Friday, December 07, 2012

ATYPICAL BSE BRAZIL 2010 FINALLY CONFIRMED OIE 2012



Sent: Friday, December 07, 2012 11:20 AM





Subject: BRA 07-12-12 OIE Alert - Alerta - Alerte - Bovine spongiform encephalopathy - Encéphalopathie spongiforme bovine - Encefalopatía espongiforme bovina



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Bovine spongiform encephalopathy ,Brazil Information received on 07/12/2012 from Dr Figueiredo Marques Guilherme Henrique , Director, Departamento de Saúde Animal , Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuaria e Abastecimento , Brasilia, Brazil



Summary Report type Immediate notification Date of start of the event 18/12/2010 Date of pre-confirmation of the event 15/06/2012 Report date 07/12/2012 Date submitted to OIE 07/12/2012 Reason for notification First occurrence of a listed disease Manifestation of disease Sub-clinical infection Causal agent Prion responsible for bovine spongiform encephalopathy Nature of diagnosis Laboratory (advanced) This event pertains to the whole country



New outbreaks Summary of outbreaks Total outbreaks: 1 Outbreak Location PARANA ( Sertanópolis ) Total animals affected Species Susceptible Cases Deaths Destroyed Slaughtered Cattle 148 1 1 0 0 Outbreak statistics Species Apparent morbidity rate Apparent mortality rate Apparent case fatality rate Proportion susceptible animals lost* Cattle 0.68% 0.68% 100.00% 0.68%



* Removed from the susceptible population through death, destruction and/or slaughter;



Epidemiology Source of the outbreak(s) or origin of infection Unknown or inconclusive Epidemiological comments On 18 December 2010, the Official Veterinary Services (OVS) were informed by the owner of a holding in the municipality of Sertanópolis (State of Paraná) on a recumbent bovine showing limb stiffness which was detected during routine inspection. Next day, when the OVS were going to visit the holding, they were informed by the stockman that the animal was dead. The OVS went to the holding to collect information and samples for the diagnosis of the cause of the death. As it is an area where rabies is present in herbivores, samples were taken for the diagnosis of this disease and for differential diagnosis, as recommended by the national protocol. The animal was properly buried on site. The animal was a beef breeding cow almost 13 years old at the time of death, according to information obtained during the epidemiological investigations. According to regulations and routine procedures to be implemented in case of suspected neurological diseases, the sample was tested for rabies and it was negative. As it was an adult animal negative for rabies, the sample was sent for laboratory analysis within the surveillance system for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). On 11 April 2011, a negative histopathological result for BSE was obtained in a laboratory accredited by the OVS. The sample was sent to the National Reference Laboratory, National Agricultural Laboratory (LANAGRO-PE), Recife, Pernambuco, for BSE diagnosis and it tested positive on 15 June 2012 by immunohistochemical test. The delay between the two tests was caused by an incident occurred in one of the laboratories of the accredited network for the diagnosis of BSE. That led to overload the system and to prioritize the diagnosis of samples which met BSE-risk characteristics, as established by the OIE. The sample belonged to the group “fallen stock” and to the age group “over 9 years”, according to the Article 11.5.22 of the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code. This classification led to consider the sample as showing a low diagnosis priority level, which resulted in a longer than expected delay from histopathological to immunohistochemical tests. According to the procedure manual on response to the occurrence of a BSE event in Brazil and as it is the first occurrence in the country, the sample was sent for confirmatory diagnosis to the OIE Reference Laboratory for this disease, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), Weybridge, United Kingdom. The sample tested positive in immunohistochemical test on 6 December 2012. The epidemiological investigation shows that the animal’s death was not caused by BSE and suggests that it may be an atypical case of the disease occurring in the oldest animals. Information collected during the epidemiological investigation shows also that the animal was reared in an extensive system on grazing. Note by the OIE: Brazil is still recognized by the OIE as having a negligible BSE risk in accordance with Chapter 11.5. of the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code.



Control measures Measures applied No vaccination No treatment of affected animals Measures to be applied No other measures



Diagnostic test results Laboratory name and type Animal Health Laboratory - IMA ( National laboratory ) Tests and results Species Test Test date Result Cattle histological test 11/04/2011 Negative Laboratory name and type National Agricultural Laboratory (LANAGRO-PE) ( National laboratory ) Tests and results Species Test Test date Result Cattle immunohistochemical test 15/06/2012 Positive Laboratory name and type Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA) ( OIE’s Reference Laboratory ) Tests and results Species Test Test date Result Cattle immunohistochemical test 06/12/2012 Positive



Future Reporting The event is continuing. Weekly follow-up reports will be submitted.



Encéphalopathie spongiforme bovine ,Brésil Information reçue le 07/12/2012 de Dr Figueiredo Marques Guilherme Henrique , Director, Departamento de Saúde Animal , Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuaria e Abastecimento , Brasilia, Brésil



Résumé Type de rapport Notification immédiate Date de début de l’événement 18/12/2010 Date de pré-confirmation de l´événement 15/06/2012 Date du rapport 07/12/2012 Date d'envoi à l'OIE 07/12/2012 Raison de notification Apparition pour la première fois d’une maladie appartenant à la liste de l'OIE Manifestation de la maladie Infection sub-clinique Agent causal Prion responsable de l’encéphalopathie spongiforme bovine Nature du diagnostic Tests approfondis en laboratoire (i.e. virologie, microscopie électronique, biologie moléculaire, immunologie) Cet événement se rapporte à tout le pays



Nouveaux foyers Récapitulatif des foyers Nombre total de foyers : 1 Localisation du foyer PARANA ( Sertanópolis ) Nombre total d'animaux atteints Espèce(s) Sensibles Cas Morts Détruits Abattus Bovins 148 1 1 0 0 Statistiques sur le foyer Espèce(s) Taux de morbidité apparent Taux de mortalité apparent Taux de fatalité apparent Proportion d'animaux sensibles perdus* Bovins 0.68% 0.68% 100.00% 0.68%



* Soustraits de la population sensible suite à la mort, à l´abattage et/ou à la destruction;



Epidémiologie Source du/des foyer(s) ou origine de l´infection Inconnue ou incertaine Autres renseignements épidémiologiques / Commentaires Le 18 décembre 2010, les Services vétérinaires officiels (SVO) ont été informés par le propriétaire d’un élevage de la municipalité de Sertanópolis (État de Paraná) d’un bovin en décubitus montrant une raideur des membres détecté lors de l’examen de routine. Le lendemain, lorsque les SVO allaient se rendre à l’élevage, ils ont été informés par le soigneur que l’animal était mort. Les SVO se sont rendus à l’élevage pour recueillir des informations et prélever des échantillons afin de diagnostiquer la cause de la mort. Comme il s’agit d’une zone où la rage est présente chez les herbivores, les prélèvements ont été effectués de façon à rechercher cette maladie ou établir un diagnostic différentiel, conformément aux recommandations du protocole national. L’animal a été enterré de façon adéquate sur les lieux. L’animal était une vache de boucherie destinée à l’élevage de veaux âgée à sa mort de presque 13 ans, selon les informations obtenues lors des enquêtes épidémiologiques effectuées. En conformité avec la règlementation et les procédures de routine à mettre en œuvre lors des enquêtes concernant des suspicions de maladies neurologiques, l’échantillon a été testé pour la rage et s’est avéré négatif. Comme il s’agissait d’un animal adulte s’étant avéré négatif pour la rage, l’échantillon a été envoyé au laboratoire dans le cadre du système de surveillance pour l’encéphalopathie spongiforme bovine (ESB). Le 11 avril 2011, un résultat histopathologique négatif pour l’ESB a été obtenu au Laboratoire agréé par les SVO. L’échantillon a été envoyé au Laboratoire de référence national, Laboratoire national de l'élevage (LANAGRO-PE), Recife (Pernambuco), afin d’établir le diagnostic d’ESB ; il s’est avéré positif en immunohistochimie le 15 juin 2012. Le délai entre les deux épreuves a été dû un incident apparu dans l’un des laboratoires du réseau agréé pour le diagnostic de l’ESB. Cela a conduit à une surcharge du système et à la nécessité de donner la priorité au diagnostic d’échantillons ayant les caractéristiques de risque d’ESB, conformément aux dispositions de l’OIE. L’échantillon appartenait au groupe « animal trouvé mort » et à la tranche d’âge « plus de neuf ans », conformément à l’Article 11.5.22 du Code sanitaire pour les animaux terrestres de l’OIE. Cette classification a fait que l’échantillon a été considéré comme ayant un niveau de priorité faible, résultant un délai plus long que prévu entre les épreuves histopathologiques et immunohistochimiques. Conformément aux procédures en vigueur au Brésil concernant la réponse à donner face à l’apparition d’un événement d’ESB et étant donné qu’il s’agit de la première apparition dans le pays, l’échantillon a été envoyé pour confirmation au Laboratoire de référence de l’OIE pour la maladie, l’Agence des Laboratoires vétérinaires et santé animale (AHVLA), Weybridge (Royaume-Uni). L’échantillon s’est avéré positif en immunohistochimie le 6 décembre 2012. L’enquête épidémiologique montre que la mort de l’animal n’a pas été due à l’ESB et suggère qu’il peut s’agir d’un cas non typique de la maladie tendant à apparaitre chez les animaux les plus vieux. Les informations recueillies lors de l’enquête épidémiologique montrent aussi que l’animal a été élevé dans un système extensif au pâturage. Note de l'OIE : Le Brésil est toujours reconnu par l’OIE comme présentant un risque négligeable à l'égard de l'ESB, conformément au Chapitre 11.5. du Code sanitaire pour les animaux terrestres.



Mesures de lutte Mesure de lutte appliquées Pas de vaccination Aucun traitement des animaux atteints Mesures à appliquer Aucune autre mesure



Résultats des tests de diagnostics Nom du laboratoire et type Agence des Laboratoires vétérinaires et santé animale (AHVLA) ( Laboratoire de référence de l’OIE ) Tests et résultats Espèce(s) Test Date du test Résultat Bovins examen immunohistochimique 06/12/2012 Positif Nom du laboratoire et type Laboratoire de santé animale - IMA ( Laboratoire national ) Tests et résultats Espèce(s) Test Date du test Résultat Bovins examen histologique 11/04/2011 Négatif Nom du laboratoire et type Laboratoire national de l'élevage (LANAGRO-PE) ( Laboratoire national ) Tests et résultats Espèce(s) Test Date du test Résultat Bovins examen immunohistochimique 15/06/2012 Positif



Rapports futurs Cet événement se poursuit. Des rapports de suivi hebdomadaires devront être envoyés.



Encefalopatía espongiforme bovina ,Brasil Información recibida el 07/12/2012 desde Dr Figueiredo Marques Guilherme Henrique , Director, Departamento de Saúde Animal , Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuaria e Abastecimento , Brasilia, Brasil



Resumen Tipo de informe Notificación inmediata Fecha del inicio del evento 18/12/2010 Fecha de pre-confirmación del evento 15/06/2012 Fecha del informe 07/12/2012 Fecha de envio del informe a la OIE 07/12/2012 Motivo de la notificación Aparición por primera vez de una enfermedad de la Lista de la OIE Manifestación de la enfermedad Infección sub-clínica Agente causal Proteína prión responsable de la encefalopatía espongiforme bovina Naturaleza del diagnóstico Pruebas de diagnóstico de laboratorio avanzadas (ej. virología, microscopía electrónica, biología molecular e inmunología) Este evento concierne todo el país



Nuevos focos Resumen de los focos Número total de focos: 1 Localización del foco PARANA ( Sertanópolis ) Número total de animales afectados Especies Susceptibles Casos Muertos Destruidos Sacrificados Bovinos 148 1 1 0 0 Estadística del foco Especies Tasa de morbilidad aparente Tasa de mortalidad aparente Tasa de fatalidad aparente Proporción de animales susceptibles perdidos* Bovinos 0.68% 0.68% 100.00% 0.68%



* Descontados de la población susceptible a raíz de su muerte, destrucción o sacrificio;



Epidemiología Fuente del o de los focos u origen de la infección Desconocida o no concluyente Otros detalles epidemiológicos / comentarios El 18 de diciembre de 2010, el servicio veterinario oficial (SVO) fue informado por el propietario de una explotación en la municipalidad de Sertanópolis, Estado del Paraná, acerca de la existencia de un bovino que se encontraba en decúbito y con rigidez de los miembros, lo que fue observado durante la inspección de rutina diaria. Al día siguiente, cuando el SVO se preparaba para realizar la visita, fue informado por el cuidador que el animal estaba muerto. El SVO fue hasta la propiedad para recoger información y muestras para el diagnóstico de la causa de la muerte. Al ser un área donde existe la presencia de la rabia de los herbívoros, la toma de muestras fue dirigida al diagnóstico de esa enfermedad y diferenciales, conforme preconiza el protocolo nacional. El animal fue adecuadamente enterrado en la propiedad. El animal era una hembra bovina, de actitud cárnica, destinada a la cría de terneros, de casi 13 años en la fecha de la muerte, conforme informaciones obtenidas durante las investigaciones epidemiológicas realizadas. En conformidad con las normativas y los procedimientos de rutina para una investigación de sospechas de enfermedades nerviosas, la muestra fue sometida a la prueba para el diagnóstico de rabia, que resultó negativa. Por tratarse de un animal adulto y con resultado negativo para rabia, la muestra fue enviada para pruebas de laboratorio del sistema de vigilancia para encefalopatía espongiforme bovina (EEB). El 11 de abril de 2011, fue emitido resultado histopatológico negativo para EEB en laboratorio habilitado por el SVO. La muestra fue enviada al Laboratorio de referencia nacional, Laboratorio Nacional Agropecuario (LANAGRO-PE), Recife (Pernambuco), para diagnóstico de EEB y resultó positiva el 15 de junio de 2012 mediante prueba de inmunohistoquímica. El retraso entre las dos pruebas fue debido a un incidente ocurrido en uno de los laboratorios de la red habilitada para el diagnóstico de EEB. Eso llevó a la sobrecarga del sistema, generando la necesidad de dar prioridad al diagnóstico de muestras que reunían características de riesgo para EEB, conforme establecido por la OIE. La muestra pertenecía al grupo “animal fallecido” y a la categoría de edad “más de 9 años”, conforme el artículo 11.5.22 del Código sanitario para los animales terrestres de la OIE. Esa clasificación encuadró la muestra en un nivel de baja prioridad de diagnóstico, en aquel momento, resultando en un intervalo de tiempo mayor de lo esperado entre las pruebas histopatológica e inmunohistoquímica. De acuerdo con el manual de procedimientos para respuesta a la aparición de episodio de EEB en Brasil, y por tratarse de la primera aparición en el país, esa muestra fue enviada para el diagnóstico confirmatorio al Laboratorio de referencia de la OIE para la enfermedad, la Agencia de laboratorios veterinarios y sanidad animal (AHVLA) en Weybridge (Reino Unido). La muestra resultó positiva en prueba de inmunohistoquímica el 6 de diciembre de 2012. Las investigaciones epidemiológicas demuestran que el animal no murió de EEB y sugieren que puede tratarse de un caso no clásico de la enfermedad que tiende a ocurrir en animales más viejos. Las informaciones recogidas en la investigación epidemiológica también muestran que el animal fue criado en sistema extensivo con alimentación en pasto.



Nota de la OIE : Brasil sigue clasificado por la OIE en la categoría de países en que el riesgo de encefalopatía espongiforme bovina es insignificante, de acuerdo con las disposiciones del Capítulo 11.5. del Código sanitario para los animales terrestres.



Medidas de Control Medidas implementadas Vacunación: no Ningún tratamiento de los animales afectados Medidas para implementar Ninguna otra medida



Resultados de las pruebas diagnósticas Nombre y tipo de laboratorio Agencia de laboratorios veterinarios y sanidad animal (AHVLA) ( Laboratorio de referencia de la OIE ) Pruebas y resultados Especies Prueba Fecha de la prueba Resultados Bovinos examen inmunohistoquímico 06/12/2012 Positivo Nombre y tipo de laboratorio Laboratorio de Salud Animal - IMA ( Laboratorio nacional ) Pruebas y resultados Especies Prueba Fecha de la prueba Resultados Bovinos examen histológico 11/04/2011 Negativo Nombre y tipo de laboratorio Laboratorio Nacional Agropecuario (LANAGRO-PE) ( Laboratorio nacional ) Pruebas y resultados Especies Prueba Fecha de la prueba Resultados Bovinos examen inmunohistoquímico 15/06/2012 Positivo




Informes futuros El episodio continúa. Informes de seguimiento semanales serán enviados









 
 
 
 



Wednesday, December 19, 2012


Scientific Report of the European Food Safety Authority on the Assessment of the Geographical BSE Risk (GBR) of Brazil




 
 


Dementia & Neuropsychologia 2007;1(4):339-346 Gattás VL, et al.


Surveillance of prion diseases New variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob (vCJD) disease and other human prion diseases under epidemiological surveillance in Brazil








Dementia & Neuropsychologia 2007;1(4):347-355 Martins VR, et al.


Prion diseases in Brazil Prion diseases are under compulsory notification in Brazil Surveillance of cases evaluated by biochemical and/or genetic markers from 2005 to 2007







1 people who received human growth hormone between 1963 and 1985 have since been diagnosed with Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in Brazil (NIDDK, NIH, 2002)




Prion Diseases Surveillance in State of Sao Paulo – a Pioneer Experience in Brazil

Maria Bernadete de Paula Eduardo - Waterborne and Foodborne Diseases Surveillance Branch,

Epidemiologic Surveillance Center (CVE), Sao Paulo






Risk.25: Genetic Analysis of Human Prion Diseases in Brazil from 2005 to 2011



Michele C. Landemberger,1,† Cleiton F. Machado,1 Helio R. Gomes,2 Leila Chimelli,3 Sergio Rosemberg,2 Ricardo Nitrini2 and Vilma R. Martins1 1International Center for Research and Education Hospital A.C Camargo; Sao Paulo, SP Brazil; 2Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo; Sao Paulo, SP Brazil; 3Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil †Presenting author; Email: mlandemberger@yahoo.com




Global surveillance of vCJD and other forms of CJD was recommended from the WHO for a better understanding of potential causes of iatrogenic CJD, as well as the distribution of various hereditary forms. Prion diseases have been under compulsory notification in Brazil since 2005. From August 2005 to February 2011, we received 141 blood samples from notified cases of suspected CJD. Among these, twenty five cases (18%) did not fulfill clinical criteria for notification or the notification form was not complete. Blood samples were analyzed by direct genomic sequencing to identify mutations and polymorphisms in the PRNP gene. Cases with mutation in direct sequencing were cloned to confirm results. The presence of 14.3.3 protein in Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) was evaluated using immunoblotting and brain tissue obtained by autopsy or biopsy was analyzed by imunohistochemistry for the presence of spongiosis and proteinase K resistant PrP. The average age of the 117 remaining patients was 58.8 years with a median of 61 years (range 13-82 years), males representing 52% of the cases. PRNP polymorphisms analysis showed that 59% of the cases were homozygous for methionine at codon 129 (M129M), 26% were heterozygous (M129V) and 15% were homozygous for valine (V129V). The silent polymorphism at codon 117 was detected in 10% of the patients and 4% had deletion at the octarepeat. E200K mutation at PRNP was found in four unrelated patients and all of them presented methionine at codon 129 in the mutated allele. Brain tissue of 19 patients was available (16%); 16 of them had spongiosis and were positive for proteinase K resistant PrP. After clinical evaluation, imaging exams, 14.3.3 protein presence, genetic and immunohistochemical analysis, notified cases were classified according to the WHO criteria.


Thus, 16 cases (14%) were classified as definite sCJD, four cases (3%) as genetic CJD, 38 cases (32%) were classified as possible sCJD and 42 (36%) as probable sCJD. Fourteen cases (12%) remained suspected sCJD and three cases could not be confirmed as sCJD. From the 16 cases with definite sCJD, 75% were M129M, 19% M129V and 6% V129V. This study provides the first epidemiologic data about human prion diseases in Brazil. Similar to any other country the availability of brain tissue from these patients is a limiting factor to confirm the diagnosis of prion diseases. This study also represents an important tool for prion-prevention policies and is of great importance for future implementation of clinical trials.






 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Síndrome de Alpers uma variante da Doença de Creutzfeldt-Jakob?
 
 
Alpers’ disease a variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease?
 
 
 
Henrique Pott Jr.1, Maria Cristina Furian Ferreira2, Amilcar Castro de
Mattos3
 
 
 
ABSTRACT
 
 
 
The dementia, is usually associated with other neurological abnormalities, and a definitive diagnosis of most syndromes depends on neuropathological examination. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in children presents neuropathological examination similar to Alpers’ disease, which have given attention to the differential diagnosis between these syndromes. The aim of this study was to report a case of progressive degenerative spongiform encephalopathy in infancy with study of autopsy. Keywords. Dementia, Differential Diagnosis, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome, Alpers Syndrome. Citation. Pott Jr. H, Ferreira MCF, Mattos AC. Alpers’ disease a variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease?
 
 
snip...
 
 
 
Case Description
 
 
Female patient, 5 years, with frame clinical and progressive encephalopathy in our hospital since 6 months of age. As showed inrespiratory sufficiency, was kept breathing assist from since that date. Clinical data of early admission exclude the possibility of secondary ischemic to trauma during dleivery. The worsening progressive neurological reflexes, including deep, led to succesive clinical and laboratory investigations pouco enlightening.
 
 
snip, see full text ;
 
 
 
 
Creutzfeldt Jakob disease
 
 
 
The agenda than revenge
 
 
 
By Nathália Kneipp Sena on 14/08/2012 in issue 707
 
 
 
Every time the national press exposes the possible existence of the disease in Brazil popularly known as "mad cow disease", the news dies on the beach. This happens because there is insufficient evidence to sensationalism desired (and lasting) or potential for a diplomatic crisis - ruin the fortunes of kings livestock and widespread burning of politicians and bureaucrats - or for the sacrifice of entire herds, as happened across the Sea, UK.
 
 
 
The ordeal of the victims and those affected by prion disease and their families, which already occurs in the country for decades, and is considered minor misfortune taboo subject, plot that disenchanted opposite its theoretical complexity and escalating scientific terms that surround the "discovery" and the manifestations of the "prion" - pathogenic protein acquired by inheritance or contagion - a silent serial killer who for centuries decimated several species of animals worldwide, including humans.
 
 
 
The supposed rarity of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans manifestation of a pathogenic protein, which is also identified in bovine spongiform encephalopathy, or BSE (bovine acronym of the English expression spongiform encephalopathy), or "mad cow disease , "comes to be stated on the website of the Ministry of Health as nonexistent (no record) in Brazil since 1994.
 
 
 
Victims of CJD in Brazil
 
 
 
Read more at: https://bitly.com/SWfcKb
 
 
 
 
***
 
 
 
[Nathália Kneipp Sena is a journalist, Brasília, DF]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Thursday, February 14, 2013
 
 
 
The Many Faces of Mad Cow Disease Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy BSE and TSE prion disease
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Tuesday, March 05, 2013
 
 
 
A closer look at prion strains Characterization and important implications Prion
 
 
 
7:2, 99–108; March/April 2013; © 2013 Landes Bioscience
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Sunday, March 31, 2013
 
 
 
Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease CJD worlds youngest documented victim, 11 years old, shall we pray
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 







Sunday, December 2, 2012


CANADA 19 cases of mad cow disease SCENARIO 4: ‘WE HAD OUR CHANCE AND WE BLEW IT’






Friday, November 23, 2012


sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease update As at 5th November 2012 UK, USA, AND CANADA






Tuesday, November 6, 2012


Transmission of New Bovine Prion to Mice, Atypical Scrapie, BSE, and Sporadic CJD, November-December 2012 update






Saturday, October 6, 2012


TRANSMISSION, DIFFERENTIATION, AND PATHOBIOLOGY OF TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES 2011 Annual Report






Tuesday, July 17, 2012


O.I.E. BSE, CWD, SCRAPIE, TSE PRION DISEASE Final Report of the 80th General Session, 20 - 25 May 2012







TSS

posted by Terry S. Singeltary Sr. at 12:33 PM

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