubation periods compatible with their life expectancy, although fourfold longer than BSE. Long-term experimental transmission studies are necessary to better assess the zoonotic potential of other prion diseases with high prevalence, notably Chronic Wasting Disease of deer and elk and atypical/Nor98 scrapie.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">Discussion We describe the transmission of spongiform encephalopathy in a non-human primate inoculated 10 years earlier with a strain of sheep c-scrapie. Because of this extended incubation period in a facility in which other prion diseases are under study, we are obliged to consider two alternative possibilities that might explain its occurrence. We first considered the possibility of a sporadic origin (like CJD in humans). Such an event is extremely improbable because the inoculated animal was 14 years old when the clinical signs appeared, i.e. about 40% through the expected natural lifetime of this species, compared to a peak age incidence of 60–65 years in human sporadic CJD, or about 80% through their expected lifetimes. Moreover, sporadic disease has never been observed in breeding colonies or primate research laboratories, most notably among hundreds of animals over several decades of study at the National Institutes of Health25, and in nearly twenty older animals continuously housed in our own facility.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">The second possibility is a laboratory cross-contamination. Three facts make this possibility equally unlikely. First, handling of specimens in our laboratory is performed with fastidious attention to the avoidance of any such cross-contamination. Second, no laboratory cross-contamination has ever been documented in other primate laboratories, including the NIH, even between infected and uninfected animals housed in the same or adjacent cages with daily intimate contact (P. Brown, personal communication). Third, the cerebral lesion profile is different from all the other prion diseases we have studied in this model19, with a correlation between cerebellar lesions (massive spongiform change of Purkinje cells, intense PrPres staining and reactive gliosis26) and ataxia. The iron deposits present in the globus pallidus are a non specific finding that have been reported previously in neurodegenerative diseases and aging27. Conversely, the thalamic lesion was reminiscent of a metabolic disease due to thiamine deficiency28 but blood thiamine levels were within normal limits (data not shown). The preferential distribution of spongiform change in cortex associated with a limited distribution in the brainstem is reminiscent of the lesion profile in MM2c and VV1 sCJD patients29, but interspecies comparison of lesion profiles should be interpreted with caution. It is of note that the same classical scrapie isolate induced TSE in C57Bl/6 mice with similar incubation periods and lesional profiles as a sample derived from a MM1 sCJD patient30.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">We are therefore confident that the illness in this cynomolgus macaque represents a true transmission of a sheep c-scrapie isolate directly to an old-world monkey, which taxonomically resides in the primate subdivision (parvorder of catarrhini) that includes humans. With an homology of its PrP protein with humans of 96.4%31, cynomolgus macaque constitutes a highly relevant model for assessing zoonotic risk of prion diseases. Since our initial aim was to show the absence of transmission of scrapie to macaques in the worst-case scenario, we obtained materials from a flock of naturally-infected sheep, affecting animals with different genotypes32. This c-scrapie isolate exhibited complete transmission in ARQ/ARQ sheep (332 ± 56 days) and Tg338 transgenic mice expressing ovine VRQ/VRQ prion protein (220 ± 5 days) (O. Andreoletti, personal communication). From the standpoint of zoonotic risk, it is important to note that sheep with c-scrapie (including the isolate used in our study) have demonstrable infectivity throughout their lymphoreticular system early in the incubation period of the disease (3 months-old for all the lymphoid organs, and as early as 2 months-old in gut-associated lymph nodes)33. In addition, scrapie infectivity has been identified in blood34, milk35 and skeletal muscle36 from asymptomatic but scrapie infected small ruminants which implies a potential dietary exposure for consumers.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">Two earlier studies have reported the occurrence of clinical TSE in cynomolgus macaques after exposures to scrapie isolates. In the first study, the “Compton” scrapie isolate (derived from an English sheep) and serially propagated for 9 passages in goats did not transmit TSE in cynomolgus macaque, rhesus macaque or chimpanzee within 7 years following intracerebral challenge1; conversely, after 8 supplementary passages in conventional mice, this “Compton” isolate induced TSE in a cynomolgus macaque 5 years after intracerebral challenge, but rhesus macaques and chimpanzee remained asymptomatic 8.5 years post-exposure8. However, multiple successive passages that are classically used to select laboratory-adapted prion strains can significantly modify the initial properties of a scrapie isolate, thus questioning the relevance of zoonotic potential for the initial sheep-derived isolate. The same isolate had also induced disease into squirrel monkeys (new-world monkey)9. A second historical observation reported that a cynomolgus macaque developed TSE 6 years post-inoculation with brain homogenate from a scrapie-infected Suffolk ewe (derived from USA), whereas a rhesus macaque and a chimpanzee exposed to the same inoculum remained healthy 9 years post-exposure1. This inoculum also induced TSE in squirrel monkeys after 4 passages in mice. Other scrapie transmission attempts in macaque failed but had more shorter periods of observation in comparison to the current study. Further, it is possible that there are differences in the zoonotic potential of different scrapie strains.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">The most striking observation in our study is the extended incubation period of scrapie in the macaque model, which has several implications. Firstly, our observations constitute experimental evidence in favor of the zoonotic potential of c-scrapie, at least for this isolate that has been extensively studied32,33,34,35,36. The cross-species zoonotic ability of this isolate should be confirmed by performing duplicate intracerebral exposures and assessing the transmissibility by the oral route (a successful transmission of prion strains through the intracerebral route may not necessarily indicate the potential for oral transmission37). However, such confirmatory experiments may require more than one decade, which is hardly compatible with current general management and support of scientific projects; thus this study should be rather considered as a case report.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">Secondly, transmission of c-BSE to primates occurred within 8 years post exposure for the lowest doses able to transmit the disease (the survival period after inoculation is inversely proportional to the initial amount of infectious inoculum). The occurrence of scrapie 10 years after exposure to a high dose (25 mg) of scrapie-infected sheep brain suggests that the macaque has a higher species barrier for sheep c-scrapie than c-BSE, although it is notable that previous studies based on in vitro conversion of PrP suggested that BSE and scrapie prions would have a similar conversion potential for human PrP38.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">Thirdly, prion diseases typically have longer incubation periods after oral exposure than after intracerebral inoculations: since humans can develop Kuru 47 years after oral exposure39, an incubation time of several decades after oral exposure to scrapie would therefore be expected, leading the disease to occur in older adults, i.e. the peak age for cases considered to be sporadic disease, and making a distinction between scrapie-associated and truly sporadic disease extremely difficult to appreciate.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">Fourthly, epidemiologic evidence is necessary to confirm the zoonotic potential of an animal disease suggested by experimental studies. A relatively short incubation period and a peculiar epidemiological situation (e.g., all the first vCJD cases occurring in the country with the most important ongoing c-BSE epizootic) led to a high degree of suspicion that c-BSE was the cause of vCJD. Sporadic CJD are considered spontaneous diseases with an almost stable and constant worldwide prevalence (0.5–2 cases per million inhabitants per year), and previous epidemiological studies were unable to draw a link between sCJD and classical scrapie6,7,40,41, even though external causes were hypothesized to explain the occurrence of some sCJD clusters42,43,44. However, extended incubation periods exceeding several decades would impair the predictive values of epidemiological surveillance for prion diseases, already weakened by a limited prevalence of prion diseases and the multiplicity of isolates gathered under the phenotypes of “scrapie” and “sporadic CJD”.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">Fifthly, considering this 10 year-long incubation period, together with both laboratory and epidemiological evidence of decade or longer intervals between infection and clinical onset of disease, no premature conclusions should be drawn from negative transmission studies in cynomolgus macaques with less than a decade of observation, as in the aforementioned historical transmission studies of scrapie to primates1,8,9. Our observations and those of others45,46 to date are unable to provide definitive evidence regarding the zoonotic potential of CWD, atypical/Nor98 scrapie or H-type BSE. The extended incubation period of the scrapie-affected macaque in the current study also underscores the limitations of rodent models expressing human PrP for assessing the zoonotic potential of some prion diseases since their lifespan remains limited to approximately two years21,47,48. This point is illustrated by the fact that the recently reported transmission of scrapie to humanized mice was not associated with clinical signs for up to 750 days and occurred in an extreme minority of mice with only a marginal increase in attack rate upon second passage13. The low attack rate in these studies is certainly linked to the limited lifespan of mice compared to the very long periods of observation necessary to demonstrate the development of scrapie. Alternatively, one could estimate that a successful second passage is the result of strain adaptation to the species barrier, thus poorly relevant of the real zoonotic potential of the original scrapie isolate of sheep origin49. The development of scrapie in this primate after an incubation period compatible with its lifespan complements the study conducted in transgenic (humanized) mice; taken together these studies suggest that some isolates of sheep scrapie can promote misfolding of the human prion protein and that scrapie can develop within the lifespan of some primate species.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica"; line-height: 1.22em;">In addition to previous studies on scrapie transmission to primate1,8,9 and the recently published study on transgenic humanized mice13, our results constitute new evidence for recommending that the potential risk of scrapie for human health should not be dismissed. Indeed, human PrP transgenic mice and primates are the most relevant models for investigating the human transmission barrier. To what extent such models are informative for measuring the zoonotic potential of an animal TSE under field exposure conditions is unknown. During the past decades, many protective measures have been successfully implemented to protect cattle from the spread of c-BSE, and some of these measures have been extended to sheep and goats to protect from scrapie according to the principle of precaution. Since cases of c-BSE have greatly reduced in number, those protective measures are currently being challenged and relaxed in the absence of other known zoonotic animal prion disease. We recommend that risk managers should be aware of the long term potential risk to human health of at least certain scrapie isolates, notably for lymphotropic strains like the classical scrapie strain used in the current study. Relatively high amounts of infectivity in peripheral lymphoid organs in animals infected with these strains could lead to contamination of food products produced for human consumption. Efforts should also be maintained to further assess the zoonotic potential of other animal prion strains in long-term studies, notably lymphotropic strains with high prevalence like CWD, which is spreading across North America, and atypical/Nor98 scrapie (Nor98)50 that was first detected in the past two decades and now represents approximately half of all reported cases of prion diseases in small ruminants worldwide, including territories previously considered as scrapie free... Even if the prevailing view is that sporadic CJD is due to the spontaneous formation of CJD prions, it remains possible that its apparent sporadic nature may, at least in part, result from our limited capacity to identify an environmental origin.</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer; line-height: 1.22em;" target="_blank">https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11573</a></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">Chronic Wasting Disease CWD TSE Prion</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fcfce5;"><span style="color: #141414; font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px;">Cervid to human prion transmission </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fcfce5;"><span style="color: #141414; font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: 14.6667px;">Kong, Qingzhong Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">We hypothesize that: </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">(1) The classic CWD prion strain can infect humans at low levels in the brain and peripheral lymphoid tissues; </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">(2) The cervid-to-human transmission barrier is dependent on the cervid prion strain and influenced by the host (human) prion protein (PrP) primary sequence; </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">(3) Reliable essays can be established to detect CWD infection in humans; and </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">(4) CWD transmission to humans has already occurred. We will test these hypotheses in 4 Aims using transgenic (Tg) mouse models and complementary in vitro approaches. </span></div>
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<a href="http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-04" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-04</a></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">ZOONOTIC CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE CWD TSE PRION UPDATE</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">here is the latest;</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">PRION 2018 CONFERENCE </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">Oral transmission of CWD into Cynomolgus macaques: signs of atypical disease, prion conversion and infectivity in macaques and bio-assayed transgenic mice </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">Hermann M. Schatzl, Samia Hannaoui, Yo-Ching Cheng, Sabine Gilch (Calgary Prion Research Unit, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada) Michael Beekes (RKI Berlin), Walter Schulz-Schaeffer (University of Homburg/Saar, Germany), Christiane Stahl-Hennig (German Primate Center) & Stefanie Czub (CFIA Lethbridge). </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">To date, BSE is the only example of interspecies transmission of an animal prion disease into humans. The potential zoonotic transmission of CWD is an alarming issue and was addressed by many groups using a variety of in vitro and in vivo experimental systems. Evidence from these studies indicated a substantial, if not absolute, species barrier, aligning with the absence of epidemiological evidence suggesting transmission into humans. Studies in non-human primates were not conclusive so far, with oral transmission into new-world monkeys and no transmission into old-world monkeys. Our consortium has challenged 18 Cynomolgus macaques with characterized CWD material, focusing on oral transmission with muscle tissue. Some macaques have orally received a total of 5 kg of muscle material over a period of 2 years. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">After 5-7 years of incubation time some animals showed clinical symptoms indicative of prion disease, and prion neuropathology and PrPSc deposition were detected in spinal cord and brain of some euthanized animals. PrPSc in immunoblot was weakly detected in some spinal cord materials and various tissues tested positive in RT-QuIC, including lymph node and spleen homogenates. To prove prion infectivity in the macaque tissues, we have intracerebrally inoculated 2 lines of transgenic mice, expressing either elk or human PrP. At least 3 TgElk mice, receiving tissues from 2 different macaques, showed clinical signs of a progressive prion disease and brains were positive in immunoblot and RT-QuIC. Tissues (brain, spinal cord and spleen) from these and pre-clinical mice are currently tested using various read-outs and by second passage in mice. Transgenic mice expressing human PrP were so far negative for clear clinical prion disease (some mice >300 days p.i.). In parallel, the same macaque materials are inoculated into bank voles. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">Taken together, there is strong evidence of transmissibility of CWD orally into macaques and from macaque tissues into transgenic mouse models, although with an incomplete attack rate. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">The clinical and pathological presentation in macaques was mostly atypical, with a strong emphasis on spinal cord pathology. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">Our ongoing studies will show whether the transmission of CWD into macaques and passage in transgenic mice represents a form of non-adaptive prion amplification, and whether macaque-adapted prions have the potential to infect mice expressing human PrP. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD.. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">***> The notion that CWD can be transmitted orally into both new-world and old-world non-human primates asks for a careful reevaluation of the zoonotic risk of CWD. <*** </span><br />
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<a class="yiv4560887465externalLink" href="https://prion2018.org/" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: #fcfce5; border-radius: 5px; color: #0429e4; cursor: pointer; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px; margin: 0px -3px; padding: 0px 3px;" target="_blank">https://prion2018.org/</a><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">READING OVER THE PRION 2018 ABSTRACT BOOK, LOOKS LIKE THEY FOUND THAT from this study ; </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">P190 Human prion disease mortality rates by occurrence of chronic wasting disease in freeranging cervids, United States </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">Abrams JY (1), Maddox RA (1), Schonberger LB (1), Person MK (1), Appleby BS (2), Belay ED (1) (1) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA (2) Case Western Reserve University, National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center (NPDPSC), Cleveland, OH, USA.. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">SEEMS THAT THEY FOUND Highly endemic states had a higher rate of prion disease mortality compared to non-CWD </span><br />
<span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">states. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">AND ANOTHER STUDY; </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">P172 Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Prion Disease </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">Wang H(1), Cohen M(1), Appleby BS(1,2) (1) University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio (2) National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Cleveland, Ohio.. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">IN THIS STUDY, THERE WERE autopsy-proven prion cases from the National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center that were diagnosed between September 2016 to March 2017, </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">AND </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">included 104 patients. SEEMS THEY FOUND THAT The most common sCJD subtype was MV1-2 (30%), followed by MM1-2 (20%), </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">AND </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">THAT The Majority of cases were male (60%), AND half of them had exposure to wild game. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">snip...</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">see more on Prion 2017 Macaque study from Prion 2017 Conference and other updated science on cwd tse prion zoonosis below...terry </span><br />
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<a class="yiv4560887465externalLink" href="https://prion2018.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/program.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: #fcfce5; border-radius: 5px; color: #0429e4; cursor: pointer; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px; margin: 0px -3px; padding: 0px 3px;" target="_blank">https://prion2018.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/program.pdf</a><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;"> </span><br />
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<a class="yiv4560887465externalLink" href="https://prion2018.org/" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: #fcfce5; border-radius: 5px; color: #0429e4; cursor: pointer; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px; margin: 0px -3px; padding: 0px 3px;" target="_blank">https://prion2018.org/</a><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">THURSDAY, OCTOBER 04, 2018 </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;">Cervid to human prion transmission 5R01NS088604-04 Update </span><br />
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<a class="yiv4560887465externalLink" href="http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-04" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: #fcfce5; border-radius: 5px; color: #0429e4; cursor: pointer; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px; margin: 0px -3px; padding: 0px 3px;" target="_blank">http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-NS088604-04</a><span style="background-color: #fcfce5; color: #141414; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 14.6667px;"> </span><br />
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<a class="yiv4560887465externalLink" href="http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/10/cervid-to-human-prion-transmission.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="background-color: #fcfce5; border-radius: 5px; color: #0429e4; cursor: pointer; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14.6667px; margin: 0px -3px; padding: 0px 3px;" target="_blank">http://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2018/10/cervid-to-human-prion-transmission.html</a><br />
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">snip...full text;</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 13.3333px;">SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 09, 2019 </span><br />
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Experts: Yes, chronic wasting disease in deer is a public health issue — for people</div>
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<a href="https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/experts-yes-chronic-wasting-disease-in.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" shape="rect" style="color: blue; cursor: pointer;" target="_blank">https://chronic-wasting-disease.blogspot.com/2019/02/experts-yes-chronic-wasting-disease-in.html</a></div>
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Terry S. Singeltary Sr.</div>
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Terry S. Singeltary Sr.http://www.blogger.com/profile/06986622967539963260noreply@blogger.com0